Good day everyone. Today we’ll talk about how to choose RAM.
This next note owes its appearance to our esteemed readers, because it was from them (i.e. you) that the call came that I would like to see more of everything and more from the category of “heavy artillery”, that is. Well, since we are a project that can not only write, but also read in places (in particular, your comments :-)), then, in fact, here is another article about the “brains” of your PC, namely, RAM .
As I already said, initially it was a single article, which was divided into two. The first part, which talks about random access memory in general (i.e. principles of operation, why it is needed and all that jazz) you can find.
In the introduction I would also like to say that this creation will take its place of honor in our “iron pantheon” of articles. For those who have forgotten (or are hearing for the first time, i.e. hello to the new ones;-)) what was discussed there, let me remind you that the materials tell you what you need to pay attention to when purchasing individual “spare parts” for your computer. Here are some of these works of art: “Intel or AMD. Problems of choosing “, “How to choose the right fan (cooler) for the processor,” “ “ and all that other stuff from the “Selection Criteria” tag.
I don’t dare detain you any longer, let’s begin...
Basic introduction to characteristics and more
How to choose the right RAM so that your PC’s performance improves and it quickly processes applications/games that you couldn’t even imagine before? I think this question is asked by a huge number of users of our (and not only) vast country.
And they are doing the right thing in asking this question, because only at first glance can one say that everything here is simple and clear, but there are a lot of subtleties, which we will tell you about now.
So, the first thing you need to keep in mind (before purchasing) is that choosing the “right” memory is the key to the success of further overclocking your iron friend and, to some extent, allows you to avoid unnecessary financial injections into a newly released piece of hardware.
Those. memory (for example, “overclocking”) allows you to maintain the user’s PC in a “cheerful” mood for quite a long time, due to the overclocking potential provided by the manufacturer.
It was not for nothing that we said above that the processor uses RAM and cache to process data (and through the motherboard it consumes RAM resources). It’s not in vain because it’s impossible to select a separate RAM from the same processor or motherboard (because they are interconnected).
When describing the characteristics of the motherboard, we refer to the processor; when considering the RAM, we also take into account the characteristics of the above-mentioned elements, because they are the main "thinking" part of the computer. The operational interconnection of these components allows your iron assistant to quickly carry out the necessary operations.
Therefore, the choice of memory must be approached based on these considerations of interconnection, otherwise it will turn out that you acquired a “cool” memory, but the motherboard does not support it, and then lie there and wait for your “finest hour” :).
To find out which processor your motherboard supports, as well as which memory module is required for it, you need to:
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- go to the board manufacturer's website
- find, by alphanumeric marking, your model (for example, manufacturer Gigabyte GA-P55A-UD4P)
- Review the supported processor guide and the list of recommended memory modules (i.e., those manufacturers and models that 100 % are compatible with your board).
To answer all questions, I will give specific example(no need, don't thank me :-)).
Go to the manufacturer's website ( 1 ) and look for the motherboard model by marking; for simplicity, enter the data into the search ( 2 ).
Note
Markings (motherboard model/manufacturer), for example, can be found through the diagnostic tool DirectX(called by the command line key combination " Win+R» and input dxdiag, then remember the lines - PC manufacturer and model).
Determining the type of processor ( 1 ) (let's say Core i5-760) and memory model ( 2 ) (let's say Kingston KHX1600C9D3K2/4G).
That's all, nothing complicated!
Now we know that our motherboard and processor will not conflict with this memory, and with the combination of these three components we can squeeze out the treasured 10-15 % increase in overall computer performance and avoid, say, scary and terrible .
Now let's move directly to the technical parameters themselves.
Memory type
First of all, you need to decide on the type of memory. At the time of this writing, memory modules dominate the market DDR (double-data-rate) third generation or DDR3. Memory type DDR3 has higher clock speeds (up to 2400 megahertz), reduced by approximately 30-40 % (compared with DDR2) energy consumption and, accordingly, less heat generation.
However, you can still find standard memory DDR2 and morally outdated (and therefore terribly expensive in places) DDR1. All these three types are completely incompatible with each other, both in electrical parameters (in DDR3 less stress) and physical (see image).
This is done so that even if you make a mistake with your choice, you will not be able to insert an incompatible memory stick (although some are very diligent, and therefore it happens.. uh.. boom! :)).
Note
It is worth mentioning the new type of memory DDR4, differing from previous generations in higher frequency characteristics and low voltage. It supports frequencies from 2133 before 4266 MHz and will go into mass production presumably in the middle 2012 of the year. In addition, do not confuse RAM ( mentioned DDR) with video memory (namely GDDR). The latter (type GDDR5) has high frequencies reaching 5 GHz, but are currently used only in video cards.
Form factor
When choosing, always pay attention to form factor- a standard that specifies the overall dimensions of the device or, simply put, the type of design of the bar itself.
DIMM (Dual Inline Memory Module, means that the contacts are located on both sides) - for desktop PCs, and SO-DIMM- for laptops (in Lately laptop memory can be found in all-in-one PCs or compact multimedia PCs).
As you can see in the picture above, they have different sizes, so it's hard to miss.
Bus frequency and bandwidth
The main parameters of RAM that characterize its performance are the bus frequency and data transfer speed.
The frequency characterizes the potential of the memory bus to transfer data per unit of time; accordingly, the higher it is, the more data can be transferred. Bus frequency and bandwidth are directly proportional to each other (for example, memory has 1333 MHz bus, which means theoretically it will have the bandwidth 10600 Mb/sec, and on the module itself it will be written DDR3 1333 (PC-10600)).
Frequency is denoted as " DDR2(3 )-xxxx" or " PC2(3 )-yyyy.” In the first case, "xxxx" indicates the effective memory frequency, and in the second, "yyyy" indicates the peak bandwidth. To avoid confusion, look at the table (it shows the most popular standards: DDR (1 ), DDR2 (2 ), DDR3 (3 )).
Which frequency should I choose?
As mentioned above, you need to build on the capabilities that your system provides. We recommend that the frequency match the frequency supported motherboard/processor.
For example, you connected the module DDR3-1800 into a slot (connector) that supports the maximum DDR3-1600, as a result, the module will operate at the slot frequency, i.e. 1600 MHz, not using its resource in full, and failures and errors in the operation of the system are also likely. It must be said that now the most common and recommended for purchase are modules like DDR3 with clock frequency 1333 And 1600 MHz.
For a comprehensive assessment of the capabilities of the RAM, the term memory bandwidth is used. It takes into account the frequency at which data is transmitted, the bus width and the number of memory channels (this is a rather important parameter for the performance of the OP).
Memory operating modes
In modern computers, motherboards support special operating memory modes. It is in these modes that the speed of its operation will be most effective, therefore, to achieve the best performance, you should take into account the operating modes of the memory modules and their correct installation.
What is memory operating mode? - this is similar to the work of several cores CPU, i.e. theoretically, the speed of the memory subsystem in dual-channel mode increases by 2 times, three-channel - in 3 times respectively, etc.
Let's take a closer look at the types of modes:
- Single channel mode(single-channel or asymmetric) – this mode is activated when only one memory module is installed in the system or all modules differ from each other in memory capacity, operating frequency or manufacturer. It doesn’t matter what slots or memory you install into. All memory will run at the speed of the slowest memory installed.
- Dual Mode(dual-channel or symmetrical) - the same amount of RAM is installed in each channel (and theoretically the maximum data transfer rate is doubled). To enable dual-channel mode, memory modules are installed in pairs in 1 And 3 and/or 2 And 4 slots.
- Triple Mode(three-channel) – the same amount of RAM is installed in each of the three channels. Modules are selected according to speed and volume.
To enable this mode, modules must be installed in 1 , 3 And 5 /or 2 , 4 And 6 slots. In practice, by the way, this mode is not always more productive than the two-channel one, and sometimes even loses to it in data transfer speed. - Flex Mode(flexible) – allows you to increase the performance of RAM when installing two modules of different sizes, but the same operating frequency. As in dual-channel mode, memory cards are installed in the same connectors of different channels.
Generally, the most common option is dual-channel memory mode.
Note
There are motherboards on sale that support quad-channel memory mode, which is supposed to give you maximum performance. IN general case, for efficient memory organization, it is necessary to install an even number of memory modules ( 2 or 4 ), and in pairs they should be of the same volume and preferably from the same batch (or the same manufacturer).
Does memory capacity or size matter?
Another important parameter about which they say that the more the better is volume. I’ll note right away that although this is an essential characteristic, almost all the laurels are often attributed to it in the difficult task of increasing PC performance, which is not always true, but it does happen.
I wrote a few words about large amounts of memory in the note "".
For those who are too lazy to read the note itself, I’ll just say that, as for me, the volumes are from 6 GB are reasonable, especially in cases of a weak disk subsystem (fortunately, memory now costs pennies). And the foundation for the future will be good, because, as practice shows, programs and operating systems are beginning to consume more and more memory.
Timings
In it, in addition to the fact that you can find out general information about memory (tab Memory), and also look (tab SPD), is your “baby” capable of overclocking, i.e. is she friends with the profile? XMP or EPP.
Cooling
Most elements get quite hot during PC operation, and the memory is no exception (I won’t say that you can fry eggs on it, like on a video card, but it’s quite possible to get burned :)). To remove heat from microcircuits, manufacturers equip their dies with special metal plates/radiators and cooling casings. In high-speed models (pre-designed for overclocking), sometimes it comes to a full-fledged separate cooling system (with a large number of all kinds of tubes and elements, as in the image).
Therefore, if you plan, so to speak, to “heavily load” your RAM and also overclock (in the future), think about a normal cooling system. Overall, even for an ordinary user, I recommend buying memory in at least some kind of radiators.
ECC Error Correction
Modules with this marking have a special controller on board, designed to detect and correct various memory errors. Theoretically, such a system should increase operational stability RAM. In practice, the difference in operation between “regular” and more expensive ECC- memory is almost invisible. Therefore, there is no particular point in purchasing such modules specifically. In addition, the use ESS in memory modules can reduce its operating speed by 2 - 10 %.
Actually, we’re done with the parameters, but the best part is left for dessert, as always! Well, let's start absorbing it :).
Correct installation of memory after selection and purchase
It would seem that there is nothing to tell about the correct installation of the OP (it seems as if everything is simple - stick it in, click and order), but this is not entirely true and now we will study this issue with all seriousness :).
So (before installation), remember the basic rules:
- be careful
- Carry out all work with the computer completely disconnected from the power supply, with dry hands
- Do not use excessive force - memory modules are very fragile!
- Place the system unit on a strong and stable surface.
Let's move on to the process itself.
Step 1.
First of all, open the side cover system unit(for a standard vertical case, this is the left cover when looking at the system unit from the front). Find the motherboard inside the unit - the largest board located directly in front of you. On this board you will see a block of connectors for installing RAM modules.
Note
The number of OP slots is usually 2-6 connectors for most motherboards used in home computers. Before installation, pay attention to the video card - it may interfere with the installation of RAM. If it interferes, then temporarily dismantle it.
Step 2.
On the free slot selected for installing the RAM, unfasten the special latches on the edges.
Carefully remove the new “brains” (do not bend them, grasp them carefully but firmly by the edges) from the antistatic packaging.
Note
Inside each connector there are small jumper keys, and on the contact part of the memory modules there are corresponding cutouts. Their mutual alignment eliminates incorrect installation of memory or installation of modules of a different type. Each type has a different location and number of slots, and therefore, keys on the motherboard connectors (we already mentioned this when we talked about memory types).
Step 3.
Align the slot on the memory with the key in the motherboard slot (as shown in the image).
If you cannot match the keys on the memory stick and on the motherboard connector, then most likely you bought the wrong type of memory. Check everything again, it is better to return the purchase to the store and exchange it for the desired type of memory.
Step 4.
Insert module DIMM into the connector by pressing on its top edge.
Step 5.
Press gently until the module is completely seated in the slot and the locking tabs on the edges of the slot are in place.
Step 6.
Make sure the retaining clips are in place and fully closed.
That's it, the memory is installed correctly! Replace the system unit case cover and connect the computer to the power supply. After installing new RAM, be sure to test it special utilities to identify errors.
It is worth saying a few words about the operating modes of RAM.
Motherboards allow memory to operate in n-channel (two/three/four) modes. To do this, the slots differ in color and are divided into pairs.
For example, in order to enable the dual-channel operating mode of the OP, it is necessary that the modules (of the same frequency/volume) be inserted into the connectors of the same name (same color, 1 And 3 ) from different channels (see image).
This procedure allows you to achieve an increase in productivity 5-10 % (compared to single-channel mode).
Everybody is here!
By following these installation instructions, you will not only easily install memory (even if you have never done this before) in the “right” place, but also get maximum performance from it in the system.
User's memo for choice
Since there is quite a lot of information, let’s highlight the main points that you need to learn:
- Find out in advance the type of memory supported (recommended) by the manufacturer
- Install memory modules with the same timings/capacity/frequency and from the same manufacturer. Ideally buy a kit kit- these are two modules with the same characteristics from the same manufacturer, already tested in collaboration
- The RAM bus bandwidth must match the processor bus bandwidth
- To achieve the best performance, consider the operating modes of the modules and their correct installation
- Look for memory with minimal standard timings (less -> better)
- Select the amount of memory based on the tasks your PC solves and the type of operating system
- Choose well-known (reputable) manufacturers, for example: OCZ, Kingston, Corsair, etc.
- The overclocking potential of memory directly depends on the chips on which it is manufactured. Therefore, make sure that the memory was made by a well-known manufacturer, then it is most likely that the chips will provide more reliable power supply and will have greater noise immunity, which will have a beneficial effect on memory operation in abnormal modes
- If you plan to overclock the system or want to get maximum performance (for example, build a gaming PC), then you should pay attention to special overclocking memory with enhanced cooling.
Based on this information, you will be able to wisely choose a suitable memory module, which will ensure that your beloved piece of hardware maintains (and does not drop) a high performance bar for a long time.
I would also like to say that if you hope that somewhere between the lines we will say a few more words about overclocking, then don’t hope (:)), because a separate (even more delicious) article will be devoted to this issue, which will cover all the intricacies of overclocking and “squeeze” the maximum out of my “brains”. However, this is a completely different story...
Where is the best place to buy RAM?
10 minimum (from the time when they were part of Ultra Electoronics), which is what he advises you to do;
The choice, traditionally, is yours. Of course, there are all kinds Yandex Market“Nobody canceled them, but of the good stores I would recommend these, and not some MVideo and other large networks (which are often not only expensive, but defective in terms of quality of service, warranty work, etc.).
Afterword
I hope that this material will take its rightful place on the shelf with your “iron knowledge” and will help you more than once (but twice or even three :)) with advice in the difficult task of buying “thinking hardware” for a fellow computer.
Stay on our IT wave and you will learn many more interesting things. As always, if you have something to say, comments patiently wait their turn.
PS: In addition to dancing with diamonds over the RAM in order to increase computer performance, you can use another very good tool - the swap file. You can learn how to create/configure it correctly from the note located at.
PS 2: Thanks to team member 25 KADR for the existence of this article
Don't forget. There are two very important purchases left for any boyar - RAM and a video card. We'll talk about graphics accelerators later, when Nvidia and its partners finally release 20-series cards for general sale. Today we’ll look into the intricacies of choosing RAM.
As with many aspects of life, RAM isn't easy. It would seem that take more volume, and that’s all. But there are many subtleties that can spoil the purchase experience so that no tens of gigabytes will please you. So, let’s go in order, so that, on the one hand, we don’t overpay for unnecessary things, and on the other hand, we don’t end up with a glitchy computer in an attempt to save too much.
Again, we emphasize that for computer gurus this article may cause attacks of contemptuous grins and increased finger itching. Everything is correct, because our guide is aimed at people who did not attend computer literacy universities and do not every day face the problem of choosing the “most correct” timings.
Types of RAM
Have you thought that you first need to decide on the volume? Like, more gigabytes means more happiness? No, first you should find out what type of RAM you need.
The computer market, despite pessimistic forecasts, is constantly evolving, and RAM is improving along with it. From time to time, new technologies and standards appear that make it possible to increase the speed of memory and reduce its power consumption and heat dissipation. So, generation after generation, more and more new types of RAM are released.
Old DDR memory. This one is no longer produced
You can easily find out which generation a memory stick belongs to by the DDR marking (double data rate). You won't see regular DDR in desktop systems for a long time, just like DDR2. On older, but not released assemblies, DDR3 may still be found, but if we're talking about about current computers with brand new “offal”, then there will be DDR4 without options. The memory of the fifth generation has been looming somewhere on the horizon for many years, but for now we can forget about it.
Thus, if we focus on new current processors and motherboards, then the choice comes down to the type DDR memory 4. By the way, even if you made a mistake and bought the wrong type of RAM, you don’t have to be afraid of ruining your computer - you simply won’t be able to install this stick in the motherboard. Each type of memory comes on a board with a special connector, which must correspond to the connector on the motherboard. Do you see that the notch on the memory chip does not coincide with the partition in the slot? Congratulations - this type of RAM is not suitable for your machine! All that remains is to negotiate with the store and exchange it for something more useful.
With DDR4 it’s clear - we’ll only talk about it further. But what else is DDR4 DIMM? What about DDR4 SO-DIMM? Or DDR4 DIMM Registered? Well, DIMM is just a Dual In-line Memory Module (double-sided memory module), that is, a direct and not very necessary designation of the fact that this is a RAM module of a certain form factor and nothing more (or less). DDR4 DIMM is just what you need for desktop computers.
Memory modules of the SO-DIMM (Small Outline Dual In-line Memory Module) format, as is clear from the English translation of the name, are distinguished by more compact dimensions compared to DIMMs. Such strips are used in systems with limited internal space. Laptops and mini-PCs are the habitat for such memory.
DDR4 DIMM Registered is a registered memory with a buffer that partially takes over control of data transfer in memory. Such modules are considered more reliable and fault-tolerant, but they are usually a little more expensive and, they say, a little slower than a regular DIMM. They are used almost exclusively in servers and are of little interest to the classic home user.
Briefly about the main thing. Are you assembling a computer from new, up-to-date components? This means that you don’t have to understand the types of memory and immediately check the box next to DDR4 DIMM, ignoring all the others.
Memory
Many people think that this parameter is the most important. And this is really almost true! At the same time, it is also the simplest. Yes, the “more is better” principle works great here. But within reasonable limits.
There is no point in buying 64 GB of RAM if... No, let's just leave it as “there is no point in buying 64 GB of RAM.” Of course, you can process terabytes of video for days on end, but then you’re unlikely to read this guide.
The minimum amount of RAM allowed today is 4 GB. Anything below is money thrown away. This volume is enough for web surfing, watching movies, and undemanding games. In general, what you need for a working office machine.
8 GB is enough for almost everything and for almost everyone. Games, high-definition movies, photo processing and a little video, a browser with a dozen or two open tabs. All this without special problems will run, but one at a time. Option without reserve, but you can live.
16 GB - for now best option for the vast majority of users. A browser with thousands of tabs can no longer be closed before starting a demanding game. In general, you don’t have to close anything. A very convenient container, with a small reserve, but without crocodile tears for unnecessary expenses.
32 GB is needed, but so far only for specific tasks “not for everyone.” This much memory will be useful for work, for example, by designers or those same video editing specialists. In home computers, 32 GB has not yet become a standard, although it is occasionally found among enthusiasts who need more of everything. Perhaps in a couple of years, individual AAA projects will begin to happily “eat” so much RAM.
Briefly about the main thing. For a computer “to surf the Internet” and with a very reduced budget, take 4 GB and save up for the same amount. 8 GB is a reasonable choice, but if possible, it is still better to give preference to 16 GB and forget about RAM for the near future. 32 GB - if you don't want to think about it at all.
Two 8 GB modules are better than four 4 GB modules
Above we talked about different amounts of RAM - 4, 8, 16, 32 GB. But why is there no word about 9 or 12 GB? After all, you can take one module with a capacity of 4 GB, then buy another 4 GB, save some money and cram another 4 GB into your computer. So let's deceive the system! Let's start small and gradually upgrade!
No one forbids doing this, but there is a nuance. Firstly, we must proceed from the fact that today memory sticks with capacities of 4, 8 and 16 GB are widespread. That is, installing 3 GB + 6 GB will definitely not work. Secondly, computers like an even number of installed memory sticks, that is, in fact, two or four modules. Thirdly, if you fill up all four slots on the motherboard, this will lead to increased load on the memory controller, and therefore may negatively affect the stability and performance of the system, as well as possible overclocking.
Thus, it turns out that it is best to use two slots (three is very undesirable, one is possible, but with an eye to the “additive”). Four are possible, but you must be sure of the quality of all system components and that you will not overclock it.
So which is better - one 8 GB module or two 4 GB modules? If we are talking about a new system, it is more logical to buy one 8-gigabyte module and start saving for another one of the same kind. What if the choice is between one 16 GB module and two 8 GB modules? In this case, the second option is preferable, and here's why.
Modern computers support dual-channel memory operation, which increases the speed of data transfer between memory and computer components. That is, the user actually receives an increase in computer performance for free. The power will not increase much, but why not take advantage of such a nice bonus?
There is a nuance here too - for dual-channel operation, you need two memory modules with identical characteristics from the same manufacturer. Many vendors offer kits of such memory - identical and guaranteed to work in this mode. It happens that such kits are more expensive than similar modules, but not included in the kit. It is not necessary to go for “prefabricated” offers; it is enough to buy identical planks of the same series (check the labeling).
For dual-channel mode to work, the memory must be installed in the “correct” slots on the motherboard. Usually they are designated in one color and placed one after another. For example, blue 1st and 3rd slots, as well as black 2nd and 4th.
Briefly about the main thing. Your motherboard most likely has four RAM slots. Don't rush to fill them all out! It's better to get by with two. Two 8GB modules are a reasonable option. Have some extra shekels? Then take two 16 GB. To make the system work a little faster thanks to the dual-channel mode, choose identical strips from the same series and from the same manufacturer.
Frequency and timings
Frequency and timings are key parameters for the speed of RAM. Today, standard DDR4 memory frequencies include 2133, 2400, 2666 and 3200 MHz. There are also sticks with other frequencies on sale - copies overclocked by the manufacturer. Timings indicate the time it takes for memory to process information and are designated as follows: 16-18-18-38, 14-16-16-31, etc.
Theoretically, the higher the memory frequency and lower the timings, the better. But (ha ha!) not everything is so simple. In the silicon life of our inorganic friends, the higher the frequency, the higher the timings. That is, by relying on one performance indicator, you will have to sacrifice another.
It is believed that frequency is more important for video editing, when working with large archives and in creating multimedia content. Low timings have a better effect on games. Let us note that in both cases we are not talking about a catastrophic difference; usually the increase is limited to a few percent at best.
It is also very important what maximum memory frequency your motherboard supports. A RAM with a frequency of 3200 MHz can be installed on a board that supports frequencies up to 2666 MHz, but will not be able to use its full potential and will operate at a lower frequency. This primarily applies to budget motherboards.
Briefly about the main thing. The higher the frequency and lower the timings, the better the RAM. It's a pity that there is no RAM with high frequencies and low timings. A module with a frequency of 2400 or 2666 MHz and associated timings is enough for everything.
Radiators, lighting, manufacturer
Phew, our memory is so cool, so powerful that we can’t do without this car radiator! It has become fashionable to hang the unfortunate operative with pieces of iron. But not because she absolutely needs to cool down, but simply for the sake of beauty.
RAM is one of the most heat-resistant and at the same time cold computer components. Heat sinks won't help or prevent anything simply because the memory modules don't need them. Moreover, massive elements can interfere with each other when installing the brackets into slots on the motherboard one after another. They can also touch the processor cooler.
It’s another matter if you are a furious overclocker who, with sweat and blood, extracts additional megahertz from every piece of hardware. With extreme overclocking and increasing the voltage to power the RAM, the heat dissipation can increase significantly, and then you really can’t do without additional cooling. However, this is the lot of 0.5% of users who know what to do even without our guides.
One of the equally useless, but increasing the price of memory, unnecessary things is the backlight. It’s especially funny when people buy such models in a closed case without windows. It is recommended only for those who consciously assemble not only a computer, but also a Christmas tree.
But the memory manufacturer is really important. When you open our catalog, you will see that RAM is produced by at least 40 vendors! The vast majority of them are essentially ordinary assemblers of products from ready-made components. But the most important thing - memory chips - is made by only a few companies. The most popular are chips produced by Samsung and Hynix. These same brands themselves produce memory modules - we recommend them for purchase. Brands like Crucial, Kingston, Corsair, Patriot have also proven themselves well.
Briefly about the main thing. Aren't you going to waste your property in its tail and mane? This means that radiators are not needed. Are you used to playing and working at the computer, and not admiring the LEDs shimmering with all the colors of the rainbow? This means that memory backlighting is definitely not needed. Among the manufacturers, we recommend paying attention first of all to Samsung and Hynix.
Overclocking
Enthusiasts love to buy inexpensive components and overclock them, manually increasing the performance. Moreover, they like to overclock not only processors, but also RAM. The topic of overclocking is very extensive and cannot possibly fit into one chapter.
But if you really want to do this here and now, you can look for memory modules with XMP support. The manufacturer already includes profiles with overclocked parameters in such brackets - increased frequency, changed timings and increased voltage. You don't need to do anything, just select such a profile in the motherboard BIOS or using a separate program.
But it is necessary to take into account that often the performance gain from such factory overclocking will be noticeable only in benchmarks.
Briefly about the main thing. To overclock RAM yourself, you need a separate guide, the purpose of which is to find the optimal ratio of frequency, timings and voltage. You can use models that support XMP profiles, the parameters of which are already overclocked. But you shouldn’t expect a noticeable performance increase from such components.
Very briefly about the most important things
- For a new system, choose DDR4 DIMM type modules; all others can be safely skipped. If you want to upgrade something older, you'll most likely need DDR3.
- For a current modern system, 16 GB of RAM (two 8 GB modules) is sufficient. If you have the opportunity to spend money “in reserve,” then install 32 GB (two 16 GB modules).
- Frequencies and timings are the main indicator of RAM speed. But if you don’t give preference to very cheap copies, then you shouldn’t worry too much about these parameters, because you won’t notice a difference in performance anyway.
- Chips for RAM modules are made by only a few manufacturers, and the modules themselves are assembled by a huge number of companies. The technical process has reached a level where quality problems almost never occur, so you can choose based on your favorite or familiar brand, design, warranty conditions, etc.
- Unoverclocked RAM does not require cooling in the form of metal radiators. They only increase the cost of RAM and give it an aggressively polished look.
(English) we went over the basic concepts and characteristics of RAM. In this article we want to touch on topics that often cause controversy, and we will try to understand the following myths and statements:
- All DDR3 memory is the same
- Just need to add more RAM
- There are only a few DIMM manufacturers
- DDR-3200 support means any RAM can be used
- When installing different RAM modules, the RAM operates at the speed (timings) of the slowest DIMM
- It is cheaper to buy two sets of DIMMs than one large and expensive set
- RAM works faster when all slots are occupied
- RAM faster than 1600 MT/s does not provide performance gains
- 8 GB capacity will last for the next ten years
- You will never be able to use 16 GB of memory
- I'm not using all the available memory, so additional memory won't give a boost
- 64-bit OS allows you to use any amount of RAM
- 1.65V RAM Can Damage Intel Processors
- Dual channel mode doubles the data transfer speed, meaning the RAM runs twice as fast
Myths about RAM | All DDR3 memory is the same
This topic alone deserves a separate article, but we will try to discuss it briefly and outline several points.
- Consider the Kingston Fury line of RAM, which is not equipped with an XMP profile and instead uses plug and play technology. The modules are reasonably priced, look nice, come with colorful heatsinks, and are aimed at users of older systems who would like to upgrade their RAM. But since this memory is PnP based, it will only work with certain chipsets: Intel's H67, P67, Z68, Z77, Z87 and H61, along with AMD's A75, A87, A88, A89, A78 and E35. You can also add Z87 and Z97 here. The list of chipsets is taken from the company's website.
- The chips themselves are also different:
- Most RAM manufactured today uses high-density 4 Gbit memory chips, while older DDR3 uses lower-density 2 Gbit chips. Old memory controllers can only handle low-density chips. One of our editors recently discovered that none of the P55 motherboards were willing to work with its 8GB modules. And if you install memory from different characteristics, then the module may not be detected or become unstable.
- Memory chips are produced by many companies that adhere to their own specifications. Each line of chips is tested or binned, and according to the quality of the chip, it is marked and allocated into different series.
We generally recommend checking with RAM manufacturers, who spend a lot of time testing memory on different motherboards. Motherboard manufacturers also provide Qualified Vendor Lists (QVLs) of RAM whose products they have tested on a specific board. But usually these lists indicate a small number of manufacturers whose memory was in the laboratory. Therefore, it is better to check the list of the memory manufacturer. you can find many useful tips and recommendations on RAM modules for specific platforms and motherboards, as well as information about their speed and compatibility with various processors.
Myths about RAM | Just need to add more RAM
JEDEC is an association of electronic device manufacturers and developers that sets industry standards for widespread adoption among its members. Since some RAM manufacturers have exceeded the JEDEC maximum of DDR3-1600 CAS 11 (and later CAS 9) and are offering tighter timings and higher data rates, mixing different RAM modules has not been as easy as originally thought.
Simply put, mixing RAM modules from different sets does not guarantee stable operation, even if you have two identical sets of the same model line. We would like to add that DIMMs that do not work well together can often, but not always, be made to work by adjusting the voltage and/or timings. For the article "DDR3 memory: how to improve system performance?" two companies, instead of single sets of 32 GB RAM with a speed of 2400 MT/s, sent us a pair of identical sets of modules in a 2 x 8 GB configuration. Initially they did not work together, but with the help of minor adjustments we achieved a positive result.
What is the problem? After all, the modules have the same frequencies, timings and voltage.
DRAM basically consists of memory chips soldered onto a circuit board. During the production process of a certain model of RAM, a manufacturer may use up a certain batch of printed circuit boards, and then switch to new PCBs from another production batch, which, as a result, may affect a number of characteristics.
The same thing can happen with solder. The manufacturer may start using a different type that has slightly modified conductive properties.
Also, the crystals themselves may be different. During the production process, chips undergo binning, that is, sorting according to their quality.
Let's look at this concept from a theoretical perspective. One production batch may have, say, 1000 memory chips that are separated or binned. 200 chips can be classified as chips by the manufacturer entry level, 350 slightly better, 300 chips even better and 150 first-class chips. They then sell these chips to different memory module manufacturers.
If you buy DDR3-1866 memory modules from several companies, then most likely you will receive different PCBs, solder with different conductive properties and, quite possibly, chips different levels from different manufacturers.
The memory chips themselves are produced by several different companies, which only exacerbates the compatibility problem. You probably already understand why mixing different RAM modules often causes problems.
We also noticed that most of the new RAM lines use 4 Gbit chips, while the older lines use 2 Gbit.
Myths about RAM | There are only a few DIMM manufacturers
This is both a myth and a fallacy. There are several memory chip companies and many RAM module manufacturers. There are RAM modules made by one or more companies for other companies. For example, AMD Radeon RAM is produced by Patriot and VisionTek.
Myths about RAM | DDR-3200 support means any RAM can be used
To use expensive 3200 MT/s memory, you need a processor that can handle such high data transfer rates. Otherwise, the memory will only work in 1333, 1600 or 1866 modes.
Back in the days of Intel LGA 775 processors, CPU and RAM overclocking was done primarily through the FSB (Front Side Bus). Let's say you have a Q6600 processor and your motherboard supports 1066 MHz FSB. In this case, the processor will operate at a native frequency of 2.4 GHz, and the memory at a speed of 1066 MT/s. If you want to overclock the processor by increasing the FSB frequency to 1333, then it will run at 3 GHz, and the memory will run at 1333 MT/s. In other words, the memory speed was limited by the FSB frequency limit. The memory controller was located in the chipset, usually in the northbridge of the motherboard, and also operated at FSB frequency.
Today the memory controller has moved to the CPU. So the main determining factor in memory operation at advertised frequencies is the CPU. Processors based on the Haswell architecture are designed for DDR3-1600 memory, and mid- and high-end chips that do not belong to the K series can usually work quite stably with memory up to 1866 - 2133 MT/s. K-series processors are overclockable and their controllers support higher data rate modules aimed at enthusiasts.
AMD's current line of FX processors support "up to 1866 MT/s per DIMM channel." However, you may encounter problems running memory in 1866 mode on entry-level and sometimes mid-range processors. This is partly due to the fact that the memory controller of the FX processors is optimized for DDR3-1333 (according to the BIOS and Kernel Programming Guide). Like any other processor, FX chips can be overclocked to run at speeds even higher than DDR3-1866, but this will have a negative impact on stability.
Myths about RAM | When installing different RAM modules, the RAM operates at the speed (timings) of the slowest DIMM
Let's say you have a DDR3-1600 CAS 9 module and you add another module, but it's 1866 CAS 9. This may cause the RAM to run at the motherboard's default settings, which is 1333 CAS 9 or 10 (many AMD motherboards use 1066 by default). Or both modules will operate in 1600 CAS 9 (10 or even 11) mode if DOCP, EOCP, XMP or AMP technologies were enabled before installing the DDR3-1866 module.
But you can also set the parameters manually. Typically, in such scenarios, we would try the 1866 mode at 10-10-10-27, increasing the voltage a little, about +0.005 V. Depending on the results, you can adjust the memory controller voltage.
Myths about RAM | It is cheaper to buy two sets of DIMMs than one large and expensive set
Even if you buy two identical sets, there is no guarantee that they will work together. The RAM modules sold in one kit have been tested for compatibility. Manufacturers do not guarantee the performance of mixed sets, even if they use the same memory module models.
Buyers often do this with high-speed modules and rely on XMP for setup. When XMP is enabled, the motherboard can read the profile of two sticks of RAM and set minor timings accordingly, but the tRFC timings for two modules may be 226, while a combination of four modules will require a value of 314. This problem is difficult to detect because users rarely go to the secondary timing settings.
Myths about RAM | RAM works faster when all slots are occupied
Two sticks of RAM put less load on the memory controller than four. Less power is required, the memory controller needs less voltage to run smoothly, and the RAM usually runs a little faster, although it's not noticeable. The same goes for three- and four-channel motherboards. Users are often misled into thinking that four DIMMs (often sold as quad-channel sets) always operate in quad-channel mode, even though dual-channel motherboards cannot operate this way at all.
Myths about RAM | RAM faster than 1600 MT/s does not provide performance gains
The accuracy of this statement depends on several factors. For processors with a built-in graphics core or APU, this is completely false, since the video core uses system memory, and the faster it is, the better!
Most RAM tests measure read, write, and copy speeds. Many game tests when changing RAM 1600 to 2133 demonstrate an increase in frame rate from 3 to 5 FPS. This is because in most games, RAM is primarily used as a conduit for transferring information to the GPU, as well as a buffer for frequently accessed data. The fact remains that RAM can improve FPS slightly. Since the price difference between 1600 and 2133 RAM isn't always that big, sometimes buying faster RAM can be worth it.
In addition, the WinRAR archiver takes data from RAM and compresses it into RAM before writing it to disk. When changing DDR3-1600 memory to 2400, the speed increase in tests using WinRAR can reach 25 percent. There are many other memory-intensive applications: video editing, image manipulation, CAD, and so on. Even a small speed advantage can save time if you work in such applications.
If you use your PC in an office single-tasking mode, for example, taking notes, then browsing the web, then watching a video, then you definitely do not need faster RAM. If you tend to multitask, such as having a bunch of browser tabs open at once while working with large spreadsheets or watching videos in a window, or working with images and running virus scans in the background, then faster memory can benefit certain benefits.
You can test this yourself by running several similar applications with 1600 MT/s memory and then with faster RAM. Once you've downloaded multiple applications, run a benchmark like SiSoftware Sandra and simultaneously archive a large file using WinRAR. While these tasks are being completed, walk through the open Windows windows, then check Sandra's results and archiving execution time.
Myths about RAM | 8 GB capacity will last for the next ten years
If you really don't like multitasking, then 8GB will be enough. But this does not apply to gamers and enthusiasts. Five years ago 2 GB was enough, then 4 GB and so on.
Another fact: computer manufacturers often skimp on RAM. For example, when 2 GB seemed enough, they installed 1 GB. Today, 6 - 8 GB of RAM is considered the norm and 16 GB is also not uncommon, so it is unlikely that the 8 GB level will last long as a standard. Games are using more and more RAM. If you are collecting new system and if you want it to not lose its relevance in a few years, we recommend 16 GB of RAM.
Myths about RAM | You will never be able to use 16 GB of memory
This misconception is a continuation of the previous one, but is more relevant to users of applications that intensively use RAM, as well as to those who work with large volumes of files and data. The more RAM you have, the more data it can hold for instant re-access, instead of having to go to the file on your hard drive or the network to download again.
Many people use more than 20GB of memory in their system at once almost every day, and this is becoming the norm among Tom's Hardware forum members, who often discuss maximizing the performance of their 8GB and 16GB RAM kits.
Remember also that manufacturers do a lot of research and contact with software developers and users. Therefore, there are certainly reasons for the fact that modern motherboards are designed to support 32 GB, 64 GB and 128 GB (or more) RAM.
Myths about RAM | I'm not using all the RAM, so additional memory won't give a boost
In some situations, increasing the amount of RAM can speed up the execution of some processes. Many programs adjust the amount of data stored in memory based on the amount of RAM available, so more RAM saves time by storing more frequently used data in RAM (rather than on the hard drive). This can be especially useful when you are working on projects with a variety of images or videos, CAD, GIS, virtual machines, etc. Another advantage of having a large amount of RAM is the ability to create a RAM disk for downloading games, applications and other data. Such a disk has its hidden disadvantages, but many users are delighted with this opportunity.
Myths about RAM | 64-bit OS allows you to use any amount of RAM
Many people believe that you can use an infinite amount of RAM with a 64-bit operating system, but this is not true. As an example, here are the RAM limits in Windows 7:
| RAM limits in Windows 7 | ||
| x86 (32-bit) | x64 (64-bit) | |
| Windows 7 Ultimate | 4 GB | 192 GB |
| Windows 7 Enterprise | 4 GB | 192 GB |
| Windows 7 Professional | 4 GB | 192 GB |
| Windows 7 Home Premium | 4 GB | 16 GB |
| Windows 7 Home Basic | 4 GB | 8 GB |
| Windows 7 Starter | 2 GB | does not exist |
And on Windows 8:
| RAM limits in Windows 8 | ||
| x86 (32-bit) | x64 (64-bit) | |
| Windows 8 Enterprise | 4 GB | 512 GB |
| Windows 8 Professional | 4 GB | 512 GB |
| Windows 8 | 4 GB | 128 GB |
Myths about RAM | 1.65V Memory May Damage Intel Processors
For its processors, Intel recommends memory with a voltage of 1.50 V and a certain data transfer rate. For Haswell it is DDR3-1600. However, what is confusing is the fact that Intel also certifies RAM (even DDR3-1600) that operates at 1.60 and 1.65 volts. Keep in mind that a voltage of 1.60 - 1.65 V is considered normal for DDR3-2133 and higher RAM.
Most lower data rate memory (such as DDR3-1333 and 1600) use 1.50V or less. We recommend that you avoid purchasing RAM at these speeds if the voltage is 1.65V, as this may mean that the manufacturer used the cheapest and lowest quality memory chips. Why do RAM with good chips even need a voltage of 1.60 -1.65 V? To further protect yourself from problems in the future, we would recommend not buying DDR3-1866 memory that exceeds 1.50V unless it has lower timings (CL7 or CL8).
Myths about RAM | Dual channel mode doubles the data transfer speed, meaning the RAM runs twice as fast
This is another misconception. When you install two sticks in dual-channel mode, the memory controller does not treat the RAM as two separate 64-bit devices, but as one 128-bit device. Theoretically, this should double the throughput, but in practice the speed increase is 20-50 percent per Intel processors and slightly less on AMD chips.
This article was written with the participation of many forum members, but there are too many of them to list them all. We would also like to thank the wonderful people at companies like Corsair, G.Skill and Team Group, whose knowledge and experience in the field has been a great help to us.
As always, comments and constructive criticism on the article are welcome.
In order to know how to choose the right RAM, It is necessary to take into account the type and model of the PC processor and motherboard. The physical RAM module is installed directly on the motherboard, which can only support certain types of RAM. It follows from this that there is a constant relationship between the RAM, processor and motherboard, and the mismatch of one of the components with the other disrupts the proper functioning of the entire system. And if everything is clear with the motherboard and processor - the computer simply cannot start with a processor that does not match the board, then the RAM memory will work in most cases, but if there are compatibility problems, an unpleasant picture will be observed, manifested in unnaturally slow operation of the computer.
In order to avoid mistakes, you must first visit the official website of the motherboard manufacturer and find out what type of memory is supported. Next, you need to understand the technical characteristics of the RAM, knowing which you can choose the ideal memory for the system.
RAM type
At the moment, the most popular type of memory is DDR modules. They differ in the following technical parameters:DDR SDRAM is already a morally obsolete type of memory. It has a low clock frequency of 400 MHz.
- DDR2 is a pretty good solution that has been used quite a lot for a long time. It has 120 contacts on both sides, a lower power consumption of 1.8 V compared to DDR SDRAM, and an increased clock frequency to 1066 MHz. At the moment, it is practically not used in modern motherboards.
- DDR3 is a modern type of RAM. With a reduced price compared to previous generations, it has much best performance: power consumption 1.5 V, clock frequency up to 2400 MHz.
- DDR4 is the next step in development. It has improved performance in all respects, but production of this memory module has not yet begun.
RAM capacity
This is the amount of information that RAM can simultaneously contain. It follows from this that the more there is, the better. However, you need to decide on the type of work being performed on the computer; if it is an office computer, then 2 GB will be enough, but a gaming computer with a powerful processor and video card requires 4 GB of RAM. You should also remember that RAM amounts greater than 3 GB will only be recognized and used by a 64-bit operating system.
Clock frequency
One of the main parameters of RAM, the speed of data exchange with the processor directly depends on its value, and the higher the frequency, the faster the performance will be. The clock frequency of the RAM should not exceed the clock frequency of the motherboard; if it is otherwise, the system may malfunction. For example: a DDR3-1600 MHz RAM module inserted into a DDR3-1333 MHz motherboard slot will operate exactly at the clock frequency of the motherboard, but stability is not guaranteed. There is also the concept of RAM bandwidth, which directly depends on the frequency of the RAM and its relationship with the processor bandwidth affects the overall performance of the entire system. Ideally, the amount of RAM bandwidth should match that of the processor. Using an example, it looks like this: for a processor with a bandwidth of 10600 Mb/s, it is recommended to install two memory modules with a bandwidth of 5300 Mb/s, which together form the processor bandwidth.
Timings
RAM time delays, which are indicated in the form of consecutive numbers, for example 5-5-5, each of which is responsible for its own parameter:
CAS Latency - duty cycle time
- RAS to CAS Delay - full access time
- RAS Precharge Time - Precharge time
The speed of the RAM depends on these indicators, and the lower they are, the better. However, as the clock frequency of the RAM increases, its timings increase, and as the timings decrease, the cost of RAM increases, so you should proceed from the acceptable budget when choosing RAM.
RAM voltage
An indicator that determines the energy consumed for normal operation of the RAM, and, accordingly, the heat dissipation. The standard indicator for DDR3 is 1.5 V, but overclocker RAM models may have increased consumption and, accordingly, increased heat dissipation, which is why such modules have heatsink plates. The supply voltage can be directly controlled from the BIOS, but this should not be done, since the RAM module may fail if it is not adapted for such manipulations.
RAM Manufacturers
When buying an item, first of all, attention is paid to the manufacturer, and if the brand is of high quality, then in most cases the item will not disappoint expectations. The same goes for RAM. Well-established RAM manufacturers include the following:
Corsair
Transcend
OCZ
Kingston
These manufacturers always provide only high-quality products, and also indicate the real characteristics of their creations. You should also be able to read the product identification code, which can be used to determine all the characteristics of the memory module. For example, Kingston KHX 2000C9AD3T1K2/4GX, from the main parameters you can read the following:
KHX – manufacturer and model
2000 – operating frequency
9 – CAS duty cycle time
D3 – module type DD3
4G – memory capacity 4 Gb
In addition to all of the above, you need to know that if more than one RAM module is used, then the RAM must be from the same manufacturer from the same batch and with identical parameters of clock frequency, timings and volume. Only in this case can you achieve coordinated operation of the RAM modules.
PC and laptop RAM The technical characteristics are identical and all of the above is suitable for both a computer and a laptop. Only the form factor is different, and if for a PC it is DIMM, then for a laptop it is SO-DIMM. In appearance, they differ in size - SO-DIMM is half as long.
Based on the above information, you can choose the right RAM module wisely; the main thing is not to rush into the choice and clearly understand the parameters of the processor, motherboard and RAM. By choosing the right RAM, you can significantly increase your computer's performance for a reasonable amount of money.