v Abstraction- a process of thinking, as a result of which a person, abstracting from the unimportant, forms concepts, moving from the concrete to the abstract, filling the abstract with concrete content.

v Teacher's authority- a special professional position that determines the influence on students, giving the right to make decisions, express evaluation, and give advice. Genuine A.u. is based not on official and age privileges, but on the high personal and professional qualities of the teacher: a democratic style of cooperation with students, empathy, the ability to open communication, a positive self-concept of the teacher, his desire for constant improvement, erudition, competence, fairness and kindness, general culture. Irradiation of teacher authority- transfer of authority to those areas of life where the teacher’s right to authoritative influence has not yet been tested. Authority Specification- recognition of a person’s authority in only one of the spheres, and in others he does not act as an authority.

v Adaptation- adaptation of an individual to a changed environment using various means of influence.

v Acmeology(from the Greek acme - peak, peak, highest degree of something) is an interdisciplinary science that arose at the intersection of natural, social and humanitarian disciplines. Studies the patterns and mechanisms of human development at the stage of his maturity (period from approximately 30 to 50 years) and when he reaches the highest level in this development - acme. An important task of A. is to find out what should be formed in a person at each age stage in childhood and adolescence so that he can successfully realize his potential at the stage of maturity.

v Acceleration- acceleration of growth and puberty of children and adolescents compared to previous generations.

v Axiology- philosophical doctrine of material, cultural, spiritual, moral and psychological. values ​​of the individual, team, society, their relationship with the world of reality, changes in the value-normative system in the process of historical development. In modern pedagogy it acts as its methodological basis, defining the pedagogical system. views, which are based on understanding and affirmation of the value of human life, education and training, ped. activities and education.

v Artistry- artistic talent, outstanding creative abilities, high creative skill, virtuosity in any activity, as well as special elegance of manners, grace of movements (modern explanatory dictionary of the Russian language by T.F. Efremova).

v Artistry- a special, figurative and emotional language of creating something new; a soulful style of co-creation between teacher and student, focused on understanding and dialogue with the Other, other-dominance; elegant and delicate lace of the creation of living feeling, knowledge and meaning, born “here and now”; this is the ability to almost instantly switch to new situations, find yourself in a new image, the ability to live with the ideas taught to students in class, to live sincerely; this is a wealth of personal manifestations, an imaginative way of posing and solving a problem, play of imagination, grace, spirituality, a sense of inner freedom (V.I. Zagvyazinsky).

v Artistry is a manifestation of the rich inner world of the individual, formed in the process of a person’s spiritual and practical mastery of certain types of creative activity in order to satisfy the need for professional self-improvement and self-education (S.D. Yakusheva).

v Artistry – this is a personal quality of a teacher who has the aesthetic features of a lifestyle and activity that is creatively rich and loves his profession (S.D. Yakusheva).

v Artistic culture- integrated quality of personality, realizing the unity of general culture and artistry, axiological and aesthetic-ethical principles in various forms professional activity and communication (S.D. Yakusheva).

v Aspects of educational needs. It is advisable to distinguish the following aspects of educational needs: state, public and individual - depending on which subject of needs we are talking about. It should be emphasized that all of the listed types of educational needs are considered as social needs. What makes them social is not the subject (“the one who wants”), but the subject—attribution to the sphere of education and the “nature” of need as a social relationship. In other words, we can only talk about individual, public and state demands as different aspects of social needs, depending on who exactly made these requests (FSES).

v Affective– emotionally charged.

v Database- a unified data system organized by certain rules, which provide general principles for describing, storing and processing data.

v Knowledge base- a formalized system of information about some subject area, containing data on the properties of objects, patterns of processes and rules for using this data in given situations to make new decisions.

v Basic curriculum (educational) plan- a normative document that determines the structure of the content of education, the ratio of the mandatory part of the main educational program and the part formed by participants in the educational process (invariant and variable); determining the maximum permissible load for a 5- and 6-day school week by class, as well as the number of weekly hours for funding (FSES).

v Basic needs determine the educational activity of a significant part of the population in the current social situation. Basic needs are manifested in dominant or primary orientations (attitudes) (FSES).

v The barrier is psychological- a mental state manifested in inadequate passivity of the individual, which prevents him from performing certain actions. The causes of B. p. can be the novelty and danger of the situation, unexpected or negative information, and lack of flexibility and speed of thinking.

v Validity– the degree of correspondence of the measured indicator to what was to be measured in sociological or psychological-pedagogical research.

v Variable part of the basic curriculum (educational) plan- part of the basic curriculum (educational) plan, mandatory for implementation in general education institutions, is represented by the number of hours allocated to meet the individual needs and requests of students, including ethnocultural, interests of educational institutions, subjects of the Russian Federation. Filling this part of the basic (educational) plan with specific content is within the competence of the participants in the educational process (FSES).

v Verbal- oral, verbal.

v Video computer system- a set of equipment that allows the user to present various types of perceived information (text, hand-drawn graphics, video, moving images, sound), ensuring an interactive dialogue between the user and the system.

v Pedagogical impact- the influence of the teacher on the consciousness, will, emotions of the students, on the organization of their life and activities in the interests of developing the required qualities in them and ensuring the successful achievement of given goals.

v Good manners- the level of personal development, manifested in the consistency between knowledge, beliefs, behavior and characterized by the degree of development of socially significant qualities. Discord, the conflict between what a person knows, how he thinks and how he actually acts, can lead to an identity crisis. V. - the current level of personality development, in contrast to good manners- potential level of personality, zone of proximal development.

v Educational work- purposeful activities to organize the life of adults and children, with the goal of creating conditions for the full development of the individual. Through V. r. the educational process is being implemented.

v Educational system of the school- a set of interrelated components (educational goals, people who realize them, their activities and communication, relationships, living space), constituting a holistic social-pedagogical system. structure of the school and acting as a powerful and permanent factor in education. Signs humanistically oriented V. s. sh.: the presence of a unified concept for the development of the school educational system, the formation of a healthy lifestyle, a combination of frontal, group and individual forms of influence and interaction, ensuring the protective functions of the team, diverse and diverse joint activities of groups and associations of different ages. Examples of humanistically oriented V. s. w. there may be schools of V. Karakovsky, A. Tubelsky and others.

v Educational relationships- a type of relationship between people that arises in educational interaction, aimed at spiritual, moral, etc. development and improvement.

v Nurturing teaching- training in which an organic connection is achieved between students’ acquisition of knowledge, skills, abilities and the formation of an emotionally holistic attitude towards the world, towards each other, towards the educational material being acquired.

v Gabitary(lat. habitus- appearance) culture- personality culture, which includes individuality, which determines the color scheme, physical and psychophysiological characteristics; style (romantic, sporty, dramatic), establishing an individual creative characteristic in accordance with the requirements of the profession; fashion, reflecting development trends and helping the teacher to be modern and recognized among colleagues and students (S.D. Yakusheva).

v Hypothesis- a statement about facts, empirical connections or principles of the functioning and development of phenomena that have no justification or are recognized as insufficiently substantiated.

v Epistemology- theory of knowledge.

v Humanization of education- dissemination of the ideas of humanism on the content, forms and methods of teaching; ensuring the educational process of free and comprehensive development of the individual, his active participation in the life of society.

v Humanism- the principle of a worldview, which is based on the recognition of the limitlessness of human capabilities and his ability to improve, the rights of the individual to freely express his abilities and beliefs, and the affirmation of human well-being as a criterion for assessing the level of social relations. Currently it is becoming one of the basic principles of pedagogy.

v Humanitarianization of education- establishing a harmonious balance between natural-mathematical and humanitarian cycles in education with the goal of developing in each student a spiritually rich personality who can resist technocracy and inhumanity.

v Humanities education- priority development of general cultural components in the content of education, aimed at developing the personal maturity of students.

v Humanitarian- relating to human society, to man and his culture.

v Humanity(from Latin humanus - humane) - humanity, philanthropy, respect for people and their experiences. One of the leading moral values ​​that should be formed in a modern person in the process of education and training.

v Data(in the subject area) - presentation of information in a formalized form, convenient for sending, collecting, storing and processing.

v Deviant behavior– behavior that deviates from the norm.

v Active approach- 1) the principle of studying the psyche, which is based on the category of objective activity (I. Fichte, G. Hegel, M.Ya. Basov, S.L. Rubinstein, A.N. Leontiev, etc.); 2) a theory that considers psychology as a science about the generation, functioning and structure of mental reflection in the processes of individual activity (A.N. Leontiev).

v Activity- a form of mental activity of the individual aimed at understanding and transforming the world and the person himself. D. consists of smaller units - actions, each of which has its own particular goal or task. D. includes goal, motive, methods, conditions, result.

v Pedagogical activities- professional activity aimed at creating in pedagogy. the process of optimal conditions for the education, development and self-development of the pupil’s personality and the choice of opportunities for free and creative self-expression. The main problem of teaching is combining the requirements and goals of the teacher with the capabilities, desires and goals of the students; the successful implementation of teaching is determined by the level of the teacher’s professional consciousness and mastery of pedagogical skills. technology, ped. technology. Three models of P.D.: pedagogy of coercion(authoritarian pedagogy), pedagogy of complete freedom, pedagogy of cooperation.

v Diagnostics- analysis of the state of objects and processes, identification of problems in their functioning and development.

v Didactics(from Greek didaktikos- receiving, related to learning) - theory of education and training, branch of pedagogy. The subject of education is teaching as a means of education and upbringing of a person, that is, the interaction of teaching and learning in their unity, ensuring that students master the content of education organized by the teacher. Functions of D.: theoretical(diagnostic and prognostic) and practical(normative, instrumental).

v Distance learning- distance learning using textbooks, personal computers and computer networks.

v Document- information recorded on a tangible medium that has details that allow it to be identified.

v Dominance- power, tendency and ability to occupy a dominant position.

v Data protection- actions and means to prevent leakage, theft, distortion or falsification of information.

v Knowledge(about the subject area) - the entire set useful information and the procedures that can be applied to it to produce new information about the subject area.

v Identity- conscious unity and continuity of human actions and mental processes.

v Identical- identical, identical.

v Image- a set of meanings and impressions about a person, a style and form of behavior, a symbolic image of a subject created in the process of interaction - a universal psychological process carried out by every person when entering certain social groups (V.G. Gorchakova).

v Image of a teacher- integrative quality of personality, synthesis of intellectual, habitual, kinetic, speech, environmental and artistic culture (S.D. Yakusheva).

v Individualism- a personality property determined by the predominance of activity goals aimed at satisfying only the personal needs of one’s “I” while ignoring social ones.

v Individual image- a purposefully formed integral, holistic, dynamic phenomenon, conditioned by the correspondence and interpenetration of the internal and external individual, personal and individual qualities of the subject, designed to ensure the harmonious interaction of the subject with nature, society and himself (V.N. Cherepanova).

v Individuality- a unique, inimitable identity of a person, a set of individual mental characteristics inherent only to him. I. manifests itself in the specifics of temperament, character, interests, intelligence, needs and abilities. The prerequisite for the formation of human intelligence are anatomical and physiological inclinations, which are transformed and fully revealed in the process of education.

v Individual style of activity and communication of the teacher- a set of tasks, means and methods of pedagogy. activity and communication, as well as more specific features, such as, for example, the rhythm of work, characteristic and stable for a given teacher. Since I. s. is determined by the relationship between tasks and methods of activity, then it can change.

v Innovation culture- knowledge, skills and experience of targeted preparation, integrated implementation and comprehensive development of innovations in various areas of human life while maintaining the dynamic unity of the old, modern and new in the innovation system; in other words, it is the free creation of something new in compliance with the principle of continuity (A.I. Nikolaev).

v Innovation culture- a stable system of norms, rules and methods for implementing innovations in various spheres of society, characteristic of a given sociocultural community (O.A. Kobyak).

v Innovative creative thinking- the teacher’s focus on self-development and self-education, the unification of logical and figurative, the integration of conceptual and visual, finding new, original solutions to professional problems, the formation of intellectual imagery and sensory modeling (S.D. Yakusheva).

v Intellectual culture- flexibility of thinking, reflection and self-awareness associated with the development of creativity and the growth of professional skills of the teacher’s personality (S.D. Yakusheva).

v Intonation- raising and lowering the tone of voice during pronunciation (interrogative, narrative, authoritative, correct, false); a manner of pronunciation that reflects some of the speaker’s feelings, tone; accuracy of the sound of a musical instrument when playing or voice when singing (S.I. Ozhegov).

v Intuition- a core component of the activity of a master teacher, based on the sensory perception of the pedagogical situation, the integration of the creative and improvisational quality of the individual (S.D. Yakusheva).

v Intuition - knowledge that arises without awareness of the ways and conditions for its acquisition, a specific ability (for example, artistic or scientific), “holistic coverage” of the conditions of a problem situation (sensual, intellectual intuition), a mechanism of creative activity (creative intuition) (pedagogical encyclopedic dictionary ed. B .M. Bim-Bada).

v Intuition- flair, subtle understanding, penetration into the very essence of something without a detailed logical justification (G.M. Kodzhaspirova).

v Computer science- a scientific discipline that studies the laws and methods of accumulating, processing and transmitting information using a computer.

v Information technology- a system of scientific and engineering knowledge, as well as methods and tools, which is used to create, collect, transmit, store and process information in the subject area.

v Informatization of education- the process of providing the education sector with the methodology and practice of developing and optimally using modern information technologies, focused on the implementation of psychological and pedagogical goals of training and education. This process initiates, firstly, the improvement of educational system management mechanisms based on the use of automated data banks of scientific and pedagogical information, information and methodological materials, as well as communication networks; secondly, improving the methodology and strategy for selecting the content, methods and organizational forms of training and education that correspond to the tasks of developing the student’s personality in modern conditions of informatization of society; thirdly, the creation of methodological training systems focused on the development of the student’s intellectual potential, on the formation of skills to independently acquire knowledge, carry out information and educational, experimental and research activities, various types of independent information processing activities;
fourthly, the creation and use of computer testing, diagnostic methods for monitoring and assessing the level of knowledge of students.

v Informatization of society is a global social process, the peculiarity of which is that the dominant type of activity in the sphere of social production is the collection, accumulation, production, processing, storage, transmission and use of information, carried out on the basis of modern microprocessor and computer technology, as well as a variety of means information exchange.

v Educational Information Technology- pedagogical technology using special methods, software and hardware (cinema, audio and video, computers, telecommunication networks) for working with information.

v Information and methodological center is organized with the aim of introducing SNIT into the educational process educational institutions; it must be provided with the educational and material base for informatization of education.

v Information processes- processes of collecting, processing, accumulating, storing, searching and distributing information.

v Information(about the subject area) - any type of information about objects, facts, concepts of the subject area.

v The quality of education- a comprehensive characteristic reflecting the range and level of educational services provided to the population (of various ages, gender, physical and mental conditions) by the system of primary, general, vocational and additional education in accordance with the interests of the individual, society and the state. Quality education should enable each individual to continue education in accordance with his interests (FSES).

v Personality qualities- the totality of all socially and biologically determined components of a personality that predetermine its sustainable behavior in social media. and the natural environment.

v The quality of education- a certain level of knowledge and skills, mental, moral and physical development that students achieve at a certain stage in accordance with the planned goals; the degree to which the expectations of various participants in the educational process are met from the educational services provided by the educational institution. K. o. primarily measured by its compliance with the educational standard. K. o. depends on the level of prestige of education in the public consciousness and the system of state priorities, financing and material and technical equipment of educational institutions, and modern technology for managing them.

v Qualification categories of education workers- level of qualification, professionalism and productivity of teachers that meets regulatory criteria. and (or) managerial work, providing the employee with the opportunity to solve professional problems.

v Professional qualification- levels of professional preparedness of an employee, allowing him to perform labor functions of a certain level and complexity in a specific type of activity. Indicators of K. p. are qualification categories, which are assigned to the employee in accordance with regulatory characteristics this profession.

v Keyword(Keyword) - a word or phrase that a user enters into a search form when searching for information on a topic of interest in an information retrieval system.

v Cognitive- informative.

v Control in educational activities - ensuring the effectiveness of educational activities by detecting deviations from the reference sample and making appropriate adjustments to the action. Criteria for assessing the formation of universal educational actions: compliance with age-psychological regulatory requirements; compliance of the properties of universal actions with predetermined requirements; the formation of students' educational activities, reflecting the level of development of meta-subject actions that perform the function of managing students' cognitive activity (FSES).

v Communication potential is a complex characteristic of a personality that determines a person’s readiness to communicate, the need for communicative activity, activity and comfort in it (I.I. Zaretskaya).

v CD- an optical disk used for permanent storage of large volumes of information.

v General cultural competence- level of education sufficient for self-education and independent solution of cognitive problems that arise in this case and determination of one’s position.

v Teacher professional competence- the teacher’s possession of the necessary amount of knowledge, skills and abilities that determine the formation of his pedagogy. activities, ped. communication and personality of the teacher as a bearer of certain values, ideals and pedagogy. consciousness.

v Teacher's communicative culture- a certain position of the teacher’s personality, a qualitative characteristic of his pedagogical activity, covering the system of communicative knowledge, abilities and skills, as well as determining the effectiveness and success of professional skills (S.D. Yakusheva).

v Communication- information connection of a subject with one or another object - a person, an animal, a machine (M.S. Kagan).

v Competence- the presence of appropriate competence in a person, including his personal attitude towards it and the subject of activity (L.V. Zanina, N.P. Menshikova).

v Concept- belief system: the leading idea of ​​a work or scientific work.

v Credo- beliefs: views, foundations of worldview.

v Criterion- a sign on the basis of which something is assessed, determined or classified; measure of judgment, assessment of a person phenomena. The development of criteria for certain phenomena in pedagogy presents certain difficulties due to the fact that the subject of pedagogy itself is complex and diverse in its manifestations.

v Culture(from lat. cultura - cultivation, education, development, veneration) - a historically determined level of development of society, creative powers and abilities of a person, expressed in the types and forms of organization of people’s lives and activities, in their relationships, as well as in the material and spiritual created by them values. Culture in education acts as its content component, a source of knowledge about nature, society, methods of activity, a person’s emotional-volitional and value-based attitude towards people around him, work, communication, etc.

v Intellectual culture- a culture of mental work, which determines the ability to set goals for cognitive activity, plan it, perform cognitive operations in various ways, work with sources and office equipment.

v Personality culture- 1) the level of development and realization of a person’s essential powers, his abilities and talents; 2) a set of competencies: political and social, related to the ability to take responsibility, participate in joint decision-making, resolve conflicts non-violently, participate in joint decision-making regarding the functioning and development of democratic institutions; competencies related to life in a multicultural society (understanding the differences between representatives of different cultures, languages ​​and religions, respect for other people's traditions and beliefs), etc. K. l. formed in the process of education and training, under the influence of social environment and personal need for constant development and improvement.

v Information culture of personality- a set of rules of human behavior in the information society, methods and norms of communication with artificial intelligence systems, dialogue in human-machine systems of “hybrid intelligence,” the use of telematics, global and local information and computer networks. Includes a person’s ability to understand and master the information picture of the world as a system of symbols and signs, direct and reverse information connections, to freely navigate the information society, and adapt to it. Formation of K. l. And. is carried out primarily in the process of organized training in computer science and information technology at school and the inclusion of modern electronic means of information transmission in the educational process (G.M. Kodzhaspirova).

v Culture of thinking- the degree of a person’s mastery of techniques, norms and rules of mental activity, expressed in the ability to accurately formulate tasks (problems), choose optimal methods (ways) for solving them, obtain reasonable conclusions, and correctly use these conclusions in practice. Increases focus, organization, and efficiency of any type of activity (G.M. Kodzhaspirova).

v Culture of self-education(self-educational culture) - a high level of development and perfection of all components of self-education. The need for self-education is a characteristic quality of a developed personality, a necessary element of his spiritual life. Considered the highest form of satisfying the cognitive needs of an individual, self-education is associated with the manifestation of significant volitional efforts, a high degree of consciousness and organization of a person, and the assumption of internal responsibility for one’s self-improvement (G.M. Kodzhaspirova).

v Lecture- method of teaching and upbringing, consistent monologue presentation of a system of ideas in a certain area (G.M. Kodzhaspirova).

v Personality- is the highest authority of the self, personalized, self-determined among others, for others, and thereby for oneself (V.I. Slobodchikov and E.I. Isaev).

v Personality- a relatively late product of the socio-historical and ontogenetic development of man (S.L. Rubinstein).

v Personal culture- quality that realizes the unity of general and basic, intellectual and communicative culture, creativity and skill of the teacher (S.D. Yakusheva).

v Personal approach(in pedagogy) - the teacher’s individual approach to each student, helping him to understand himself as an individual, to identify opportunities that stimulate self-development, self-affirmation, and self-realization.

v Pedagogical skill- high level of mastery of ped. activities; a complex of special knowledge, abilities and skills, professionally important personality qualities, allowing the teacher to effectively manage the educational and cognitive activities of students and carry out targeted pedagogical activities. impact and interaction (G.M. Kodzhaspirova).

v Pedagogical management- a set of principles, methods, organizational norms and technological techniques for managing the educational process, aimed at increasing its effectiveness.

v Meta-subject results of educational activities- methods of activity applicable both within the educational process and when solving problems in real life situations, mastered by students on the basis of one, several or all educational subjects (FSES).

v Method(from the Greek methodos - the path of research or knowledge) - a set of relatively homogeneous techniques, operations of practical or theoretical development of reality, subordinated to the solution of a specific problem. In pedagogy, the problem of developing methods of education and training and their classification is one of the main ones (G.M. Kodzhaspirova).

v Methodology in education - description of specific techniques, methods, pedagogical techniques. activities in individual educational processes.

v Teaching methods as private didactics - a set of ordered knowledge about the principles, content, methods, means and forms of organizing the educational process in individual academic disciplines, ensuring the solution of assigned tasks.

v Methodology of pedagogical research- a set of techniques, methods of organizing and regulating ped. research, the procedure for their application and interpretation of the results obtained in achieving a specific scientific goal.

v Methodology of pedagogy - based on the general methodology of science and the study of trends in social development, a system of knowledge about the starting points of ped. theory, about the principles of the approach to the consideration of ped. phenomena and methods of their research, as well as ways of introducing the acquired knowledge into the practice of upbringing, training and education.

v Methods of control and self-control- ways to obtain information about the effectiveness of educational influences. These include: ped. observation, conversation, ped. consultation, surveys, analysis of the results of students’ activities, creation of control situations, psychodiagnostics, trainings.

v Teaching methods- a system of consistent, interconnected actions of the teacher and students, ensuring the assimilation of the content of education, the development of mental strength and abilities of students, and their mastery of the means of self-education and self-study. M. o. indicate the purpose of learning, the method of assimilation and the nature of interaction between the subjects of learning.

v Method for studying creative products- diagnosis of a person’s mental characteristics through inclusion in standardized creative activities. Examples of M. and. p.t.: test of drawing a human figure (Goodenough and Machover version), test of drawing a tree (Koch), test of drawing a house, an imaginary hypothetical animal, etc. The method is psychological, but is very widely used in pedagogy. research and in the process of studying the personality of students by a teacher or educator.

v Observation method- purposeful, systematic recording of the specifics of the course of certain peds. phenomena, manifestations in them of an individual, a team, a group of people, the results obtained. Observations M.B.: solid And selective; included And simple; uncontrollable And controlled(when recording observed events according to a previously worked out procedure); field(when observed in natural conditions) and laboratory(in experimental conditions), etc.

v Method for generalizing independent characteristics- studies based on the generalization of the largest possible number of information about the individual being studied, obtained from the largest possible number of people observing him in the largest possible number of types of his activities; drawing up a description of a person or event by various experts independently of each other.

v Sociometric method- study of the structure and nature of people’s relationships based on measuring their interpersonal choices. This measurement occurs according to a certain sociometric criterion, and its results take the form of a sociometric matrix, or sociogram. The use of this method by a teacher in the process of forming a children's team allows him to find more productive ways of influencing both the entire team or small groups, and its individual members.

v Terminological method- operating with basic and peripheral concepts of the problem, analysis of ped. phenomena through the analysis of concepts enshrined in the language of the theory of pedagogy.

v Test method- study of personality through diagnostics (psychoprognostics) of its mental states, functions based on the performance of k.-l. standardized task.

v Modeling(in ped.) - construction of copies, models of ped. materials, phenomena and processes. Used for a schematic representation of the studied peds. systems By “model” we mean a system of objects or signs that reproduces some essential properties of the original, capable of replacing it so that its study provides new information about this object.

v Facial expressions(from the Greek mimikos - imitative) - expressive movement of the facial muscles, one of the forms of manifestation of human feelings. Often the teacher’s words have a much stronger effect on students than words. Children “read” the teacher’s face, guessing his mood and attitude, so the teacher should be able to show only what is relevant (G.M. Kodzhaspirova).

v Motivation- the entire set of persistent motives and drives that determine the content, direction and nature of a person’s activity and behavior.

v Multimedia(Multimedia) - computer systems with integrated support for audio and video recordings.

v Scientific and educational management– methodology for managing the management-marketing space and pattern engineering, based on the principles of science, synergy, multiplicativeness, innovation, variability and determinism, based on the convergence and integration of science, education and practice in accordance with the demands and needs of society (S.D. Yakusheva) .

v Charm of a person- communication skills, empathy, reflexivity, eloquence, as well as external attractiveness, easy adaptation to new conditions, the ability to maintain confidence in a circle strangers, tolerance for dissent (N.A. Moreva).

v Communication- individual typological features of socio-psychological interaction between teacher and students (V.A. Kan-Kalik).

v Additional education- educational programs and services implemented in order to comprehensively satisfy the educational needs of citizens, society and the state in general educational institutions of vocational education outside the main educational programs that determine their status, in educational institutions of O.D.: institutions of advanced training, courses, centers of vocational guidance, music and art schools, art schools, children's art centers, stations for young technicians, stations for young naturalists, etc. (Law of the Russian Federation “On Education”).

v Classical education- a type of general secondary education that provides for the systematic study of ancient languages ​​and mathematics as the main subjects.

v Continuing education- purposeful acquisition by a person of knowledge, skills and abilities throughout his life in educational institutions and through organized self-education. Purpose of O. n. - maintaining the socially and individually required level of culture, general education and professional training. It is organized on the principles of universality, democracy, accessibility, continuity, integrativeness, continuity, the principle of self-education, flexibility and efficiency.

v Educational environment- a set of factors formed by the way of life of the school: the material resources of the school, the organization of the educational process, nutrition, medical care, psychological climate (FSES).

v Object-oriented software systems are software systems based on a certain model of the object “user’s world”.

v Pedagogical paradigm(from the Greek paradeigma - example, sample) - a set of theoretical, methodological and other guidelines adopted by scientific pedagogy. community at each stage of development of pedagogy, which are used as a model (model, standard) when deciding pedagogy. problems; a certain set of instructions (regulations). The concept of “paradigm” was introduced by the Amer. historian T. Kuhn, who identified various stages in the development of a scientific discipline: pre-paradigm (preceding the establishment of scientific principles), the dominance of scientific principles (“normal science”), the stage of crisis in the scientific revolution, which consists of a change in scientific principles, a transition from one scientific method . to others

v Pedagogical artistry- the ability of the teacher’s emotional and psychological influence on students, based on elements of stagecraft that carry out emancipation, interaction and co-creation of participants in the pedagogical process in solving certain educational tasks (S.D. Yakusheva).

v Master teacher- a specialist of high culture, a master of his craft, who is fluent in the discipline being taught, the methods of teaching and education, who has psychological knowledge, as well as knowledge in various branches of science and art (S.D. Yakusheva).

v Pedagogical culture- a special type of culture, but it is present as an element in each type of culture, connecting it with the system of social research (V.L. Benin).

v Pedagogical culture- level of mastery of pedagogical theory and practice, modern pedagogical technologies, methods of creative self-regulation of individual abilities in teaching activities (V.A. Mizherikov, T.A. Yuzefavicius).

v Pedagogical impact of a long-term nature- the result of the phenomenon of synergy of pedagogical influence, focused on: initiating processes of thinking development; development of memory, attention, observation; learning to make the optimal decision in a difficult situation, developing a reaction to unforeseen situations; removing psychological barriers and complexes; nurturing the qualities of a leader capable of leadership and organizational and managerial activities; aesthetic education; education of information culture; training in independent presentation and retrieval of knowledge; formation of skills and abilities to carry out experimental research activities.

v Pedagogical competence of the teacher- the unity of his theoretical and practical readiness to carry out his professional activities (S.D. Yakusheva).

v Pedagogical excellence- professional ability to optimize all types of educational activities aimed at the comprehensive development and improvement of the individual, the formation of his worldview and abilities (S.D. Yakusheva).

v Teacher-manager- an integrative personality with training in psychological and pedagogical orientation, possessing professional and artistic culture, innovative creative thinking, competence and image, organizational and managerial abilities, possessing professional skills and knowledge in the field of professional pedagogical engineering (S.D. Yakusheva).

v Pedagogical communication- a specific form of communication that has its own characteristics and at the same time is subject to general psychological patterns inherent in communication as a form of human interaction with other people (M.V. Bulanova-Toporkova).

v Pedagogical communication- a multifaceted process of organizing, establishing and developing communication, mutual understanding and interaction between teachers and students, generated by the goals and content of their joint activities (V.A. Slastenin).

v Pedagogical synergetics- a complex open and self-organizing, nonequilibrium and nonlinear system, which reveals the general principles and patterns of the educational process, determines the stages of bifurcation as unstable phases of existence, and assumes a multiplicity of scenarios for its further development S.D. Yakushev).

v Pedagogical directing- management of a harmoniously integral educational process, which has scientific and artistic unity and emotional and psychological logic, carrying out the activities of the teacher in developing and implementing the concept of pedagogical interaction (S.D. Yakusheva).

v Pedagogical technique- a complex of general pedagogical skills and abilities of the teacher, ensuring his mastery of his own psychophysiological state, mood, emotions, body, speech and the organization of pedagogically appropriate communication, i.e., the optimal behavior of the teacher and his effective interaction with students in various pedagogical situations (G.M. Kodzhaspirova).

v Perceptual- receptive.

v Knowledge representation- a method of formal expression, representation of all types of knowledge (representable for machine processing), which is used for processing knowledge in artificial intelligence systems.

v Sample curricula for individual academic subjects- programs that are of an orienting nature, including an explanatory note that defines the goals of studying the subject at each level of education and the features of the content; content of education, including a list of material studied; approximate thematic planning with the definition of the main activities of schoolchildren; planned results of mastering subject programs; recommendations on material and technical equipment of the educational process (FSES).

v Management process- a continuous sequence of actions carried out by the subject of management, as a result of which the image of the managed object is formed and changed, the goals of joint activity are established, ways of achieving them are determined, work is divided between its participants and their efforts are integrated. It is the teacher who plans, organizes, manages and controls the process of teaching, educating and developing students (M.M. Potashnik).

v Teacher's professional certificate- a document that provides a complete qualification description of the teacher in terms of the requirements for his knowledge, skills and abilities; to his personality, abilities, psychophysiological capabilities and level of training.

v Career guidance- a scientific and practical system of preparing young people for a free, conscious and independent choice of profession, taking into account the individual characteristics and needs of the individual and the labor market and carried out through prof. information, prof. diagnostics, prof. consultation, prof. selection, prof. adaptation.

v Data Search- selection of data based on a certain combination of characteristics.

v Search engine, search engine(V Internet)- software, which automatically collects and classifies information about sites in Internets issuing it at the request of users. Examples: AltaVista, Google, Excite, Northern Light etc. In Russia - Rambler, Yandex, Apart.

v Keyword position on page- an indicator that takes into account how close to the top of the page a given item is located keyword. As a rule, the closer to the top of the page a query word appears, the more relevant, significant, this page is considered when performing a search for this word.

v Subject area - a set of objects of the real or supposed world, considered within a given context, which is understood as a separate reasoning, a fragment of a scientific theory or a theory as a whole and is limited by the framework information technologies selected area.

v Software and methodological complex (PMK)- a set of software and methodological tools to support the process of teaching a specific academic subject (course) or its topic.

v Software and methodological support (SMS)- educational process - a complex that includes: educational software or a package of educational software; instructions for the user of educational software or educational software package; description of the methodology (methodological recommendations) for using educational software or a package of educational software.

v Software for educational purposes- a software tool that reflects a certain subject area, implements the technology for its study to one degree or another, and provides conditions for implementation various types educational activities. Educational software is intended for use in the educational process, in the preparation, retraining and advanced training of educational personnel, in order to develop the student’s personality and intensify the learning process. The use of PS for educational purposes is focused on: solving a specific educational problem that requires its study and (or) resolution ( problem-oriented software ); carrying out some activity with the object environment ( object-oriented software ); carrying out activities in some subject environment ( subject-specific software).

v Program for the formation of universal educational activities- a program designed to regulate various aspects of mastering meta-subject skills, i.e., methods of activity applicable within the framework of both the educational process and when solving problems in real life situations; contains a description of value guidelines at each level of education; description of the continuity of the program for the formation of universal educational activities at the levels of general education; connection of universal educational activities with the content of educational subjects; characteristics of personal, regulatory, cognitive, communicative universal educational activities (FSES).

v Profession is an activity that has its own goal, has its own product, norms and means, which are ultimately determined by the social function and technology of the sphere of social life that this activity serves (E.I. Rogov).

v Professional competence- a set of individual personality properties, consisting of specific sensitivity to the object, means, conditions of teaching work and the creation of productive models for the formation of the desired qualities in the student’s personality (L.V. Zanina, N.P. Menshikova).

v Personal professionalism- a set of psychophysiological and personal changes that occur in him in the process of mastering and long-term performance of activities, providing a qualitatively new, more effective level of solving complex professional problems in special conditions (E.I. Rogov).

v Professional and pedagogical communication- interaction of the teacher-educator with his colleagues, students and their parents, with representatives of educational authorities and the public, carried out in the field of his professional activity, going beyond the “teacher-student” contact and involves the interaction of the teacher with other subjects of the pedagogical process (A. A. Lobanov).

v Professional and pedagogical error- unintentional incorrectness of specific educational procedures, manifested in the inconsistency of these procedures with generally accepted standards of professional pedagogical activity (V.A. Mizherikov, T.A. Yuzefavicius).

v Professional self-development- the process of integration of external professional training and internal movement, personal development of a person (V.A. Slastenin).

v Professional self-development of a master teacher- a continuous process of improving one’s “I”, professional qualities and abilities, creative self-realization, which is a means of self-knowledge and transformation of the inner world (S.D. Yakusheva).

v Psychodiagnostics- a branch of personality psychology, the subject of which is the assessment of the potential abilities of specific individuals or their types for certain types of activities.

v Disclosure of the objective foundations of the K.S. system Stanislavsky, creates awareness by the teacher of various aspects of artistic action and creativity (director's plan, actor's transformation) as a special professional-pedagogical, cultural and communicative form (S.D. Yakusheva).

v Text editors- programs for preparing and editing texts on a computer.

v Respondent(from the English respondent - responder) - a research participant as a respondent. Depending on the nature of the study, R. acts in different capacities: subject, client, informant, patient, interlocutor, etc. (G.M. Kodzhaspirova).

v Speech culture- the possibility of the entire language system, which expresses specific content in each real situation of speech communication, develops the ability to select and use linguistic means in the process of speech communication, helps to cultivate a conscious attitude towards their use in speech practice (A.N. Ksenofontova).

v Speech culture- personal culture, developing on the basis of the principle of objective existing connections between language and cognitive processes, presupposing a sense of style, developed taste and erudition (S.D. Yakusheva).

v Speech etiquette - an element of a teacher’s skill, consisting of a set of speech formulas, rules and quality of pedagogical speech used in his professional activities when solving pedagogical problems in various situations (S.D. Yakusheva).

v Reflection- self-knowledge in the form of reflection on one’s own experiences, sensations, thoughts.

v Reflection in pedagogy – the process and result of participants recording the essential features of its development, self-development, as well as determining the motives for their appearance (S.D. Yakusheva).

v Self-education- systematic and conscious human activity aimed at self-development and the formation of a basic personal culture (I.P. Podlasy).

v Self-knowledge- the process of knowing oneself, one’s potential and actual properties, personal, intellectual characteristics, character traits, one’s relationships with other people, etc. (V.G. Maralov).

v Self-knowledge as a process- discovery of any qualities, personal and behavioral characteristics in oneself, fixing them, comprehensive analysis, assessment and acceptance (V.G. Maralov).

v Self- integral quality of personality, the teacher’s ability for professional self-development, self-knowledge, self-determination, self-realization, self-regulation and self-improvement (S.D. Yakusheva).

v Sensory- technology for designing and using sensors of physical parameters.

v Synergy of pedagogical impact- the result of the combined action of its constituent factors and (or) influences, in which the combined effect exceeds the effect exerted by each of them separately.

v Synergetic reflection in the educational process - a reflection of the influence of the teacher on the student (scientific teaching) and the student on the teacher (self-determination, co-creation) through a communication channel, which is formed by the resonance of multidirectional reflection and achieving unison through: mastery, thinking, introspection, introspection and self-organization (S.D. Yakushev).

v The system of teaching aids (TMS), which includes teaching aids operating on the basis of scientific information technologies (MSS based on NIT), is a set of interconnected and interacting (and within the framework of the methodology for their use) elements and (or) components of the system that form a certain integrity , unity. MTR component- a component of the MTR, filled with subject content; MTR element- a component of the SSO, invariant with respect to filling. Composition of the MTR system: teaching aids designed to support the process of teaching an academic subject (course), including software and methodological support; object-oriented software systems designed to create an information culture; training and demonstration equipment interfaced with a computer, allowing the student to realize the range of capabilities of the SNIT (control real objects, enter and manipulate text and graphic information, receive and use information about a controlled physical parameter or process for educational purposes); artificial intelligence systems designed to organize the self-learning process; subject-oriented learning and development environments.

v System(in the subject area) - a set of interconnected elements, each of which is connected directly or indirectly with every other element, and any two subsets of this set cannot be independent without violating the integrity and unity of the system.

v Database management system (DBMS)- a set of software and language tools designed to manage data in a database, maintain this database, and provide multi-user access to data.

v Modern teacher- a bright individuality, a creative person, capable of developing personal and intellectual culture, innovative creative thinking, self-knowledge and comprehension, able to solve problem situations, as well as interest and captivate the process of self-development (S.D. Yakusheva).

v Sociogram- a special diagram depicting a picture interpersonal relationships in a group or classroom identified through special research.

v Education informatization tools- means of new information technologies together (used together) with educational, methodological, normative, technical and organizational and instructional materials that ensure the implementation of the optimal technology for their pedagogically appropriate use.

v Sorting data- ordering data according to a certain criterion.

v Becoming- acquisition of new characteristics and forms in the process of development, approaching a certain state. We can talk about the formation of character, personality, thinking (G.M. Kodzhaspirova).

v Formation of a teacher’s personality- a continuous process of personal development in the aspect of socialization, self-knowledge and self-improvement of the essence of “I”, variability of transformations of vectors of professional skill (S.D. Yakusheva).

v formation of the inner world of the individual based on the epistemological, emotional, spiritual and creative spheres is fundamental for the development of the ability to transform, empathy, co-creation, empathy, expressiveness, expressiveness and the art of self-expression in the professional and pedagogical activities of S.D. Yakushev).

v Structure(system) - a set of stable connections, ways of interaction of system elements, determining its integrity and unity.

v Structure of the pedagogical process- a set of its constituent parts corresponding to the components of the ped. systems. Components: target, content, operational-activity, evaluative-effective (G.M. Kodzhaspirova).

v Lesson structure- a set of lesson elements that ensure its integrity and preservation of the main characteristics under various combination options. These elements include: organizing the beginning of the lesson, setting goals And lesson objectives, explanation, consolidation, repetition, homework, lesson summary. The type of lesson is determined by the presence and sequence of structural parts.

v Subjects of the educational process- students, their families, social and professional groups, administrative institutions and civil society institutions (FSES).

v Tact- this is a sense of proportion, which creates the ability to behave in a decent, appropriate manner (S.I. Ozhegov).

v Creation- thinking in its highest form, going beyond what is required to solve the problem that has arisen using already known methods.

v Creative activity- an activity in which creativity as a dominant component is included in the structure of either its goal or methods.

v Pedagogical creativity- development and implementation by the teacher in the constantly changing conditions of the educational process, in communication with children, optimal and non-standard teaching. decisions. T.p. characterizes the teacher’s deep and comprehensive knowledge and its critical processing and comprehension; the ability to translate theoretical and methodological principles into pedagogical principles. actions; ability for self-improvement and self-education; development of new methods, forms, techniques and means and their original combinations; dialecticity, variability, changeability of the system of activity; effective use of existing experience in new conditions; the ability to reflexively evaluate one’s own activities and its results, to form an individual style of professional activity based on the combination and development of reference and individually unique personality traits of a teacher; the ability to improvise based on knowledge and intuition; the ability to see a “fan of options.”

v Thesaurus- 1) linguistic dictionary of the language with complete semantic information; 2) a complete systematized set of data about the population. a field of knowledge that allows a person or a machine to freely navigate it; 3) dictionary of the academic discipline, state educational standard.

v Education theory- a section of pedagogy that reveals the essence, patterns, driving forces of education, its main structural elements and methodology.

v Theory of general development in the learning process(L.V. Zankov) - the theory of developmental learning, which assumes a high theoretical level of learning difficulty; fast pace of learning, continuous repetition of educational material in new conditions (accompanying repetition and consolidation); nurturing positive learning motivation and cognitive interests in students; humanization of relationships between teachers and students in the educational process; linear construction of training programs.

v Tolerance(from Latin tolerantia - patience) - absence or weakening of response to something. an unfavorable factor as a result of decreased sensitivity to its effects; a person’s ability to withstand various kinds of life’s difficulties without loss of psychol. adaptation. For example, T. to anxiety manifests itself in an increase in the threshold of emotional response to a threatening situation, and externally - in endurance, self-control, and the ability to endure adverse influences for a long time without reducing adaptive capabilities. One of the most important professional qualities of a teacher. T. is based on the teacher’s ability to adequately assess the real situation, on the one hand, and the ability to foresee a way out of the situation, on the other. Formation of T. in oneself is one of the important tasks of a teacher’s professional education.

v Training- a form of interactive learning, the purpose of which is to develop competence in interpersonal and professional behavior in communication. It is one of the most important methods in the system of professional teacher training.

v Tuter- guardian.

v Management abilities- abilities, the structure of which enriches organizational and communication abilities with excellent knowledge of the specifics of phenomes that are objects of management.

v Training database (UBD), focused on a certain subject area, provides the ability to: generate data sets, create, save and use data, information selected by conjunction and (or) disjunction of features; processing existing data sets, searching (selecting, sorting), analyzing and changing information according to specified criteria; using a service technology module that allows you to use an image editor, a text editor, control the results of the solution, and regulate the work.

v Educational knowledge base (UBZ), focused on a certain subject area, presupposes the presence of: A training database of a certain subject area and a teaching methodology focused on a certain learner model. This ensures: verification of the correctness of answers; generating correct answers; management of the learning process.

v Educational and methodological complex (UMK) based on SNIT- teaching aids, including those operating on the basis of scientific and technological information technologies, in combination with educational and methodological materials (textbooks, teaching aids for students, teaching aids, recommendations for teachers), forming a certain integrity, represented by a certain composition and structure. The structure of the educational complex based on SNIT is a certain relationship, the relative position of its components.

v Teacher-facilitator- a teacher working in the paradigm of personality-oriented pedagogy and guided by the following guidelines when working with children: openness to one’s own thoughts, feelings, and experiences; encouragement, trust as an expression of the teacher’s internal personal confidence in the capabilities and abilities of students; “empathic understanding” (vision of the student’s behavior, his reactions, actions, skills). The concept was introduced by K. Rogers.

v File- a named organized set of data on a magnetic storage medium.

v Factor- the cause, the driving force of a process, determining its character or its individual features.

. Parental authority(from Latin auctoritas - power, strength) - the distinctive characteristics of an individual or group, thanks to which they are trustworthy and can have a positive influence on the views and behavior of other people; The influence of parents on the beliefs and behavior of children is also recognized, based on deep respect and love for parents, trust in the high significance of their personal qualities and life experience, words and actions.

. Adaptation(from Latin adaptatio (adapto) - I adapt) - the body’s ability to adapt to various environmental conditions.

accreditation I (from the French accreditation (accredo) - trust) - in the field of education - a procedure for determining the status of a higher educational institution, confirming its ability to train specialists at the level of state requirements in a certain area (specialty).

. Acceleration(from Latin acceleratio - acceleration) - acceleration of the physical development of children, in particular height, weight, earlier puberty.

. Asset ( from Latin activus - active, effective) - a group of students, members of a specific team who are aware of the requirements of the team leader, help him in organizing the life activities of the students, and show a certain initiative.

. Activity(in studies) - a characteristic of the characteristics of a person’s cognitive activity, lies in the conscious use of intensive methods, means, forms of mastering knowledge, developing skills and skills.

. Andragogy(from gr androa - adult and agogge - management) - a branch of pedagogy that deals with the problems of education, training and upbringing of adults.

. Abnormal children(from gr anomalia (anomalos) - incorrect) - pupils who have significant deviations from the norms of physical or psychological development and require upbringing and training in special educational institutions.

. Asceticism(from gr asketes - ascetic) - extreme level of moderation, restraint, refusal of life's material and spiritual benefits, voluntary enduring of physical torment and difficulties.

. Postgraduate studies(from Latin aspirans - one who strives for something) - a form of training for scientific, pedagogical and scientific personnel.

. Audiovisual teaching aids(from Latin audire - listen and visualis - visual) - one of the means of educational learning technologies using developed audiovisual educational materials V.

. Ball(from the French balle - ball, ball) - the result of assessing the educational activities of students in a conditionally formal reflection and numerical measurement.

. Didactic conversation- a teaching method that involves the use of students’ previous experience in a certain area of ​​knowledge and, on the basis of this, attracting them through dialogue to the awareness of new phenomena, concepts or reproduction already acquired.

. Types of education- general, polytechnic, professional. Types of human development - biological (physical), mental, social.

. Types of communication- verbal, manual (from Latin manualis - manual), technical, material, bioenergetic.

. Presentation problematic-creation by the teacher of a problem situation, helping students to identify and “accept” a problematic task, using verbal methods to activate mental activity students, aimed at satisfying their cognitive interests.

. Requirement- a method of pedagogical influence on the student’s consciousness in order to provoke, stimulate or inhibit certain types of his activities. Types of demands: demand-request, demand-trust, demand-approval, demand-advice, demand-hint, conditional demand, demand in game design, demand-condemnation, demand-distrust, demand-threat.

. Comprehensive education- education, which involves the formation of certain qualities in a person in accordance with the requirements of mental, moral, labor, physical and aesthetic education.

. Harmonious upbringing- education, which provides for the components of education (mental, moral, labor, physical, aesthetic) to complement each other and mutually enrich each other.

. Environmental education(from gr oikos - home, environment and logos - teaching) - a person’s acquisition of knowledge in the field of ecology and the formation of moral responsibility for the preservation of the natural environment and reasonable coexistence with it.

. Economic education- education provides for the solution of the following tasks: the formation of economic thinking, mastery of economic knowledge, skills and abilities of economic relations.

. Aesthetic education- the development of a person’s sense of beauty, the formation of skills and abilities to create beauty in the surrounding reality, to be able to distinguish the beautiful from the ugly, to live according to the laws of spiritual beauty.

. Moral education- education, involves mastering the norms and rules of moral behavior, the formation of feelings and beliefs, skills and abilities.

. Legal education- the formation of a high legal culture among citizens presupposes a conscious attitude of the individual to his rights and responsibilities, respect for the laws and rules of human society, readiness to comply and conscientiously fulfill certain requirements that express the will and interests of the people.

. Physical education- education, aims to create optimal conditions for ensuring sufficient physical development of the individual, maintaining his health, mastering knowledge about the characteristics of the human body, the physiological processes occurring in it, acquiring sanitary and hygienic skills and skills in caring for one’s own body, maintaining and developing it potency.

. National education- a system of educational ideals, views, beliefs, traditions, customs is historically determined and created by the ethnos, aimed at the expedient organization of the activities of members of society, during which the process of mastering the moral and spiritual values ​​of the people occurs, the connection and continuity of generations, the unity of the people is ensured.

. Sex education- mastering by the younger generation ethics and culture in the field of gender relations, developing in them the need to be guided by moral norms in relations between persons of the opposite sex.

. Gene(from gr genos - genus, origin, hereditary) - an elementary unit of heredity, a carrier of inclinations.

. Hygiene of educational work- a system of scientifically based rules for organizing the educational process, taking into account the necessary sanitary requirements.

. National dignity- an ethical category that characterizes a person from the point of view of expanding the concept of spiritual values ​​beyond the boundaries of one’s “I” and the combination of personal experiences and feelings with national values.

. Humanization of education- creating optimal conditions for the intellectual and social development of each pupil, identifying deep respect for man, recognizing the natural right of the individual to freedom, social protection, development of abilities and manifestation of individuality, self-realization of physical, mental and social potential, to create a socio-psychic filter against the destructive effects of negative factors in the natural and social environment, instilling in young people feelings of humanism, mercy, and charity.

. Humanism(from Latin humanus - human, humane) - a progressive direction of spiritual culture, exalts man as the greatest value in the world, asserts the human right to earthly happiness, protection of the rights to freedom, comprehensive development and manifestation of one’s abilities.

. Dalton plan- a form of educational organization that provided for such a technology: the content of the educational material for each discipline was divided into parts (blocks), each student received an individual task in the form of a plan, independently worked on its implementation, reported on the work, gaining a certain number of points, and then received the next task. In this case, the teacher was assigned the role of organizer and consultant. Students were transferred from class to class not after the end of the school year, but depending on the degree of mastery of the program material (C-4 times a year).

. Democratization of education- principles of organizing the educational system, providing for decentralization, autonomization of educational institutions, ensuring cooperation between educators and students, taking into account the opinions of the team and each individual, defining man as the highest natural and social value, and the formation of a free creative personality.

D demonstration- a teaching method that involves showing objects and processes in their in kind, dynamics.

. State education standard- a set of uniform norms and requirements for the level of educational training in certain educational institutions.

. Deviant behavior- (from Latin deviatio - deviation) - deviation from established norms of morality and law.

. Deduction I (from Latin deductio - deduction) - the transition from general concepts about an object of a certain type to private, partial knowledge.

. Definition(from Latin definitio - definition) - a short, logically motivated definition that reveals significant differences or characteristics of a particular concept.

. Didactics(from the gr. didaktikos - I teach) - a branch of pedagogy that develops the theory of education and teaching.

. Discussion(from Latin discussio - consideration, research) - a teaching method aimed at intensifying and efficiency of the educational process through the active activity of pupils (students) in search of scientific knowledge.

. Dispute- technique (using the method of persuasion) the formation of beliefs and conscious behavior through argument, discussion in the process of verbal communication with members of the primary team or other group.

. Thesis(from Latin dissertatio - research) - scientific work performed with the aim of its public defense for obtaining a degree.

. Discipline(from Latin disciplina - teaching, education, routine) - a certain order of people’s behavior, ensures consistency of actions in social relations, mandatory assimilation and implementation by the individual of the rules established by them.

. Psychological and pedagogical diagnostics(from the word diagnostikos - able to recognize) - a branch of psychology and pedagogy that develops methods for identifying individual characteristics and prospects for the development and education of a person.

. Dogmatism(from the word dogma - a teaching that is accepted as an immutable truth) - a method of assimilation and application of knowledge in which a particular teaching or position is perceived as a complete, eternal truth, usually applied without taking into account the specific conditions of life.

. Homeschool work- a form of educational organization that provides for students to independently complete educational tasks during extracurricular time (directly at home, in after-school groups, etc.) --

. Assistant professor(from Latin docens - one who teaches) - the academic title of a teacher at a higher educational institution.

. Externship(from Latin externus - external, outsider) - a form of education based on independent mastery of academic disciplines in accordance with the professional educational program in the chosen specialty.

. Elitist(from French elite - best, selective (Latin eligo - I choose) - an educational institution that is distinguished by its influence, privileged position and prestige, and high level of education.

. Aesthetics(from gr aistesis - sensation, feeling) - the science of beauty and its role in human life, about the general laws of artistic knowledge of reality, the development of art.

. Ethics(from gr ethisa - habit, disposition) - a science that studies morality as a form of social consciousness, its essence, historical development.

ethnicization education (from gr ethos - people) - saturation of education with national content, aimed at the formation of national consciousness and national dignity of the individual, the formation of features of the national mentality, instilling in young people a sense of social responsibility for the preservation, enhancement and vital activity of ethnic culture.

. Ethnopedagogy- a science that studies the features of the development and formation of folk pedagogy.

. The task of education- ensuring comprehensive harmonious development of the individual.

. Makings of- genetically determined anatomical and physiological characteristics of the brain and nervous system, which are individually a natural prerequisite for the process of development and personality formation.

. Educational institutions- educational institutions that provide education and upbringing of the younger generation.

. Out-of-school establishments- children's educational institutions, whose activities are aimed at ensuring human needs in satisfying interests and inclinations, obtaining additional knowledge and skills by schoolchildren, developing intellectual potential, promoting the future professional choice of the individual. This group of institutions includes palaces and houses for children's and youth creativity, stations for young technicians, naturalists, sports, arts, music schools, children's libraries, theaters, cinemas, and children's iron shops.

. Habit- a way of behavior, the implementation of which in a certain situation acquires the character of internal needs for an individual.

. Patterns of the educational process- factors that reflect the necessary, significant, stable, repeating, common for a certain industry relationship between the phenomena of objective reality.

. Patterns of learning- factors that express the most necessary, essential, important, general for the organization of training.

. Promotion- a method of education that provides a pedagogical influence on the individual and expresses a positive assessment by the teacher of the student’s behavior in order to consolidate positive qualities and stimulate active activity.

. Educational means- the property of material and spiritual culture (fiction and scientific literature, music, theater, radio, television, works of art, surrounding nature, etc.), forms and types of educational work (assemblies, talks, conferences, games, etc.), which used in the process of operating one or another method.

. Means of education- items of school equipment used in the process of educational work (books, notebooks, tables, laboratory equipment, writing materials, etc.).

. Healthy lifestyle- human life, taking into account the characteristics and capabilities of his body, ensuring socio-economic and biological conditions for its development and preservation.

. Knowledge- ideal expression in symbolic form of objective properties and connections of the natural and human world; the result of a reflection of the surrounding reality.

. Ideal(from the word idea - idea, idea) - the concept of moral consciousness and the category of ethics, containing the highest moral requirements, the possible implementation of which would personally allow her to acquire perfection; an image of something valuable and majestic in a person.

. Image(from English image - image, image) - the impression that a person makes on others, the style of his behavior, appearance, her manners. .

. Illustration(from Latin illustratio - illuminate, explain) - a teaching method that involves showing objects and processes in their symbolic representation (photos, drawings, diagrams, etc.)).

. Improvisation(from Latin improvisus - unpredictable, sudden) - the activity of an individual, a teacher-educator, is carried out in the process of pedagogical communication without prior preparation or comprehension.

. Individuality(from Latin individuum - indivisible) - a person is a personality that is distinguished by a set of traits, qualities, originality of the psyche, behavior and activity that emphasize its originality and uniqueness.

. Induction(from Latin inductio - inference) - a method of research, teaching, associated with the movement of thought from the individual to the general.

. Briefing(from Latin instructio - guidance) - "a teaching method that provides for the disclosure of norms of behavior, features of the use of methods and training tools, compliance with safety precautions on the eve of involvement in the process of performing training operations.

. Intensification of the educational process(from the French intensification (intensio) - tension) - activation of the mental capabilities of the individual to achieve the desired results.

. Internationalism(from Latin inter - between and natio - people) - a moral concept that denotes a respectful attitude towards other peoples, their history, culture, language, and the desire for mutual assistance.

. Infantilism(from Latin infantilis - childish) - a delay in the development of the body, manifested in the preservation in an adult of physical and mental traits characteristic of childhood.

. Categories of didactics(from the gr. Kategoria - statement, main and general feature) - general concepts reflecting the most essential properties and relationships of objects and phenomena of the objective world; category, a group of objects, phenomena, united by a commonality of certain signs.

. Department(from the word kathedra - seat, chair): 1) a place for a teacher speaking, 2) in higher educational institutions - the main educational and scientific unit that carries out educational, methodological and research work with one or more related disciplines.

. Classification of methods- a classification that provides for grouping teaching methods depending on sources of information, logic of thinking, and level of independence in the process of cognition.

. Classroom teacher- a teacher who directly supervises the primary student body.

. Cloning(from gr klon - sprout, shoot) - a method of growing biological organisms from one cell using cell culture.

. Team- a socially significant group of people united by a common goal, act in concert to achieve this goal and have self-government bodies.

. Curriculum Component(school) - a list of academic disciplines that can be included in the working curriculum by decision of the school council (gymnasium, lyceum).

. Pedagogical council(from Latin consilium - meeting, meeting) - a meeting of teachers, educators and psychologists to find out the causes of various systematic deviations in the behavior of a pet and determine scientifically based methods for its re-education in the West.

notes t (from Latin conspectus - review) - a short written summary of the contents of a book, article, or oral presentation.

. Education concepts(from Latin conceptio - totality, system) - a system of views on certain phenomena, processes, a way of understanding, interpreting pedagogical phenomena; the main idea of ​​the theory of content and organization of human upbringing.

. Culture(from Latin kultura - upbringing, education, development) - the totality of practical, material and spiritual achievements of society throughout its history.

. Kurata r (from Latin curator, from curare - to care, worry): 1) trustee, guardian, 2) a person entrusted with general supervision of some work, 3) a person who supervises the educational process in a student group .

. Lecture(from Latin lectio - reading) is a teaching method that involves the use of students’ previous experience in a certain area of ​​​​knowledge and, on the basis of this, attracting them through dialogue to the awareness of new phenomena, concepts or reproduction of those already acquired.

. Leader(from the English leader - one who leads, manages) - a member of a team, in important situations is able to exercise a noticeable influence on the behavior of other members of the team, take initiative in actions, take responsibility for the activities of the team, and lead it.

. Licensing(from Latin licentia - right, permission) - a procedure for determining the ability of an educational institution of a certain type to conduct educational activities related to obtaining higher education and qualifications in accordance with the requirements of higher education standards, as well as state requirements regarding personnel, scientific-methodological and material technical support.

. License- special permission received from government bodies for various types of activities, including educational ones.

. Logic of the educational process-an optimally effective path for the movement of human cognitive activity from the initial level of knowledge, abilities, skills and development to the desired level of knowledge, abilities, skills and development. It includes a number of components: awareness and understanding of educational tasks; independent activity aimed at mastering knowledge, defining laws and rules, developing skills and abilities to apply knowledge in practice; analysis and assessment of students' educational activities.

. Speech therapy(from the gr logos - word and paideia - education, training) - a science that studies speech disorders and deals with the correction of speech defects.

. Human- a biological creature of the homo sapiens type (thinking man), which is characterized by physiological and biological characteristics: straight gait, developed cranium, forelimbs, etc.

. master(from Latin magister - boss, teacher) - an academic degree awarded in higher educational institutions.

. Master's degree(from Latin magistratus - dignitary, chief) - the governing body in higher educational institutions that prepare masters.

. Pedagogical skill- perfect creative performance by the teacher-educator of professional functions at the level of art, the result of which is the creation of optimal socio-psychological conditions for the development of the student’s personality, ensuring a high level of intellectual, moral and spiritual development.

. Mentality(from it Mentalitnet, from Latin mentis - way of thinking, mental disposition, soul, mind, thinking) - worldview, attitude, vision of oneself in the world, features of the manifestation of national character, personal character, attitude towards the surrounding myrtle.

. Purpose of education- ideal prediction of the final results of education.

. Education methods(from gr methodos - way, way) ways of influence of the teacher on the consciousness, will and behavior of the pupil in order to form stable beliefs and certain norms of behavior.

. Research methods- methods, techniques and procedures for empirical and theoretical knowledge of the phenomena and processes of pedagogical reality.

. Teaching methods- orderly ways of activity of teachers and students, aimed at effectively solving educational problems.

. youth subculture- the culture of a certain generation of youth, which is distinguished by a common lifestyle, behavior, group norms, values ​​and interests.

. Monitoring(from English monitoring, from Lat monitor - one who looks after, observes) - 1) observation, assessment and forecast of condition environment in connection with human economic activity, 2) collection of information by means of mass communication 3) observation of educational and educational processes in order to identify their compliance with the desired result or previous assumptions.

. Moral b (from Latin moralis - moral, from moris - custom) - one of the forms of social consciousness, a system of views and ideas, norms and assessments that regulate people's behavior.

. Motives of the teaching(from French motif, from Latin moveo - I move) - internal mental forces (engines) that stimulate human cognitive activity. Types of motives: social, incentive, cognitive, professional-value, mercantile linen.

. Possession- application of knowledge in practice is carried out at the level of automated actions through repeated repetitions.

. Suggestion- various means of verbal and non-verbal emotional influence on a person with the aim of introducing her into a certain state or inducing her to certain actions.

. Modular training(from Latin modulus - measure) - organization of the educational process, which is aimed at assimilation of an integral block of adapted information and provides optimal conditions for the social and personal growth of participants in the pedagogical process.

. Problem-based learning- training, which differs in that the teacher creates a certain cognitive situation, helps students identify a problematic task, understand it and “accept” it; organizes students to independently master a new amount of knowledge necessary to solve problems; offers a wide range of use of acquired knowledge in practice.

. Distance learning- modern educational technology using means of transmitting educational and methodological information at a distance (telephones, television, computers, satellite communications, etc.)).

. Oligophrenopedagogy(from gr oligos - small and phren - mind and pedagogy) - a branch of pedagogical science that deals with the education and training of mentally retarded people.

. Optimizing the learning process(from Latin optimus - best, most) - the process of creating the most favorable conditions (selection of methods, teaching aids, provision of sanitary and hygienic conditions, emotional factors, etc.) for those received. Anna the desired results without additional time and physical effort.

. Higher education- an education system that provides fundamental, general cultural, practical training of specialists who should determine the pace and level of the scientific, technical, economic and socio-cultural process, the formation of the intellectual potential of societies.

. Preschool education- the initial structural component of the education system, which ensures the development and upbringing of children in the family and preschool educational institutions (nurseries, kindergartens).

. Extracurricular education- components of the education system aimed at meeting human needs in satisfying interests and inclinations, obtaining additional knowledge and skills for children, and developing intellectual potential.

. Education polytechnic(from gr poly - a lot and techne - art, skill, dexterity) - one of the types of education, the objectives of which are to familiarize yourself with various branches of production, knowledge of the essence of many technological processes, and mastery of certain skills in servicing simple technological processes.

. Education professional- education, aimed at mastering the knowledge, skills and abilities necessary to perform the tasks of professional activity.

. Vocational education- education ensures that citizens receive a certain profession in accordance with their vocation, interests and abilities, social preparation for participation in productive labor.

. Secondary general education- a leading component of the education system, providing education and upbringing for children under 18 years of age, preparing them for vocational education and work.

. Education-media- a direction in pedagogy that involves schoolchildren (students) studying the laws of mass communications (press, television, radio, cinema, etc.)).

. Education- a measure of an individual’s cognitive activity, which is manifested in the level of acquired knowledge that can be used in practical activities.

personality b - socio-psychological concept; a person is characterized from a socio-psychological point of view primarily by the level of mental development, the ability to assimilate social experience, and the ability to get along with other people.

. Educational and qualification characteristics- a set of basic requirements for the professional qualities, knowledge and skills of a specialist necessary for the successful performance of his professional functions.

. Orthodox(from gr orthodoxos - true believer) - a person who unswervingly adheres to a certain teaching, doctrine, belief system.

. Memory- the body’s ability to store and reproduce information about the external world and its internal state for its further use in the process of life.

. Paradigm(from gr paradeigma - example, sample) - recognition of scientific achievements that, over a certain period of time, provide the community with models for posing problems and solving them.

. Pedagogy(from gr paidec - children; ano - I lead) - the science of learning, education and upbringing of people in accordance with the needs of the socio-economic development of society.

. Waldorf pedagogy- a set of methods and techniques of education and training, based on the anthroposophical (anthroposophy is a religious-mystical teaching that puts in place God a deified person) interpretation of human development as a holistic interaction of bodily, mental and spiritual factors.

. Folk pedagogy- a branch of empirical pedagogical knowledge and folk experience, reflecting views on the system, directions, forms, means of education and training of the younger generation.

. Pedology(from the group pais - child and logos - teaching) - the science of the child, especially its anatomical, physiological, mental and social development.

. Pedocentrism(from gr pais (pados) - child, lat centrum - center) is one of the areas of pedagogy, which argues that the content, organization and methods of teaching are determined by the immediate interests and problems of children.

. Re-education- a system of educational influences of a teacher on a student with the aim of inhibiting negative manifestations in behavior and affirming positive qualities in activities.

. Belief- the rational moral basis of a person’s activity allows her to carry out a certain act consciously; the basic moral attitude that determines the purpose and direction of a person’s actions, a firm belief in something for some reason, based on a certain idea, worldview.

. Perspective- goal, “tomorrow’s joy” (AC. Makarenko), which acts as a stimulus in the activities of the team and its individual members.

. Textbook- an educational book that reveals the content of educational material in a certain discipline in accordance with the requirements of the current program.

. A comprehensive approach to education- an approach to education that presupposes the unity of goals, objectives and means of achieving it through the activities of various social institutions (family, educational institutions, the media).

. Study plan- a normative document that defines for each type of general education educational institutions a list of educational subjects, the order of their study by year, the number of hours per week allocated for their study, and the schedule of the educational process.

. Extracurricular educational work- educational measures that are carried out in general educational institutions under the guidance of teacher educators.

. Extracurricular educational work- various types of independent educational work of students within the framework of the education and upbringing system (home study work, excursions, club work, etc.)).

. Training manual- an educational book in which the content of educational material is revealed, which does not always meet the requirements of the current program, but goes beyond its limits; additional tasks are identified aimed at expanding the cognitive interests of students and developing their independent cognitive activity.

. Training- organization of systematic and regular performance by pupils of certain actions with elements of coercion and obligation in order to form stable habits of behavior.

. Reception of education- component of the method, determines the way to implement its requirements.

. Reception training- a component of the method, certain one-time actions aimed at realizing its requirements.

. Example- a method of education that involves organizing a role model in order to optimize the process of social inheritance.

. Principles of education(from Lat rginsirium - basis, beginning) - initial provisions that are the foundation of the content, forms, methods, means and techniques of the educational process.

. Principles of Education(from Lat rginsirium - basis, beginning) - the initial provisions that form the basis for the activities of the entire education system of Ukraine and its structural divisions.

. Management principles- initial provisions that determine the main directions, forms, means and methods of managing general education educational institutions.

pedagogical prognosis(from the gr prognostike - the art of making a forecast) - a field of scientific knowledge that examines the principles, patterns and methods of forecasting for objects that are studied by pedagogy.

. Training program- a normative document that describes the content of educational material with the definition of sections, topics, and the approximate number of hours for their study.

. Professionogram- description of the requirements, socio-psychological and physical personal qualities that a certain profession puts forward . Profession(from Latin professio - officially specified occupation) - a type of work activity that requires certain knowledge and work skills and is a source of existence and life activity.

. Psychotechnics- direction in psychology, develops issues of applying knowledge about human mental activity in the process of solving practical problems of educating a person’s personality.

. Rada of a general education educational institution- an association of employees of a general education institution, students, parents and the public, which operates during the period between the general meeting (conference) to resolve social, organizational and economic issues in the life of a general education institution.

. Pedagogical Rada- association of teachers of an educational institution for the purpose of considering issues of organizing and improving the educational process.

. Rating(from the English rating - assessment, class, rank) - an individual numerical indicator in the education system, an assessment of the success, achievements, knowledge at a particular moment of an individual in a certain field, discipline, allows you to determine the level of such achievements or the quality of knowledge in other ways.

retardation(from Latin retardatio - delay, slowdown) - a lag in children's development.

. Essay(from Latin refeire - to report, report) - a brief summary of the content of a book read, scientific work, a report on the results of a scientific problem studied.

. Education levels- gradual acquisition of general education and professional training through certain stages: primary education, basic general education, complete secondary education, vocational education, basic higher education, higher education.

. Physical development- growth of a biological organism as a result of cell division.

. Driving force for development- the result of contradictions between biological, physical and mental needs and the existing level of physical, mental and social development of the individual.

. The driving force of the educational process- the result of contradictions between socio-psychological and physiological needs and the existing level of education of the individual.

. The driving force of the educational process- the result of contradictions between cognitive and practical tasks, on the one hand, and, on the other, the current level of knowledge, skills and abilities, on the other.

. Self-education- systematized and purposeful activity of the individual, aimed at the formation and improvement of his positive qualities and overcoming negative ones.

. Synthesis- a method that involves the mental or practical combination of elements or properties of an object or phenomenon identified by analysis into one whole.

. Education system- a set of educational institutions, scientific, scientific-methodological and methodological institutions, scientific and production enterprises, state and local educational authorities and self-government in the field of education.

. Scout(from the English scout - scout) is one of the systems of out-of-school education, which is the basis for the activities of children's and youth scout organizations. Originated at the beginning of the 20th century. Scout organizations for boys (i.e. oiscoutiv) and for girls (girl scouts) operate separately.

. Family- a socio-psychological association of close relatives (parents, children, grandparents) living together and providing biological, social and economic conditions for procreation.

. Aesthetic tastes- a person’s stable, emotional-evaluative attitude towards beauty, which has a selective, subjective nature.

. Heredity- the ability of biological organisms to transmit certain inclinations to their offspring.

. Speciality- it is necessary for society to limit the area of ​​application of a person’s physical and spiritual forces, which gives it the opportunity to obtain the necessary means for life, a complex of knowledge and practical skills acquired by a person to engage in a certain type of activity.

. Pedagogical communication- a system of organic socio-psychological influence of the teacher-educator and student in all areas of activity, has certain pedagogical functions, is aimed at creating optimal socio-psychological conditions for the active and productive life of the individual.

. Observation- a teaching method that involves the perception of certain objects, phenomena, processes in the natural and industrial environment without outside interference in these phenomena and processes.

. Collective and creative affairs- a form of extracurricular educational activities, in the preparation and implementation of which all members of the children's team take part, and each student has the opportunity to identify and develop their interests and capabilities.

. Staged development of the team- an expression of the internal dialectics of its formation, which is based on the level of relationships between the teacher and students, between members of the team.

. Democratic style(from the gr demokratia - power of the people, democracy) - taking into account the opinions and freedom of the collective in organizing the life activities of students.

. Liberal style(from Latin liberalis - free) - unprincipled indifference to the negative influences of students, connivance with students.

. Process structure skill- a number of interrelated and interdependent components: perception (direct, indirect), understanding (awareness, comprehension, insight), memorization, generalization and systematization, comparison, effective practice as an impetus for knowledge and a criterion for the truth of the knowledge gained.

. The structure of the education process- logically interconnected components that ensure the process of personality formation: mastering the rules and norms of behavior, the formation of feelings and beliefs, the development of these skills and habits in behavior, practical activity in the social environment.

. Deaf pedagogy(from Latin surdus - deaf and pedagogy) - a branch of pedagogy (in particular defectology), dealing with the problems of development, training and education of children with hearing impairments.

. Pedagogical tact(from Latin tactus - touch, sensation) - a sense of proportion, a sense of the specific state of the pet, which tells the teacher a delicate way of behavior in communicating with students in various fields of activity; VMI must choose the most appropriate approach to the individual in the system of educational relations with him.

. Talent(from gr talanton - weight, measure) - a set of abilities that make it possible to obtain a product of activity that is distinguished by novelty, high perfection and social significance.

. Tests(from English test - test, research) - a system of formalized tasks to identify the level of preparedness of students (students), mastery of this knowledge, skills, abilities.

. Pedagogical technology(from the word technike - skillful, experienced) - a set of rational means and behavioral characteristics of the teacher-educator, aimed at the effective implementation of his chosen methods and techniques of teaching and educational work with an individual student or the entire class team in accordance with the teacher’s stated goal and specific objective and subjective prerequisites (skills in the field of speech culture; mastery of one’s body, facial expressions, pantomime, gestures; ability to dress; take care of one’s appearance; compliance with the tempo and rhythm of work; ability to communicate; mastery of psychotechnics).

. Type of training- the method and features of organizing human mental activity. In the history of school education, the following types of teaching have been distinguished: dogmatic, explanatory-illustrative, problem-based.

. Type of teaching: dogmatic- a type that is characterized by the following features: the teacher communicates to students a certain amount of knowledge in a ready-made form without explanation; students memorize them without awareness or understanding and recite what they have memorized almost word for word.

. Type of teaching: explanatory and illustrative- this type, which consists in the fact that the teacher communicates to students a certain amount of knowledge, explains the essence of phenomena, processes, laws, rules, etc., using illustrative material; students are able to assimilate the proposed portion of knowledge and reproduce it at the level of deep understanding; be able to apply knowledge in practice.

. Typhlopedagogy(from the gr. typhlos - blind and pedagogy) - a branch of pedagogy (in particular defectology) about the peculiarities of raising and teaching children with visual impairments.

. Skill- a person’s ability to consciously perform a certain action based on knowledge, readiness to apply knowledge in practical activities based on consciousness.

. Persuasion- one of the techniques of the persuasion method, aimed at preventing the pupil’s deliberate actions in order to inhibit them, taking into account the individual characteristics of his socio-psychological development.

. Lesson- a form of educational organization in which the teacher conducts classes in a classroom with a constant composition of students who have approximately the same level of physical and mental development, according to an established schedule and regulations.

. Biological inheritance- the process of receiving by future generations from biological parents certain inclinations due to the gene-chromosomal structure.

. Social inheritance- the process of a child’s assimilation of the socio-psychological experience of his parents and environment (languages, habits, behavioral characteristics, moral and ethical qualities, etc.)).

A teacher is a specialist who has special training and carries out the training and education of the younger generation.

. Parenting factors(from the Latin Factor - what does) - objective and subjective factors that influence the determination of the content, directions, means, methods, forms of education.

. Fetish(from the French fetiche - amulet, magic): 1) an inanimate object, which, according to believers, is endowed with supernatural magical power and serves as an object of religious worship, 2) an object of blind worship.

. Forms of training(from Latin forma - appearance, structure) - organization of students’ educational activities clearly expressed in time and space, associated with the activities of the teacher::

Bell Lancastrian- a form of organization of teaching, which consists in the fact that one teacher supervised the educational activities of a large group of students (200-250 people), involving older students (monitors) in this work; the teacher first taught the monitors, and then they taught their comrades in small groups ("mutual learning")nya");

brigade-laboratory- a form of training organization, which consists in the fact that the class is divided into teams (5-9 people each), headed by elected team leaders; training tasks are given to the team, which must work on them and complete them; the success of educational work is determined by the quality of the foreman’s report

. Group a - teacher training of a group of students who are at different levels of age and mental development without observing the schedule and regulations;

individual- teacher teaching only one student. Forms of work of the class teacher - individual, group, frontal, verbal, practical, subject.

. Formation(from Latin formo - form) - the formation of a person as an individual, which occurs as a result of development and upbringing and has certain signs of completion.

. Functions of the class teacher- to provide conditions for the comprehensive harmonious development of schoolchildren, to coordinate the activities of all educators in the implementation of national education, to study the individual characteristics of class students, to organize a primary children's team, to take care of strengthening and maintaining the health of schoolchildren, to develop the skills of thoroughness and discipline of schoolchildren, to organize extracurricular educational work , work with parents, achieve unity of requirements for students, maintain class documentation.

. Team functions- organizational, stimulating, educational.

Functions of learning (from Latin functio - execution, commission) - functions that involve the implementation of educational, educational and developmental actions.

. Functions of pedagogy(from Latin functio - execution, accomplishment) - clearly defined directions and types of activities related to the tasks of the comprehensive harmonious development of the individual.

. Family functions- biological (reproductive), social, economic.

. Function ( from Latin functio - execution, accomplishment) - a method of action of a thing or element of a system, aimed at achieving a certain effect. The function of the family is aimed at solving biological (reproductive), social and economic problems in the system of continuing maternity care.

furcations(from Latin furcatus - separate) - the construction of curricula in the senior classes of general educational institutions in certain fields - humanities, physics and mathematics, natural sciences, etc. - with preference for one or another group of academic disciplines.

. Universal moral values- moral and spiritual acquisitions acquired by previous generations, regardless of race, nationality or religion, which determine the basis of the behavior and life of an individual or certain ones together.

. National moral values- historically conditioned and created by a certain ethnic group views, beliefs, ideals, traditions, customs, rituals, practical actions, based on universal human values, but reflect certain national manifestations, originality in behavior and serve as the basis for the social activities of people of a separate ethnic group.

. Small school- a school without parallel classes with a small number of students.

school knowledge- a branch of pedagogy that studies the tasks, content and methods of managing school affairs, the management system and organization of activities of general education educational institutions.

DZHUMAEVA N.E., SOKHIBOV A.R.

KARSHI – 2014

MINISTRY OF HIGHER AND SECONDARY SPECIAL EDUCATION OF THE REPUBLIC OF UZBEKISTAN

KARSHI STATE UNIVERSITY

DEPARTMENT OF PEDAGOGY

DZHUMAEVA N.E. SOKHIBOV A.R.

PEDAGOGICAL TERMS AND CONCEPTS

Department of Pedagogy, Faculty of Pedagogy-Psychology, Karshi State University, protocol No. 1 of 28.08. 2013;

Scientific and methodological council of the Faculty of Pedagogy and Psychology of Karshi State University, protocol No. 4 of 25.11. 2013

Scientific and Methodological Council of Karshi State University, protocol No. 3 of 25.01. 2014

Academic Council of Karshi State University, protocol No. 6 of January 25. 2014

Responsible editor:

Nishanova S.K. – Doctor of Pedagogical Sciences, Professor.

Reviewers:

Kurasova N.V.- Ph.D., Associate Professor of the Department of Russian Language and Literature

Eshmuradov E.E.– Candidate of Pedagogical Sciences, senior teacher of the Department of Pedagogy

Ochilova N.M.- Ph.D., Head of the Department of Pedagogy of Primary Education, Karshi Pedagogical College

annotation

The terminological dictionary of pedagogy is intended primarily for teachers and students, but will be of interest to psychologists, sociologists, as well as students and applicants.

The Pedagogical Terminological Dictionary was created to organize vocabulary on pedagogical topics and is designed to make it easier for readers to understand modern pedagogical terms in order to more accurately define the subject when analyzing the content of the dictionary.

This terminological dictionary provides interpretations of not only pedagogical terms and concepts, but also information about teachers, philosophers and outstanding thinkers of the East, as well as popular expressions and aphorisms about education and training.

This terminological dictionary will provide an opportunity for independent study of pedagogical terms and concepts by future specialists in all areas of undergraduate education and is recommended for teachers and students of higher educational institutions, as well as for students and applicants.

PEDAGOGICAL TERMS AND CONCEPTS

The main tasks facing higher education are to organize the knowledge of future specialists according to the requirements of our time, to equip them with the basics of each subject, in order to fulfill the requirements of the Education Law, as well as the National Personnel Training Program, and to develop their mental thinking at the highest level

Uzbekistan has chosen and is implementing a course towards building a socially oriented democratic rule-of-law state and civil society. The main goal and driving force of the transformations carried out in the republic is the person, his comprehensive development and improvement of his well-being.

Changes are constantly taking place in all spheres of human activity: scientific, technical, economic, social, cultural. These changes are reflected in the language, in particular in terminology. The vocabulary of pedagogy, like any science, is in constant flux. In the conditions of modern modernization and informatization of the education system, there has been a significant transformation in the content of many concepts of pedagogy, some institutions have been renamed, educational institutions of a new type have appeared, trends have emerged in the active involvement of foreign language borrowings, the introduction of terms from other (related) sciences into pedagogy, and the saturation of terminology with neologisms (for example, " tutor"). The influx of new terms also occurs due to the growth of metaphor terms and phrase terms (for example, “Open education”, “Management in education”).

Pedagogical terminology has a long history. Pedagogical terminology began to develop approximately a thousand years ago, and many pedagogical concepts took shape much earlier than they were formalized in terms. The first mention of the goals of education is found in proverbs, sayings, fairy tales, and epics. With the advent of writing and then printing, with the further growth of culture and education, with the expansion of contacts with other countries, material was accumulated for the compilation of the first dictionaries on pedagogy. Nowadays there are many conceptual and terminological encyclopedias, dictionaries and reference books on pedagogy.

The terminological dictionary on pedagogy has been prepared on the basis of modern sources (current literature of recent years): encyclopedic dictionaries, reference books on pedagogy, individual works and articles.

The presented dictionary is an attempt to reflect the current state of pedagogical science in a terminological context.

TERMINOLOGICAL DICTIONARY

Abstraction- a process of thinking, as a result of which a person, abstracting from the unimportant, forms concepts, ascending from the concrete to the abstract, filling the abstract with concrete content.

Enrollee -(Novolat. abituriens – about to leave) – a graduate of a secondary educational institution who has received a matriculation certificate. Also used in the meaning: applying for admission to another educational institution.

Abstinence(from Latin abs - because of, teneo - to hold on) - a condition that occurs as a result of the cessation of the effects of alcohol or drugs during a sudden break in their use. Characteristic manifestations of A. are headache, dizziness, dry mouth, tachycardia, nausea, depressed mood, insomnia, fear, anxiety, and suicide attempts.

Avesta- a collection of sacred books of Zoroastrianism (fire worshipers) of the peoples of the Near and Middle East. It was written in the 7th - 6th centuries. BC. and consisted of 21 books, 3 books have survived to this day, was an encyclopedia of its era and for centuries served as a teaching aid for students.

The authority of the teacher - the importance of the teacher’s merits, generally recognized by students, and the strength of his educational influence based on this. These advantages include erudition, pedagogical skill, the ability to connect theory and practice, optimism, and fairness.

Aggressiveness- purposeful destructive behavior that contradicts the norms and rules of coexistence of people in society, causing physical harm or causing negative experiences, a state of tension, fear, depression. Aggressive actions can act as a means of achieving a goal, as a way of mental release, satisfying a blocked personality need and switching activities, as a form of self-realization and self-affirmation.

Adaptation- adaptability.

Adaptation- adaptation of organisms to specific living conditions.

Adaptation- the ability of the body (personality, function) to adapt to various environmental conditions. Bringing the personality into a state that ensures stable behavior in typical problem situations without pathological changes in the structure of the personality.

Social adaptation- the process and result of a person’s active adaptation to the conditions and requirements of the social environment. Its content is the convergence of the goals and value orientations of the group and the individual included in it, the assimilation of group norms, traditions, social attitudes, and the assumption of social roles. It is one of the mechanisms of personality socialization.

Adaptation (social) - a process that ensures painless entry of an individual into society, adaptation to it on the basis of voluntary acceptance of social norms and requirements, mastery of practice-oriented knowledge and communication skills necessary for the harmonization of interpersonal relationships in the sociocultural environment.

Adjunct –(Latin Adjunctus - attached, assistant) - a person preparing for scientific and pedagogical work in higher military educational institutions. In Western Europe and pre-revolutionary Russia (in Academic Sciences, in universities); 2. assistant to a professor or academician.

Personal activity(from Latin activus - active) - an active attitude of the individual to the world, the ability to make socially significant transformations of the material and spiritual environment based on the development of the historical experience of mankind; manifests itself in creative activity, acts of will, and communication. Formed under the influence of environment and upbringing.

Acmeology– a science that studies the patterns and factors of achieving the heights of professionalism and creative longevity of a person.

Acceleration- acceleration of growth and development of children and adolescents, as well as the onset of puberty at an earlier age.

Axiology– a science that studies the philosophical doctrine of values.

Axiological The (value) approach to culture considers culture as the totality of all the wealth and values ​​of society accumulated in the process of its development. These values ​​exist in material and spiritual forms.

Accentuation of character (personality)– excessive strengthening of individual character traits and their combinations, representing extreme variants of the norm (excitability, aggressiveness, isolation, anxiety, irritability, impressionability, suspicion, touchiness, etc. (; they have an inherent tendency towards socially positive and socially negative development in depending on the influences of the environment and education. The author of the term is the German psychologist and psychiatrist K. Leongard. A teacher needs knowledge of A.ch. (l.) when studying and understanding students and implementing individual approach to them.

Personal activity- a person’s active attitude to the world, his ability to make socially significant transformations of the material and spiritual environment; manifests itself in creative activity, acts of will, and communication.

Altruism- selfless concern for the welfare of others and willingness to sacrifice one’s personal interests for others.

Ambivalence- duality of experience, when the same person simultaneously evokes opposite feelings.

Analysis- literally the division (imaginary or real) of an object into elements. In a broad sense, it is synonymous with research in general. Self-analysis is one of the most important conditions for increasing the effectiveness of the pedagogical process and the growth of teacher professionalism; the mental or real dissection of a subject into its component parts, each of which is then studied in order to be combined through synthesis into a single whole, enriched with new knowledge.

Analysis of a training session– analysis of the content of a training session into its component parts from different points of view to evaluate it as a whole; is one of the main ways to study and generalize experience, an indispensable condition for improving pedagogical skills.

Questionnaire- a methodological tool for obtaining primary sociological and psychological information based on verbal (verbal) communication, a form of correspondence survey, united by a single research plan; a system of questions aimed at identifying the quantitative and qualitative characteristics of an object or subject of analysis.

Questionnaire- a method of mass collection of material using specially designed questionnaires (questionnaires).

Analytical skills- theoretical analysis of facts and phenomena.

Andragogy- a section of didactics that reveals and develops the principles of adult learning.

Anthropology- a science that studies the biological nature of humans.

Pedagogical anthropology- the philosophical basis of education, which allows us to understand the structure of education only by correlating it with the structure of the holistic nature of man; “the study of man in all manifestations of his nature with a special application to the art of education” (K.D. Ushinsky); Education in Anthropology is understood as an attribute of human existence.

Alalia- absence or underdevelopment of speech due to organic damage to the speech areas of the cerebral cortex in the prenatal or early period of a child’s development.

Alcoholism– alcohol abuse. It is customary to distinguish: everyday drunkenness, chronic alcoholism, alcoholic psychosis.

Abnormal children– children who have deviations from normal mental and (or) physical development, overcoming the consequences of which requires the use of special correctional techniques.

Anomaly- pathological deviation from the norm in the functions of the body and its parts, deviation from general patterns of development.

Antonyms are different words related to the same part of speech, but opposite in meaning (good - evil, powerful - powerless). The contrast of antonyms in speech is a vivid source of speech expression, enhancing the emotionality of speech: He was weak in body, but strong in spirit.

Asphyxia- suffocation that occurs in children at birth if the supply of oxygen from the mother’s body through the placenta is stopped.

Autism- a painful state of the psyche, characterized by a person’s concentration on his experiences, withdrawal from the real outside world.

Approbation(Latin approbatio - check) - approval, approval based on research, experimental testing.

Affective- emotionally charged.

The barrier is psychological- a motive that prevents the performance of a certain activity or action, in particular communication with an individual or group of people.

Batavia Plan (Batavian System)- a system of individual education that arose in America at the end of the 19th century.

Bell-Lancaster system- a system of mutual training, in which junior school older and more successful students (monitors), under the guidance of the teacher, conducted classes with the rest of the students. It arose at the end of the 18th century. in India, and at the beginning of the 19th century. - in England. This system was opposed by supporters of developmental education.

Conversation- 1) question-and-answer method of involving students in discussion, analysis of actions and development of moral assessments; 2) a method of obtaining information based on verbal (verbal) communication; 3) teaching method. Types: catechetical, or reproductive, - aimed at consolidating, testing the studied material by repeating it; heuristic, search - based on the students’ existing knowledge, the teacher leads them to master new concepts; Socratic - the search for truth through doubt, to which every conclusion obtained is subjected.

Blonsky Pavel Petrovich(1884-1941) - teacher and psychologist, Doctor of Pedagogical Sciences, professor. Pre-revolutionary works had a historical-philosophical and historical-pedagogical

Neglect– lack of supervision of children, observation of their behavior and pastime, care for education on the part of parents or those who replace them.

Charity– provision of free assistance by individuals or organizations to people in need or social groups.

Bradylamia(from Greek bradis - slow and Lat. lalia - speech) - pathologically slow rate of speech (synonym - bradyphrasia). It manifests itself in slow articulation caused by disturbances of the speech centers in the cerebral cortex.

Fraternal schools- educational institutions that existed in the 16th - 17th centuries. under brotherhoods - national-religious associations of Orthodox believers in Ukraine, Belarus, the Czech Republic and other countries. The activities of fraternal schools contributed to the rise of cultural life and the preservation of the national identity of the peoples of these countries. In fraternal schools, for the first time in the history of school education, a class-lesson system was born, which received theoretical justification and development in the works of the Czech teacher J. A. Komensky.

Valeologist– (Latin vale – be healthy) – a specialist who teaches children a healthy lifestyle.

Validity- the degree of correspondence of the measured indicator to what was to be measured in sociological or psychological-pedagogical research.

Validity- the ability of a psychodiagnostic technique to adequately assess and measure the psychological characteristic for which it was developed. There are content-based, criterion-based and constructive tests. Before content, it means checking the content of the test to determine whether it corresponds to the area of ​​behavior being measured. V. according to the criterion shows how much one can judge from the test results about the aspect of an individual’s behavior that interests us in the present or future. To determine it, test performance is correlated with a criterion, that is, an independent measure of what the test should predict. Constructive testing is determined by proving the correctness of the theoretical concepts underlying the test.

Verbal- oral, verbal.

Interaction- the process of direct or indirect mutual influence of people on each other, presupposing their mutual dependence on common tasks, interests, joint activities and mutually oriented reactions. Signs of real V.: simultaneous existence of objects; bilateral relations; mutual transition of subject and object; interdependence of changes between the parties; internal self-activity of students.

Type of training

Type of training- generalized characteristics of teaching systems, establishing the features of teaching and learning activities; the nature of interaction between teacher and students in the learning process; functions of the means, methods and forms of training used.

Victimization(from Latin victime - victim) - circumstances, unfavorable conditions of socialization, as a result of which a person becomes a victim.

Extracurricular activities

Internal position- a system of social attitudes of an individual, closely related to his current needs and determining the main content and direction of activity in a given period of life.

Suggestion- the unconscious influence of one person on another, revealing certain changes in his psychology and behavior.

Extracurricular educational work- organization by the teacher of various types of activities for students outside of school hours, providing the necessary conditions for the socialization of the child’s personality.

Extracurricular activities– organization by the teacher of various types of activities for students outside of school hours, providing the necessary conditions for the socialization of the child’s personality.

Suggestion- a form of psychological influence associated with the weakening of conscious control in relation to perceived information.

Suggestibility- predisposition to suggestion.

Pedagogical impact- the influence of the teacher on the consciousness, will, emotions of the students, on the organization of their life and activities in the interests of developing the required qualities in them and ensuring the successful achievement of given goals.

Age- a period of human development, characterized by a set of specific patterns of formation of the organism and personality. V. is a qualitatively special stage, which is characterized by a number of changes that determine the uniqueness of the personality structure at a given stage of development. The boundaries of V. are changeable and do not coincide in different socio-economic conditions.

Age approach in education- taking into account and using the patterns of personality development (physical, mental, social), as well as the socio-psychological characteristics of groups of pupils, determined by their age composition.

Will- conscious self-regulation by a person of his activities and behavior, ensuring overcoming difficulties in achieving the goal.

Upbringing– 1) the process of systematic and purposeful influence on the spiritual and physical state of the individual.

2) the process and result of interaction between a teacher and a student for the purpose of his personal development and assimilation of social norms and cultural values, preparation for self-realization in the society in which he lives.

Upbringing- purposeful management of the process of human development through its inclusion in various types of social relationships in study, communication, play, and practical activities.

Upbringing(as a social phenomenon) is a complex and contradictory socio-historical process of transferring socio-historical experience to new generations, carried out by all social institutions: public organizations, media and culture, church, family, educational institutions of various levels and orientations. Education ensures social progress and continuity of generations.

Upbringing(as a pedagogical phenomenon) - 1) purposeful professional activity of a teacher, promoting the maximum development of the child’s personality, his entry into the context of modern culture, his formation as a subject of his own life, the formation of his motives and values; 2) a holistic, consciously organized pedagogical process 219 of the formation and education of the individual in educational institutions by specially trained specialists; 3) a purposeful, controlled and open system of educational interaction between children and adults, in which the pupil is an equal participant and there is an opportunity to make changes to it (the system) that contribute to the optimal development of children (in this definition, the child is both an object and a subject); 4) providing the pupil with alternative ways of behavior in various situations, leaving him the right to choose and find his own path; 5) the process and result of purposeful influence on the development of the individual, his relationships, traits, qualities, views, beliefs, ways of behavior in society (in this position, the child is the object of pedagogical influence); 6) purposeful creation of conditions for a person’s mastery of culture, its translation into personal experience through organized long-term influence on the development of an individual from surrounding educational institutions, the social and natural environment, taking into account his potential capabilities in order to stimulate his self-development and independence; 7) (in the narrowest, specific meaning) the components of the holistic educational process: mental, directed, etc. upbringing.

Spiritual education- formation of a value-based attitude to life, ensuring sustainable and harmonious development of a person. This is the cultivation of a sense of duty, justice, sincerity, responsibility and other qualities that can give a higher meaning to a person’s deeds and thoughts.

Moral education- the formation of moral relations, the ability to improve them and the ability to act taking into account social requirements and norms, a strong system of habitual, everyday moral behavior.

Political education- formation in students of political consciousness, reflecting the relations between states, nations, parties, and the ability to understand them from spiritual, moral and ethical positions. It is carried out on the principles of objectivity, variability, freedom of choice of position and assessments within the boundaries of universal human values.

Sex education- systematic, consciously planned and implemented influence on the formation of sexual consciousness and behavior of children, preparing them for family life.

Legal education- the process of formation of legal culture and legal behavior, which consists in the implementation of legal education for all, overcoming legal nihilism, and the formation of law-abiding behavior.

Free upbringing- development of the strengths and abilities of each child, unhampered by any restrictions, full disclosure of his individuality. It is characterized by a categorical rejection of the system of education and training, based on the suppression of the child’s personality, regulation of all aspects of his life and behavior. Supporters of this model attached and attach exceptional importance to the creation of conditions for self-expression and free development of children's individuality, reducing ped. to the possible minimum. intervention and, moreover, excluding any violence and coercion. They believe that a child can only imagine what he has experienced internally, therefore the leading role in his upbringing and education should be played by childhood experiences and the accumulation of personal experience by children. This direction is directly related to the concept of free education by J.-J. Rousseau. However

These schools have not become widespread in the West. In Russia, the most striking experience in creating free education schools was the “Home of a Free Child”, created by K.N. Ventzel in 1906. He supported the ideas of free education of L.N. Tolstoy, organizing the life and education of peasant children in the Yasnaya Polyana school. There were other attempts: A. Radchenko’s “School of Naughty People” in Baku, the Moscow family school of O. Kaidanovskaya-Bervi, the educational complexes “Settlement” and “Children’s Labor and Leisure”, close to this direction, headed first by A.U. Zelenko, then S.T. Shatsky. Currently, there has been renewed interest in the ideas of free education. Waldorf schools and M. Montessori centers have been opened in Moscow and a number of other cities, and domestic models of free, non-violent education are being developed.

Social education- the process and result of spontaneous interaction of a person with the immediate living environment and the conditions of purposeful education (family, spiritual and moral, civil, legal, religious, etc.); the process of a person’s active adaptation to certain roles, normative attitudes and patterns of social manifestation; systematic creation of conditions for relatively targeted development of a person in the process of his socialization.

Labor education- joint activities of the teacher and students, aimed at developing the latter’s general labor skills and abilities, psychological readiness to work, the formation of a responsible attitude towards work and its products, and a conscious choice of profession. The path of labor education is the inclusion of the schoolchild in the full structure of work: its planning, organization, implementation, control, evaluation.

Mental education- formation of intellectual culture, cognitive motives, mental strength, thinking, worldview and intellectual freedom of the individual.

Physical education- a system of human improvement aimed at physical development, health promotion, ensuring high performance and developing the need for constant physical self-improvement.

Aesthetic education- purposeful interaction between educators and students, promoting the development and improvement in a growing person of the ability to perceive, correctly understand, appreciate and create beauty in life and art, to actively participate in creativity, creation according to the laws of beauty. 221

Ethical education- purposeful interaction between educators and students, with the goal of developing rules of good manners among them, forming a culture of behavior and relationships.

Good manners- this is the current level of personality development, in contrast to education - the potential level of personality development, the zone of its proximal development.

Good manners– the level of personal development, manifested in the consistency between knowledge, beliefs, behavior and characterized by the degree of development of socially significant qualities. Discord, the conflict between what a person knows, how he thinks and how he actually acts, can lead to an identity crisis.

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Liliana Aleshina
Dictionary of modern pedagogical terms

In the proposed dictionary working definitions of some of the most commonly used modern educational situation terms. At the same time, many traditional terms filled with new meanings, and the newly appeared terms they need to be filled with meanings due to the lack of clear and unambiguous ideas in the scientific community about their meanings and cases of use.

The need for standardization in education is caused by the needs of educational monitoring, which involves a more or less strict description of the main characteristics of educational objects in order to track their dynamics, i.e., the dynamics of changes in the quantitative and qualitative characteristics of these management objects in the education quality management system.

This manual can be used in the system of advanced training, as well as in the practical activities of educators

Additivity (from Latin additivus - added)– a property of quantities, consisting in the fact that the value of a quantity corresponding to the whole object is equal to the sum of the values ​​of quantities, no matter how the object is divided (7, p. 22).

Axiology – (Greek valuable +…logy)– theory of values ​​– special, stable ideas about preferred goods, objects that are significant for a person, which are the subject of his desire, aspiration, and interest. (7, p. 28)

Analysis - method scientific research by decomposing an object into parts or mentally dismembering an object through logical abstraction. Analysis, along with synthesis, is of great importance in scientific knowledge; “. thinking consists as much in the decomposition of objects of consciousness into their elements as in the unification of interconnected elements in unity. Without analysis there is no synthesis” (F. Engels).

Analysis (structural) is the division of a whole into components. Functional analysis is the division of a whole, a certain system, into the functions it realizes.

Certification pedagogical and management employees - these are procedures for assessing professional pedagogical competence of pedagogical and executives, including: a) assessment of socio-professional status; b) assessment of professional pedagogical(professional and managerial) qualifications.

Certification of educational institutions is a procedure for assessing the educational system according to the following basic parameters: a) content of education and training; b) qualification pedagogical and management personnel; c) financial support and material and technical equipment; d) statics and dynamics of the control system.

Basic general education subjects are subjects that are compulsory for all students in all areas of study. (6, p. 4)

Bachelor

Bachelor's degree (from "bachelor"

(undergraduate cycle) (two-cycle)

competencies:

1) the ability to demonstrate knowledge of the foundations and history of the discipline;

2) the ability to logically and consistently present acquired knowledge;

3) the ability to contextualize new information and give its interpretation;

4) the ability to demonstrate understanding of the general structure of the discipline and the relationship between subdisciplines;

5) the ability to understand and use methods of critical analysis and theory development;

6) the ability to correctly use the methods and techniques of the discipline;

7) the ability to assess the quality of research in a given subject area;

8) the ability to understand the results of experimental testing of scientific theories.

Education is a purposeful, specially organized process of influencing a person’s consciousness, feelings, will and behavior.

In this regard, B.F. Lomov will highlight three main functions of professional pedagogical communication: 1) information and communication; 2) affective-communicative; 3) regulatory and communicative. (see picture).

Functions professional pedagogical activities and their focus on the spheres of personality of the object of activity

State educational standards - 1) this totality: a) educational content standards; b) training content standards; c) educational standards; 2) this is a set of documentation that defines the mandatory minimum content of basic educational programs. maximum educational load of students, requirements for the level of training of graduates; 3) this is a set of documentation describing, firstly, lists of educational information (ideas, theories, laws, patterns, concepts, facts to be learned by students; secondly, methods organization of assimilation (teaching and learning); thirdly, the levels of development of the intellectual, emotional and effective-practical spheres of students’ personality; 4) a standard that represents yourself:

Minimum educational information,

On the basis of which it can be deployed in the learning process (using certain methods of teaching and learning,

Mastery by students of intellectual (cognitive, emotional-volitional) methods (relational) and practical activity and a sufficient level of social competence that allows him to realize himself as a social being.

Two-stage system of higher education. Adoption of a system based on two cycles of higher education: diploma and postgraduate. Access to the second cycle should be allowed only upon successful completion of first cycle programs with a duration of study of at least 3 years. The degree awarded at the end of the first cycle must be in demand on the European labor market as a qualification of the appropriate level. The second cycle should lead to a master's degree and/or a doctorate, according to the practice found in many European countries.

It has been accepted as mandatory that each level should prepare not only for entering the labor market, but also for continuing education at the next level, and in general, higher education received at the beginning life path, should prepare for long-term competitiveness in the labor market, and not just at the time of graduation. If we briefly formulate the main difference between the first and second stages of higher education, then, speaking in the language of philosophy, it consists in the difference between "functioning" And "development". In other words, in the difference between high-quality, disciplined work in regular situations and creativity.

“First and second cycle degrees should have different focuses and profiles to meet a variety of individual, academic and labor market needs. First cycle degrees must provide access, in accordance with the Lisbon Recognition Convention, to second cycle programmes. Second cycle degrees should provide the opportunity for further research leading to a doctoral degree.” (Berlin, 2003) .

Higher professional education today is represented normatively and methodologically by three main educational programs of varying durations focus:

The direction of training is a structural unit of one of two educational subsystems; represents a university education; It is generally accepted that education in areas is focused, as a rule, on solving the problems of training scientific and scientific- teaching staff;

A specialty is a structural unit of one of two educational subsystems; represents education with a practical orientation; It is generally accepted that education in a specialty is focused on training specialists with a practical orientation.

Bachelor's degree (from "bachelor") – system and form of bachelor’s training, 4-year course of study at the first level in the system of multi-stage higher education.

(undergraduate cycle)– first cycle of two-stage (two-cycle) higher education, focused on acquiring executive-type competencies that reflect the needs of the ongoing significant structure of industrial society.

For the first stage, the following common to various subject areas were identified: competencies:

9) ability to demonstrate knowledge of the foundations and history of the discipline;

10) the ability to logically and consistently present acquired knowledge;

11) the ability to contextualize new information and give its interpretation;

12) the ability to demonstrate an understanding of the general structure of the discipline and the relationship between subdisciplines;

13) ability to understand and use methods of critical analysis and theory development;

14) the ability to correctly use the methods and techniques of the discipline;

15) the ability to assess the quality of research in a given subject area;

16) the ability to understand the results of experimental testing of scientific theories.

Bachelor (from Latin baccalaureus; lit. - vassal landowner)– in most foreign countries, the first academic degree in the system of multi-level higher education, awarded upon completion of 4 years of first-level study, after successfully passing state exams and, as a rule, defending a final thesis; in France it is automatically assigned upon completion of full-time high school and gives the right to enter the university;

in a number of countries - first academic degree; in France and some other countries - a person who has passed the secondary school exams.

The degree awarded at the end of the first cycle must be in demand on the European labor market as a qualification of the appropriate level.

Following Russian educational traditions, this should be a completed professional educational program, after mastering which a high school graduate could begin professional activity, bypassing the period of long professional adaptation. In fact, the bachelor's programs available today can only orient the graduate towards one or another type of professional activity. He will learn the skills of future professional activity either in a master's program or become a certified specialist. Consequently, a bachelor’s degree is an intermediate educational program, so at present it is hardly possible to talk about its independent educational status.

Master's degree (from "master" (with a bachelor's degree)

(graduate)

Second level graduates must:

1) master the subject area at an advanced level, that is, master the latest methods and techniques (research, know the latest theories and their interpretations;

2) critically monitor and comprehend the development of theory and practice;

3) master independent research methods and be able to explain its results at an advanced level;

4) be able to make an original contribution to the discipline in accordance with the canons of a given subject area, for example, as part of a qualifying work;

5) demonstrate originality and creativity;

6) master competencies at a professional level.

pedagogical

Master [< лат. magister начальник; наставник] – в ряде стран – вторая академическая степень, присуждаемая лицам, окончившим университет или приравненное к нему высшее учебное заведение и имеющим степень бакалавра, прошедшим дополнительный курс в течение 1–2 лет, сдавшим специальный экзамен и защитившим диссертацию ;

second, middle

Declaration (Latin declaratio – announcement, proclamation)– a political statement on behalf of the state, government, party, organization; proclamation of basic principles.

[< лат. declaratio заявление, объявление] – заявление от имени государства, правительства, партии, организации; торжественное провозглашение основных принципов, а также документ, в котором они изложены (e.g. UN Universal Declaration of Human Rights 1948) .

Definition - (< лат. definitio - определение) - 1)” brief definition, interpretation words"(79, p. 111); 2) “logical definition of a concept, establishment of the basic content of the concept” (245, p. 219); 3)” 1) establishing the meaning of the unfamiliar term(words) by using terms(words) familiar and meaningful (nominal definition) or by including it in the context of familiar words(contextual definition, or explicit formulation of equality (explicit, or normal definition, in left side which includes the defined term, and to the right - a defining expression containing only familiar terms; 2) clarification of the subject of consideration, its unambiguous characteristics (real definition); 3) introduction to consideration of a new subject (concepts) by indicating how to build the item (get) from objects of data and already known. In the latter case, the definition (definition) takes the form of a system of constitutive relations (schemes, equalities) or “transition steps” (induction steps) from the clearly defined and known to the sought unknown (recursive and inductive definitions)” (247, p. 385, p. 942)

Definition (from Latin definitio)– brief definition, interpretation words .

Brief Definition any concept reflecting the essential features of an object or phenomenon; interpretation words .

Definition, interpretation of the concept (book). Dictionary definitions.

Activity – 1) a specific, human form of relationship to the surrounding world. the content of which is its expedient change in the interests of people; condition existence of society. Activity includes a goal, means, result and the process itself. Activity is an organic unity of sensory-practical and theoretical forms.

2) a set of actions, operations, techniques (S. G. Molchanov).

Decentralization of education management is the principle of delegating certain competencies to the level of lower management levels.

Diagnostics (< греч. - способность распознать) - study of signs characterizing the presence of defects in processes and objects to predict possible deviations within the framework of their work (or states); the doctrine of methods and principles of recognition and identification.

Termina D. widely used in medicine, automotive industry, etc. In educational practice, it is better to use term"assessment", since assessment is a key procedure within the framework of certification

Diversification (political knowledge; goals of the Bologna process).

"Organized diversification" as one of the fundamental principles for the development of higher education. This suggests, on the one hand, careful attitude to the existing diversity of national systems, types of educational institutions, areas and types of training, content of educational programs that represent common value and potential for future development. On the other hand, this diversity and the desire to preserve it should not become an obstacle to combining efforts, to bringing together educational systems, to their convergence. This implies the need for a selective attitude towards diversification and its regulation in such a way that obstacles to interuniversity and cross-country academic exchanges are eliminated, so that the comparability of qualifications of different countries is easily and openly established, and the remaining differences stimulate the development of their education systems.

Diversification (from Latin diversus – different and facere – to do)– expansion of areas of activity.

[lat. diversus different + facere do] – diversity, diversified development.

The didactic complex is a combination of the following components: 1) curriculum; 2) educational materials; 3) formalized and non-formalized tasks that allow you to check the assimilation of a standard volume of educational information; 4) description of ways to organize learning (teaching and teaching) educational information and methods of cognitive activity, (A) forms of organization of training, b) sets of teaching methods, c) sets of teaching techniques, d) teaching aids); 5) a set of techniques that allow us to identify the degree of expression of individual parameters of the main spheres of personality.

Didactic and methodological complex – (see educational and methodological complex) this is a didactic complex (educational materials) and methodological support (description of forms, methods, techniques and means of work) For teacher, explaining how to work with the didactic complex.

Certified specialist – graduates from a university within the framework of a five-year one-stage education model.

The educational program of a certified specialist is focused on the development and consolidation of practical professional skills.

Differentiation (< франц. - разность, различие) - division, dismemberment of the whole into parts according to an accepted basis.

Additional training sessions are a form of group or individual differentiated training that ensures the development of basic educational information (standard educational content of the corresponding academic discipline) and methods of cognitive activity.

The Unified State Exam is a form of state assessment of the level of education of secondary school graduates.

Identification (social)- reproduction of social experience based on involvement in reproductive activities to master basic social experience.

Change (changes)- a change-transformation that is intra-system in nature, which means that a change in one of the components does not lead to a transformation of the system, its transition to a new quality. (see development)

Power meter (severity) one indicator in comparison with another; determinant "weights" indicator, its quantitative characteristics.

I. determines a) the quantity or range of the indicator; b) the frequency of some manifestation (the more often it is detected, the higher the value of the property); c) intensity, magnitude or strength of manifestation.

Measurement is often carried out in the form of assigning a number to the objects being measured. (phenomena) according to certain rules.

I. is a tool for assessing the quantitative and qualitative characteristics of an object of a phenomenon.

Personalization (social)- mastery, transformation, adaptation of social experience according to individual manifestations. On the basis of mastering social experience, the individual partially develops and specializes his individual experience through “subjective discoveries,” realizing, thinking through, adding independently to one-sided or partially mastered social experience. The activity of society and the individual at this level of socialization is approximately the same.

Indicator - (pointer) device device that displays changes in quality. parameter of a controlled technological process or object in a form most convenient for human perception. They use visual, acoustic, tactile, etc.

Indicator (in the field of education)– group or individual expert assessment reflecting quantitative or qualitative changes in any feature of the educational system (other educational facilities) in the form of expert judgment (about the attribute of an object) or assigning it numerical value.

A tool is a tool that allows you to determine the severity of symptoms (properties, qualities) object, identify the quantitative and qualitative characteristics of the object.

Integration (education) – (from Latin integratio - restoration, replenishment)– interconnectedness, systemic connection into a single whole and the corresponding process of establishing such connections, rapprochement, unification of organizations, industries, regions or countries, etc. (as opposed to differentiation) .

[< лат. integration восстановление, восполнение < integer целый] – объединение в целое каких-либо частей, элементов (opposite disintegration) .

Informal pedagogical education is a non-institutionalized transfer from generation to generation carried out by social institutions teachers norms and values ​​of general and professional culture; the learning process is an interaction between students and the objective pedagogical reality(Wednesday) and teacher does not recognize himself as an object of the learning process, during which he acquires knowledge, skills and abilities in the poem.

Informal education is a non-institutionalized transfer from generation to generation of norms and values ​​of general culture carried out by social institutions; the learning process in it is an interaction between students and objective reality (Wednesday), and the student does not recognize himself as an object of the learning process, during which he masters new information and methods of cognitive activity.

In accordance with the accepted practice in Russia terminology(compared to World Bank terminology) additional education for children can be qualified as informal education (see also - Informal O.).

Quality is a philosophical category that expresses the essential certainty of an object, due to which it is precisely this and not something else. Quality is an objective and universal characteristic of objects, revealed in the totality of their properties.” (247, p. 567).

“...an objective and universal characteristic of objects, revealed in the totality of their properties...” (1, p. 560)

Quality of education - when determining the essence and meaning of this definition, it is necessary, first of all, to determine the philosophical understanding term(concepts)"quality".

The quality of education is the degree of expression of the quantitative and qualitative characteristics of education as a function of the state, as an education system, as an educational system.

Quality is an integral set of properties, their connections and relationships that distinguish one object or one phenomenon from another. Quality is a holistic, relatively stable set of properties that determines the specifics of a given object or phenomenon.

The quality of knowledge is an integral set of relatively stable properties of knowledge that characterize the result of educational and cognitive activity of students .

Our understanding is this. Quality is inherent in any object (object or phenomenon) and the subject, but it manifests itself only in relations with other subjects. It is perceived by the subject as a sign, property, characteristic. The degree of expression of the trait in the individual or public consciousness (socially significant norm, value) and there is a level of quality. Consequently, quality is a specific historical norm about the degree of expression of one or another characteristic of the object or phenomenon under consideration.

The quality of education is the quality of all features of the object - education. The difficulty is that terminological confusion makes the definition difficult to understand. This is due to the fact that in some cases education is understood as a) the education system, b) the process of obtaining education, c) level of education, etc. If we consider all these definitions of EDUCATION. as its signs (properties), then it is necessary to continue the description of each of these complex signs through a set of signs of the 2nd order, then the 3rd, etc., i.e., to the level necessary for the researcher or manager in order to isolate such signs (objects), the dynamics of which could be controlled and tools could be created to measure the degree of their expression.

The quality of education is the degree of expression of the quantitative and qualitative characteristics of education as a function of the state, as an education system, as an educational system.

Quality of knowledge, skills and abilities or "key" competencies - an integral set of relatively stable properties of knowledge that characterize the result of educational and cognitive activity of students (T. I. Shamova, T. M. Davydenko). K. is inherent in any object (object or phenomenon) and the subject, but manifests itself only in relations with other subjects. K. is perceived by the subject as a sign, property, characteristic. The degree of expression of the trait in the individual (individual norm, value) or public consciousness (socially significant norm, value) and there is the level of K.K. - a specific historical norm that fixes the degree of expression of one or another characteristic of an object or phenomenon.

K. – degree of severity of the disease. u. n. or k.k., in relation to their required representation in the subject’s education in the form of mastered educational content.

Qualimetry - methods quantification quality (from Latin qualis - what quality) a characteristic of an object or an object as a whole.

Cluster - group (Class) objects united by a common feature (s). (S. G. Molchanov).

Cluster analysis - 1) “a mathematical procedure of multidimensional analysis that allows, based on a variety of indicators characterizing a number of objects (for example, subjects, to group them into classes (clusters) in such a way that objects included in one class are more homogeneous and similar compared to objects included in other classes. Based on the numerically expressed parameters of objects, the distances between them are calculated, which can be expressed both in the Euclidean metric (the most commonly used one and in other metrics. The cluster analysis method has found wide application in psycholinguistics.” (219, p. 162);

2) dividing the whole into parts and assigning each part to a specific group, type, class on a common basis.

Qualification – [cf. -lat. qualificatio< лат. quails какой, какого качества + facere делать – 1) характеристика предмета, явления, отнесение его к какой-либо категории, группе; 2) степень и уровень профессиональной подготовленности к какому-либо виду труда; 3) профессия, специальность .

(from Latin quails - what quality)– 1) determination of quality, assessment, characteristics of something; 2) degree of suitability, level of preparedness for any type of work; 3) profession, specialty acquired as a result of training

(In Great Britain) certification of a student's achievements or competence, indicating the type and title of training, which qualifies the student for admission and continued advancement academically and professionally.

In Russia, this is not a document on education (as specified in the Lisbon Convention of 1997, signed by Russia, but only an entry in a document issued to certified specialists. This is a special position in a diploma, claiming not an academic, but a professional character (for example, a specialty "Jurisprudence", qualification "Lawyer") . In accordance with the Lisbon Convention, an academic qualification is a document issued at the end of a higher educational institution, and not an entry in this document, as we are used to. Our record speaks, rather, of professional qualifications, which may or may not be included in the document issued by the educational institution. In the latter case, a document on professional qualifications, if necessary, is issued by the relevant professional community (as a rule, after the applicant for such qualifications has received some work experience after completing theoretical training).

Comparison of diplomas. "Equivalence" assumes full legal (and actual) the equivalence of educational documents, established on the basis of comparative studies of all conditions and requirements required to obtain them in the compared educational institutions.

"Confession" establishes the legal conformity of educational levels, but reserves the right for contracting parties to introduce additional requirements for admission to educational institutions or employment, different from those that apply to persons with national educational documents, degrees and titles.

Naturally, we are talking about the academic recognition of relevant documents.

Qualification (professional) pedagogical (PPKv and PUKv)- measure of effectiveness (efficiency, efficiency, adequacy) professionally- pedagogical(-managerial influence and interaction in the current educational space.

Convention [< лат. conventio договор, соглашение] – международный договор, соглашение по какому-либо специальному вопросу, напр. железнодорожная, почтовая конвенции, конвенция по охране авторских прав .

An international treaty on a special issue, establishing the mutual rights and obligations of the contracting parties (usually multilateral); Hague Conventions of 1899 and 1907, Geneva Conventions of 1949

A convention, unlike a declaration, is a legally binding document.

Conversion - (convertibility) diplomas

Convertibility (from Latin convertere to change, transform)– convertibility, the ability of the national currency to be freely exchanged for foreign currency in any form and in all types of transactions without restrictions.

Concept (from Latin - understanding, system)- a certain way of understanding, interpretation of a phenomenon, the main point of view.

Communication abilities are the abilities of an individual that ensure the effectiveness of his communicative activities, especially communication with other individuals, and psychological compatibility in activity. Communication skills are an essential component of organizational and leadership abilities.

Competence –

1) (from lat. - I achieve, I correspond, I approach)- 1) the range of powers provided by law, charter or other act of a specific body or official;

2) occupations and experience in a particular field.

2) [ < лат. competere добиваться; соответствовать, подходить] – 1) круг полномочий какого-л. органа или должностного лица; 2) круг вопросов, в которых кто-л. хорошо осведомлен (7, p. 295).

3) – a set of theoretical ideas about an object and practical ways of working with this object.

Competence – 1) possession of competence; 2) possession of knowledge that allows one to judge something. (7, p. 295).

Competence (professional)– a set of educational, professional, socio-professional, social and personal competencies.

Competence (professional- pedagogical or professional management (PPK and PUK)- this is a systemic concept that determines the scope of competencies, terms of reference in the field of professional pedagogical activity. In a narrower sense, professional pedagogical competence is understood as a range of issues in which the subject has knowledge and experience; the totality of which reflects the social and professional status and professional pedagogical qualification, as well as certain personal, individual characteristics (abilities that provide the opportunity to implement certain professional activities.

Qualification, in turn, is ensured by the initial or adjusted level of mastery of the content of the taught academic disciplines, teaching methods, techniques pedagogical influences and interactions, theories pedagogy and educational psychology, level of practical skills, abilities, creative activity teacher(182)

The PPC also determines the scope of competencies and terms of reference teacher in the social sphere, especially in that part that is directly adjacent to the professional sphere itself. Based on this, the CPD should record its social aspect, which reflects the characteristics of the profession teacher as a representative of a group of professions in the social sphere.

The main relationships between the components of the systemic concept of professional pedagogical competence can be described as follows scheme:

Table 1

Relationships between the components of the concept

"professionally- pedagogical competence"

PROFESSIONALLY- PEDAGOGICAL COMPETENCE

PROFESSIONALLY- PEDAGOGICAL QUALIFICATION SOCIAL AND PROFESSIONAL STATUS

Professionally- pedagogical practical readiness and theoretical preparedness Social status teacher in the social system (aspect facing outward)

Professional productivity pedagogical activities Social status teacher in the educational system (aspect facing inward)

Professionally significant personal characteristics

The above ideas about the content of the concept "professionally- pedagogical competence» form the basis for the content of the expert assessment method recommended by the current Standard Regulations on Certification (182) . However, for professional assessment pedagogical competence, it is necessary, first of all, to describe the entire set of concepts that describe the space of this term, as well as their relationships and interdependencies.

All this will allow us to objectively evaluate the professional pedagogical competence of pedagogical(managerial) employee as part of his certification.

Note that in the certification, when assigning qualification categories, personal, professionally significant characteristics should not be discussed and taken into account, but they need to be assessed. But only to help teacher or the manager to build a person-oriented trajectory for the growth of professional competence and productivity.

Convergence (educational systems of European countries) – [< лат. convergere приближаться, сходиться] – схождение, сближение .

Competitiveness (European higher education system)- a set of consumer properties of a given product or product, characterizing their difference from a competitor’s product in terms of the degree of compliance with specific social needs, taking into account the costs of satisfying them, prices, etc.

Concentric – unification of a set of educational units (competencies) around a common center for them ( "key" competence) and their systematic shuttle presentation (from the educational unit to the center or from the center to the educational unit along various radii).

Communiqué [fr. communiqu< лат. communicare сообщать] – официальное правительственное сообщение о международных переговорах и соглашениях, о важных событиях во внутренней жизни страны (напр., конференциях, совещаниях, о ходе военных действий и т. д.

The credit system is a very effective mechanism for comparing quantitative and qualitative indicators of the level of students' preparation, allowing, based on objective criteria, to establish an individual rating for each student based on the results of training;

Tool for improving the quality of education;

A certain philosophy of education, focused on the transition of educational institutions from collectivist to individualistic forms of education, forms of organizing the educational process convenient for the market of educational services - and therefore, to a market understanding of the quality of education, when the key aspect of the functioning of educational institutions becomes the price characteristics of their educational activities.

Designed to measure the results of previous training and form a unified approach to ensuring academic mobility within the framework of interuniversity exchanges. It is used in many countries around the world as a measure of comparable quantitative estimates of the volume of various educational programs, the significance of their constituent academic disciplines, as well as periods of study.

It is a measure of activity, not quality, acts as a surrogate for goals and achievements (–) ; simplicity, flexibility and the ability to trust the results (+) .

The system of credit units is a systematic way of describing educational programs by assigning credit units to its components (disciplines, courses, etc.) .

Test – type of verification test (in higher education, in sports achievements) .

Credit unit ( "credit") is a unit of measurement with which the entire education received is described in the diploma supplement.

"Credit unit" in English it is called ‘credit’ (confidence) and cannot be translated into Russian as "credit" .

It makes sense term"credit unit" use as Russian-language analogue terms"credit hour" or "credit", since in national languages ​​in a number of European countries these terms are designated as"credit transfer units", which is semantically consonant with their meaning in Russian.

Credit [< лат. creditum ссуда, долг < credere верить] – 1) предоставление в долг на определенный срок товаров или денежных средств, как правило, с уплатой процента; 2) включенная в смету сумма, в пределах которой разрешен расход на определенные цели; 3) доверие .

There is currently no clear understanding term"credit". The meaning of this concept is not limited to defining the unit of measure of academic workload - to the fact that a credit hour is a larger unit compared to an academic hour. The use of credit in the educational process is wider appointment: it is considered as one of the most convenient parameters for assessing and comparing results for any period of study in different educational institutions and, therefore, as an effective tool for streamlining lifelong education and ensuring academic mobility. Yes, credit hour allows: 1) take into account the relative importance of various types for a given academic discipline classes: lectures, seminars, laboratory, etc.; 2) determine the significance of a particular discipline studied by a student, its relative contribution to the final average received by him at the end of any period of study; 3) rank students based on the results of their training and identify the individual rating of each of them based on objective indicators.

The use of a credit hour allows you to move to an asynchronous organization of the educational process, which creates the prerequisites for the development of academic mobility both within the country and abroad.

Credit is a quantitative indicator of the adequacy of training, which is assigned to a student as confirmation of the reliability of achieving learning outcomes at a given level.

In relation to the system of higher professional education, the definition of a loan is based on various parameters, such as the total labor intensity of the student’s work or the time of contact with the teacher when mastering a discipline of the curriculum, the results of his training.

Credit is also a way of defining quantitative learning outcomes - a set of competencies (what the student will know, understand or be able to master after completing the learning process).

Credit [< лат. credit он верит] – правая сторона бухгалтерских счетов; в активе кредит представляет расходную часть, куда заносятся все расходы по данному счету, а в счетах пассива – приходную часть, в которой группируются все поступления по счету .

Stress on the first syllable (from Latin credit - he believes)- confidence; in Russian it is common to use credit as an economic term, which means right side an account opened for a person into which the amounts due to him or the amounts received into the account of a person are entered. Lending means “record the amount on account credit”.

Using credit as term, related to education, is a new aspect of this concept for the Russian language and mentality. In the educational process under the concept "credit" implied following:

1) each discipline has its own labor intensity index for its development, which is the number of hours per week allocated for its study, this means not only classroom lessons, but also the time that the student must spend on extracurricular independent work. The same number is equal to the number of credits (credits received by the student after completing the discipline;

2) the number of credits also shows the share of a specific discipline in the total annual load (lectures, seminars, laboratory classes, tests, exams, etc., since the educational institution determines in advance the amount of credits that must be acquired in order to master the full program, for example, a bachelor's or master's degree

There are two types used in the world system loans: credit hour and credit point. A credit hour corresponds to the number of hours per week devoted to studying a given discipline during one semester. A credit point corresponds to a student’s full workload, or more precisely, the amount of work spent studying a unit of study, for example a module.

The number of credits awarded for the discipline (course) is strictly fixed and does not depend on the quality of the student’s preparation. Credits are awarded to the student only for successful work. The quality of the student’s work is reflected not by credits, but by grades on the ECTS scale, according to which grades A, B , C, D and E credits are awarded, but FX and F grades do not.

Credit hour – (in USA) semester length of the course taught one lecture hour (50 min.) per week along with the hours of practical training allocated for this course, laboratory work, independent work of the student, as well as the time allocated to assess the students’ mastery of this course.

A credit consortium is a group of educational institutions that have united on a voluntary basis and cooperate in the development and use of credit systems. Each consortium puts forward a specific scheme for accumulating and transferring credits.

The credit system is a system for quantitative assessment of the content of the educational program. The rating system is a system for quantitative assessment of the quality of its development.

Credit-credit systems, as a rule, proceed from the understanding of credit as a unit of assessment of labor costs for mastering an educational program or part of it.

Credit and savings systems mainly define credit as a unit for assessing the results of mastering educational programs - acquired knowledge, skills and abilities.

A student’s rating is an individual comprehensive assessment of his performance in all areas of educational activity (mastery of curriculum disciplines; completion of all types of internships; passing the final state exam; completion and defense of final qualifying works).

Rating (English rating)– 1) assessment, classification; assignment to a particular class, category, rank; numerical significance rating, the popularity of a person or phenomenon relative to others similar to him; 2) position, class, rank, rank.

When organizing the educational process, it is necessary to use a rating system for assessing the quality of module mastery (courses, disciplines) educational program, bearing in mind the correspondence of actual results (knowledge, competencies, etc.) planned. It should be noted that assessment of the quality of mastering the educational program must be a) individual and b) absolute as a measure of compliance with the Educational Standard (not relative in a group of students). The rating system for assessing the quality of mastering an educational program involves ongoing monitoring of the success of a student’s cognitive activity during the semester and final monitoring during the session.

Module [< лат. modulus мера] – отделяемая, относительно самостоятельная часть какой-либо системы, организации, устройства

IN pedagogical "functional unit" two characteristics

Criterion -

1) (from Greek kriterion - means for judgment)- a sign on the basis of which something is assessed, determined or classified; measure of evaluation.

(from the Greek kriterion - a distinctive feature, measure, means of judgment) - the basis against which something is assessed, determined or classified; measure of evaluation.

Well (training)- a systematic presentation of any science or a separate part of it, which in general education programs act as academic subjects(eg, mathematics consists of algebra, geometry, etc.; chemistry - of organic and inorganic chemistry).

Well (elective)– a training course that can be chosen by the student.

Linear (construction of educational content)– unification of a set of educational units (competencies) in line (along with other competencies) for their consistent systematic presentation along a trajectory close to a straight line.

Personally-oriented educational process is a process of education and training that takes into account personal (cognitive, emotional-volitional and effective-practical) characteristics of the student; his needs, as well as implementing

A personal approach to learning is a system specifically based on selected methods of professional pedagogical impact(interaction that provides an adequate impact on the cognitive, emotional-volitional and effective-practical spheres of the individual.

License - permission to conduct educational activities.

Master [< лат. magister начальник; наставник] – в ряде стран – вторая академическая степень, присуждаемая лицам, окончившим университет или приравненное к нему высшее учебное заведение и имеющим степень бакалавра, прошедшим дополнительный курс в течение 1–2 лет, сдавшим специальный экзамен и защитившим диссертацию ;

second, middle (between Bachelor and Doctor of Science) an academic degree in most foreign countries in the system of multi-level higher education, awarded to persons who have graduated from a university, college or university (having a bachelor's degree, after 1–2 years of study and public defense of a diploma or master's thesis.

Master's degree (from "master") – system and form of training specialists with completed higher education (with a bachelor's degree) in most Western countries, for 1–2 years, with the defense of a diploma or master's thesis;

(graduate)– the second cycle of two-stage higher education, focused on the development of creative abilities.

Second level graduates must:

7) master the subject area at an advanced level, that is, master the latest methods and techniques (research, know the latest theories and their interpretations;

8) critically monitor and comprehend the development of theory and practice;

9) master independent research methods and be able to explain its results at an advanced level;

10) be able to make an original contribution to the discipline in accordance with the canons of a given subject area, for example, as part of a qualifying work;

11) demonstrate originality and creativity;

12) master competencies at a professional level.

The master's educational program is focused on individual training of scientific and scientific pedagogical highly qualified workers.

Management functions in the educational system - 1) maintaining the quantitative and qualitative characteristics of the components of the educational system (k.o.s.) at baseline; 2) ensuring constant compliance of the quantitative and qualitative characteristics of the company. With. changing external and internal conditions of its functioning; 3) design of new elements of the c.o. p., the implementation of which does not imply a change in its current state and transfer to a new one; 4) generating new norms for the functioning of c.o. pp., leading to a shift in emphasis (redistribution "weight" contributions) system-forming characteristics of the c.o. With. within the framework of its current state as a system; 5) forecasting new norms and c.o. pp., changing its current state in accordance with established (identified during the expert assessment) trends in the development of the socio-educational system as a whole and each educational institution. s., in particular.

Management in the educational system is the presentation of a) negative demands, aimed at stopping any actions or the existence of objects; b) neutral, with the goal of maintaining, ensuring and constructing any actions or objects; c) positive, meaning the generation and prediction or initiation of something fundamentally different from the previous ones (traditional) actions within the educational system and outside its framework in situations where the previous framework does not allow these actions to be carried out.

Moreover, all three groups of requirements (negative, neutral and positive) are carried out according to certain technological chains, which can be presented in the form of a classification according to the degree of their relevance to the current state of educational systems: 1) promising and 2) operational.

Method (education, training)- a way to professionally pedagogical impact(interactions that ensure changes in the quantitative and qualitative characteristics of the object of influence (interactions).

Teaching methods -….mastering educational units (competencies, i.e. mastering theoretical concepts about educational content units and ways of working with them.

Teaching methods are ways of organizing teaching and learning that ensure the assimilation of educational and cognitive information and the development of methods of cognitive activity.

Methodological work is an integral part of professional pedagogical(-managerial) activities within which theoretical products are created that provide pedagogical or management actions. The subject of methodological work is not only the means of professional pedagogical communication, but also the content of training (educational materials).

Mobility - [< фр. mobile < лат. mobilis] – подвижность .

Mobility (principle) [< фр. mobile < лат. mobilis– подвижный]

– student access to all educational services; Teachers, researchers and administrative staff should receive recognition and credit for periods of time spent in Europe - for research, internships and teaching, without prejudice to their rights.

The ability of students to acquire credits, including outside higher educational institutions (including continuing education, and re-credit them when condition recognition by the relevant universities of the organizations that issue them.

In Russia it is preferable to talk less about territorial (spatial) mobility, but about professional mobility taking place within a particular region.

The mobility of specialists is the desire not only to improve their qualifications within the limits of previously acquired ones, but also to obtain new ones.

IN conditions It would be more expedient for Russia to develop the so-called "virtual mobility" associated with organic inclusion in the educational process modern information technologies. With their help, it would be possible to minimize the time students take away from "why at home", to bring the training itself as close as possible to what is really required in a specific regional labor market. (see regionalization, labor market regionalization).

Modernization - change, improvement, meeting modern requirements(SES, p. 817).

Module – conventional unit, which fixes the size, volume of one of the elements of educational content, used to coordinate the sizes of parts of the educational course (in academic hours, in educational units, in forms of training, in forms of training sessions, methods, techniques, means, etc.) is a relatively independent part of it, which can be assigned numeric value.

Module [< лат. modulus мера] – отделяемая, относительно самостоятельная часть какой-либо системы, организации, устройства (e.g. module spaceship) ; a functionally complete unit that is part of a specific system and has the property of replaceability.

Modules are thematically completed sections into which the material of an academic discipline is divided.

Some part of the whole in a learning system, clearly defined by functional properties; a training module is a fragment of a program that is unified in structure, designed as an independent part of it and intended primarily for individual training. A module can be studied over one or two semesters and is worth 10 or 20 credits, which represents the time required to study it. How these hours are distributed by type of educational activity depends on the content of the module, but in any case, the time spent on students’ independent work is also taken into account.

Modules are logical blocks into which the course program material is divided (subjects representing a completed cycle of educational work. Most often, these are one or more topics. As structural and logical independent modules (in each academic discipline) Individual topics or sections, coursework, individual program assignments for independent study of theoretical material, etc. can be considered. Threshold rating values ​​in points are developed for these modules, which are given to students as a grade depending on the quality and timing of assignments.

A module is a complete set of knowledge, abilities and skills, united by a logical connection, corresponding to a fragment (block, functional unit) educational program of the training course [Galochkin A.I., Bazarnova N.G., Markin V.I., Kasko N.S. Problem-based modular technology of teaching // Sociology and education on the threshold of the third millennium. Report materials And. speeches of section XI. – Barnaul, 1996].

IN pedagogical In a sense, a functional unit is a certain integrity, which at the same time is a subsystem of a wider system. In concept "functional unit" two characteristics: a node as the integrity and functioning of this formation, the dynamics inherent in nature.

A modular program is a system of means, techniques, with the help and through which the final goal of learning is achieved. Thus, the modular program includes elements of cognitive activity management and, together with the teacher, helps to effectively use study time.

The educational material included in the module must be such a complete block of information that it is possible to construct an integral modular program from individual modules. At the same time, the modular program must ensure the mastery of the subject in accordance with the State educational standard, as well as provide an opportunity for a higher level of mastery of educational material.

Monitoring – 1) constant observation of any process in order to determine its compliance with the desired result or initial assumptions; 2) observation, assessment and forecast of the state of the environment in connection with human economic activities.

Monitoring (educational)– 1) constant monitoring of the educational process using standardized tools in order to identify its compliance with a posteriori specified quantitative and qualitative indicators taken from the indicators established in certain of its "points", and establishing compliance with the desired result or initial assumptions; 2) observation, assessment and forecast of the state of the educational system in connection with the socio-political and economic situation within the country and abroad.

Monitoring (educational)- a system for organizing the collection, storage, processing and dissemination of information about the functioning of the educational system, ensuring continuous monitoring of its condition and forecasting its development.

Monitoring the learning process – constant monitoring of teaching and learning processes.

M. of the teaching process is carried out within the framework of demonstrating training sessions and presenting their notes (educational materials, forms of training, forms of training sessions, methods, techniques and means of teaching) during certification teaching staff. M. is implemented within the framework of methodological, scientific and methodological work and additional professional teacher education.

M. of the learning process is carried out within the framework of intermediate and final certification for the following indicators: educational information, methods of cognitive activity, methods of social behavior (in the educational space, methods of introvertive activity (e.g. health-saving). The indicators are the quantity of mastered educational content and quality (degree of severity) mastery of each unit of educational content.

Monitoring of education is a system of intermediate and final certification, including the Unified State Examination, provided with control and measuring materials.

Nostrification (diplomas)– the approach used in the practical solution of issues of equivalence and recognition of higher education diplomas, academic degrees and titles; is based on the results of a comparative analysis of education systems, with the help of which general criteria for assessing levels of education, diplomas, degrees and titles are determined (for more details on aspects of analysis, see 2.6.) .

Nostrification of documents on education, recognition and establishment of equivalence of a diploma or other document on general education, primary, secondary and higher and postgraduate professional education, on the assignment of an academic title, carried out abroad by a university or other scientific institution. Recognition of documents of foreign states means the consent of the relevant authorities to the validity of these documents on the territory of Russia. Federation. Nostrification falls within the competence of the Ministry of Education of the Russian Federation. Establishing the equivalence of educational documents of foreign countries means that government authorities must provide the holders of these documents with the same academic and (or) professional rights as holders of Russian documents. Federation. Nostrification of documents of foreign states does not release possession

Reviewers:

Doctor of Pedagogical Sciences, Professor E. G. Silyaeva; Candidate of Psychological Sciences, Associate Professor N. A. Aminov

Kodzhaspirova G. M., Kodzhaspirov A. YU.

K 57 Pedagogical Dictionary: For students. higher and Wednesday ped. textbook establishments. - M.: Publishing center "Academy", 2003. - 176 p.

ISBN 5-7695-0445-5

The dictionary contains about 1000 terms, knowledge of which is necessary when studying a pedagogy course. It also includes definitions of concepts from related disciplines - psychology, philosophy, sociology.

The manual can be useful to anyone interested in the issues of education and training of the younger generation.

UDC 820.091(075.8) BBK 74.00ya73

ISBN 5-7695-044S-5

© Kodzhaspirova G. M., Kodzhaspirov A. Yu., 2000 © Publishing Center “Academy”, 2000 The tasks of pedagogy are to make science so understandable and assimilated as to make it speak in simple, ordinary language.

A. Herzen

There is no work that contains more shortcomings than the DICTIONARY, and also there is no one that is more capable of continuous improvement.

A. Rivarol

Preface

In recent years, there has been a process of rethinking the conceptual apparatus of pedagogy. A return to humanistic origins again makes the central figure of pedagogical interaction child. The subject-subject nature of the modern pedagogical paradigm, the development of the latest technology of the pedagogical process made the relationship between pedagogy and psychology, pedagogy and sociology, pedagogy and philosophy even more significant and enriched the pedagogy of education and upbringing of the younger generation with new terminology, which could not but be reflected in this publication. In addition, the transformation of many secondary pedagogical educational institutions into the first stage of higher education has increased the theoretical level of teaching in them. This primarily affected pedagogical disciplines and their study will be difficult without students mastering modern psychological and pedagogical terminology, in particular concepts that entered pedagogy relatively recently or were not used due to the authoritarian system that prevailed until recently. The authors-compilers of this dictionary, addressed primarily to students of pedagogical educational institutions and, of course, interesting to teachers, made an attempt to explain the main terms of the course “Pedagogical theories, systems and technologies (pedagogy)”, which are most often used by both modern researchers and practitioners . It should be noted that the interpretation of a number of concepts is still very conditional.

It is quite obvious that when preparing the vocabulary of the publication it was impossible to cover all the concepts and bring them into a single, consistent integrity. Yes, in our opinion, this is not necessary. Pedagogical concepts themselves are revealed from the perspective holistic pedagogical process, At the same time, the authors sought to ensure that the formulations were, above all, accurate, clear and complete.

When selecting terms for this publication, various dictionaries, monographs, textbooks, teaching aids, scientific collections and articles from periodicals containing the latest psychological and pedagogical vocabulary were used. The main sources are listed in the bibliography at the end of the book. The dictionary does not include terms that are not difficult to understand and which, as a rule, are interpreted in the same way by the authors of various pedagogical manuals.

If a word has several meanings, they are indicated by numbers. When clarifying the meaning of a concept, explanations are separated by semicolons. Words included in the title of the article are indicated in the text by the initial letter (for example, in the article “Activity” - D., in the article “Educational work” - V. r., etc.).

The book uses the usual abbreviations for reference publications. Connections between dictionary entries are traced through a cluster arrangement of terms, following in alphabetical order after the base word and highlighted in bold or with a link to the corresponding dictionary entries.