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Abstract on the topic:

Vegetable world Russia

Plan:

Introduction

• 1 Vegetation types
  • 1.1 Tundra vegetation
  • 1.2 Forests
  • 1.3 Steppes
  • 1.4 Deserts
  • 1.5 Meadows
  • 1.6 Swamps
Notes

Introduction

Flora of Russia- one of the most important components of nature, which is represented by a collection of various plant communities growing in Russia. The wide variety of climatic conditions and soil cover, as well as the influence of past geological eras and increasing human activity, determines the existence of many types of vegetation that have complex combinations with each other.

The species diversity of the territory increases from north to south, but in deserts it decreases somewhat due to aridity. From plains to mountains, floristic richness also increases. The flora of Russia includes more than 11,000 species of vascular plants, over 10,000 species of algae and about 5,000 species of lichens. Flowering plants are represented by such large families as Compositae, legumes, cereals, cruciferous, Rosaceae, ranunculaceae, cloves, sedges.

1. Vegetation types

The following types of vegetation are most typical for Russia: tundra, forest, steppe, desert, meadow and swamp.

1.1. Tundra vegetation

Tundra plants are formed when there is a lack of heat, so they are adapted to a short, cool growing season, are perennials, have dwarf growth, and tend to reduce moisture evaporation (have small leaves, strong pubescence, a waxy coating, etc.). Typical representatives of the tundra: green mosses, moss, lingonberry, crowberry, partridge grass, cassiopeia, dwarf birch, polar willows, polar poppy, arctic bluegrass and others.

1.2. Forests

Forests occupy about a third of the country's territory.

• Coniferous forests occupy about 80% of the forest area of ​​Russia. They are divided into dark coniferous (spruce, fir, cedar) and light coniferous (pine, larch).
• Broad-leaved forests are common on the East European Plain, in the southern part Far East, in the lower parts of the Caucasus Mountains.

1.3. Steppes

In the steppes, communities of herbaceous plants grow that tolerate a lack of moisture in the soil. These are mainly feather grass, fescue, tonkonogo, legumes, and there are many meadow plants.

Human economic activity has greatly changed the natural vegetation cover of the steppes. Massive plowing and grazing have made it so that virgin steppe vegetation is now found only in nature reserves.

1.4. Deserts

In Russia, deserts are widespread only in Caspian lowland. Plants in this zone are characterized by greater drought resistance, they have a powerful root system and a small area of ​​surface foliage. Mainly different kinds wormwood and solyanka.

1.5. Meadows

Meadows contain communities of herbaceous plants that develop under average moisture conditions. Almost all meadow plants are perennials.

1.6. Swamps

Communities of moisture-loving plants grow in swamps. This type includes mosses, shrubs, herbaceous plants and even some types of trees. Most of Russia's swamps are located in Western Siberia.

Notes

1. 1 2 Physical geography of Russia and the USSR. Soils, vegetation and animal world- www.ecosystema.ru/08nature/world/geoussr/2-4-3.htm

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This abstract is based on an article from Russian Wikipedia. Synchronization completed 07/10/11 03:21:04
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Amazing things are nearby! It would seem that everything around us is so familiar and ordinary that there are very few things around that can capture the human imagination. In fact, the master Nature painted many pictures with a magic brush and created countless beautiful creations, scattering them chaotically across all corners of the planet.

Therefore, anywhere in the world there is always the opportunity to witness a miracle - fantastic and extraordinary. Amazing animals and plants delight, delight and make people talk about themselves.

Eucalyptus is one of the tallest plants on the planet

The most tall tree Australia's evergreen skyscraper, reaching a height of 100 meters, is eucalyptus. This strange giant, rivaling in size the American sequoia, deserves attention only for its impressive height. The growth rate of this beauty outpaces the growth of bark on its trunks, which often hangs on mature trees in the form of rags. Only in the first year of life the young tree reaches 2-2.5 meters in height. Its leaves are turned parallel to the falling rays of the sun, so the eucalyptus forest is always light and comfortable for the life of other plants. During droughts characteristic of the local climate, the tree is forced to shed its leaves to save itself.

Eucalyptus rainbow - an unusual creation of Mother Nature

The rainbow eucalyptus stands out against the background of the varieties of its tall fellows - unusually, it is painted in all the colors of the rainbow.

This variegated plant is often mistaken for an abstract creation by an artist. At a young age, eucalyptus bark has green color, over the years it darkens, becoming saturated with blue, purple, burgundy and orange shades, the alternation of which creates a special festive pattern. The unusual coloring was the reason for growing these trees for decorative purposes, although their natural qualities also deserve special attention. They are not tolerated by pests, these beauties practically do not get sick. You can find amazing plants in the Philippine Islands, Papua New Guinea or Indonesia.

Gidnora - African carnivorous predator

Lithops (“living stones”) are also representatives of the flora of hot Africa and the most amazing plants in the world. Outwardly, they resemble cobblestones with a diameter of about 5 centimeters, which is an unusual way of camouflage in the sultry desert sands.

The plant has two fleshy leaves and a short trunk, which smoothly turns into a root and goes deep underground in search of moisture. In autumn, the silent “stone” picture is enlivened by yellow, white, pink flowers, highlighted by bright tassels.

Bloody tooth

On planet Earth, next to the beautiful representatives of the flora, there are such amazing plants of the world that you should beware of in order to avoid possible negative consequences. For example, the deceptively pretty mushroom is the bloody tooth.

Externally similar to a delicious dessert or strawberry-flavored chewing gum, it is extremely poisonous. Droplets of red liquid on the velvety white surface resemble blood, although in reality the plant itself produces this secretion through its pores. The fungus feeds on soil juices and insects attracted by a cunning bait - that same blood-red liquid. Thanks to the bright veins, the mushroom, whose height is 2-3 centimeters, is clearly visible against the background of foliage and dry needles.

Dancing tree

There are amazing plants in tropical Asia; one of them is Desmodium rotatum (aka “telegraph plant”). Reaching a height of 1.2 meters, with elliptical leaves and small flowers collected in racemes, it can dance. This fascinating action, causing joy and surprise, occurs under the influence of sunlight.

The lateral leaves begin to move along a certain trajectory, with their tips describing a complete ellipse in half a minute. The rotation is jerky and reminiscent of transmitted messages, which is what gave the flower its second name. At night, the plant sleeps, gaining strength for the next charming dance.

Amazing plants - candy trees

Every child's dream is an unlimited number of sweets and delicacies, and even on tree branches! - turns out to be reality. Like other most amazing plants in the world, with fruits of a bizarrely oblong shape that taste like caramels, as if they came from a fairyland. Popularly it is called candy, and among botanists it is called sweet govenia.

Fragrant berries, the taste of which strongly resembles barberries, can be eaten directly from the branches, so it is not surprising that they serve as the basis for jams and preserves, juices and tinctures, compotes and syrups. Wine made from the fruits of the candy tree has healing properties, providing beneficial influence on the body. In Tibet, goveniya was considered a cure for all diseases; this plant has been valued in Babylon and India since ancient times. In Rus', since the 17th century, it was grown specifically in apothecary gardens on the orders of Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich. Eating fruits helps not only to enjoy a pleasant taste, but also to overcome anemia, prevent blood clots, slow down oxidative processes, restore the elasticity of blood vessels, remove toxins from the body and revive damaged cells. Along with the mass useful properties The meal, strewn with bright red “lollipops,” is incredibly beautiful. In spring, this huge tree is covered with golden inflorescences, spreading an amazing aroma, while autumn allows you to fully enjoy the colorful foliage of the plant. It is not for nothing that it adequately represents the amazing plants of Russia.

The most famous mega-water lily

Victoria Amazonica is the world's largest water lily and the most popular greenhouse crop. Its leaves reach a diameter of 2.5 m and can support a weight of up to 50 kilograms. The outer surface of the plant is green and covered with a waxy coating that repels excess moisture.

The lower part is purplish-red in color and is equipped with a network of spine-studded ribs that protect against herbivorous fish and accumulate air bubbles for retention on the water surface. During the season, the water lily is capable of producing about 50 leaves, which grow and occupy a significant surface of the reservoir. This negatively affects the growth of other representatives of the flora due to the lack of sunlight. Victoria Amazonian flowers are located under water and bloom for 2-3 days once a year. This happens exclusively at night over the water surface; with the onset of dawn, the flowers return to the underwater kingdom. When open, the buds reach a diameter of 20-30 centimeters. On the first day, the petals have White color, on the second - pink, on the third the flowers become dark crimson or purple. The plant, which received its name in honor of Victoria, Queen of England, is common in the Amazon River basin in Brazil and is found in the waters of Guyana, which flow into the Caribbean Sea. In natural conditions, it can live up to 5 years.

Report on the topic “Flora of the Krasnodar Territory”

students of grade 6 "B"

gymnasium 36

Kurakova Sophia .

Flora of the Krasnodar region.

According to scientists, more than 3,000 plant species are found in the Krasnodar region. It's connected with geographical location, variety of relief forms and climatic conditions. The main types of vegetation in the region are lowland and mountainous. Since the flat part of the region is located mainly in the steppes, it is characterized by a herbaceous type of plants.

Vegetation of the flat part.

A vast part of the territory in the northern part of the region is occupied by steppe vegetation. It stretches from the borders of the Rostov region to the banks of the Kuban River. Now, in places where steppe feather grass, wheatgrass, vetch, and timothy grass once grew, bread is growing on plowed lands. Herbs with medicinal properties are specially grown in fields as raw materials for the medicinal industry. In the past, along the banks of rivers there were hazel trees and wild almonds, and thorny thorns formed impenetrable thickets. Constant felling, forest fires destroyed a large number of woody vegetation. Now on the watersheds of the plains you can find oak, elderberry, blackthorn, rose hips, blackberries, etc. Along the river valleys you can find willow, willow, black and white poplar, and alder. Within the Taman Peninsula, steppe vegetation with the presence of sage and wormwood is also found. Licorice, eryngium, alfalfa, timothy grow on the sandy shores, and sometimes you can even find camel thorn. In some places there are sparse thickets of trees and shrubs. On the vast plains, mostly cultivated vegetation grows. The Azov region consists of floodplains and meadow-marsh complexes. Due to sufficient moisture, the estuaries of the Azov region are rich in aquatic vegetation. For example, these are lily, nymphea, water chestnut, duckweed, salvinia and varieties of algae. The banks of the estuaries are overgrown with reeds, cattails and kuga, which is also called marsh wormwood. Not far from the city of Primorsko-Akhtarsk, near the hunting estate “Sadki”, there is one of the unique places where lotuses grow. This is a medicinal plant, and in Egypt and India its fruits are eaten. A significant part of the swamps and small estuaries has now been drained and used for growing rice. Areas of forest plants in the Azov region are found near the village of Maryanskaya, in the protected hunting area Red Forest. Maple, apple, pear, poplar, willow, viburnum, etc. grow here. Sometimes you can find oak trees with 5 girths. Along the bed of the Kuban River and its left tributaries there are floodplain meadows with trees and shrubs. Remains of forests in the Kuban floodplain are also preserved in forest park areas. Among them are the Pavlovsk and Kyrgyz plavni, the Krasny Kut forest park, located in the microdistricts of Krasnodar.

Within the city limits of Krasnodar, the Kubansky arboretum is of great interest Agrarian University. It was founded in 1959 and covers an area of ​​73 hectares. There are 1,200 species of plants, not counting herbaceous ones. About 140 species were brought here from different parts of Russia and other countries of the world.

The vegetation of the Trans-Kuban Plain before human intervention was deciduous forests of oak, beech and shrubs. Currently, the valley consists of cleared, gentle slopes. The main part of the Trans-Kuban Plain consists of agricultural landscapes. Along the valleys of the Kuban, Laba, Belaya rivers and their tributaries grow alder, willow, hawthorn, viburnum, buckthorn, blackthorn, elderberry, rosehip, and in some places there are thickets of sea buckthorn. In the section from the Krasnodar reservoir to the city of Krymsk, south of the Kuban River, there is a strip of Trans-Kuban flood plains, which is almost completely occupied by rice paddies and fields for growing other agricultural crops.

Mountain vegetation.

The steppe and forest-steppe zones of the flat part of the region are replaced in the south by broad-leaved and coniferous forests. Up to 700 meters above sea level, the main type of vegetation is oak. This is the most common tree in the mountains. Oak forms entire continuous forests, covering the foothills and spurs. Oak fruits are eaten by many animals; the bark is a valuable medicinal raw material. In addition to oak, the forests contain a lot of ash, elm, and hornbeam. From fruit trees Apple trees, dogwood, wild cherries, walnuts, viburnum, chestnuts are common, and berries include gooseberries, raspberries, and currants. In the deciduous forests of the Krasnodar region, various herbaceous plants are found; tall ferns, horsetails, mosses. An adult can easily hide in the burdock thickets. Other plants pose a danger to humans; if they touch the skin, they leave painful burns (Caucasian ash, hogweed).

At an altitude of 1200 meters, oak forests are complemented by beech and fir trees, as well as aspen, alder and maple. Beautiful beech trees, which have a powerful columnar trunk with light gray bark, live up to 300-400 years. The wood of these trees is used in carpentry, turning and furniture production. Tar and acetone are also obtained from it. Nuts contain up to 35% oil and are edible in small quantities.

Up to an altitude of 2000 meters at sea level there are coniferous forests. These are mainly Caucasian fir and oriental spruce, also Nordmann fir - evergreen tree with a straight trunk, the height of which reaches 60 meters. It provides construction and ornamental timber and is used to make paper. Oils that are widely used in perfumery and medicine are prepared from fir needles. Koch pine is found in open sunny areas. In the basin of the Bolshaya and Malaya Laba rivers, forests of eastern spruce have been preserved, which lives up to 500-600 years, the trunk diameter reaches 20 meters, and the height is 30 meters. These forests have important. Spruce wood is used to make musical instruments.

The forest strip at an altitude of 2000 meters above sea level gives way to subalpine meadows with thick grass cover. Woody vegetation is also found here. These are mainly crooked birches and low-growing juniper. Most of the subalpine belt are relics. At an altitude of 2300-2500 m above sea level, such meadows give way to alpine ones. Due to the severity of the climate, the grass vegetation here is lower and less diverse. The maximum height of herbs reaches 15 cm. Among them are some types of bells, skullcap, gentian, and Panyutin's mytnik. Many plants are listed in the Red Book. But, unfortunately, various agricultural activities, as well as the development of tourism, have slightly changed the appearance alpine meadows. Weeds appear (Lobel's hellebore, alpine sorrel, thistle).

Gradually, with increasing altitude, vegetation becomes less and less, only mosses and lichens. At 3000 m there are gray rocks covered with snow and almost devoid of any plants. Within the Krasnodar Territory, the territory of the Black Sea coast occupies the area from Anapa to the borders with Georgia. These places are divided into northern (from Anapa to Tuapse) and southern (from Tuapse to Adler) parts. The vegetation in the Anapa region on the plains is close to steppe, that is, predominantly grassy. Sometimes there is virtually no flora in sandy areas. Only occasionally there are tamarisk shrubs, and herbs include fescue, sage, astragalus, and sainfoin. In the area of ​​Novorossiysk and Gelendzhik, vegetation alternates with bare areas that previously had good forests. Currently, the entire territory is plowed or occupied by settlements. On the southern slope of the Markokht ridge on the territory of the Novorossiysk agricultural enterprise there is Sheskharissky natural complex. Downy oak, hornbeam, and century-old junipers up to 5 meters high grow here.

To the south of Gelendzhik, forests have been better preserved due to higher relief and increased moisture. Even further south, plants such as ivy, clematis, smilax, etc. begin to appear. Beech grows at an altitude of 500-600 meters above sea level, and noble chestnut is found near Tuapse.

Southern part Black Sea coast divided by climate and natural conditions to the Sochi subtropics and the Prikolkhida mountain region. Sochi subtropics occupy the coast from Tuapse to the Psou River. Thanks to the abundance of sun, palm trees and yuccas, cork oak, bamboo, magnolia, eucalyptus, mimosa, and Japanese camellia grow here. Mackerel, ivy, cherry laurel, and Pontic rhododendron grow in the forests of this area. Tea and tangerines are grown in the Adler region. In this area, the Southern Cultures Park was founded, where ornamental trees and shrubs are grown, and a family fund is created for landscaping parks and squares. Here is the flora of everything subtropical zone land. In the Kolkheti mountain region, the forest zone is located much lower, it almost adjoins the coastal edge. The area is covered with tree species. Boxwood groves are common up to a height of 400-500 m. Figs grow in open rocky areas along river valleys up to an altitude of 800 meters. In the undergrowth up to an altitude of 2000 m there is Pontic rhododendron, Colchian holly, cherry laurel grows up to an altitude of 2400 m. At an altitude of 2000 m alpine meadows begin, and above 2500-2800 bare rocks begin, as well as numerous snowfields and glaciers.

Russia is a country that amazes with the versatility and beauty of its nature: the Taiga spreads majestically here, the Ural Mountains rise like a regally centuries-old monolith, and the lakes and sea breathe with the life-giving moisture.

In every corner of our vast homeland, many representatives of the animal and plant world find their abode. In terms of diversity of species, representatives of the flora and fauna of Russia are several times greater than Europe.

Fauna of Russia: from lemmings to eagles

Nowadays there are more than 130 thousand species of fauna on the territory of Russia. Their distribution depends on climatic zones which are most suitable for different species.

The inhabitants of the ocean coasts are polar bears, sea ​​hares, sea otters, northern fur seals. The territory of the Tundra and the Arctic is home to unique Arctic species of mammals - reindeer, arctic fox, lemmings.

Also, these zones are characterized by the habitat of such species of birds as snowy owls, ptarmigans, and snow buntings. Many of these species are endangered and protected by law.

The taiga zone of Russia is home to many species of plants and animals. This is the abode of chipmunks, sables, squirrels, roe deer, deer and red deer, brown bears. The bird world here is represented by woodpeckers, hazel grouse, owls, owls, tits, and bramblings.

In the Russian steppes you can find hamsters, ground squirrels, jerboas, steppe pikas; The most common birds are eagles, cranes, larks, bustards, and steppe tirkushki.

The mountain fauna is diverse: mountain goats, chamois, and voles are found here. There are also various types of birds here - large lentils, Caucasian snowcocks, redstarts.

Flora of Russia: from tundra to forests

Russia occupies a vast territory, the flora here is unusually diverse.

The vegetation cover of the Tundra consists mainly of mosses and shrubs. The southern part of the tundra has quite a lot of plant varieties - these are dwarf birches and willows, low grasses, lingonberries, blueberries and blueberries. Closer to the north, the vegetation is represented only by lichens and mosses.

The vegetation of the harsh taiga is represented by plant species that can withstand the cold. Pine, fir, spruce, Siberian maple and larch are best adapted to the harsh taiga conditions.

Closer to the south there are broad-leaved trees - maple, linden, aspen. Due to the lack of light, the taiga cover is represented by mosses; currant, honeysuckle and juniper bushes are found here.

Forest-steppe zone of Russia, Altai region, is rich in broad-leaved forests. Oaks, birches, aspens and maples grow here.

The steppe zone is rich in feather grass, fescue, and wormwood; The most common shrubs here are spirea and caragana. The steppes also abound in lichens and mosses.

As we can see, Russian open spaces are rich in representatives of the animal and plant world. Today, there are many problems that cloud the pride in such a wide variety of flora and fauna.

Many plants and animals are of commercial interest - this is Karelian birch, which is the most expensive wood material in the world. Sables, squirrels and minks thanks to their expensive furs.

Today we will continue our acquaintance with the natural areas of our planet. The theme of our excursion will be the places where camels slowly walk, and the wind and the scorching sun are the undivided masters. We'll talk about deserts.

Here, among the sand and heat, there is its own flora and fauna, people live and work. What are features this zone?

Where are the deserts

Deserts are areas with continental climate and sparse vegetation. Such places can be found on all continents, with the exception of Europe. They extend across the temperate zone of the Northern Hemisphere and the subtropics and tropics of both hemispheres.

The largest deserts are the Sahara, Victoria, Karakum, Atacama, Nazca, and the Gobi Desert.

Russian deserts are located in the east of Kalmykia and in the south of the Astrakhan region.

Climate Features

The main features of the climate of this zone are high daytime temperatures and extreme dry air. During the day, the water vapor content in the atmosphere is 5–20%, which is several times lower than normal. Deserts are the driest South America. The main reason - almost complete absence rains. In some places they occur no more than once every few months or even every few years. Sometimes heavy rainfall falls on the dried, heated ground, but instantly evaporates without having time to saturate the soil.

It is often observed in these places "dry rain" Ordinary raindrops fall from the forming rain clouds, but when they collide with heated air, they evaporate without ever reaching the ground. Precipitation in the form of snow is very rare here. Only in some cases does the snow cover reach a thickness of more than 10 cm.

In this natural area Daytime temperatures can rise to +50°C, while at night they can drop to 0°C. In the northern regions, the thermometer can drop to minus 40 °C. For these reasons, the climate of deserts is considered continental.

Often residents and tourists witness amazing optical phenomena- mirages. At the same time, tired travelers see in the distance oases with life-giving moisture, wells with drinking water…. But all this is an optical illusion caused by the refraction of sunlight in the heated layers of the atmosphere. As these objects approach, they move away from the observer. You can get rid of these optical illusions by starting a fire. The smoke creeping along the ground quickly dispels this obsessive vision.

Relief features

Most of the desert surface is covered with sand and the strong wind becomes the “culprit” of sandstorms. At the same time, they rise above the surface of the earth huge masses of sand. The sandy curtain erases the horizon line and obscures the bright sunlight. Hot air mixed with dust makes breathing difficult.

After 2-3 days the sand settles. And before the eyes of those around you, the renewed surface of the desert appears. In some places, rocky areas are exposed, or, conversely, new dunes appear against the backdrop of frozen sand waves. The relief of deserts contains small hills alternating with plains, ancient river valleys and depressions from once existing lakes.

Characteristic of deserts light soil color, thanks to the lime accumulated in it. Soil surface areas containing an excess amount of iron oxides have a reddish color. The fertile layer of soil - humus is almost absent. Except sandy deserts, there are zones with rocky, clayey and saline soil.

Vegetable world

In most deserts precipitation occurs in spring and winter. Moistened soil is literally transformed. Within a few days it becomes colored with a wide variety of colors. The duration of flowering depends on the amount of precipitation and the soil of the area. Local residents and tourists come to admire the bright, beautiful flower carpet.

The heat and lack of moisture soon return the desert to its normal appearance, where only the most resilient plants can grow.

Tree trunks are most often severely curved. The most common plant in this area is saxaul bushes. They grow in groups, forming small groves. However, do not look for shade under their crowns. Instead of the usual foliage, the branches are covered with small scales.

How does this shrub survive in such arid soils? Nature has provided them with powerful roots that go into the ground to a depth of 15 meters. And another desert plant - camel-thorn its roots can reach moisture from a depth of up to 30 meters. The spines or very small leaves of desert plants allow them to use moisture very economically through evaporation.

Among the various cacti that grow in the desert is Echinocactus Gruzoni. The juice of this one and a half meter plant perfectly quenches thirst.

In the South African desert there is a very amazing flower - fenestraria. Only a few of its leaves are visible on the surface of the earth, but its roots are like a tiny laboratory. This is where the production takes place. nutrients, thanks to which this plant even blooms underground.

One can only be amazed at the adaptability of plants to extreme conditions deserts.

Animal world

In the heat of the day, the desert truly seems devoid of all life. Only occasionally do we see a nimble lizard, and some bug hurries about its business. But With the onset of cool night, the desert comes to life. Small and fairly large animals crawl out of their hiding places to replenish food supplies.

How do animals escape the heat? Some bury themselves in the sand. Already at a depth of 30 cm, the temperature is 40°C lower than on the ground. This is exactly how the kangaroo jumper behaves, which manages not to crawl out of its underground shelter for several days. Its burrows contain reserves of grains that absorb moisture from the air. They quench his hunger and thirst.

Close “canine relatives” of jackals and coyotes from the heat Frequent breathing and sticking out your tongue saves you.

The saliva evaporating from the tongue cools these curious animals quite well. African foxes and hedgehogs emit excess heat with their large ears.

Long legs Ostriches and camels help escape from the hot sand, since they are high enough above the ground, and there the temperature is lower.

In general, the camel is more adapted to life in the desert than other animals. Thanks to its wide, calloused feet, it can walk on hot sand without getting burned or falling through. And its thick and dense coat prevents moisture evaporation. The fat accumulated in the humps is converted into water if necessary. Although he can easily live without water for more than two weeks. And these giants are not picky when it comes to food - they chew camel thorn, and twigs of saxaul or acacia are already a luxury in a camel’s diet.

Desert insects “thought of” reflecting scorching Sun rays the surface of your body.

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