One of the most common classification of all existing diseases is ICD-10. It is in the International Classification of Diseases of the tenth revision that the most full list mental disorders diagnosed by doctors today. These diseases are reflected in the headings F00-F99. Each heading is divided into sub-headings, which summarize the main clinical aspects of the disease. Let's consider them in more detail.

Factor - Child-born parental divorce. No support you can't rely on. The event that acts as a trigger - The death of the grandmother and which she has as a mother in the hospital - at the beginning of May. The collision takes place in the 12th house, the event that opens the disease takes place in the hospital. Here is the transit - Saturn at 23 grams with the coincidence of Cancer with the Sun at 23 grams.

Factor - on natal chart- The sun conjuncts Uranus and Pluto, the Moon squared Mars and Saturn. A very strict and cruel father, he is the mistress of his children every day, and they all run away from home. Walt Disney is 10 years old when he starts selling newspapers. At 16, when he is away from home. He lived in Kansas, lived like an artist, but on the verge of poverty. Not only that, he also takes on almost all of his employees. This is a big shock for Disney, and he discovers obsessive-compulsive disorder.

Organic, including symptomatic, mental disorders

Organic diseases are the cause of such violations. This is dementia of various origins:, Pica, vascular dementia. This also includes CNS disorders due to the destructive effect of VIL, idiopathic dementia, and intellectual degradation associated with prolonged alcohol use.

V last years this trend has been established, and mental disorders fall into two main groups. The first group of mental disorders is designated by the quantitative characteristic "general", and the second - "severe". Since they are unequal originals, they cause a lot of confusion and ambiguity in interpretation. To counter this trend, we are publishing this text.

How to identify a mental disorder: delusional symptoms

The first gurapas are associated with various disorders combined with the general term psychosis. These are, for example, schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, and some others. Psychics differ from other mental disorders in that during periods of exacerbation they lead to a serious disruption in the patient's relationship with reality; perceptions and concepts of oneself, the surrounding world and the world, as well as the ability to self-control are seriously impaired. This almost always leads to behavioral deviations. Lack of criticism of illness and inappropriate behavior is a typical feature of the acute phase of psychosis.

The patients of this group are characterized by the involution of intelligence, a decrease in thinking abilities and a gradual loss of memory, which are accompanied by increasing emotional lability.

Mental and behavioral disorders due to use

It combines personality changes caused by alcohol abuse, various drugs (opioids, cannabinoids, hallucinogens), as well as tobacco, stimulants, sleeping pills, etc. Symptoms of acute intoxication, addiction syndrome and withdrawal states are distinguished separately.

Another characteristic of psychotic disorders, which is why they are called severe, is their tendency to chronic analysis. Sometimes they lead to permanent mental retardation. Regardless of the risks, recovery from a psychotic episode is quite possible. The more dramatic a psychotic crisis is, the better the chances of a quick and complete recovery. The recovery process also depends on the initiation of treatment - the longer the delay in treatment, the more difficult the recovery process. Therefore, it is extremely important to have affordable and quality psychiatric treatment during the acute phase and psychological and social rehabilitation during the recovery period.

A characteristic feature of this group of diseases is that the present mental problems of the patient cannot be explained by somatic diseases. The clinical picture corresponds to the action of the psychoactive substance.

Schizophrenia, schizotypal and

This includes all types of schizophrenia (paranoid, hebephrenic, catatonic, undifferentiated) and their division is carried out in accordance with the course of the disease (it can be continuous, episodic with an increasing or stable defect). In addition, acute psychoses are described. Delusional ideas and hallucinations are considered the main symptoms of psychosis.

General mental disorders. The second group has a wide range of non-psychotic disorders. They are often called “neurotic,” but because they have avoided conceptual controversy around this concept in recent years. The most common manifestation of frequent mental disorders is anxiety. Therefore, they are also called "anxiety disorders". Anxiety is present in all its manifestations - vague anxiety and anxious expectation of future failures, fear of various objects or situations, fear of illness, various forms of obsession.

(Affective) mood disorders

This group also includes its various variations: episodes of mania and depression, the presence of psychotic symptoms, cyclotomy and dysthymia.

During the mania phase, there are increased talkativeness, physical and sexual activity, sociability, and a tendency to reckless actions. Depression is manifested by apathy, decreased sex drive, sleep disturbances, and loss of interest in any type of activity.

Depression, insomnia, and decreased performance are common companions to anxiety. What separates anxiety disorders from psychosis is that those who suffer from anxiety disorder never lose touch with reality, criticize their symptoms, actively seek help, and never lose control of their behavior.

Sometimes anxiety disorders can cause severe subjective distress and the level of distress increases significantly. In these cases, it seems strange that these mental disorders are not serious. The function "general" is used quite deliberately to emphasize their prevalence - between 20% and 25% of people show signs of anxiety disorder. At the same time, they very rarely lead to disruption of the social functioning of the victims. In contrast, severe mental disorders are rare but relatively common in impaired social functioning.

Neurotic Stress-Related and Somatomorphic Disorders

The rubric includes all possible phobias: (or fear of open space), social phobia (a person feels obsessive fears associated with various social situations), specific phobias (fear of a particular phenomenon or object), as well as panic, anxiety disorders, OCD (obsessive-compulsive disorder), neurosis and PTSD (occurs after exposure to strong psycho-traumatic stress factors).

Treatment for anxiety disorders includes primarily psychotherapy and change environment, and secondly, there remains the possibility of treatment with medicines, as well as additional alternative methods... In severe mental disorders, the leading role is in the treatment of drug addiction, accompanied by various rehabilitation measures.

Dr. Vladimir Sotirov, Adaptation Outpatient Clinic for Mental Health - Sofia. We read that every major earthquake warns of many smaller shocks approaching. More often than not, our senses do not register them; they are registered on special machines that we have created for this purpose. At some point, small shocks turn into larger ones. Then we say that there was an earthquake. This may not be true for earthquakes, but it is largely true for some of the mental illnesses that occur with attacks.

Behavioral syndromes associated with physiological disturbances and physical factors

This term describes mental problems that lead to somatization and are accompanied by violations:

  • food intake (anorexia and);
  • sleep (various types of insomnia, hypersomnia, nightmares);
  • sexual function (all disorders of inorganic origin).

Here are collected all character and personality disorders that are not psychotic, but clearly deviate from the norm (for example, paranoid, schizoid and dissocial disorders, hysteria, emotional instability, excessive anxiety).

A new onset of the disease warns of an approach. The language of their messages is not very clear, but it can be recognized. The warning is signaled by words in this language. Essentially, alarms are signs of illness. They are symptoms, but they are still mild and not strong enough to go to the doctor. Warning signals can represent weaker variants of the typical symptoms that a person suffers from depression. For example, when attacked by paranoid schizophrenia, the patient may be deeply convinced that they all want evil: they watch him, talk bad about him, trying to poison him.

Separately, it is worth highlighting the so-called impulse disorders: pyromania, kleptomania, addiction to gambling. Sexual dysfunctions are defined in the same heading.

Mental retardation

It is classified according to the child's age and intelligence level into mild, moderate, and severe. Mental retardation of unspecified etiology is distinguished separately.

In remission, all this may seem absurd to him. But if he starts telling him in the cart what people are saying about him; if he begins to see that he looks bad on the street, or the food begins to acquire a strange taste, these are already warning signals. He is not yet gripped by full suspicion of illness, but already unusually suspicious. Warning signals can also present problems that are not common to, or simply not so common, mental illness. These are, for example, sleep problems.

Can sleep for years without showing any symptoms mental illness... But if someone is already suffering from one and is starting to have difficulty falling asleep, this could be a warning signal of an impending attack. No two people are exactly the same. This also applies to warning signals - each one has its own. To recognize them, we must expect them. In other words, if you have reason to expect a new seizure of schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, or other mental illness, any new complaints and behavioral changes during remission could mean a new attack is imminent.

Developmental disorders

These include:

  • speech disorders (the child does not understand speech well, has problems with articulation and does not know how to express his thoughts in words);
  • problems in the development of school skills (it is difficult for a child to learn to count and read);
  • movement disorders (in the absence of neurological pathology, coordination and motor function disorders are observed);
  • autism (manifests itself up to 3 years old in social and communication problems);
  • Rett syndrome (also referred to as autistic disorders).

Work on ICD-10 has been going on for many years, and its results have been thoroughly reviewed by the World Health Organization. Practitioners and scientists from 32 countries participated in the creation and improvement of the classification. This work summarizes all the knowledge that exists today about mental and behavioral disorders.

Remission means a period, through a person or without symptoms, or they are controlled, and their manifestations remain relatively stable over time. If this is your situation, it makes sense to monitor the escalation of various unpleasant emotions, especially depression or irritability. Sleep and appetite disorders are also very common. They can damage relationships with other people. Less often, symptoms that resemble those of a serious mental illness are rare — for example, you might feel like they are laughing or talking about it.

Mental disorders are a subset of mental illness that lists a myriad of symptoms on their composite lists. Humanity has always looked for the need to know, as if realizing itself, and this was realized through various naturalistic methods, and by comparing our knowledge of the physical body, our organs and the totality of their systems, we can declare that this knowledge is enormous. Humanity, having endless capital and not being guided by the laws of ethics, is able to resolve, that is, get rid of, practically all kinds of pathology. But not a single specialist can confirm this about the psyche, our brain is known very partially, while the spheres of influence on the brain were taken away by many specialists, which naturally affects the provision of assistance. The functionality itself, that is, conversation, recognition, tactile feelings, understanding of speech, is dealt with by neurologists. Neurologists take care of the normal psyche, trying to preserve it and even increase it. Psychiatrists also deal with disorders in this area. Psychotherapists, as it were, combine the roles of a psychologist and a psychiatrist. They can often be needed by almost every individual trying to understand only his troubling problems.

It is important to note that alerts usually follow a predictable order. Problems appear first that do not appear to be directly related to the illness itself, followed by emotional problems or worsening, followed by the development of symptoms of a serious mental illness. For example, a young woman with a paroxysmal illness defines her warning signals as follows.

  • Disturbed by her disturbing thoughts, from which she cannot get rid of.
  • She feels tense and nervous.
  • She eats very poorly.
Another woman describes her warning signs.
  • Nothing is done to her.
  • No matter how she looks or how she dresses.
  • She doesn't enjoy the little things.
  • She feels overwhelmed and useless for nothing.
Men can also set their own alerts. The following is a young person participating in the symptom control group.

What are mental disorders?

Mental disorders are diseases that develop when there is a problem with the mental sphere. Since ancient times, humanity has noticed that some people are very different from others. Many noticed that some of these "strange" can be very dangerous and they were expelled from the cities. And other quieter people, but no less crazy, were worshiped and presented with gifts, considering them to be deities. At the same time, the attitude towards mental disorders in antiquity was quite pragmatic, they tried to study them whenever possible, and if it was impossible to understand, they came up with explanations.

Frightened situations that he felt well. It is difficult to concentrate and think correctly. Have difficulty sleeping. There are difficulties in relationships. with friends and family.

  • Feeling incomplete without a reason.
  • Too much money is needed.
  • The beginning of many activities at the same time.
  • Entry into many controversies.
  • Slowdown.
The recognition of warning signals is facilitated by the fact that the diagnosis of mental illness has already been established. It can be seen if symptoms that they already know from the ongoing attack do not show up.

Many scientists took part in the study of these pathologies, it was then that they first identified epileptic seizures, melancholy, as the prototype of modern depression and phrenia. Later, in different centuries, diametrically different methods were applied to the mentally ill. For example, during the Middle Ages and the Inquisition, people were simply burned for some “irregularities” in behavior, then many individuals with mental disorders perished. But on the Slavic lands, there was no bad attitude towards the mentally ill at that time, they were kept at monasteries on the money of tithes, which went to churches. At that time, the Arab countries made a huge leap towards attitudes towards the mentally ill, it was there that a psychiatric hospital was first opened and the patients even tried to heal with herbs. For a long time, people were frightened by the realization that someone hears unheard-of voices that are not available to anyone. For a long time, such things inspired otherworldly fear, and even now mental disorders are becoming the talk of the town. Horror movies pro psychiatric hospitals, killer psychopaths and the news have done their job, and psychiatry is arguably the most unfair rumor of any medical industry.

Retracted genital syndrome

Or, even if the known symptoms are not, any change, as we have noted, is itself a signal. This distinguishes the warning signals from a new attack from the warning signals of the onset of mental illness. These warning signals - about the onset of mental illness in general - are called "prodromies." But they are not the subject of this text. It is also important to notice these warning stripes. In other cases, this period is several days. Therefore, it is important to take quick action.

But it's worth going back to the history of mental disorders. After the period of the Middle Ages, which was difficult for all mankind, the Renaissance began. It was during the renaissance that Pinel and many other truth-lovers first realized that keeping people on a chain, even if they are mentally ill, is at least inhuman. It was then that hospitals began to be created. One of the first to create a hospital - a shelter for the insane and named it Bedlam. It is from this name that the well-known word "bedlam" came from, in terms of a mess. After the Renaissance, the scientific period of psychiatry began, when patients began to investigate and understand the causes and similar things. And it is worth noting - very successful. Although a lot has changed and new diagnoses have appeared, the old school of psychiatry remains relevant and in demand. It is associated with chic and detailed descriptions clinical cases. Now psychiatric disorders are only increasing, regardless of the standard of living, and the reasons for this will be described in the relevant chapters.

But what measures can be taken? Mastering warning signals. This is part of the process of dealing with the disease. The goal in this case is to prevent a new attack or to mitigate its consequences. Controlling an attack can mean avoiding a one-time hospitalization. In the right situation, there is much that can be done to be regretted later, while others regret that they are done. Failure can cause him to lose faith in himself and his ability to control his illness. But believing in it can lose others. Last but not least, observe that each new attack increases the likelihood that thereafter it cannot be completely recovered.

Psychiatry comes from the Greek “psycho”, which means soul, and “atria”, which translates as treatment. The psychiatrist is one of the few doctors who heals the soul. There are many methods for this, and everyone will choose their own. Respect should be the main rule in treating individuals with mental disorders. It should not be forgotten that each individual, regardless of the disease, remains invariably a person, like the rest, and deserves an appropriate attitude. Most individuals tend to protect themselves from such patients, often you can hear advice for the patient to pull himself together. It is important for relatives to understand that an individual with a mental disorder is not always able to meet expectations and needs support. But this does not mean that the individual must be belittled, since these people simply have certain characteristics that are alien to others.

List of mental disorders

Mental disorders, invariably and close to diseases of any genesis, can be subdivided into many subtypes, the most important classifier for them is ICD 10. But before disassembling different types according to the classifier, you need to remember the main divisions of mental disorders.

All mental disorders are capable of relating to three different levels:

The psychotic level is the most serious ailment, having in its entirety the most dangerous psychiatric symptoms.

The neurotic level does not pose a danger to others, such a person “eats” himself.

There is also a borderline level - these are things that are within the competence of many specialists. Psycho-organic symptoms can also be tolerated separately, since they can have completely their own characteristics.

All psychopathology belongs to the F category from 0 to 99.

The first in the list of psychiatric disorders are organic disorders numbered from 0 to 9. They are grouped according to the obvious presence of organic matter, even in cases of their symptomatology, that is, transient. This large subgroup includes dementia with impairment of various cortical functions. Such pathologies include as well.

Mental disorders, which in their composition are leading to behavioral disorders, can be associated with various psychoactive substances that are taken by individuals. This subgroup belongs to F 10-19. It includes not only psychoses associated with the intake of alcohol or any other substances, but also metal-alcoholic psychoses, as well as all those emerging from this state.

As a form of thought disorder. This group also includes schizotypal states. Delusional disorders are also included in this group due to productive symptoms, namely delusional ideas. This subgroup corresponds to the numbers F 20-29.

Mood circle disorders in a more modern classification sound like, refer to F 30 to 39.

Neuroses and neurotic states are associated with stressors, as well as somatoform, that is, somatic-related disorders. Such a broad subgroup includes phobic, anxious, obsessive-compulsive, dissociative disorder, and response to stressors. These exclude those disorders that affect behavioral aspects, as they are included in other headings.

From F 50 to F 59 are behavioral syndromes, which are included in their integral chain physiological disorders, that is, the circle of instincts, needs and physical influences. All of these syndromes lead to disruption of normal body functions such as sleep, nutrition, intimacy, and overwork. In adulthood, not adolescence, after 40, personality disorders, as well as behavioral disorders, can also form. This includes specific personality disorders, as well as mixed forms that interfere with some other disorders in addition to personal ones.

From F 70 to F 79 manifests itself as the state of the detainee mental development... These numbers have identification, which depends on the form, the degree of mental retardation. They are also identified based on the presence or absence of behavioral disturbances.

From F 80 to F 89 include violations psychological development... These psychosyndromes are characteristic of children's age categories and manifest themselves in speech disorders, motor function, and psychological development.

The emotional circle of disorders and behavioral aspects most often go from childhood and this is a completely different group from other disorders, belonging to the category of F 90-98. These are a variety of behavioral disorders that lead to problems in society due to the connection with social maladjustment. They also include tics and hyperkinetic states.

The last in any group of diseases are unspecified disorders, and in our case these are mental disorders F 99.

Causes of Mental Disorders

Mental disorders have many root causes, which is associated with the diversity of groups, that is, all pathologies can be caused by a variety of things. And given the symptomatology, there is no doubt that one and the same symptomatology can lead to irreparable, but structurally similar outcomes. But at the same time, it is caused by completely diverse factors, which sometimes complicates the diagnosis.

The organic group of mental disorders is caused by organic factors, of which there are many in psychiatry. If there are psychiatric symptoms, then any, even indirect organic matter is taken into account. Head injuries are the cause of these disorders. If TBI is diagnosed, many symptomatic things can be expected.

Many diseases of the brain also lead to similar consequences, especially if not properly managed. Complications are very dangerous in this regard, as are the end stages of HIV with the addition of dementia. In addition, almost all "childhood" infectious diseases in adults lead to irreparable consequences in the brain: chickenpox, like all herpes infections, can cause serious encephalitis. also has similar serious complications, such as panencephalitis. In general, meningitis and encephalitis of any etiology pose a danger to the brain with the subsequent development of organic matter. Sometimes this pathology can form after strokes, vascular diseases and with endocrinological disorders, as well as with encephalopathies of various origins. Systemic diseases: vasculitis, lupus, rheumatism can also involve the brain in the process, over time burdening the person with psychiatric symptoms. Neurological diseases with demyelination can also be attributed to the reasons for this genesis.

The use of psychoactive substances also leads to mental disorders. This is due to several methods of the influence of psychoactive substances on the brain. The first is the formation of addiction, which leads to some kind of personal change and shows worst features person. Also, any drug is a toxin that directly affects neurons and leads to irreparable consequences, consistently killing will and intelligence. This includes power engineering, although these are not prohibited substances. It is also alcohol, hashish, hemp, cannabis, cocaine, heroin, LSD, hallucinogenic mushrooms, amphetamine. Substance abuse also carries a considerable danger, especially given that the toxic effect of such substances is much higher. Also dangerous are mental disorders, withdrawal syndromes and general Negative influence on the body, which over time will lead to encephalopathy with all the consequences.

It should be noted that heredity can be a serious cause of many disorders. Many mental disorders already have a specific genetic location and can, if necessary, be identified. In addition to heredity, social factors play a role, in particular the usefulness of the family, adequate upbringing and the right conditions for the growing up of the baby. Endogenous pathologies in their root cause always have neurotransmitter disorders, which is successfully taken into account in treatment. Neurotic pathologies usually take their origins from childhood, but nevertheless stress is a provocateur of a significant group of pathologies, it leads to failures in the protective systems of the psyche.

Many pathologies can lead to subsequent physiological disruptions, in particular, physical and mental exhaustion, infectious diseases... Some diseases are the result of constitutional characteristics and factors of relationships with others. Many pathologies on this spectrum can come from behavior patterns.

Children's pathologies come from the womb of the mother, as well as from the actual maternal health. These include such possible provoking factors as perinatal infections, harmful maternal habits. Also in this regard, injuries, unsuccessful birth assistance and obstetric problems, as well as poor somatic health in the mother and the presence of sexually transmitted diseases, are dangerous. Also in childhood, biological developmental delay may be the cause.

Symptoms and signs of mental disorders

The description of mental disorders is very diverse due to the many areas that can be subject to these pathologies.

A detailed description of mental disorders is most conveniently carried out for disorders of different mental systems:

Feelings, sensations and perceptions. Violations of sensations, in the sense of a simple display of a stimulus, include a violation of their strength. This includes hyperesthesia - a subjective or, in the case of neurological pathology, an objective increase in sensations. Hypoesthesia is opposite to it. Anesthesia - this lack of sensitivity, its complete loss, happens not only with mental disorders, but also with anesthesia. These groups are still more typical for people with a normal psyche and are in each of us. And here is a more specific pathology characteristic of many psychosyndromes. It is characterized by polymorphism, that is, the individual is not able to identify the exact localization of such strange pains... In this case, the nature of the pains is pretentious and aggravated. Such pains are persistent and not correlated with any somatic disorder, while their projections are very atypical. Further from the symptomatology, it is worth paying attention to the disturbances of perception, illusions belong to them - these are changes, the curvature of a really existing object of perception. Illusions occur not only with pathologies, when they are called mental, but also normal, for example, physical deceptions of perception. Psychosensory disorder should be designated as a subtype of illusory disorders. To him belong metamorphopsies, violations of the bodily scheme. Hallucinations are the perception of what is really absent, there are many types of them and normally they do not exist. They are divided by analyzers and types and have specific features, for example, division into true and pseudo. It depends on the projection: the first is outward, and the second is inward.

The description of mental disorders also includes the emotional and volitional areas. Emotions can be pathologically enhanced: hyperthymia, moria, euphoric sensations, ecstasy, mania. Manias can be different: solar is characterized by kindness; angry - excessive irritation; expansive with overestimation of possibilities, a leap of ideas and confused with thought disorders. Negative emotions can also increase pathologically, such conditions include: hypothymia, as the opposite of mania. There are also several such states: anxious with a huge level of anxiety; apathetic with complete immobility; masked, manifested by somatic symptoms. Some mental disorders are characterized by a pathological weakening of emotions, such as apathy, coldness and emotional dullness. There are violations of emotional stability, often in dementia patients, for example, lability, explosiveness, emotional weakness, emotional incontinence, emotional inertia. Also, emotions can be inadequate to the situation and even ambivalent. Various phobias, turning into obsession, can also color the background of the disease. The will and instincts are violated during long-term processes and belong to the category of difficult-to-stop problems: the will can increase or weaken. Food, intimate spheres and the instinct of self-preservation may be disturbed.

The description of mental disorders also includes a section of thinking. His thinking disorders can be unproductive and productive. The most famous of the mental problems is, it is very dangerous symptom, forcing the individual to a variety of actions. Overvalued and obsessive ideas also belong to thought disorders. Memory, intelligence and even consciousness can suffer in such persons, this is especially typical for individuals with dementia and similar pathologies.

Types of mental disorders

Mental disorders by subtype can be divided into two large groups: exogenous, which came from the outside, and endogenous. The exogenous genesis of the disorder is formed from the outside, that is, the root cause of such a pathology lies in life moments. It can be trauma, abuse, exhaustion of the body, illness, infection. Endogenous disorders imply the presence of a problem in the person itself, these are a kind of consonant endogenous diseases that are of a genetic congenital nature.

Neuropsychiatric disorders take on shaping due to the individual's life regime, forcing the individual to undergo stress. Excessive haste depletes individuals, leading to unpleasant effects. Nervous mental disorders do not lead a person to insanity, but they nevertheless cause an impressive disorder in the systems of the body.

Nervous mental disorders have several pathologies in their composition:

As a pathology with clearly preceding psychotrauma. Further, sleep gradually worsens, knocking the individual out of the rut of life. Later, in addition to irritation and fatigue, persistent somatics appear, such as nausea, similar problems with the gastrointestinal tract, lack of appetite, but still the quality of life decreases.

Obsessive states are also one of these forms, forcing the individual to remain constantly fixated on a certain thought or action. It is worth noting that this pathology includes not only thoughts and actions, but also memories and fears.

Neuropsychiatric disorders also include, this form of the disorder, which is still more of a hassle to others. The individual himself enjoys his theatricality and pretentiousness. The clinic for hysterics is very polymorphic, which is mainly associated with the personality itself: someone stomps their feet, others bend in a hysterical arc and convulse, and some are even capable of losing their voice.

It is possible to separately designate such a subspecies as severe mental disorders, these mainly include endogenous and organic pathologies. They always have consequences and disable the individual.

Criminal mental disorders are not a separate subtype of disorders, in fact, if an individual with a mental disorder commits a crime, then it will be a criminal mental disorder. Criminal mental disorders require confirmation from forensic psychiatrists with expert examination. This disorder assessed in this way: if at the time of the commission of a crime an individual is considered sane, then he bears full responsibility for his crime. Criminal mental disorders in individuals who are recognized as not subject to jurisdiction require not a cell confinement, but compulsory psychiatric treatment. In some cases, it is so difficult to determine that a stationary examination is required.

Mental disorders in children are different from the adult population. They can manifest themselves in different ages, depending on the pathology. Developmental delay up to three years, schizophrenia at an age closer to adolescence, with complex courses of ailment is possible from the first month. Mental disorders in children are characterized by the severity of the course, which is associated with an unformed nervous system, on which the imprint of the ailment is superimposed.

Treatment of mental disorders

There are many methods for stopping psychiatric pathologies. One of the rarely used, and in some countries is prohibited, methods of active biological therapy.

Insulinocomatous, atropine comatose, pyrogenic, where drugs of the same name and the temperature method are used to bring an individual into remission.

Electroconvulsive therapy is also effective and is used when different methods of treating patients with different mental disorders are ineffective.

Craniocerebral hypothermia, in contrast to the pyrogenic method, uses brain tissue cooling, in some cases it can even be done with improvised means.

From medications for different groups different means are used with different effects. Tranquilizers have an inhibitory effect due to the potentiation of GABA: benzodiazepines, nidefinylmethanes, nibusterones, nicarbamyl and benzyl acids. Tranquilizers have an "addictive" effect, so they are not used long time and mentally safe persons. These include: Meprobamat, Andaksin, Elenium, Librium, Tazepam, Nozapam, Nitrazepam, Radedorm, Eunoktin, Mebikar, Trioxazin, Diazepam, Valium, Seduxen, Relanium.

In addition to their sedative and sedative effects, antipsychotics have the main antipsychotic effect, that is, they are able to relieve productive symptoms in patients, they are naturally used in the psychotic spectrum. Typical antipsychotics that can be used for a quick sedative effect and relieve psychomotor agitation are: Haloperidol, Triftazin, Stelocin, Pimozide orap, Flushpiren imap, Pinflyuridol semap, Chlorprothixen, Chlorpromazine, Leaomepromazine, Aminizinazin, Propotin.

Atypical antipsychotics are used as maintenance therapy, since, among other actions, they can have a stimulating effect that is so necessary for individuals in an apathetic-abulic state. These include Neuleptil, Azaleptin, Sulpiride, Carbidine, Meterazin, Mazheptil, Etperazin, Trivalon, Frenolone, Trisedil, Eglonil, Teralen, Sonapax, Meller, Azapine, Clozapine.

Antidepressants have an effect only on the pathologically low mood, while not affecting the normal one, therefore they are not addictive. These include: Amitriptyline, Tryptisol, Elavil, Floracisil, Pyrazedol, Azafen, Oksylidin Melipramil, Thiofranil, Anafranil, Nuredal, Nialamid.

A separate group of drugs that are used for many pathologies are psychostimulants. They are designed to relieve fatigue and revitalize: Sidnocarb, Stimuloton, Sidnofen.

Normotimics normalize mood, are used for bipolar disorder, as a cover that does not allow phase inversion: Lithium carbonate, oxybutyrate, retard, as well as Depakin, Valprokom.

Means of metabolic therapy, like nootropics, improve mnestic functions: Aminalon, Acefan, Piracetam, Piraditol, Gamalon, Lucidril, Nootropil.

Mental disorders in children are stopped by age, it is important to pay attention to age-related crises. It is important to remember that continuous treatment unnecessarily will negatively affect development. The dosage and drugs are selected softer. It is important not to lose sight of supportive therapy and correct dosage in time. To maintain the effect, depot preparations are excellent: Moniten Depot, Haloperidol Deconaate, Fluorophenazine Deconaate, Piportil, Flushpirilene, Penfluridol.

Of the psychotherapeutic techniques for some pathologies, suggestive therapy, drug addiction, psychoanalysis, behavioral methods, autogenic relaxation, occupational therapy, social and art therapy are excellent.

Mental Disorder Test

Doctors usually determine mental health through conversation. The individual talks about himself, about his complaints, about his ancestors. At the same time, the doctor notes heredity, looks at the structure of thinking, the formulation of speech, behavior. If the patient behaves cautiously, becomes silent, psychoproduction can be assumed.

Memory and intelligence are also determined in conversation and respond or not respond to life experience. Attention is paid to facial expressions, weight, appearance and neatness. All this allows you to add the first picture, identify suspicions and think over further research.

In general, in addition to the usual conversation, many tests of different forms and types are used:

For depression, this is the Beck test, PNA 9 and similar small questionnaires that allow you to control the dynamics.

For anxiety, which is in the structure of all mental disorders, we use the Spielberger test.

For intelligence, there is the Mocha test, MMSE, which also checks memory. For memory, there is also a test of memorizing ten words. In addition, diagnostic criteria are necessarily applied to identify the problem and clearly formulate the diagnosis.

Methods for studying attention include: Schulte table, Landolph test, proofreading test, Riesz lines.

Gorbov's red-black table contributes to the determination of attention switching.

Munsterberg and Kraepelin, with their search for words in the merged text and subtraction.

Associative memory tests, memorization of artificial syllables, Beck's visual retention test and pictogram technique.

To diagnose thinking, the method of pictograms, the method of classifications by maps and deciphering of proverbs, as well as excluding excess, establishing sequences, identifying signs, establishing analogies and complex analogies, as well as the method of naming 50 words, are also applicable.

To test intelligence, the Wechsler and Raven tests are used, as well as mini Koch, clock drawing and a frontal dysfunction battery.

Questionnaires for temperament and character are also used: Eysenck, Ruzanov, Shooting, Shmishek.

A large MMPI test to determine personality traits. And also the PANS clinical scale.