On this moment in Russia, 70% of syringes sold are imported. There will always be a demand for syringes, and if a domestic manufacturer appears in the region, they will most likely purchase syringes from him rather than from imported suppliers.
To produce syringes with an injection needle, you will need a lot of expensive equipment, and the total amount of investment required to start a business from scratch will be about 1 billion rubles. Some companies started by opening the production of disposable syringes without a needle, which saved money. When the business began to make a profit, they started producing a full set. Also, many people purchase imported needles for a complete set. It takes about 11-12 months to organize a syringe manufacturing business (purchase of equipment, personnel training, etc.).
Syringe: types and structure
In medicine, a syringe has a wide range of uses: it is used for various injections, for drawing blood, and for suctioning pathological contents from cavities. The structure of a modern disposable syringe is two-component (cylinder, piston) and three-component (cylinder, piston, rubber tip, lubricated with liquid for better sliding along the cylinder).
Syringes come in different sizes:
- small volume (0.3, 0.5 and 1 ml). Used in endocrinology (insulin syringes), phthisiology (tuberculin syringes), neonatology, for vaccination and conducting allergy intradermal tests.
- standard volume (2, 3, 5, 10 and 20 ml). Used for subcutaneous, intramuscular and intravenous injections.
- large volume (30, 50, 60 and 100 ml). Used for suctioning liquids, administering substances and rinsing.
The syringe has different tip locations on the cylinder:
- coaxial (concentric). Positioned at the center of the cylinder. For syringe volume 1-11 ml.
- eccentric. Side location. For syringes with a volume of 22 ml.
There are three types of needle attachment:
- Luer - the needle is put on the cylinder.
- Luer-Lock - the needle is screwed into the cylinder.
- non-removable needle integrated into the cylinder body (usually needles with a volume of up to 1 ml).
Production technology
The production facility includes several departments: a cylinder and piston production line, warehouses where raw materials are stored and received.
Syringe cylinders and pistons are made from polymer raw materials (polyethylene, polypropylene) by casting on special machines equipped with molds. The raw materials are poured into a hopper, the machine melts the mass, and then forms the necessary parts of the syringe. After casting and cooling, a scale is applied to the cylinders using offset printing or silk-screen printing. Tips are put on the pistons, after which they are connected to the cylinders. The finished syringe is sterilized and packaged in blisters.
Equipment and raw materials
The production line for the production of syringes includes the following set of equipment:
- casting machine (injection molding machine) - from 150 thousand rubles for a used one, from 1 to 2 million rubles for a new one;
- molds (200 thousand rubles - 500 thousand rubles);
- cooling machine - from 50 to 250 thousand rubles;
- pneumatic or vacuum forming machine for packaging - from 60-90 thousand rubles;
- offset printing machine – about 300 thousand rubles;
- syringe assembly machine (up to 24,000 syringes/hour) – from 1 million rubles;
- sterilizer – about 1 million rubles;
Total: about 4 million rubles.
Required raw materials:
- polypropylene (30-75 rub/kg). The production of 3 million syringes per month will take about 6-7 tons of raw materials, the costs will be about 400 thousand rubles;
- rubber/silicone for the piston collar (from 240 rubles/kg);
- printing ink (3-4 tons per month);
Premises and staff
The production facility together with warehouses should have an area of 2-5 thousand square meters. m. (depending on production volumes), ceiling height - at least 6 meters, spans - 12 m. Naturally, communications must be carried out in the building and electricity must be connected. Location – no further than 500 meters from the nearest housing. Number of personnel on the production line:
- raw material preparation area (transportation of raw materials to the casting area, reception) – 2 operators, 2-3 workers;
- casting section (automatic line) – 1-2 craftsmen;
- scale application area – 1-2 operators;
- packaging section (automated) – 1-2 operators;
- sterilization area – 1-2 operators;
- quality control – 1 specialist;
- warehousing – 5-10 workers;
Total: at least 15-20 people.
Requirements
The product must be tested by Rospotrebnadzor and receive a certificate of conformity. The required characteristics of the syringe and test methods are described in GOST R ISO 7886-4-2009.
Investments
The initial investment (if renting premises) will be about 7-8 million rubles. Monthly expenses are about 3 million, income – 3.5 – 6 million rubles. The cost of a syringe without a needle is 50 kopecks -2 rubles/piece.
Cherukhina Kristina
- portal of business plans and manuals
TYPES OF NEEDLES AND SYRINGES USED FOR INJECTIONS
There are two main types of syringes and injection needles for them. A syringe is a simple pump designed for injection and suction. Historically, syringes of the “Record” type (assembled from metal parts and a glass cylinder) and syringes of the “Luer” type (previously made entirely of glass, now made of plastic) have been produced. Syringes, made of glass and metal, are designed for repeated use; they are sterilized. Plastic syringes are manufactured and sterilized in the factory, are used once and are not subject to repeated sterilization. Syringes of the "Record" type and the "Luer" type differ in the shape of the cannula - the sub-needle cone. The consequence of this is that the needle for the Record syringe does not fit the Luer-type syringe and vice versa. Disposable syringes are packaged in sterile packaging along with an injection needle.
Syringes are manufactured in various capacities - 1, 2, 5, 10 and 20 ml. Twenty-milliliter syringes are intended for intravenous infusions. One-milliliter syringes are used to administer insulin or tuberculin and have special graduations. Injection needles are also available in various sizes, differing both in the length of the hollow metal tube, and in its diameter and the angle of the needle cut. Disposable plastic syringes are predominantly used.
Rice. 21. Needles for injections, infusions, transfusions: A- injection needle (1 - needle tube, 2 - needle head, 3 - mandrin, 4 - dagger sharpening, 5 - spear sharpening, b - needle cut angle); b- needle with stop for intradermal injections; V- needle with safety bead; G- a needle with side holes for air release;
d- attachment to an injection needle for connection to blood transfusion systems, etc.; e- transition cannula for injection needles; and- Dufault needle for blood transfusion; h- a needle for drawing blood.
· Needles for intradermal injections: 0410, 0415, No. 25-27 (0.9-1 cm) needle cut 5 0 .
· Needles for hypodermic injections: 0420, 0425, 0430, No. 25-27 (0.9-1.6 cm), 0620 – needle cut 3 0 .
· Needles for intramuscular injections: 0640, 0860, 0840, 1060, No. 23-25 (1.6-2.5 cm - for small muscles), No. 18-25 for adults - 2.5-3.8 cm.
· Needles for intravenous injections: 0440, 0840, 0860, needle cut 45 0 .
· Needles for blood transfusion and blood testing: 0860, 0840.
· Needles for insulin injection: 0410, 0415, 0420, 0430, 0440 (depending on the method of administration).
The first two digits indicate the diameter of the internal lumen of the needle in mm, increased by 10 times, the next two digits indicate the length of the needle in mm.
Needles for single-use syringes have colored cannulas.
Rice. 22. Needles for single use
· Hypodermic needles – blue color;
· Needles for intramuscular injection – green;
· Intravenous needles – Pink colour;
· Needles for intradermal injection – beige.
Types of syringes
According to their purpose they are distinguished the following types syringes:
I. Single and multiple use.
II. By volume: 1 ml, 2 ml, 3 ml, 5 ml, 10 ml, 20 ml, 30 ml.
III. By purpose:
· for administering insulin;
for the administration of heparin;
tuberculin;
· for washing cavities, feeding - Janet syringe;
· injection.
Fig.23. Disposable syringe device
^ Diagram of the structure of a disposable syringe
A disposable syringe consists, just like a glass one, of a cylinder and a piston rod (collapsible or non-dismountable). The cylinder has a Luer-type cone tip (Record syringes can be produced upon request, they are practically not produced), a finger rest and a graduated scale. The rod-piston assembly consists of a rod with a stop, a piston with a seal and a reference line.
Depending on the structure of the piston rod, the design of disposable syringes
They are divided into 2-component (Fig.) and 3-component (Fig.). In 2-component syringes, the rod and piston are a single unit; in 3-component syringes, the rod and piston are separated. The main functional difference between these designs is the characteristics of lightness and smooth movement of the piston. Disposable syringes can also be coaxial and eccentric (Fig. 18), which is determined by the position of the cone tip.
Rice. 18. Disposable syringes, coaxial (1) and eccentric (2)
Fig. 19. Disposable eccentric syringes.
The capacity of syringes is determined by their purpose and ranges (GOST) from 1 to 50 ml. In practice, the volume range of disposable syringes ranges from 0.3 to 60 ml. Syringes volume 0.3; 0.5 and 1.0 ml are used for precise administration of medications (tuberculin, insulin, standard allergen extracts) in small volumes - from 0.01 ml.
P 
The industry produced sterilizing cases for storing and sterilizing syringes. They were sometimes called syringe packs. They were very widespread in various field conditions. Today they have been replaced by disposable syringes, but you can still encounter them in your practice.
Fig.20. Sterilizer cases for storing and sterilizing glass syringes.
^ Medical needles
Piercing or piercing-cutting instruments in the form of a thin rod or tube with a pointed end. In addition, they produce special ligature needles .
Depending on the purpose, medical needles are divided into:
injection,
puncture-biopsy,
surgical.
Injection needles are intended for administering drug solutions, drawing blood from a vein or artery, and blood transfusion. They are used together with syringes, as well as systems for transfusion of liquids or blood. An injection needle is a narrow metal tube made of certain types of steel, one end of which is cut and sharpened, and the other is tightly attached to a short metal coupling for connection to a syringe or elastic tube (the internal diameter of the head opening for Record syringes is 2.75 mm, for Luer type syringes - 4 mm). All greater distribution receive sterile disposable injection needles. Their use dramatically reduces the risk of infectious complications, they are convenient and do not require prior sterilization. The main significant parameters of the needle are length, outer diameter, sharpening angle and puncture force. Needles have different lengths (from 16 to 90 mm) and diameters (from 0.4 to 2 mm):
for intradermal injection, a needle with a length of 16 mm and a diameter of 0.4 mm is used,
for subcutaneous injection, a needle with a length of 25 mm and a diameter of 0.6 mm is used,
for intravenous injection, a needle with a length of 40 mm and a diameter of 0.8 mm is used,
For intramuscular injection, a needle 60 mm long and 0.8-1 mm in diameter is used.
Rice. 21. Needles for injections, infusions, transfusions: a - injection needle (1 - needle tube, 2 - needle head, 3 - mandrin, 4 - dagger sharpening, 5 - spear sharpening, - needle cut angle); b - needle with stop for intradermal injections; c - needle with safety bead; d - needle with side holes for air release; d - attachment to an injection needle for connection to blood transfusion systems, etc.; e - transition cannula for injection needles; g - Dufault needle for blood transfusion; h - needle for drawing blood.
The cutting angle of injection needles ranges from 15 to 45° depending on the task of execution:
15-18° for injection needles,
30° at needles for inserting catheters into a vein, for spinal puncture,
30 and 45° for short-bevel needles for introducing radiocontrast agents
The needles have a spear- or dagger-shaped sharpening. The outer diameter of the needle ranges from 0.4 to 2 mm, length - from 16 to 150 mm. The needle number corresponds to its size (for example, No. 0840 means that the needle diameter is 0.8 mm, length is 40 mm). 
Fig.22. A - disposable needles with
Various designs of cannulas with a case.
B - various options for sharpening needles,
Produced by industry.
An IV needle is cut at a 45° angle, while a hypodermic needle has a sharper bevel angle. The needles should be very sharp, without jagged edges. (Fig. 21). The needle point is sharpened in 3 planes (spear-shaped sharpening), which ensures that the piercing effect prevails over the cutting effect when piercing tissue. The protective cap protects the needle from external damage and ensures safety when handling it. On the packaging, the type of needle cut is indicated by a special symbol ©. In this case, the needle has a medium bevel length and is intended for intradermal administration of drugs.
The characteristics of the injection needle are important. The ease of tissue penetration (penetrating force), the accuracy of hitting certain anatomical structures, the stability of the needle position in the vessels, the degree of tissue trauma, and therefore the pain of the injection, depend on them. Listed needle characteristics in certain cases along with the cost, the choice of the entire kit (syringe + needle) is determined.
A good injection needle has the following requirements:
minimum force for puncture,
longitudinal resistance to bending (elasticity),
strength, stability of connections with the syringe,
minimal roughness of the outer surface and sharpening area.
Puncture force
The force required for puncture is determined by various factors, including design and manufacturing. This indicator depends on the shape and quality of the needle tip and cut, as well as on its diameter and special surface coating. A poor-quality cut can capture microfragments of the skin. With an increase in needle diameter from 0.5 mm (insulin syringe needle - orange cannula) to 0.8 mm (standard needle - green cannula), the puncture force increases by 1.5 times. Better glide of the needle at the moment of puncture is achieved by applying a silicone coating to the surface of the needle, which is used by most manufacturers, including large domestic ones.
^ Packaging of needles
The packaging of needles must provide:
maintaining the sterility of the contents when stored in dry, clean, properly ventilated areas;
minimal risk of contamination of the contents at the time of opening;
adequate protection of the contents under normal conditions of storage and transportation;
creating conditions under which an opened package cannot be resealed without much effort, and the fact of opening is obvious.
When choosing injection devices, you should give preference to syringes in a package consisting of two parts, since when the paper part of the package is torn, fibers of the packaging paper are found on the syringe parts and the needle. If the package consists of two parts, you must follow the opening method indicated on it.
^ Safe manipulation (injection)
By improving injection devices, first of all, they have ensuring their safety for both the patient and the nurse. According to WHO data, the world produces about 12 billion injections. Various types of injections are an invasive procedure that is recognized as the most common in the world.
According to the American Nurses Association, in the United States there are from 600 thousand to 1 million cases of injuries to medical workers with medical needles, which is the cause of at least 1 thousand new cases of HIV infection, as well as diseases of viral hepatitis “B” or “C” . The risk of infection is:
with HIV infection, 1 case in 300 injuries from contaminated needles (1:300),
for viral hepatitis C -1:30.
for viral hepatitis B - 1:3
Reuse of injection instruments, according to various estimates, leads to infection:
from 8 to 16 million people with hepatitis B virus,
from 2.3 to 4.7 million - hepatitis C virus,
from 80 to 160 thousand people become infected with HIV.
IN 
1987, WHO, as part of the Expanded Immunization Program, called for the introduction into production of technologies that prevent the reuse of disposable syringes. As a result, original mechanisms appeared that made it possible to block and partially destroy a disposable syringe after use. One of the most popular designs of self-locking disposable syringes is the V-clip. (Fig. 22). After drawing up the drug and its complete administration, the clip blocks the piston rod in the position of maximum displacement, which makes it impossible to reuse such a syringe. Self-locking syringes are widely used in mass immunization. Today, disposable syringes supplied by UNICEF are produced in a self-locking version.
Fig.22. Self-locking syringe.
There is another common way to prevent the reuse of a disposable syringe - this is its self-destruction when the contents are forced out of it, which is ensured by cutting edges or blades built into the piston rod that damage the syringe barrel. As a result, the disposable syringe no longer performs its functions and is therefore not suitable for further use.
In the United States, the Federal Medical Needle Safety and Accidental Injury Prevention Act was signed by the President in 2000 and has the force of law. This document categorizes medical needles as potentially hazardous, identifies risk factors, and provides access to safe instruments.
Currently, safety syringes are produced, which are standard injection devices equipped with special protective screens, which cover the needle after use, protecting the nurse from subsequent contact with the tip. The syringe must then be disposed of.
But all the advantages of safe injection instruments created and produced by industry lose their significance if they need to be further processed, which includes washing, detaching the needle, rinsing the instruments after soaking, etc. Thus, safety is ensured not so much by the design of the tool, but by a whole range of preventive measures.
^ List of some special purpose syringes
Anel's syringe (historical D. Anel) - a dismountable syringe for washing the nasolacrimal duct, having a ring at the end of the piston rod and three cannulas - straight, slightly curved and strongly curved. Currently not produced by industry.
Brown syringe (C.R. Braun, 1822-1891, Austrian gynecologist) - a syringe with a capacity of 2 or 5 ml with a metal tip, slightly curved at the end, 15 cm long, used for intrauterine infusions.
Guyon's syringe (J.C.F. Guyon) - a syringe with a piston moving in a cylinder using a screw, with each half-turn of which one drop of content is released. Designed for instillation into the posterior urethra and bladder.
Syringe Janet (J. Janet) is intended for washing, characterized by a significant capacity (100-200 ml). There are soldered rings at the end of the rod and on the ring surrounding the glass cylinder for ease of operation.
Luer syringe (Luer) - an injection syringe made entirely of glass and having a larger tip cone diameter (4 mm) than metal syringes (2.75 mm).
Continuous Syringe designed for massive infusions, having a side cannula with a check valve through which the injected liquid enters the syringe barrel.
Polikarpov syringe (S.N. Polikarpov, Soviet surgeon) continuous action with a hollow piston having a valve that opens during suction and closes during discharge. It is used mainly for local anesthesia.
Syringe machine equipped with a mechanical device that provides a given depth of tissue puncture with a needle and the introduction of a given volume of liquid.
Syringe tube (syn. siretta) - a disposable device for administering drugs subcutaneously or intramuscularly, consisting of an elastic container filled with injected liquid and connected to a sterile injection needle, hermetically sealed with a cap with a mandrel.
Injections
Injections- parenteral administration of drugs (drug entry into the body, bypassing the digestive tract). (give a diagram of different injections, we had it!)
The main advantages of this method of delivering drugs into the body are their speed of action and possible dosage accuracy. Negative side lies in the possibility of developing various complications, since these manipulations require, although minimal, damage to the integument (skin, mucous membranes, etc.). Depending on the type of injection, one or another type of complication or combination thereof may develop.
Injections are most often carried out in adapted rooms - the treatment room of a hospital or clinic, but it is possible to perform them in a ward or at home, when a health worker visits the patient. In emergency situations, they are also performed at the scene of the incident. It all depends on the situation and need. For example, if a patient suffering from insulin dependence diabetes mellitus If insulin is not administered in a timely manner, the development of coma and even death cannot be ruled out.
For injections, syringes (see the syringes section) and needles (see the needles section) are used. The syringe must be sealed, that is, it must not allow air or liquid to pass between the cylinder and piston. The piston must move freely in the cylinder, tightly adjacent to its walls.
Before drawing a medicine into a syringe, you must carefully read its name to ensure that it is appropriate for its intended purpose. (action diagram and photo) There is a specific order for preparing and performing various manipulations. For each manipulation we try to show step by step actions, which should facilitate familiarization with various manipulations and their implementation in practice.
^ Algorithm for performing the manipulation: a set of medicinal solution from an ampoule
Target
Perform the injection.
Indications
Injection methods of administering medicinal solutions.
Equipment
Disposable syringe.
Disposable sterile rubber gloves.
Sterile tray.
Sterile tweezers.
Medications in ampoules.
Procedure nurse assignment sheet.
Container with 0.25% aqueous solution of hibitan.
Files.
Bix with sterile dressing material;
Bottle with 70° alcohol.
Container for used needles.
Container for used material.
Prepare everything necessary equipment and prepare yourself for the procedure.
Wash your hands.
Take the ampoule and carefully read the name of the medicinal solution, dose, and expiration date.
Check the label information with your doctor's prescription.
It is necessary to move the drug from the narrow part of the ampoule to the wide one. To do this, take the ampoule by the bottom with one hand, and lightly strike the narrow end of the ampoule with the fingers of the other.
File the ampoule in the center of the narrow part of the ampoule. The narrow part of the ampoule is filed with a special file.
Apply a cotton ball soaked in alcohol to the cut area. Using a cotton ball, you need to break off the end of the ampoule in the opposite direction from the cut and throw it into a container for used material.
Take the syringe in your right hand so that the divisions are visible. Grab the opened ampoule between the 2nd and 3rd fingers of your left hand, so that the opened part is facing inside the palm. Insert the needle into the ampoule.
Place your right hand on the plunger and dial required quantity medicinal solution, tilting it as necessary, while ensuring that the cut of the needle is constantly immersed in the solution.
Without changing the position of your hands, give the syringe a strictly vertical position. Press the plunger with your right hand and force the air out of the syringe into the ampoule (if it is empty).
Next, you need to remove the ampoule from the needle and place it in a container for used material.
Using tweezers, take the injection needle and place it on the cone of the syringe. Be sure to push the air out of the needle again. By pressing on the syringe plunger and gradually pushing the air out of the syringe (until drops appear from the lumen of the needle). If we introduce an oily liquid, the ampoule should be preheated by immersing it in warm water. A single-use needle must be capped.
You are all ready to perform the manipulation. Place a syringe and sterile cotton balls moistened with alcohol in a sterile tray.
^ Algorithm for performing the manipulation of diluting the powder in a bottle
Target
Perform the injection.
Indications
Injection methods of administering medicinal solutions.
Equipment for performing manipulations
bottle with medicinal powder;
solvent (0.25% novocaine solution, 0.9% sodium chloride solution, water for injection);
sterile syringe with needles;
cotton balls soaked in 70% alcohol solution,
tray,
gloves,
tweezers;
bix with sterile wipes.
You must wash your hands and wear sterile gloves.
Read the label on the bottle carefully (name, dose, expiration date).
Using non-sterile tweezers, open the aluminum cap in the center of the antibiotic bottle.
Apply a cotton ball soaked in alcohol to the rubber stopper of the bottle.
Fill a disposable syringe with the amount of solvent required for this medicine. If solvent ampoules are included with the powder bottle, use one of them.
Take the syringe in your right hand. Puncture the rubber stopper of the bottle with the powder with a needle and inject the solvent.
Remove the bottle along with the needle in it from the syringe cone and shake the bottle until the powder is completely dissolved.
Place the needle with the vial on the cone of the syringe.
Lift the bottle upside down and draw the required dose of the drug into the syringe (this can be the entire contents of the bottle or part of it).
Remove the bottle along with the needle from the syringe cone.
Attach and secure the injection needle to the cone of the syringe.
Raise the syringe strictly to a vertical position. Release 1-2 drops of solution through the needle.
Place a syringe, cotton balls soaked in alcohol in a sterile tray, and cover the tray with a sterile napkin.
Each injection requires two needles, one for drawing the solution into the syringe, the other for the injection itself. It is desirable that the first needle has a wide bore. Changing needles ensures sterility. This requirement is met by pre-treating the neck of the ampoule or the rubber stopper of the bottle containing the medicine with alcohol or iodine. (action diagram and photo)
Before the injection, prepare the patient's skin: use a sterile swab soaked in alcohol to wipe a fairly large area of skin where the injection is to be given. Proper preparation syringe, needle, hands nurse and the patient's skin has very great importance. The main thing is to comply with all the rules of asepsis. The syringe, ready for injection, is delivered to the patient’s room in a sterile tray, at the bottom of which there are sterile gauze pads. (action diagram and photo)
IN 
^
INTRADERMAL INJECTIONS
Intradermal injections are used both for diagnostic purposes and for local anesthesia.
Intradermal administration of drugs is usually carried out on the inner surface of the forearm. The skin at the injection site is treated
antiseptic. A thin needle with a small clearance and a length of no more than 2-3 cm is injected into the thickness of the skin to a slight depth so that the tip enters only under the stratum corneum. Directing the needle parallel to the surface of the skin, advance it to a depth of 0.5 cm and inject 1-2 drops of liquid, causing a whitish tubercle in the form of a lemon peel to form in the skin. photo from disk ( video 1) Gradually advancing the needle and squeezing out a few drops of liquid from the syringe, inject the required amount under the skin. Rice. 20
Indications
Antibiotic sensitivity test.
Mantoux test.
Katsuoni sample.
Burnet's test.
Local anesthesia (“lemon peel”).
Equipment
Sterile beads.
Antiseptic.
A 1 ml syringe with an intradermal needle (15 mm) or an insulin syringe.
Necessary drug.
Sterile gloves.
The middle third of the anterior (inner, palmar) surface of the forearm ( rice. 20).
Patient position
Sitting, lying down, standing.
Algorithm for performing intradermal injection
Specify whether the patient has previously encountered this procedure:
if so, for what reason and how did he endure it?
if not, then it is necessary to explain to the patient the essence of the procedure.
Obtain the patient's consent for the procedure.
Wash your hands.
Place the patient in a comfortable position (supine or sitting) in which the intended injection area is easily accessible. Ask the patient to remove her clothing. photo from disk
By inspection and palpation, determine the immediate site of the upcoming injection.
Wear a mask.
Put on gloves (if you are already wearing them, treat them with a cotton ball moistened with alcohol).
Treat the injection site with an antiseptic. Usually two or three balls of alcohol or other antiseptic are used. (Petrospirt) Strokes must be done in one direction. Wait until the alcohol dries.
Take a filled syringe with a needle pointing upward at an angle of 0-5°, almost parallel to the skin, so that the needle bevel disappears into the thickness of the epidermis. (action diagram and photo)
Inject the drug intradermally. A blister should form at the injection site. (photo)
Remove the needle without pressing the injection site with a ball moistened with alcohol. Explain to the patient that water should not come into contact with the injection site for 1-3 days (if one of the diagnostic tests was performed).
Ask the patient how he is feeling. Make sure he feels okay.
^ Complications and their solutions
When administering various drugs intradermally, the most common complication is infection of the injection site or the administration of drugs not designed for intradermal administration. In both cases, an inflammatory process develops in the tissue, requiring special treatment procedures.
The first actions upon detection of a complication - infection:
If infected, treat the area with an antiseptic and apply a semi-alcohol compress.
If necrosis of the skin area develops, treat with an antiseptic (diamond green or potassium permanganate solution). Apply a sterile bandage. If necrosis develops as a result of injection chemical substance(for example, a solution was introduced that is intended only for intravenous administration due to its high concentration, which caused tissue necrosis), then it is necessary to quickly prick this area with either distilled water taken from a sterile ampoule or saline solution or novocaine solution (0.25% ) to reduce the concentration of the previously administered solution.
Consultation with a doctor is necessary, as surgical intervention may be necessary.
^ SUBCUTANEOUS INJECTIONS
Due to the fact that the subcutaneous fat layer is well supplied with blood vessels, subcutaneous injections are used for faster action of the drug.
From a small amount of liquid to 2 liters can be injected under the skin.
Indications
Administration of medications.
Local anesthesia (infiltration).
Any skin lesions at the site of the intended injection.
Previously occurred allergic reaction for the drug
Equipment
Antiseptic.
Sterile beads.
Syringe 2-5 ml.
Necessary drug.
Subcutaneous injections are made with a needle of the smallest diameter to a depth of 15 mm and up to 2 ml of medications are injected, which are quickly absorbed into the loose subcutaneous tissue and do not have a harmful effect on it.
^ The most convenient sites for subcutaneous injection are:
Outer surface of the shoulder; - subscapular region;
Anterior outer surface of the thigh; - anterolateral surface of the abdominal wall.
In these places, the skin is easily caught in the fold (take a photo) and there is no danger of damage to blood vessels, nerves and periosteum.
in places with edematous subcutaneous fat;
in compactions from poorly absorbed previous injections.
Wash the hands.
Wear gloves.
Treat the injection site sequentially with two balls of alcohol, disinfectant solution or soap and water: first a large area, then the immediate site of the upcoming injection.
Place a ball of alcohol under the 5th finger of your left hand.
Take the syringe in your right hand (2nd finger right hand hold the needle cannula, with the 5th finger - the syringe piston, with 3-4 fingers hold the cylinder from below, and with the 1st finger - from above) (make a photo series).
With your left hand, gather the skin into a triangular fold, base down.
Insert the needle at an angle of 45° into the base of the skin fold to a depth of 1-2 cm (2/3 of the needle length), hold the needle cannula with your index finger.
Postpone left hand onto the plunger and inject the medicine (without transferring the syringe from one hand to the other).
Remove the needle by holding it by the cannula.
Press the injection site with a ball of alcohol.
Give a light massage to the injection site without removing the ball from the skin.
-
Place a cap on the disposable needle, throw the needle and syringe into the needle disposal container (Fig. 21), or
Immerse the syringe and needle (reusable) in a container with a disinfectant solution (Petrospirt, give a list of drugs).
^ Complications and their elimination
If it enters a vessel. Press the injection site with a ball for 5–10 minutes. Rice. 21
Infection is possible if asepsis is broken. Treat the injection site with an antiseptic. Apply a “semi-alcohol” compress.
If phlegmon forms at the injection site ( rice. 22) surgical treatment is indicated.
Rice. 22 Formation of purulent infiltrate after injection in (A) the shoulder area, (B) on the anterior abdominal wall.
No one is safe from injections, not even the most healthy man Moreover, vaccinations are needed to keep us healthy. That is why the syringe is not only a symbol of fear, but also a symbol of health. As doctors say, the injection itself is not as dangerous as a low-quality syringe. Today, an injection can be made as painless as possible; the main thing is to choose the ideal device for this procedure.
In the mid-20th century, the most common medical syringes were made of glass and chrome-plated metal. The first disposable medical syringe made of plastic was invented by veterinarian Murdoch, but over time, this invention was appreciated not only by animals, but also by people: the medicine quickly reached any target, instantly absorbed into the blood. After some time, the medical syringe also acquired a seal for the piston: most often in the pharmacy you can find just such a device for injections. Today, medical syringes can be bought in a wide variety of sizes and designs. The main thing is to understand the patient’s needs and choose the highest quality medical devices.
Syringes: what are they?
Medical syringes are divided into several categories and according to several parameters.
- Position of the cone tip. A needle is attached to this cone on the syringe barrel. This situation could be:
a) Concentric or coaxial. In this case, the tip is located directly in the middle of the cylinder of the injection device. Typically, this position occurs with small-volume syringes for injection under the skin or into muscles.
b) Displaced or eccentric. The cone is located on the side of the cylinder. These are needed for blood collection.
- Needle fastening.
a) Integrated into the cylinder. There are also medical syringes, the volume of which is no more than one milliliter.
b) Luer. One of the most popular types of fastening. In this case, the needle is put on the part of the cylinder that protrudes. Characteristic for medical syringes of even the largest volumes.
c) Luer-lock. With it, a needle is “screwed” into a syringe. It is used in droppers, perfusers and infusion pumps, but is not very suitable for ordinary injections. But this is an ideal option for introducing drugs into hard tissues of cartilage or periosteum.
d) Catheter type. Suitable, for example, for feeding, drainage, rinsing abscesses, as well as for administering any medicine through a catheter.
- Design.
A) Two-component. They consist only of a piston and a cylinder, so the injection can be very prickly and painful.
B) Three-component. In order to remove the maximum painful sensations when injecting, it was enough to place a rubber seal on the piston. Because of this, the piston began to move more smoothly, and the parts of the medical syringe stopped rubbing against each other. All this helped relieve pain during and after the injection. For the same purposes, by the way, an atraumatic needle was created, which has a tip of three edges and is better polished. Thanks to this design, the muscle fibers do not tear, but only move apart and there is no pain. BogMark medical syringes are equipped with such a needle.
Advice: if you want to give an injection to a person for whom you want only the best, look at the quality of the syringe and its manufacturer. In order to avoid pain and children's tears, choose a three-component syringe from the best manufacturers, including, for example, the already mentioned BogMark, Plastipak, Omnifix. Make sure that the device is sterile. And be sure to pay attention to the volume of the syringe: the capabilities of this simple device and its purpose depend on it. For a child, you should also choose a needle with the smallest diameter.
What types of syringes are there by volume?
The volume of a medical syringe refers to the volume of its cylinder. The cylinder volume is small, standard and large. They all have their own purpose; they are unlikely to be capable of anything else.
We need to talk about the purpose of medical syringes of different sizes first of all, because otherwise you can make a mistake with the “capacity”.
- Syringes with the smallest volume. These include syringes with volumes such as 1 ml, 0.3, and ½ ml. They are needed, for example, in such branches of medicine as endocrinology (insulin syringe), phthisiology (medical tuberculin syringes), neonatology (for the little ones). Also, such miniature devices are used to conduct intradermal allergy testing and for vaccinations.
- Syringes with standard volume. These include all devices with a volume from two milliliters to 22. They are used in any branch of medicine and are used for procedures such as intravenous injections (they require a cylinder of 10-22 ml), intramuscular (using a cylinder of 2-6 milliliters) , as well as subcutaneous (here you need a cylinder with a volume of three milliliters).
- The largest syringes. This refers to those whose cylinder has the largest volume. These include thirty-milliliter devices. And also having a “displacement” of 60.50 and 100 ml. The largest syringe is most often needed to rinse cavities, suck out liquids and introduce nutrient media.
Advice. Whatever procedure you do, follow the basic rules for performing an injection: be sure to wash your hands, put on gloves, and first treat the injection site with an alcohol swab. And first the entire zone, then the area where the injection will be done. The needle is inserted at an angle equal to half a straight line.
Disinfection of disposable syringes - processing rules
Syringe pen for insulin with a removable needle - how to choose?
Syringe pen Novopen 4 - injector for insulin administration
Needles for insulin syringe pens, device features and applications
Parenteral route of administration of drugs.
Injection route of administration medicinal substances - bypassing the digestive tract, through injections (from lat. inectio.- injection)
Parenteral administration of drugs:
- Provides rapid entry into the blood when oral administration is not possible;
- Preferably in the case of decomposition of substances in the gastrointestinal tract intestinal tract or difficult absorption.
Variety of routes of administration:
· In tissue – skin, subcutaneous tissue, muscle, bone;
· In vessels - veins, arteries, lymphatic vessels;
· In the cavity - abdominal, pleural, cardiac, articular;
· In the subarachnoid space - under the meninges.
Application benefits:
Fast action - emergency use;
Dosage accuracy;
Independence from the patient's condition.
Disadvantages of this method:
Possibility of complications;
Risk of infection.
Medicines are injected into the tissue with a needle using a syringe. Performing injections requires mandatory professional competence.
Syringe - consists of main parts: a cylinder with a scale, a needle cone, a piston with a rod and a handle
Exist different kinds syringes:
· syringe "Record" "with a metal piston,
· luer syringe " - all glass,
· combination syringe - glass, but with a metal needle cone. Syringes and syringe plungers of the same brand are interchangeable.
· disposable syringes made of plastic in sterile, sealed, factory-made packaging. The disposable syringe has become an integral element of a nurse’s work in our country. Many years of experience in using disposable syringes gives reason to consider them not only the simplest injection device for administering a drug or collecting biological fluids, but also a tool for ensuring the safety of the patient and nurse
· Syringe tubes - sterile single-use syringes, already filled with medications.
· Syringe Janet with a capacity of 100 and 200 ml is used for rinsing cavities.
A - reusable and disposable syringes, B - syringe tube.
The syringe must be intact, without cracks, with a well-fitting piston, then it will maintain a seal. Checking the syringe for leaks is carried out as follows: close the cylinder cone with the second or third finger of the left hand (in which the syringe is held), and with the right hand move the piston down and then release it. If the piston quickly returns to its original position, the syringe is sealed
The capacity of the injection syringe is 1, 2, 5, 10 and 20 ml.
The capacity of the syringe must be selected depending on the amount of solution that needs to be injected. The needle is used depending on the injection site, the amount and nature of the solution:
For intradermal- syringe with a capacity of 1 ml - tuberculin, needle 15 mm long and
with a diameter of 0.4 mm.
For subcutaneous- a syringe 1-2 ml, less often 5 ml and a needle 20 mm long and 0.4-0.6 mm in diameter.
For intramuscular- syringe 1-10 ml, needle 60-80 mm long, 0.8 mm in diameter.
For intravenous- syringe 10-20 ml, needle 40 mm long, 0.8 mm in diameter.
In order to correctly draw a dose of medicine into a syringe, you need to know the “price” of dividing the syringe. The “price” of a division is the amount of solution between the two nearest divisions of the cylinder. In order to determine the “price” of the division, you should find the number on the cylinder closest to the needle cone indicating the number of milliliters, then determine the number of divisions on the cylinder between this number and the needle cone and divide the found figure by the number of divisions. For example: on the barrel of a syringe with a capacity of 20 ml, the number closest to the needle cone is 10. The number of divisions between the cone and the number 10 is 5. Dividing 10 by 5, we get 2 ml. The “price” of dividing this syringe is 2 ml.
There are syringes for special purposes, which, with a small capacity, have a narrowed and elongated cylinder, due to which divisions corresponding to 0.01 and 0.02 ml can be applied at a large distance from each other. This allows for more precise dosage when administering potent drugs - insulin, vaccines, serums.
You need to hold the syringe like this: the cylinder is clamped between fingers I and III–IV, the second finger holds the needle coupling, and the fifth finger holds the handle or piston rod (or vice versa).
©2015-2019 site
All rights belong to their authors. This site does not claim authorship, but provides free use.
Page creation date: 2016-04-12