Tataro- Mongol invasion and the subsequent yoke are considered a special period in Russian history. It was this period of time that brought into culture, politics and the manner of farming many phenomena that exist to this day. The Tatar-Mongol invasion undoubtedly had a devastating impact on the state of the Old Russian state, on the development of agriculture and culture. What exactly were the prerequisites for the Mongol invasion, and what consequences did it entail?
At the beginning of the 13th century, numerous Mongol tribes began to move to a new stage in the development of statehood - centralization and unification of tribes led to the creation of a large and powerful empire with a huge army, supporting itself mainly through raids on nearby territories.
Reasons for the Mongol invasion of Rus'
The main reason for the Mongol invasion under the leadership of Khan Batu lies in the very type of statehood of the Mongols. In the 13th century, these were united groups of tribes engaged in cattle breeding. This type of activity required a constant change of terrain and, accordingly, a nomadic lifestyle. Mongol tribes constantly expanded their territories for grazing livestock.
The nomads needed a strong and powerful army. The aggressive military policy was based on an invincible army, consisting of clearly organized groups of warriors. It was the good organization and discipline of the troops that ensured many of the Mongol victories.
Having already conquered vast territories in China and Siberia, the Mongol khans sent their troops to Volga Bulgaria and Rus'.
The main reason for the first defeats of the Russian troops was the disunity and disorganization of the actions of the princes. Long-term civil strife and disputes between different principalities weakened the Russian lands; the princely squads were busy resolving internal conflicts.
The Battle of the Kalka River in 1223 showed the need for coordinated actions of various principalities - defeat in it was a consequence of uncoordinated actions and the refusal of many princes to join the battle.
The strictly organized Mongol army was able to win its first victories and advance deep into Russian lands with almost no difficulty.
Consequences of the Mongol invasion of Rus'
The Mongol invasion became a real disaster for Russian lands in the 13th century. Negative consequences were observed in all spheres of society. After the raids of 1237-1238, it was established in Rus' Tatar-Mongol yoke, that is, a system of dependence on the victorious state. The yoke lasted until 1480 - this time significantly changed the state of the Old Russian state.
The invasion of the Tatar-Mongols and the subsequent yoke led to a sharp deterioration demographic situation in Rus'. Previously populous and numerous cities were deserted, and the population in the devastated lands decreased. The Mongol intervention was observed in social relations on Russian lands.
The Mongol invasion also influenced the political structure of Rus'. The established dependence assumed the influence of the Mongol khans on all political decisions in Rus' - the khans appointed princes by handing them labels to reign. The veche culture of many principalities was fading away, as the general political activity and interest of the population decreased.
The Russian economy also became dependent on the Tatar-Mongols. A system of collecting taxes by the khan's representatives, the Baskaks, was established. Often, residents of cities and villages resisted the tribute collectors and refused to give them anything - such revolts were harshly and bloodily suppressed.
The consequences were especially devastating in the cultural sphere. Stone construction ceased in Rus' for more than fifty years. Churches and fortresses of enormous architectural value were destroyed. There was a general decline in cultural life in Rus' - the number of artisans and painters working in the cities decreased. Previously high level The literacy of the Russian population became truly insignificant, chronicle writing in many principalities became rarer or ceased altogether.
For two centuries, Rus' found itself under the yoke of foreign invaders - it was a kind of buffer on the way of the Mongols to Europe. The Tatar-Mongol army did not reach the European states, and from the 14th – 15th centuries there was a slow weakening of the khan’s power.
Genghis Khan(in childhood and adolescence - Temujin, Temujin) is the founder and also the first Great Khan of the Mongol Empire. During his reign, he, like Prince Oleg and other Russian princes, united many disparate tribes (in this case, Mongolian and partially Tatar) into one powerful state.
Genghis Khan's whole life after gaining power consisted of many campaigns of conquest in Asia and later in Europe. Thanks to this, in 2000, the American edition of the New York Times named him a man of the millennium (meaning the period from 1000 to 2000 - during this time he created the most large empire in human history).
By 1200, Temujin united all the Mongol tribes, and by 1202 - the Tatar ones. By 1223-1227, Genghis Khan simply wiped out many ancient states from the face of the earth, such as:
- Volga Bulgaria;
- Baghdad Caliphate;
- Chinese Empire ;
- the state of the Khorezmshahs (the territories of present-day Iran (Persia), Uzbekistan, Kazakhstan, Iraq and many other small states of Central and South-West Asia).
Genghis Khan died in 1227 from inflammation after a hunting injury (or from a virus or bacteria not typical eastern Asia- let's not forget about the level of medicine at that time) at the age of about 65 years.
The beginning of the Mongol invasion.
By the early 1200s, Genghis Khan was already planning his conquest of Eastern Europe. Later, after his death, the Mongols reached Germany and Italy, conquering Poland, Hungary, Ancient Rus' and so on, including attacking the Baltic states and other lands of northern and northeastern Europe. Long before this, on behalf of Genghis Khan, his sons Jochi, Jebe and Subedei set off to conquer the territories adjacent to Rus', simultaneously testing the soil of the Old Russian state .
The Mongols, using force or threats, conquered the Alans (present-day Ossetia), the Volga Bulgars and most of the lands of the Cumans, as well as the territories of the South and North Caucasus, and Kuban.
After the Polovtsians turned to the Russian princes for help, a council gathered in Kyiv under the leadership of Mstislav Svyatoslavovich, Mstislav Mstislavovich and Mstislav Romanovich. All the Mstislavs then came to the conclusion that, having finished off the Polovtsian princes, Tatar-Mongols will take over Rus', and in the worst case scenario, the Polovtsians will go over to the side Mongols, and together they will attack the Russian principalities. Guided by the principle “it is better to beat the enemy on foreign soil than on your own,” the Mstislavs gathered an army and moved south along the Dnieper.
Thanks to intelligence Mongol-Tatars learned about this and began to prepare for the meeting, having previously sent ambassadors to the Russian army.
The ambassadors brought the news that the Mongols did not touch the Russian lands and were not going to touch them, saying they only had scores to settle with the Polovtsians, and expressed a desire for Rus' not to interfere in matters that were not their own. Genghis Khan was often guided by the principle of “divide and conquer,” but the princes did not fall for this move. Historians also admit that stopping the campaign could, at best, delay the Mongol attack on Rus'. One way or another, the ambassadors were executed, and the campaign continued. A little later, the Tatar-Mongols sent a second embassy with a repeated request - this time they were released, but the campaign continued.
Battle of the Kalka River.
In the Azov region, somewhere in the territory of the present Donetsk region, a clash occurred, known in history as Battle of Kalka. Before this, the Russian princes defeated the vanguard of the Mongol-Tatars and, emboldened by their success, entered into battle near the river now known as Kalchik (which flows into the Kalmius). Exact amount The troops of the parties are unknown. Russian historians call the number of Russians from 8 to 40 thousand, and the number of Mongols from 30 to 50 thousand. Asian chronicles talk about almost a hundred thousand Russians, which is not surprising (remember how Mao Zedong boasted that Stalin served him at the tea ceremony, although Soviet leader I just showed hospitality and handed him a mug of tea). Adequate historians, based on the fact that Russian princes usually gathered from 5 to 10 thousand soldiers on a campaign (maximum 15 thousand), came to the conclusion that there were about 10-12 thousand Russian troops, and about 15-25 thousand Tatar-Mongols ( considering that Genghis Khan sent 30 thousand to the west, but some of them were defeated as part of forward detachment, as well as in previous battles with the Alans, Cumans, etc., plus a discount for the fact that not all reserves available to the Mongols could participate in the battle).
So, the battle began on May 31, 1223. The beginning of the battle was successful for the Russians; Prince Daniil Romanovich defeated the advanced positions of the Mongols and rushed to pursue them, despite his injury. But then he encountered the main forces of the Mongol-Tatars. By that time, part of the Russian army had already managed to cross the river. The Mongol forces closed in and defeated the Russians and Cumans, while the rest of the Cuman forces fled. The rest of the Mongol-Tatar forces surrounded the troops of the Prince of Kyiv. The Mongols offered to surrender with the promise that then “no blood would be shed. Mstislav Svyatoslavovich fought the longest, who surrendered only on the third day of the battle. The Mongol leaders kept their promise extremely conditionally: they took all the ordinary soldiers into slavery, and executed the princes (as they promised - without shedding blood, they covered them with planks along which the entire Mongol-Tatar army marched in formation).
After this, the Mongols did not dare to go to Kyiv, and went to conquer the remnants of the Volga Bulgars, but the battle progressed unsuccessfully, and they retreated and returned to Genghis Khan. The Battle of the Kalka River was the beginning
Genghis Khan (Temujin) - the son of a failed tribal leader, thanks to his talent and luck, became the founder great empire Mongols and where by pressure and courage, and where by cunning and deception he managed to exterminate or subjugate many khans of the nomadic Tatar and Mongol tribes. He carried out a military reform that dramatically increased the power of the army. In 1205, at the kurultai, Temujin was proclaimed Genghis Khan (“Great Khan”). He managed to defeat the Chinese troops, and in 1213 the Mongols took Beijing. At the same time, Genghis Khan adopted many of the military achievements of the Chinese. His army had unrivaled cavalry, advanced siege engines, and excellent reconnaissance. Having never been defeated by anyone, Genghis Khan died in 1227. After this, the Mongol-Tatars began a grandiose offensive to the West. In the early 1220s. new conquerors burst into the Black Sea steppes and drove the Polovtsians out of them. Polovtsian Khan Kotyan called the Russian princes for help. He came to his son-in-law, the Galician prince Mstislav, and said: “Our land was taken away today, and yours will be taken tomorrow, defend us. If you don’t help us, we will be cut off today, and you will be cut off tomorrow!” The Russian princes, having gathered in Kyiv, according to the chronicle, argued for a long time until they came to the conclusion: “This is what they, the godless and evil Polovtsians, need, but if we, brothers, do not help them, then the Polovtsians will be handed over to the Tatars and their strength will be greater.” " In the spring of 1223, the Russian army set out on a campaign. The arrival of conquerors from unknown steppes, their life in yurts, strange customs, extraordinary cruelty - all this seemed to Christians the beginning of the end of the world. “That year,” the chronicler wrote in 1223, “peoples came about whom no one knows for sure - who they are and where they came from and what their language is, and what tribe, and what their faith is. And they are called Tatars...”
In the battle on the Kalka River on May 31, 1223, the Russian and Polovtsian regiments faced a terrible, unprecedented defeat. Rus' has never known such an “evil slaughter,” shameful flight and cruel massacre of the vanquished. The victors executed all the prisoners, and the captured princes, with particular cruelty: they were tied up, thrown to the ground, and a flooring of boards was laid on top and on this platform they staged a merry feast for the victors, thereby betraying the unfortunate painful death from suffocation and pain.
The Horde then moved towards Kyiv, mercilessly killing everyone in sight. But soon the Mongol-Tatars unexpectedly turned back to the steppe. “We don’t know where they came from, and we don’t know where they went,” the chronicler wrote.
The terrible lesson did not benefit Rus' - the princes were still at enmity with each other. As N.M. Karamzin wrote, “the villages devastated by the Tatars on the eastern banks of the Dnieper were still smoking in ruins; fathers, mothers, friends mourned the murdered, but the frivolous people completely calmed down, for the past evil seemed to them the last.”
There was a lull. But 12 years later, the Mongol-Tatars again came from their steppes. In 1236, under the leadership of Genghis Khan's beloved grandson, Batu Khan, they defeated Volga Bulgaria. Its capital, other cities and villages disappeared from the face of the earth forever. At the same time, the last “hunt” of the Mongol-Tatars for the Polovtsians began. A raid began across the entire vast expanse of the steppes, from the Volga to the Caucasus and the Black Sea: thousands of horsemen in a chain encircled vast territories in a ring and began to narrow it continuously, day and night. All the steppe inhabitants who found themselves inside the ring, like animals, were brutally killed. In this unprecedented raid, the Polovtsians, Kipchaks and other steppe peoples and tribes died - all without exception: men, children, old people, women. As the French traveler Rubruk, who was traveling through the Polovtsian steppe several years later, wrote: “In Comania (the land of the Polovtsians), we found numerous heads and bones of dead people lying on the ground like dung.”
And then it was the turn of Rus'. The decision to conquer Rus' was made back at the kurultai of 1227, when the great Khan Ogedei set a goal for his people: “To take possession of the countries of the Bulgars, Ases (Ossetian - E.A.) and Rus', which were located in the neighborhood of the Batu camp, and were not still conquered, and were proud of their numbers.” The campaign against Rus' in 1237 was led by Batu Khan along with 14 descendants of Genghis. The army numbered 150 thousand people. People did not remember a more terrible spectacle than this invasion of the steppes. As the chronicler writes, the noise was such that “from the multitude of troops the earth groaned and hummed, and from the multitude and noise of the hordes, wild animals and predatory animals."
On the borders of the Russian land, more precisely in the Ryazan principality, the enemies were met by the army of the local prince Yuri Igorevich. At first, Yuri sent his son Fyodor to Batu with an embassy and gifts, asking him to leave the Ryazan land alone. Having accepted the gifts, Batu ordered to kill the envoys of the Ryazan prince. Then in the “evil and terrible battle” the prince, his brothers, appanage princes, boyars and all the “daring warriors and frolics of Ryazan... all fell as equals, all drank the same cup of death. Not one of them came back: they all lie dead together,” the chronicler concludes. After this, Batu’s troops approached Ryazan and, true to their tactics, began a continuous - day and night - assault on the strong fortifications of Ryazan. Having exhausted the defenders, on December 21, 1237, the enemies broke into the city. A massacre began in the streets, and women who sought salvation in the church were burned alive there. Archaeologists still find terrible traces of this massacre (broken skulls, bones cut by sabers, arrowheads sticking out in the vertebrae) on the ruins of a city that has never been revived - modern Ryazan arose in a new place.
The princes failed to organize the joint defense of Rus' from invasion. Each of them, powerless against an experienced and numerous enemy, courageously died alone. History has preserved many of the exploits of Russian warriors like Evpatiy Kolovrat, the Ryazan hero, who gathered the surviving remnants of the Ryazan squads (about 1,600 people) and bravely struck in the rear of the enemy who was leaving the burned Ryazan. With great difficulty, throwing stones at the Russians from throwing weapons, the Mongol-Tatars dealt with the “strong-armed and daring-hearted lion-furious Evpatiy.”
An example of true heroism showed Small town Kozelsk, whose defenders resisted the conquerors behind wooden walls for two whole months, and then all died in hand-to-hand combat on the walls and streets of the city, called “evil” by the Mongol-Tatars. The bloodshed turned out to be so terrible that, according to the chronicle, 12-year-old Prince Vasily Kozelsky drowned in a stream of blood. The united Russian troops that gathered near Kolomna in January 1238 also fought bravely with the enemy. Even the Novgorodians came to the battle, which had never happened before - apparently, the awareness of the terrible threat also reached proud Novgorod. But the Mongol-Tatars gained the upper hand in this battle, despite the fact that Russian soldiers managed to kill for the first time one of the Genghisids, Khan Kulkan. After Kolomna Moscow fell, the conquerors rushed across the ice of frozen rivers, like a terrible mudflow, towards golden-domed Vladimir. To intimidate the defenders of the capital, the Mongol-Tatars brought thousands of naked prisoners under the city walls, who began to be brutally beaten with whips. On February 7, 1238, Vladimir fell, the family of Prince Yuri and many townspeople were burned alive in the Assumption Cathedral. Then almost all the cities of the North-East were destroyed: Rostov, Uglich, Yaroslavl, Yuryev-Polskoy, Pereslavl, Tver, Kashin, Dmitrov, etc. “And Christian blood flowed like a strong river,” exclaimed the chronicler.
There are many examples of heroism and courage shown in that terrible year 1237, but there are many bitter stories about mediocre death without benefit to the country and damage to the enemy. In March 1238, in the battle against Khan Burundai on the Sit River, Prince Yuri Vsevolodovich of Vladimir also died with his squad. He tried to resist, but fell victim to his inexperience and carelessness. The guard service in his army was not organized; the regiments were stationed in villages remote from each other. The Tatars approached the main Russian camp suddenly. The guard detachment, which was supposed to meet the enemy at the distant approaches, set out on the campaign too late and unexpectedly encountered the Horde regiments right at the gates of their camp. A battle began, which was hopelessly lost by the Russians. The enemies took the severed head of Grand Duke Yuri with them - usually the nomads made a victory cup from such trophies. Those Russian prisoners whom the Mongol-Tatars did not kill immediately were killed by the cold - the frost in those days was terrible.
On March 5, Torzhok, who had begged the Novgorodians for help in vain, fell, and Batu moved, “cutting people like grass,” towards Novgorod. But not reaching the city a hundred miles, the Tatars turned south. Everyone regarded this as a miracle that saved Novgorod - after all, there were no frosts at that time, and the flood had not begun. Contemporaries believed that the “filthy” Batu was stopped by the vision of a cross in the sky. But nothing stopped him before the gates of the “mother of Russian cities” - Kyiv.
What feelings people experienced then, seeing how their homeland was perishing under the hooves of Mongol horses, was well conveyed by the author of the work that has reached us only partially, “The Lay of the Destruction of the Russian Land,” written immediately after the Mongol-Tatar invasion of Rus'. It seems that the author wrote it with his own tears and blood - he suffered so much from the thought of the misfortune of his homeland, he felt so sorry for the Russian people, Rus', which had fallen into a terrible “roundup” of unknown enemies. The past, pre-Mongol time, seems sweet and kind to him, and the country is remembered only as prosperous and happy. The reader’s heart should clench with sadness and love at the words: “Oh, bright and beautifully decorated, Russian land! And you are surprised by many beauties: you are surprised by many lakes, rivers and treasure troves (sources - E. A.), places of honor (revered - E. A.), mountains, steep hills, high oak groves, clean fields, wondrous animals, various birds , great cities without numbers, marvelous villages, vineyards (orchards - E.A.) inhabited, church houses and formidable princes, honest boyars, many nobles. The Russian land is filled with everything, O true Christian faith!”
Chronology of events
Consequences of the invasion
Batu's invasion of Southern Rus'
It began in the spring of 1239. Pereyaslavl fell in March, and Chernigov in October. In the fall of 1240, the Mongols besieged Kyiv, which at that time belonged to Daniil Romanovich Galitsky. Having destroyed the walls, the Mongols burst into the city, and the battle took place in its streets. The last defenders gathered in the Church of the Tithes, but it collapsed (according to the chronicle - under the weight of people gathered on its roof, and more likely - under the blows of battering machines). Kyiv fell.
After this, the Mongols continued their campaign to the West, captured the Principality of Galicia-Volyn, invaded Poland, Hungary, and reached the shores of the Adriatic Sea. However, the news of the death of the Kagan interrupted the campaign. Batu Khan returned to the steppes. The Mongols no longer had enough strength for a new campaign. Europe was saved.
In characterizing the consequences of the invasion, it is necessary to report not only on the destruction and economic decline, but also on the cultural and political degradation in Rus'.
The Mongol invasion brought terrible ruin to the Russian land. Of the 74 cities, 49 were destroyed, and in 14 life was no longer revived. Many craft secrets were lost: the ability to make glassware, window glass, cloisonne enamel techniques, etc. Stone construction ceased for half a century.
The feudal lords suffered heavy losses. Most of them died. The vigilantes were replaced by people from unprivileged sections of society, accustomed to being not vassals, but servants of princes. Thus, the Mongol invasion contributed to the replacement of vassal relations with relations of service, and strengthened the movement of Russia towards despotic rule.
Beginning of the 12th century. - V Central Asia, in the territory from Lake Baikal to the Great Wall of China, the Mongolian state was formed. By the name of one of the tribes that roamed near Lake Buirnur in Mongolia (Tatars), all the nomadic peoples with whom Rus' fought began to be called Mongol-Tatars.
End of the 12th century- the beginning of the unification of the Mongols under the rule of Temujin.
1206–1227- the reign of Temujin, who took the name of Genghis Khan, his proclamation as the “Great Khan of the Mongols.”
1215– the Mongol-Tatars took Beijing (China). China was finally conquered in 1279.
1216–1218- the great reign of Konstantin Vsevolodovich in the Vladimir-Suzdal land.
1218- conquest of Northern China by the Mongol-Tatars.
1219–1221- Mongol conquest of Central Asia.
1220–1221- Mongol invasion of Transcaucasia.
31 May 1223- the first appearance of the Mongols at the borders of the Kyiv state. The battle on the Kalka River near the Sea of Azov between the squads of Russian princes and Polovtsian detachments with the Mongol-Tatars. Complete defeat of Russian troops.
1227-1255 – the reign of Batu, the grandson of Genghis Khan, who inherited from his grandfather all the territories in the west, “where the foot of a Mongol horse has set foot.”
1235-1239- conquest of Transcaucasia by the Mongol-Tatars, defeat of the Polovtsians.
1236- the conquest of Volga Bulgaria by the Mongol-Tatars.
1237-1238- the invasion of Khan Batu in North-Eastern Rus'.
January-February 1238- capture of Kolomna, Moscow, Vladimir, Rostov, Suzdal, Yaroslavl, Kostroma, Uglich, Galich, Dmitrov, Tver, Pereyaslavl-Zalessky, Yuryev and others by the Mongol-Tatars.
Late February-March 1238- siege and capture of Torzhok by the Mongol-Tatars. Return of the Horde army, which did not reach 100 versts to Novgorod, to the southern steppes.
March 4, 1238- the battle on the City River between the army of the Grand Duke of Vladimir Yuri Vsevolodovich and a large Mongol formation under the command of Burendey. The defeat of the Russian army and the death of the Grand Duke.
1238-1246. - reign of Grand Duke Yaroslav II Vsevolodovich in Vladimir.
March-May 1238– 50-day defense of the small Russian city of Kozelsk. The death of all the city's defenders.
Autumn 1238- invasion of Batu’s troops into the Ryazan land. Burning of Murom, Gorokhovets, Nizhny Novgorod.
1238-1239- reign of Grand Duke Mikhail Vsevolodovich, son of Vsevolod the Big Nest, in Kyiv.
Spring 1239- invasion of Batu Khan into the lands of Southern Rus'. Burning of Pereyaslavl, Chernigov.
1239- the exit of the Mongol-Tatar conquerors to the borders of the southern Russian principalities.
Autumn 1239- devastation of the Chernigov-Seversky lands by the Mongol-Tatars. The flight of Mikhail Vsevolodovich Chernigovsky from Kyiv during the approach of Mongol-Tatar troops. Entry into the city of the Smolensk prince Rostislav II Mstislavich, who proclaimed himself the Grand Duke of Kyiv.
December 1239- entry of the troops of Daniil Galitsky into Kyiv. Proclamation of himself as the Grand Duke of Kyiv.
1239-1240- reign of Daniil Galitsky in Kyiv.
1241- defeat of the Galicia-Volyn principality by the Mongol-Tatars.
1242 g. - Batu’s troops reach the northern Adriatic, reach the “last sea”, meet resistance and suffer setbacks in the Czech Republic and Hungary. The beginning of the return of the Mongol-Tatars to the southeastern borders of the Russian lands and their neighboring territories. The decisive world-historical role in saving European civilization from the Mongol-Tatar hordes was played by the heroic struggle against them by the Russians and other peoples of our country, who took the brunt of the invaders.
1243– proclamation of the state Golden Horde.
1243-1255. – Khan Batu is the ruler of the Golden Horde.
1243- the beginning of the issuance by the rulers of the Golden Horde of labels (letters) for the great reign within the Russian lands, Yaroslav Vsevolodovich becomes the first Grand Duke of Vladimir, appointed by the decision of Batu Khan, after his official recognition of vassal dependence on the Horde.
1246- murder of Prince Mikhail Vsevolodovich of Chernigov in the Golden Horde. By decision of the Golden Horde authorities, a census of the population is carried out in the southern and southwestern Russian lands in order to impose tribute on them.
1250- the first appointment of Russian princes (Andrei Yaroslavich and Alexander Yaroslavich, nicknamed Nevsky for the victory over the Swedes on the Neva) as grand dukes by decision of the supreme ruler of the Mongolian state in Karakorum (the capital of the Mongolian state).
1250-1252- the struggle of Andrei Yaroslavich and Alexander Nevsky for the throne of the great princes of Vladimir. Attracting Mongol-Tatar troops to his side by Alexander Nevsky.
1252- organization of the Mongol-Tatar campaign against Andrei Yaroslavich, during which Alexander Nevsky became the ruler of the Grand Duchy of Vladimir.
1252-1263. - Alexander Nevsky on the Grand Duke's Vladimir throne. A course for the restoration and recovery of the economy of Russian lands. The policy of Alexander Nevsky was supported by the Russian Church, which saw a greater danger in Catholic expansion than in the tolerant rulers of the Golden Horde.
1255-1256. - Tatar population census in the Vladimir-Suzdal land.
1257-1258- Tatar population census in Novgorod land.
50-60s XIII century– numerous uprisings of Russian people against the Golden Horde.
1258- an uprising of the Novgorod townspeople and merchant people against the collection of tribute in favor of the Golden Horde. Suppression of the uprising by the troops of Alexander Nevsky.
1262– Uprisings against the collection of tribute in favor of the Golden Orda in Pereyaslavl, Rostov, Suzdal, Vladimir, Yaroslavl. Suppression of protests with the help of Golden Horde detachments.
1266-1282– participation of Russian troops in Golden Horde campaigns to the Caucasus, Lithuania, Byzantium. By the decision of the Khan of the Russian Golden Horde Orthodox Church exempt from paying tribute.
Many members of the editorial board are personally acquainted with the inhabitants of Mongolia, who were surprised to learn about their supposed 300-year rule over Russia. Of course, this news filled the Mongols with a sense of national pride, but at the same time they asked: “Who is Genghis Khan?”
from the magazine "Vedic Culture No. 2"
In the chronicles Orthodox Old Believers about the “Tatar-Mongol yoke” it is said unequivocally: “There was Fedot, but not the same one.” Let's turn to the Old Slovenian language. Having adapted runic images to modern perception, we get: thief - enemy, robber; Mughal - powerful; yoke - order. It turns out that “Tati Aria” (from the point of view of the Christian flock) with light hand chroniclers were called "Tatars"1, (There is another meaning: "Tata" - father. Tatar - Tata Aryans, i.e. Fathers (Ancestors or older) Aryans) powerful - the Mongols, and yoke - 300-year-old order in The power that stopped the bloody civil war that broke out on the basis of the forced baptism of Rus' - “martyrdom”. Horde is a derivative of the word Order, where “Or” is strength, and day is the daylight hours or simply “light.” Accordingly, the “Order” is the Power of Light, and the “Horde” is the Light Forces. So these Light Forces of the Slavs and Aryans, led by our Gods and Ancestors: Rod, Svarog, Sventovit, Perun, stopped the civil war in Russia on the basis of forced Christianization and maintained order in the State for 300 years. Were there dark-haired, stocky, dark-skinned, hook-nosed, narrow-eyed, bow-legged and very angry warriors in the Horde? Were. Mercenary squads different nationalities, which, like in any other army, were driven in the front ranks, preserving the main Slavic-Aryan Troops from losses on the front line.
Hard to believe? Take a look at the "Map of Russia 1594" in Gerhard Mercator's Atlas of the Country. All the countries of Scandinavia and Denmark were part of Russia, which extended only to the mountains, and the Principality of Muscovy is shown as an independent state not part of Rus'. In the east, beyond the Urals, the principalities of Obdora, Siberia, Yugoria, Grustina, Lukomorye, Belovodye are depicted, which were part of the Ancient Power of the Slavs and Aryans - Great (Grand) Tartaria (Tartaria - lands under the patronage of the God Tarkh Perunovich and the Goddess Tara Perunovna - Son and Daughter of the Supreme God Perun - Ancestor of the Slavs and Aryans).
Do you need a lot of intelligence to draw an analogy: Great (Grand) Tartaria = Mogolo + Tartaria = “Mongol-Tataria”? We do not have a high-quality image of the named painting, we only have the “Map of Asia 1754.” But this is even better! See for yourself. Not only in the 13th, but until the 18th century, Grand (Mogolo) Tartary existed as real as the faceless Russian Federation now.
The “history scribblers” were not able to distort and hide everything from the people. Their repeatedly darned and patched “Trishka caftan”, covering the Truth, is constantly bursting at the seams. Through the gaps, the Truth reaches the consciousness of our contemporaries bit by bit. They do not have truthful information, so they are often mistaken in the interpretation of certain factors, but they draw a correct general conclusion: what school teachers taught to several dozen generations of Russians is deception, slander, falsehood.
Published article from S.M.I. “There was no Tatar-Mongol invasion” is a striking example of the above. Commentary on it from a member of our editorial board, Gladilin E.A. will help you, dear readers, dot the i's.
The main source by which we can judge history Ancient Rus', it is generally accepted to consider the Radzivilov manuscript: “The Tale of Bygone Years.” The story about the calling of the Varangians to rule in Rus' is taken from it. But can she be trusted? Its copy was brought at the beginning of the 18th century by Peter 1 from Konigsberg, then its original ended up in Russia. It has now been proven that this manuscript is forged. Thus, it is not known for certain what happened in Rus' before the beginning of the 17th century, that is, before the accession to the throne of the Romanov dynasty. But why did the House of Romanovs need to rewrite our history? Is it not to prove to the Russians that they have been subordinate to the Horde for a long time and are not capable of independence, that their destiny is drunkenness and obedience?
Strange behavior of princes
The classic version of the “Mongol-Tatar invasion of Rus'” has been known to many since school. She looks like this. At the beginning of the 13th century, in the Mongolian steppes, Genghis Khan gathered a huge army of nomads, subject to iron discipline, and planned to conquer the whole world. Having defeated China, Genghis Khan's army rushed to the west, and in 1223 it reached the south of Rus', where it defeated the squads of Russian princes on the Kalka River. In the winter of 1237, the Tatar-Mongols invaded Rus', burned many cities, then invaded Poland, the Czech Republic and reached the shores of the Adriatic Sea, but suddenly turned back because they were afraid to leave devastated, but still dangerous Rus' in their rear. The Tatar-Mongol yoke began in Rus'. The huge Golden Horde had borders from Beijing to the Volga and collected tribute from the Russian princes. The khans gave the Russian princes labels to reign and terrorized the population with atrocities and robberies.
Even in official version it is said that there were many Christians among the Mongols and some Russian princes established very warm relations with the Horde khans. Another oddity: with the help of the Horde troops, some princes remained on the throne. The princes were very close people to the khans. And in some cases, the Russians fought on the side of the Horde. Aren't there a lot of strange things? Is this how the Russians should have treated the occupiers?
Having strengthened, Rus' began to resist, and in 1380 Dmitry Donskoy defeated the Horde Khan Mamai on the Kulikovo Field, and a century later the troops of Grand Duke Ivan III and the Horde Khan Akhmat met. The opponents camped for a long time different sides the Ugra River, after which the khan realized that he had no chance, gave the order to retreat and went to the Volga. These events are considered the end of the “Tatar-Mongol yoke.”
Secrets of the disappeared chronicles
When studying the chronicles of the Horde times, scientists had many questions. Why did dozens of chronicles disappear without a trace during the reign of the Romanov dynasty? For example, “The Tale of the Destruction of the Russian Land,” according to historians, resembles a document from which everything that would indicate the yoke was carefully removed. They left only fragments telling about a certain “trouble” that befell Rus'. But there is not a word about the “invasion of the Mongols.”
There are many more strange things. In the story “about the evil Tatars,” the khan from the Golden Horde orders the execution of a Russian Christian prince... for refusing to worship the “pagan god of the Slavs!” And some chronicles contain amazing phrases, for example: “Well, with God!” - said the khan and, crossing himself, galloped towards the enemy.
Why are there suspiciously many Christians among the Tatar-Mongols? And the descriptions of princes and warriors look unusual: the chronicles claim that most of them were of the Caucasian type, had not narrow, but large gray or blue eyes and light brown hair.
Another paradox: why suddenly the Russian princes in the Battle of Kalka surrender “on parole” to a representative of foreigners named Ploskinia, and he... kisses the pectoral cross?! This means that Ploskinya was one of his own, Orthodox and Russian, and, moreover, of a noble family!
Not to mention the fact that the number of “war horses”, and therefore the warriors of the Horde army, was initially, with the light hand of historians of the House of Romanov, estimated at three hundred to four hundred thousand. Such a number of horses could neither hide in the copses nor feed themselves in the conditions of a long winter! Over the last century, historians have continually reduced the number of the Mongol army and reached thirty thousand. But such an army could not keep all the peoples from the Atlantic to Pacific Ocean! But it could easily perform the functions of collecting taxes and establishing order, that is, serving as something like a police force.
There was no invasion!
A number of scientists, including academician Anatoly Fomenko, made a sensational conclusion based on mathematical analysis manuscripts: there was no invasion from the territory of modern Mongolia! And there was a civil war in Rus', the princes fought with each other. There were no traces of any representatives of the Mongoloid race who came to Rus'. Yes, there were individual Tatars in the army, but not aliens, but residents of the Volga region, who lived in the neighborhood of the Russians long before the notorious “invasion.”
What is commonly called the “Tatar-Mongol invasion” was in fact a struggle between the descendants of Prince Vsevolod the “Big Nest” and their rivals for sole power over Russia. The fact of war between princes is generally recognized; unfortunately, Rus' did not unite immediately, and quite strong rulers fought among themselves.
But who did Dmitry Donskoy fight with? In other words, who is Mamai?
Horde - the name of the Russian army
The era of the Golden Horde was distinguished by the fact that, along with secular power, there was a strong military power. There were two rulers: a secular one, called the prince, and a military one, he was called the khan, i.e. "military leader" In the chronicles you can find the following entry: “There were also wanderers along with the Tatars, and their governor was so-and-so,” that is, the Horde troops were led by governors! And the Brodniks are Russian free warriors, the predecessors of the Cossacks.
Authoritative scientists have concluded that the Horde is the name of the Russian regular army (like the “Red Army”). And Tatar-Mongolia itself Great Rus'. It turns out that it was not the “Mongols”, but the Russians who conquered a vast territory from the Pacific to Atlantic Ocean and from the Arctic to the Indian. It was our troops who made Europe tremble. Most likely, it was fear of the powerful Russians that became the reason that the Germans rewrote Russian history and turned their national humiliation into ours.
By the way, the German word “Ordnung” (“order”) most likely comes from the word “horde.” The word "Mongol" probably comes from the Latin "megalion", that is, "great". Tataria from the word “tartar” (“hell, horror”). And Mongol-Tataria (or “Megalion-Tartaria”) can be translated as “Great Horror.”
A few more words about names. Most people of that time had two names: one in the world, and the other received at baptism or a military nickname. According to the scientists who proposed this version, Prince Yaroslav and his son Alexander Nevsky act under the names of Genghis Khan and Batu. Ancient sources depict Genghis Khan as tall, with a luxurious long beard, and “lynx-like” green-yellow eyes. Note that people of the Mongoloid race do not have a beard at all. The Persian historian of the Horde, Rashid al-Din, writes that in the family of Genghis Khan, children “were mostly born with gray eyes and blond hair.”
Genghis Khan, according to scientists, is Prince Yaroslav. He just had a middle name - Genghis with the prefix “khan”, which meant “warlord”. Batu is his son Alexander (Nevsky). In the manuscripts you can find the following phrase: “Alexander Yaroslavich Nevsky, nicknamed Batu.” By the way, according to the description of his contemporaries, Batu had fair hair, a light beard and light eyes! It turns out that it was the Horde khan who defeated the crusaders on Lake Peipsi!
Having studied the chronicles, scientists discovered that Mamai and Akhmat were also noble nobles, who, according to the dynastic ties of the Russian-Tatar families, had the right to a great reign. Accordingly, “Mamaevo’s Massacre” and “Standing on the Ugra” are episodes of the civil war in Rus', the struggle of princely families for power.
Which Rus' did the Horde go to?
The records do say; "The Horde went to Rus'." But in the 12th-13th centuries, Russia was the name given to a relatively small territory around Kyiv, Chernigov, Kursk, the area near the Ros River, and Seversk land. But Muscovites or, say, Novgorodians were already northern inhabitants who, according to the same ancient chronicles, often “traveled to Rus'” from Novgorod or Vladimir! That is, for example, to Kyiv.
Therefore, when the Moscow prince was about to go on a campaign against his southern neighbor, this could be called an “invasion of Rus'” by his “horde” (troops). It is not for nothing that on Western European maps for a very long time Russian lands were divided into “Muscovy” (north) and “Russia” (south).
Grand falsification
At the beginning of the 18th century, Peter 1 founded the Russian Academy of Sciences. Over the 120 years of its existence, there have been 33 academic historians in the historical department of the Academy of Sciences. Of these, only three are Russians, including M.V. Lomonosov, the rest are Germans. The history of Ancient Rus' until the beginning of the 17th century was written by the Germans, and some of them did not even know Russian! This fact is well known to professional historians, but they make no effort to carefully review what kind of history the Germans wrote.
It is known that M.V. Lomonosov wrote the history of Rus' and that he had constant disputes with German academics. After Lomonosov's death, his archives disappeared without a trace. However, his works on the history of Rus' were published, but under the editorship of Miller. Meanwhile, it was Miller who persecuted M.V. Lomonosov during his lifetime! The works of Lomonosov on the history of Rus' published by Miller are falsifications, this was shown by computer analysis. There is little left of Lomonosov in them.
As a result, we do not know our history. The Germans of the House of Romanov hammered into our heads that the Russian peasant was good for nothing. That “he doesn’t know how to work, that he’s a drunkard and an eternal slave.
Commentary on Violetta Basha’s article “There was no Tatar-Mongol invasion” or: “What did the author not notice when studying Russian history?”
GLADILIN Evgeniy Alexandrovich,
Chairman of the Board of Founders of Krasnodar
regional charitable foundation veterans
Airborne Forces "Motherland and Honor", Anapa
The author has made another attempt to convey to the modern reader episodes of the real history of Rus'. Everything would be fine if she tried to at least look at the ORIGINAL SOURCES that she criticized. I would like to think that this happened due to thoughtlessness, and not due to malicious intent. She simply followed the path described by Zubritsky in “The History of Chervona Rus”: “Many have written the history of Russia, but how imperfect it is! - how many unexplained events, how many missed, how many distorted! For the most part, one copied from the other; no one wanted to rummage through the sources, because research is fraught with difficulty. The scribes tried only to show off their ornateness, the boldness of lies and even the audacity of slandering their forefathers! Some modern scientists very successfully criticize the works of luminaries of Russian history. This work is similar in its results to the work of the well-known mechanism with a wedge, which is used to destroy old buildings. In life, the work of the destructive mechanism is replaced by the creative work of builders. If a new building is pleasing to the eye, then those around them are happy about what happened; if something incredible is built on the site of the previous building, then people passing by feel a feeling of bitterness and annoyance.
Having begun the introduction in the style of the neo-perverters of Russian history Nosovsky and Fomenko, the author informed the reader without evidence about the forgery of the Radzivilov manuscript. I would like to inform you that the texts of the chronicles of Prince Radziwill, which ended up in the library of the city of Koeningsberg, cover the period of national history until 1206 according to the Christian chronology. Accordingly, this chronicle CANNOT BE reflected the events in Rus' before the beginning of the 17th century. This means that references to this chronicle when considering the mythical invasion of the Tatars in Rus' (usually dating back to 1223) are simply inappropriate. It should be noted that many of the events before 1206 reflected in it are very similar to the interpretation in the Laurentian and Tver Chronicles.
In the section “Strange Behavior of the Princes,” the author mentions the Battle of Kalka, but does not try to analyze how the Russian(?) troops got to the battlefield. How was it possible, after long-term training of troops, having built a thousand units of the boat fleet, to go down the Dniester into the Black Sea, up the Dnieper to the rapids and, after eight days of plundering Tatar cities and villages, meet the army on the Kalka River (northwest of the modern city of Donetsk) ? Don't you think it's a strange way to protect your own freedom on the territory of modern Italy? It was precisely this distance that the troops of the three Mstislavs (Chernigov, Kyiv and Volyn) had to overcome in order to unsuccessfully “defend” their lands from the rapidly advancing “foreign” army. And if the defeat had happened in the already mentioned Italy, then whose yoke could come?
In 1223, the border of the Kyiv principality passed along the Dnieper, so it may seem strange that the mentioned princes first moved along the Dniester by water. This could happen only in one case: the fleet was preparing secretly so that the neighbors could not notice the preparations for war. At that time, on the left bank of the Dnieper there lived peoples who had not yet accepted Christianity, therefore in the chronicles, corrected much later, the Tatars are constantly mentioned (Tata Ra, (“Tata” - Father, “Ra” - the Radiance of the Most High, emitted by Yarila the Sun), i.e. . sun worshipers), pogani-poogni (fire worshipers) in contrast to Russian Christians who knew the “true” God of Israel. Late corrections to the chronicles are indicated by the fact that the following phrase was preserved in the Laurentian Chronicle: “A great evil happened in the land of Suzhdal, as if it had not happened since baptism, but as if it has happened now; but we’ll leave that.” As you can see, Christianity was not always considered a good thing even in official chronicles. The Mongols are not mentioned in any chronicle; they were not yet known in Rus' at that time. Even at the end of the 19th century. in the “Church Historical Dictionary” edited by Archpriest Petrov it says: “The Mongols are the same as the Tatars - Ugric tribe, inhabitants of Siberia, ancestors of the Hungarians, founders of Ugric or Hungarian Rus', inhabited by Ruthenians.”
The creators of history textbooks do not like to talk about the fact that wars were of a religious nature. It seems that we do not have any information about our history. Meanwhile, the Radzivilov Chronicle alone contains many articles and 617 colorful miniatures. The creators of the victorious ideology snatch individual coupons corresponding to false history, without noticing the bulk of the facts. The legend “On the Ruin of Kyiv by the Army of Eleven Princes” reports an event in 1169, when the princes of Pereyaslavl, Dorogobuzh, Smolensk, Suzdal, Chernigov, Ovruch, Vyshgorod, etc. besieged Kyiv, where Mstislav Izyaslavich (son of Izyaslav Mstislavich) reigned. After the capture of Kyiv, these “POLANT POLOTS” (Polovtsy is a common noun from the word “polov”. A Slavic-Aryan tribe with the hair color of Polovtsy) plundered and burned Christian churches and the Pechersky Monastery. A little earlier in 1151, Izyaslav Mstislavich was wounded in battle while defending Kyiv from the Polovtsians, led by Yuri, and remained lying on the battlefield. The people of Kiev, led by a boyar named Shvarn(!), found their prince, rejoiced and proclaimed: “Kyrie eleison!” In 1157, after the death of Yuri Dolgoruky (so nicknamed for his love of other people's property and other people's wives), an uprising and destruction of Christian churches occurred in Kyiv. In the legend “On the victory of Prince Mstislav Izyaslavich over the Polovtsians”, through the lips of the prince, it is said about the loss of control over trade routes: Greek (land along the right bank of the Dnieper to Constantinople), Salt (to the Black Sea), Zalozny (to the Sea of Azov) and a nine-day campaign into the depths of the Polovtsians territories in 1167. “And they took such a multitude that all the Russian soldiers received an abundance of captives and female captives, and their children, and servants, and cattle, and horses.” (Tales of the Russian Chronicle. “Father’s House.” M. 2001) In response to this campaign in 1169, Kyiv was devastated by the army of eleven princes. Only the people of Kiev are called Russians, or rather Rosskie, due to the proximity of the borders of the principality to the Ros River.
In December 1237, Prince Yaroslav Vsevolodovich disappeared from Kyiv. A few days later, Batu’s troops began marching from the Polovtsian lands to Ryazan, which, along with Kiev and Vladimir, was a great principality. In Novgorod, which until recently was considered a merchant-boyar republic, a year earlier Yaroslav placed his fifteen-year-old son Alexander in the reign. In Vladimir, the Grand Duke was Yuri Vsevolodovich, brother Yaroslav. Popular unrest recently began here, engulfing a number of vassal appanage principalities. After the rapid defeat of the Ryazan troops, the Tatars (Tatars-Slavic-Aryan armies that did not accept Christianity), having conquered the vassal cities of Vladimir, besieged the capital of the grand duchy, which was abandoned by Yuri (aka George II), although in the chronicles he is called Gyurgen. After the fall of Vladimir, Gürgen's sons retreat to their father's residence on the City River. Here, on March 4, 1238, the troops of Yuri-Gürgen were defeated, and the prince himself died. The next day, March 5, Yaroslav was elected Grand Duke of Vladimir. In this case, not a single historian was excited by the fact that in the devastated and conquered Vladimir the very next day there was a meeting to elect a new Grand Duke, who arrived in the city on a little-known high-speed transport from Kyiv.
Yaroslav, having acquired Ryazan and Vladimir, lost Kyiv. Soon, Prince Yaroslav was summoned to Batu's headquarters and sent by him to Mongolia, to Karakorum, where the election of the Supreme Khan was coming... Batu did not go to Mongolia himself, but sent Prince Yaroslav as his representative. The stay of the Russian prince in Mongolia is described by Plano Carpini. So, Carpini reports that instead of Batu, for some reason the Russian prince Yaroslav is coming to the elections of the Supreme Khan (Batu, they say, did not want to personally participate in such an important election). The hypothesis of later historians that Batu allegedly sent Yaroslav in his place is very similar to a weak stretch, made only with the aim of reconciling Carpini’s testimony with the only idea that in fact Batu personally should participate in the elections of the Supreme Khan. In fact, this fact is documentary evidence that Khan Batu and Yaroslav are one and the same person. Having realized this truth, you can easily understand why domestic historians do not have clarity and explanations for the actions of the Grand Duke, and also cover up the inexplicable failures of the events of Yaroslav’s biography.
In July-August 1240, the Pskov and Novgorod lands were attacked by the crusaders. The “Mongol-Tatars” of Russian “historians” (supposedly the nominal owners of the Russian land) are silent. On September 5, the siege began, and on December 6, Batu’s troops captured Kyiv. Alexander Yaroslavich successfully repels the attacks of the crusaders. Batu advances into Catholic Hungary and Poland. It is clear from everything that large-scale actions of the allied forces are taking place on different fronts.
In 1242, Alexander defeated the Livonian knights. Batu, having defeated the Kingdom of Hungary and inflicted a number of defeats on the armies of Eastern European countries, returned from the campaign and created a steppe zone from the Dniester to the Irtysh, a huge state - the Horde, calls the brave Prince Alexander to the Horde, greets him with great honors and releases him with large gifts, presenting him with a label for the Great Reign. Next Yaroslav Vsevolodovich returns from the Horde, having received a label to reign in Vladimir, that is, the chronicles officially recognize several Grand Duchies. Finally, the long-awaited peace has come - for three whole years the Russian lands have not known war. In 1245, Alexander Nevsky defeated the Lithuanians who invaded the Novgorod lands. The squad of Daniil Galitsky defeated the Polish-Hungarian troops in the Battle of Yaroslavl.
In 1246 he dies on the way to the Horde Grand Duke Yaroslav Vsevolodovich. Khan Batu begins to call the Russian princes to his headquarters one by one and forces them to undergo a ritual of purification by fire. This procedure is described in great detail in “The Tale of the Murder in the Horde of Prince Mikhail of Chernigov and his boyar Fyodor”: “... Tsar Batu had such a custom. When someone came to bow to him, he did not immediately order him to be brought to him, but first he ordered the Tatar priests to lead him through the Fire and bow to the Sun, the Bush (In this case, the Sacred Tree, as a symbol of the Family Tree of the Slavs and Aryans - brothers by blood, regardless of religion), and Idols (In this case, Statues of Gods and Ancestors, as a symbol of the blood relationship of the Slavs and Aryans, regardless of religion). And of all the gifts that were brought for the king, the priests took some and threw them into the Fire and only then gave them to the king. And many Russian princes and boyars passed through the Fire (here’s trash and fire for you) and bowed to the Sun (here’s Tata Ra for you). and Kusta, and Idol, and each asked for possessions. And they were given possessions - whatever they wanted." (Tales of the Russian Chronicle. Orthodox Russian Library. Father's House. M. 2001) As you can see, there was a cleansing of alien religious filth and confirmation of adherence to the ancient Vedic Traditions. The “deceased” Yaroslav appeared in the Horde when circumstances required it.
The only case of religious fanaticism was shown by Mikhail Chernigovsky, who reigned in Kiev, who refused to bow to the Gods and Ancestors: “I will bow to you, king, because you were appointed by God to reign in this world (here is the recognition of the legitimacy of royal power according to the Christian model - not the election of the best of the best, and the “appointment” of the Russian prince as his plenipotentiary representative on Russian soil by the Jewish god Yahweh-Savaoth-Jehovah (Yahweh-Savaoth-Jehovah - the earthly hypostases of Chernobog)). But what you command to bow to, I will not bow to your idols!” There is a direct popular betrayal of the Native Slavic-Aryan Gods and Ancestors, led by the Almighty Progenitor, in favor of an alien tribal god. This happened on September 20, 1246.
“The next year, Batu summoned Grand Duke Alexander Yaroslavich to the Horde and he received the patrimony of his father, Vladimir, to reign... Two years later, in the summer of 1249, princes Andrei and Alexander Yaroslavich returned to the Russian land from the Horde. And Prince Alexander received Kyiv and the entire Russian land, and Andrei sat down to reign in Vladimir, on the throne of his father, Yaroslav. And Alexander went again to his Novgorod... Three years later, in the summer of 1252, Prince Andrei refused to serve the Tsar of Tatar (that is, he actually violated the Oath of Allegiance and became a traitor) and decided to flee with all the boyars and with his princess. The Tatars came to Rus' with the governor Nevryuy (from the phrase “I’m not lying,” i.e. I’m not lying), not a very Tatar (in the modern sense of the word) name, and position, against Andrei, and they chased him and caught up with him at city of Pereslavl. Prince Andrey prepared his regiments, and a brutal slaughter began. And the Tatars defeated Prince Andrei. But God spared him, and Prince Andrei fled across the sea, to the Swedish land.” Why should the Russian prince hide among the Catholics if he did not become their ally, i.e. a traitor to the interests of Rus'?
“In the same year, Alexander Yaroslavich again went to the Horde. And he returned to the capital Vladimir and began to reign on the throne of his father. And there was joy in Vladimir, and in Suzdal, and throughout the Russian land. In those days, ambassadors from the Pope of Rome came to Grand Duke Alexander Yaroslavich with the following speech: “We heard in our land that you are a worthy and glorious prince and your land is great. That’s why they sent two of the most intelligent cardinals to you - listen to their instructions!” Apparently, the ambassadors’ speeches found fertile ground if Alexander began to listen to them. A few years later, on the way from the Horde, Alexander takes a special form of monasticism in Gorodets for high-ranking persons with the name Alexia and “dies” to the world at the age of forty. Two years earlier, Christianity was adopted in the Horde under Khan Berg and a diocese was established by Bishop Kirill for the converted Tatars. After the adoption of Christianity by the “hero-hero” Tatar Buga in 1262, mass Christianization of the Tatar lands in the south of the European part began, modern Russia. Vedic Culture was eradicated by fire and sword. Part of the people, fleeing Christian expansion, converted to Islam. In 1380, Dmitry Ivanovich of Moscow entered the Kulikovo field under black banners with bones. Tsar Mamai came out under red banners and white banners. The battle took place in the lands of Ryazan, the lands of the Polovtsians, according to the chronicle “Zadonshchina”. In difficult times, Mamai, surrounded by his boyars and esauls, turned to his Gods Perun and Khors, and his accomplices Salavat and Mohammed.
After the death of his father, Mamai the son entered the service of the Grand Duke of Lithuania, received the title of Prince Glinsky, and his daughter as his wife, who became the mother of Ivan Vasilyevich the Terrible. This sovereign drove out all evil spirits from the Russian land with an iron broom, for which he is disliked by the descendants of the perverters of history. Unfortunately, Violetta Basha did not convey all this to her readers.
And for you, dear readers, I would like to wish you to turn to the primary sources. Fortunately, in Soviet time Quite a few of them were produced with the expectation of the laziness of the mind of the ordinary resident of our vast Motherland. The calculation seems to have been justified. However, it doesn’t matter, this matter can be fixed!
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