home Women Special equipment names. Road construction machines: types of equipment

Special equipment names. Road construction machines: types of equipment

To the modern world specialization in all its manifestations is characteristic. She didn’t pass technical means. To efficiently perform production tasks, we have developed different kinds and types of equipment.

Special equipment is a set of mechanisms that are used in a certain industry to solve specific problems.

Special equipment is widely used in a variety of fields, it is classified according to purpose, functionality and capabilities.

Today, such machines are usually divided into five types according to industry application.

Construction equipment

This line of special equipment is as diverse as possible, which allows short time erect multi-storey buildings and structures and form a developed infrastructure. Construction machines are usually divided into the following categories:

equipment for earthworks develops soil, plans territories, prepares pits and trenches, these are graders, scrapers, they can have either a wheeled or caterpillar drive;
machines for drilling operations carry out soil exploration, form water supply wells, perform industrial tasks and much more;
equipment for lifting and transportation - cranes, loaders, winches and other devices allow you to effectively move and feed various loads;
to perform concrete work, vibrators, concrete mixers and other types of special equipment are used;
for working with piles, hammers of hydraulic, steam-air and diesel types are widely used;
crushing and screening equipment is used to obtain the necessary fractions of gravel and crushed stone;
for transportation of building materials are relevant as usual trucks, and dump trucks.

Agricultural special equipment

This line of machines is diverse and classified according to the type of work performed:

Seeders are used for sowing;
for harvesting work - combines, threshers and mowers;
for transporting crops, fertilizers and other materials - dump trucks.

IN last years Universal special equipment is increasingly being used, which is equipped with special fasteners for replaceable attachments. So one machine can perform many operations.

Road special equipment

This type of special equipment includes all machines that are used in the formation and repair of road surfaces.

brush cutters, rippers and uprooters are used to perform preparatory work;
graders level the soil surface;
milling machines, rollers and pavers level the road surface.

Automotive special equipment

This category includes all vehicles that are equipped with special equipment for transporting non-standard cargo: tanks, concrete mixers, refrigerators, long trucks, fuel trucks and other vehicles.

Municipal special equipment

The purpose of this equipment is to efficiently perform utility work. The machines facilitate and speed up maintenance of territories; they are classified into the following groups:

snow removal;
cleaning;
flushing;
pumping;
watering;
lawn mowers and others.

This line is characterized by compact dimensions, ease of operation and the ability to change attachments.

Today, almost all complex and labor-intensive operations are performed using automated devices. Distinctive feature such a technique is its high price, which is not always economically beneficial when solving one-time problems.

Therefore, renting construction equipment is very popular today. Such services are provided by many organizations, which can be found on their official websites.

Types of construction equipment

Special equipment is machines that are designed to solve a narrow range of problems. Such mechanisms can be found in any industry. Among all this diversity, special construction equipment should be highlighted. This includes the following categories of devices:

Excavation machines - excavators, bulldozers, etc.
Drilling equipment. This includes drilling and crane machines of various types.
Lifting and transport equipment. A striking representative of this class is the crane, loader and hydraulic lift.
Concrete mixers and other systems for mixing concrete.
Crushing equipment.

Other types of technology

Municipal special equipment. This includes all machines that are operated by the relevant organizations. Prominent examples include snow removal or watering systems. This also includes trucks that are used to transport various types of solid waste.
Agricultural special equipment. This class is also very broad and includes seeders, combines, mowers, trucks, watering machines, etc. The design features of such special equipment depend on the tasks it performs.
Road special equipment. This includes all devices that are used for laying or repairing asphalt and surrounding areas. Prominent representatives are asphalt pavers, graders, rollers, road milling machines and many others.
Automotive special equipment is a category of vehicles that transport non-standard cargo. This includes all types of tanks, fuel trucks, refrigerators, etc.

There are other types of special equipment, but they are found in fairly limited quantities (fire trucks, airplane ladders, etc.). When choosing such structures, it is important to evaluate their technical capabilities, which will allow solving specific problems with minimum quantity costs.

Types of special equipment: classification, what happens, types of work, services

Today there are more than a hundred types of special equipment. This includes machines with specialized functions, i.e. perform specific, often highly specialized tasks. A wide variety of types of special equipment are widely used in various branches of construction, Agriculture, production, warehousing and transportation. There are so many types of special-purpose equipment that it is difficult to find at least one industry that does not use special-purpose machines.

To provide a wide range of types of services, special equipment is used universally. Usually these are vehicles with a large load capacity and increased cross-country ability, on which various attachments can be installed. By changing the attachments, you can get a car with new capabilities.

The classification of different types of special equipment also includes a wide variety of highly specialized special vehicles. They are designed to perform a single task. Often such machines are not very mobile - they are assembled directly at the work site or delivered there using trucks. An example of this type of equipment is special equipment for quarrying, oil production, gas field development, etc.

Classification of types of special equipment

The main types of special equipment and special purpose equipment include the following:

road special equipment;
municipal vehicles;
all types of construction equipment;
agricultural machinery;
machines for production needs;
all types of automotive special equipment;
military vehicles;
fire special equipment;
medical machines;
trucks and special equipment for transportation;
truck cranes, truck towers and other lifting equipment;
forestry equipment;
quarrying machines;
special equipment for oil and gas production.

There are quite a lot of types of classification of special equipment. The list of types of special equipment given above is also very conditional, since some points can be combined, while others can be described in more detail.

Can be found different ways classification of types of special equipment. But basically they group special-purpose vehicles according to the following criteria:

by type of mechanisms and structures;
by type of special equipment services (i.e. by the work for which they are intended).

Using such methods of classifying types of special equipment, you can accurately determine which group a particular special vehicle belongs to, as well as describe its functionality.

Types of special equipment work

The above list of types of special equipment gives only an initial idea of what kind of machines are used to perform special tasks. Let us dwell in more detail on some of the list items with types of special equipment and list which machines belong to each category.

Road special equipment

Among the most popular services and activities of special equipment, road work is always mentioned. Machines belonging to this category are designed for laying a new road surface, as well as for restoring damaged pavement. There are types of road special equipment for full cycle work - from removing stones and clearing the area where the road will pass, to rolling asphalt.

This class includes:

graders - they form a road profile, move soil using a moving knife with a blade, and develop slopes;
asphalt pavers - they distribute the asphalt concrete mixture and pre-compact it;
rollers - designed for final compaction of asphalt concrete mixtures;
marking machines - used for applying markings, there are manual and self-propelled;
demarkers - remove road markings.

Among those providing Additional services Types of special equipment used for road work include dump trucks, trucks (they often work in tandem with asphalt pavers, supplying the latter with the mixture), concrete mixers, etc.

During road work, types of special equipment are also divided depending on the size of the machines. They can be compact - and intended for minor repairs or road construction in limited space - for example, on narrow city streets. On the contrary, large machines are used to lay multi-lane highways. This allows you to reduce road construction time and improve the quality of the road surface.

Municipal special equipment

Municipal equipment includes types of special equipment that is designed to maintain order and maintain urban infrastructure. This group includes:

garbage trucks;
watering machines;
vacuum cleaners;
washing equipment;
sewer trucks;
snow removal equipment;
machines for treating roads with reagents and sprinkling sand;
autotowers.

The balance sheet of municipal enterprises usually contains various types of special equipment for a wide range of work. Many machines are universal and are equipped with various attachments depending on the assigned tasks.

Of the specialized types of special equipment, they are very in demand in Lately are machines for cleaning roads and sidewalks. In the second case, they are compact in size and very maneuverable. In their action, they resemble a vacuum cleaner, and rotating brushes help sweep up debris more effectively. To reduce the amount of dust, the cleaning machines are additionally equipped with a pavement wetting function.

Construction equipment

Among all types of special equipment, construction machines are the most numerous category, since minimizing manual labor is an important step to speed up construction and reduce costs. Such vehicles are produced with different carrying capacities, so a suitable option can be found for both private and multi-storey construction.

The main types of work for special construction equipment are as follows:

site development;
transportation of building materials and solid waste;
preparation of construction mixtures;
lifting materials and lowering waste;
movement of materials within the construction site.

The most common types of construction equipment:

Excavators.

Taking into account the services provided, excavators are the most popular type of construction equipment. This universal machines, many of which are equipped with replaceable attachments. The excavator can be used for earthmoving work, as a front loader or motor grader.

The services of this type of special equipment include digging ditches and trenches, digging up stumps, leveling a construction site (not only removing stones and debris, but also eliminating slopes), unloading materials and collecting solid waste, moving bulk materials within the site, lifting loads to a small height ( within the second floor).

There are also highly specialized excavators: this type of special equipment provides one service, but other machines cannot perform this work.

Depending on the design features, excavators are:

wheeled,
crawler,
with loader function,
planning,
road,
bulldozers,
walking spider excavators,
with a straight shovel,
draglines,
chain,
rotary,
career,
urban (mini excavators).

Depending on the type of service, excavator-type special equipment can be used for other purposes, since the capabilities of these machines are truly limitless.

Bulldozers.

Representatives of this type of special equipment are used for digging, including layer-by-layer digging, moving all kinds of materials and loading them into fill, and leveling areas for construction sites. Bulldozers are structurally different from excavators, but in many ways their functions are similar. If we talk about universal types of construction equipment, then bulldozers are used when a large amount of work is expected. We told you how to choose the right spare parts for the DT-75 bulldozer.

According to the method of movement, bulldozers are divided into wheeled and tracked, and according to the principle of blade design - into:

with a fixed blade;
with a rotating blade (the position of the equipment changes in one plane);
universal (the position of the blade can be adjusted in several planes).

This type of special equipment such as a pipe-laying bulldozer is also used to provide highly specialized services.

Construction cranes.

For construction activities, the services of special equipment are necessary. Especially if a building higher than two floors is being constructed. In this case, you cannot do without a construction crane or machines with similar capabilities.

There are a huge variety of lifting equipment. These can be mobile machines (both self-propelled and not), stationary equipment that is assembled one-time directly on site, with a platform, basket, hook or hook, etc.

Among the types of special equipment for lifting work, the following cranes are present:

automobile;
tracked;
short wheelbase;
tower;
installation;
tower automobiles;
manipulators;
telescopic aerial platforms;
auto hydraulic lifts;
articulated lifts;
autolifts;
trailed;
mast

There are other lifting equipment, but other types of special equipment for lifting loads are quite rare.

Loaders.

This type of special equipment is used for loading and unloading operations, as well as for moving goods within a warehouse or construction site. Typically, forklifts are compact in size to make them easy to operate in tight spaces. They can be powered by a battery or liquid fuel, and have different lifting capacities and types of lifting devices.

The main types of special equipment for loading work are as follows:

tractor front loaders;
mini loaders;
tractor loaders with a rotating boom;
grab;
telescopic;
forklifts;
diesel forklifts;
electric forklifts.

We will not dwell on other types of special equipment for construction work - there are a huge variety of such machines. By type of activity and services, special equipment for construction is divided as follows:

for excavation work;
for drilling;
for transportation;
for lifting;
for driving piles;
for concrete work;
for crushing and sorting.

Automotive special equipment

This category includes vehicles on traditional automobile cargo platforms that perform special tasks - these are dump trucks, concrete mixers, tank trucks, and much more.

Various types of automotive special equipment are used on construction sites, in enterprises, and they are in the fleet of every public utility service. And with their help they deliver various cargo and materials, remove garbage, tow cars and perform a whole range of other tasks.

The most common types of automotive special equipment:

trucks;
dump trucks;
tow trucks;
manipulators;
aerial platforms and truck cranes;
truck tractors with semi-trailers;
vehicles with a tank for transporting liquids;
garbage trucks;
concrete mixers.

Of course, in practice there are much more types of special-purpose automotive equipment, because this is the most numerous class of special-purpose vehicles.

Agricultural special equipment

For agricultural activities, the services of special equipment are indispensable. Machines help eliminate manual labor, increase productivity, improve quality of work and, if we are talking about small subsidiary plot, - save money because ultimately the cost per unit of production is reduced.

Among all types of special equipment, agricultural equipment is developing most actively. Every year, at thematic exhibitions and fairs, manufacturers present new specialized machines that are equipped with advanced technologies. In particular, many types of agricultural machinery are now equipped with ultra-precise navigators and GPS sensors. Thanks to this, the accuracy of sowing and harvesting has increased. This also allows you to track the position of the machine and avoid downtime.

The most popular types of special equipment for agricultural purposes are:

tractors;
combines;
seeders;
separators;
watering machines;
plows;
cultivators;
grain throwers, etc.

For livestock farming activities, special equipment services are offered by the following machines:

straw cutters;
feed crushers;
root cutters;
shredders;
feed dispensers;
milking equipment;
manure removers.

It should be noted that today manufacturers are trying to move away from universality in favor of narrow specialization, which is why new types of special agricultural equipment appear every year. In particular, there are separate machines for cultivating certain crops: beet cultivators, sheaf knitters, cotton tractors, vineyard plows, tea cutters, etc.

Forestry special equipment

planting tractors;
forwarders;
harveststers;
shredders;
loaders with a manipulator;
timber trucks.

Special equipment for field development

mining vehicles (dump trucks, excavators, bulldozers);
drilling masts;
vibratory hammers;
horizontal drilling installations;
drilling and crane machines;
pile driver installations;
pile driving machines;
crawler drilling rigs;
pipe-laying cranes;
tanks for transporting liquids (including flammable);
wagon turners.

Since development is always carried out in off-road conditions (and often the situation is further complicated by the presence of loose, loose or frozen soils), special requirements are placed on the tires of these types of special equipment. Sometimes it is more appropriate to use tracked vehicles.

5 fun facts about different types of special equipment

"For fear"

During the war, 50 armored tractors were produced in Odessa. These were small size crawler tractors, which were sheathed with sheets of armored steel. The vehicles were equipped with a rotating turret with a machine gun.

Armored tractors had the abbreviation “NI”, which stood for “fright”. The technique proved itself during the battles during the attempt German army take Odessa. To date, three armored tractors have survived, two of which are in Russia, and the third is installed in the historical homeland. Decide for yourself what type of special equipment an armored tractor belongs to.

The largest self-propelled excavator

The Bagger 293 was developed by the German company Tenova in 1995 and is the largest self-propelled excavator in operation. Its length is 226 m, and its height is comparable to a 30-story skyscraper. Surprisingly, with such dimensions the machine can move at speeds of up to 10 m per minute. It is interesting how this type of special equipment is serviced and repaired.

"The Cherry Picker"

This is exactly how the name of aerial platforms and autotowers is translated, which is used to designate these types of special equipment in America - Cherry picker.

The birthplace of the excavator is Italy

Everyone is familiar with this type of special equipment, such as an excavator, but did you know that the first machines appeared about 600 years ago? The homeland of excavators is Italy, where this technique was used to expand port areas and develop canals.

Racing transport

On different types special equipment periodically organizes real races.

Read more interesting information about various types of special equipment on the website.

Main types of special equipment

Construction equipment
Municipal special equipment
Road special equipment
Automotive special equipment

Construction special equipment is divided into:

For excavation work

Leveling the landscape, developing a pit, digging trenches for communications, and transferring soil are possible with the help of: backhoe loaders, mini excavators, wheeled and tracked full-rotary excavators, bulldozers, and motor graders.

For drilling operations

Drilling wells for water supply and soil exploration, industrial drilling, arrangement of wells for bored piles and supports is carried out using drilling and crane machines.

Handling equipment

During construction work, something always needs to be lifted and moved. For this purpose, the following are used: loader cranes, truck and tower cranes, tracked and wheeled loaders, telescopic loaders, hydraulic lifts, winches.

Concrete equipment

The production and pouring of concrete is a very complex process that takes place in several stages and each stage has its own special equipment! Concrete mixers, deep vibrators, trowels.

Equipment for driving piles

In order to drive piles and secure building structures well, various types of pile hammers are required: hydraulic, mechanical, diesel, air-steam.

Crushing and screening equipment

With the help of these machines, rocks are crushed and subsequently sorted by size.

Municipal special equipment

The main task of municipal equipment is to ensure cleanliness and order in the territory entrusted to them.

These works include activities such as:

Clearing the area of snow and debris and its subsequent removal
Watering asphalt
Spreading sand and reagents on roads and sidewalks

Equipment used for public works:

Backhoe loaders
Mini loaders with various attachments: brush, blade, etc.
MTZ tractors
Dump trucks
Watering, sand-spreading, snow removal machines

Agricultural special equipment

Used for sowing field and garden crops– seeders. Various combines, mowers, and threshers are used for harvesting. Dump trucks are used for transportation.

Recently, a lot of new agricultural machinery has appeared that is capable of performing many tasks at once, with the help of additional attachments. Because of this, farmers are beginning to reduce their fleet of equipment and use universal machines.

Road special equipment

This type of equipment is used for road work - this is the construction and repair of roads, from preparing the soil to laying the road surface.

Equipment used for road construction work:

Rippers, brush cutters
Backhoe loaders
Motor graders
Road, dirt, asphalt, mini rollers
Asphalt pavers, road milling machines

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Automotive special equipment

Used for transporting various specific cargoes - timber trucks, fuel trucks, refrigerators, automobile concrete mixers

This type of equipment, as a rule, is also used by various special services - the Ministry of Emergency Situations, the Ministry of Internal Affairs, the fire department, and ambulance.

Special equipment is a complex technical vehicle, machines, mechanisms that have a clearly defined purpose and are developed taking into account the specifics of the scope of application to perform specific tasks and speeding up the production of work, resulting in an increase in efficiency and a general increase in the efficiency of the entire production process. It is also called special equipment or specialized.

Production in this case is considered as the entire list of works and services for which special vehicles are used in any industry.

We consider special equipment as a vehicle, because the work and services of special equipment are associated with moving something from one place to another. Whether it's transporting people, delivering materials, digging ditch, demolition, construction, etc., all jobs involve movement.

Special equipment is used in all sectors of material production and directly affects the quality of human life. The more reliable and “smart” the special equipment is, the higher our standard of living.

The design of machines and mechanisms of special equipment depends on the scope of application and specifics of the upcoming work. specifications, overall dimensions and other indicators.

Special equipment can be as huge as spaceships, as very small as nano-robots, the size in this case is not at all important, what matters is how well the work for which this special equipment was designed and produced is performed.

General classification of special equipment types, types

There are different classifications of special equipment, depending on the scope of application, the following types of special equipment are distinguished:

Air,
Water,
Ground,
underwater,
Space.

Depending on the type of machines and mechanisms, special equipment is divided into types:

Auto,
Water,
Air.

Another important classification is the division of types of special equipment according to the method of movement and type of propulsion:

stationary, transported using other machines,
wheeled or automobile,
rail,
crawler,
flying.

Main categories of special equipment types, types, varieties

These generalized classifications of special equipment cannot be presented without dividing them into categories according to the work performed in a certain area. Thus, the main categories of special equipment are distinguished:

Road or work,
Construction,
Communal or city,
Production,
Military,
Fire department,
Rescue equipment of the Ministry of Emergency Situations and others,
Medical,
Special cargo or transport equipment,
Lifting,
Agricultural,
Research,
Special equipment of the security services of the Ministry of Internal Affairs and other law enforcement services,
Other

The use of special mechanisms and units occurs everywhere, be it in the city, mountains, forest, field, sea, space, today humanity will no longer be able to exist without the help of machines with different characteristics, which are called in one word special equipment. Let's look at what special equipment is in each category of special equipment in more detail.