There is no need to confuse the two concepts:

1. Mental disorder;
2. mental illness.

Get upset everyone can, due to hormonal levels, changes in the body, a bad situation, total bad luck and many other factors and reasons.

The main indicator of “upset” is temporary.

With illness everything is much worse, here “temporality” is replaced by “timelessness”. It is almost impossible to cure mental illness.

If a person is sure that he is Napoleon, this is forever. At best, it can be stuffed with drugs, given a course of electric shock treatment and turned into a vegetable. But the vegetables are simply silent and do not move. That's why we don't know what's in their heads.

To determine in advance whether a person is sick, you need to know the main signs of the disease. We will talk about this in the article.

Drastic personality change

We all change little by little, and our environment, time, experience and interests change us. This is normal: a person loses something, gains something.

But if in an instant a person has changed dramatically, then this is an alarming signal.

For example, the bank clerk who left work like this and came to work the next day in a Pokemon costume. Of course, this could be a joke, an answer to a lost argument, or a costume party.

If visible reasons for a radical transformation no, there are hidden motives.

You don’t know about them, but if a person is not just in a Pokemon costume, but considers himself one, then the matter is serious. Let him get into the role and prove his artistry to everyone, but soon his passion should end.

If the fuse does not end, this is clearly the first sign mental illness.

At first, it may seem that a person has neglected his responsibilities and his daily functions. He simply forgot that he was supposed to do something and did not remember at all how to do it.

A bank clerk who comes to work, but when he sees the reports that he only completed halfway through yesterday, comes into complete stupor. He doesn't understand how he did it yesterday. He has completely lost his skill.

Absurd ideas

All the signs need to be taken by the company, and not pulled out one of them and draw hasty conclusions based only on it. This applies to this feature. The absurdity in an idea can be seen by the surrounding society if it is simply not mature enough to understand such an idea.

They say about many geniuses that they were born before their era. The world was not yet ready to accept their ideas.

Consequently, such people were considered not just eccentrics, but madmen, sorcerers and devils.

• In my time Giordano Bruno made a number of discoveries that were ahead of the era in which he lived. He said that stars are the suns of other galaxies, and there are an infinite number of galaxies in the universe. Only after 300 years, a monument was erected in honor of the legendary scientist at the place of execution.
• Galileo was the same, but lived to be 77 years old, since he renounced his discoveries in time. He denied that the earth was round and revolved around the sun, which at one time was motionless.
• A Nikola Tesla? Only recently have people started going crazy about electric vehicles, but it was invented almost a hundred years ago. Tesla died in 1943 in complete poverty, leaving 300 inventions to his descendants.

An infinite number of examples can be given, we think that the essence is already clear. We cross out geniuses born in a different age from this attribute.

A clerk in a Pokemon costume wanders around the office, greeting every folder, report and colleague with a blank stare. And then he starts offering crazy ideas. He brushes off objections and says that he came up with a spell.

But it is possible for a healthy person to distinguish absurd ideas from those that do not lack meaning.

A sick person is disturbed by the whole world: leaves on trees, a yard dog, reflections in puddles.

It is characteristic of a healthy person. The main thing is to retreat into yourself for a while and come out on time and full of strength.

The patient's depression has no boundaries and no temporality.

Such a person does not return to a normal state, but becomes aggressive or hyper-anxious.

Reorganization of the daily routine

It happens that healthy man confuses day with night. There are certain reasons for this. But when a person sleeps during the day, stays awake at night, eats every 10 minutes or does not eat for days - this may be neurosis, but in combination with other signs - a mental illness.

Mental disorders (also called mental illness, mental illness) in their general meaning are disordered mental states that differ from normal ones. This term has a more specific concept in some specific areas, for example, in law, psychiatry, psychology.

The opposite of mental illness is mental health. This term characterizes people who are able to adapt to life conditions without stressing their psyche and solve any problems that arise in front of them.

Types of mental disorders

Classifications mental disorders there are several. All of them are built on three principles:

• syndromological: the concept of “single psychosis” is used as a concept;
• nosological, in which the main factors are the etiology, pathogenesis and similarity of diseases in clinical picture;
• pragmatic or statistical.

The main classification of disorders is considered to be that proposed by WHO in the International Classification of Diseases, tenth edition. It has been mandatory in the Russian Federation since 1997, and the types of mental disorders in the document (abbreviated as ICD-10) are presented:

• organic and somatic mental disorders;
• schizophrenia, schizotypal and delusional states;
• neurotic, stress-related; somatoform;
• those that are provoked by psychoactive substances taken by a person;
• behavioral syndromes that manifest themselves in physiological disorders and physical factors;
• affective, reflecting changes in mood;
• personality and behavior disorders in mature people;
• mental retardation;
• disorders mental development;
• emotional and behavioral disorders, the onset of which is childhood or adolescence;
• mental disorders without deciphering the causes.

Other classifications are based, for example, on the causes of mental illness. According to this feature they are:

• exogenous, caused by external factors; There are many reasons: abuse of alcohol, drugs, ingestion of industrial poisons, toxic substances, viruses, microbes; radiation exposure; mental trauma associated with the skull; in this group there are mental illnesses, the cause of which is emotional stress, in social and family relationships;
• endogenous – the “fault” of occurrence – internal factors.

There is a division of diseases according to the volume and depth of mental disorders. Here the forms of mental disorder come in many different forms. They can be “mild” disorders or “very severe” ones, which can even become a threat to the life of the patient and others.

Mental illness in women

The life of a woman, which is also typical for men, can be disrupted at any time by any mental illness, anxiety disorders, or mood disorders. But it also abounds in specific age periods, the conditions of which significantly increase the risk of developing mental problems. Their detection requires the specialist to question the patient in detail and carefully approach the examination of her mental status.

While studying at school, girls often experience phobias, which are expressed in obsessive fear, which worsens, for example, during certain lessons. Over time, due to lack of attention on the part of boys in particular, they may develop hyperactivity syndrome, often accompanied by learning disorders.

Adolescents often experience mental disorders associated with eating behavior. This:

• the desire to eat not when you feel hungry, but only when you see food;
• “eating” feelings of restlessness, anxiety, irritation, depression, resentment;
• compliance with strict but unsystematic diets and food restrictions.

The risk of mental disorders in the form of premenstrual dysphoria is high during the period associated with the first menstrual bleeding. And after puberty it increases even more and is expressed by depression in both girls and much older women.

Pregnancy and the time after it are also among the specific periods when women can be affected by mental disorders and diseases. For many people, after childbirth, their mood often changes; There is short-term depression (it goes away without treatment). Rarely are the consequences of the latter severe, with impairment of ability to work; Very rarely does it end in psychotic disorders affecting the mind.

Middle age women are also at risk for anxiety and mood disorders. It is also possible to develop a more severe mental disorder, such as schizophrenia.

In middle age, sexual and mental disorders caused by sexual dysfunction are possible. This is especially true when a woman is treated with antidepressants for some kind of mental disorder. As a result, there may be different side effects, libido may decrease, etc.

The occurrence of mental disorders is often a consequence of the onset, in particular, severe depression can occur. The period is risky due to serious changes in the family and life. Added to this is the shift in active role from raising children to caring for elderly parents.

As women age, they are susceptible to developing senile dementia; This is especially noticeable among those who outlive their spouse and remain alone. And if they already have somatic diseases and they treat them with many medications, then the onset of insanity is possible. After 60 years of age, there is a high probability of a dangerous mental disorder - paraphrenia or delusion, in which there is delusion of grandeur, and fear of constant persecution, etc.

Symptoms of mental illness and their diagnosis

Signs of a mental disorder are a rather subtle concept, constantly being adjusted in specifics and manifestations. But what always remains constant is that the symptoms relate to disturbances occurring in a person’s thinking, in his mood, and behavior. Moreover, everything is compared with existing standards in society, in people’s relationships, with how the patient behaved before the illness, how different such changes are.

People suffering from mental disorders have symptoms that vary in nature and essence. For example:

• among emotional ones: excessive feeling of happiness and vice versa; disproportionate perception of something; there may be a lack of feelings about something at all; painful sensations; hallucinations; pathological isolation;
• in thinking: violation of the relationship in judgments, in thoughts; lack of a critical assessment of the situation; overestimation or underestimation of both oneself and others; fruitless philosophizing; speech disruption; accelerated thinking; obsessions;
• in behavior: frequent meaningless movements; obsessive actions; sexual perversion, etc.

The first thing they do when diagnosing neuropsychic disorders is to determine whether the patient has any somatic (physical) disease. Only after making sure of this can we assume he has mental problems.

Characteristic signs of a mental disorder in a woman, man or child are identified using specially designed diagnostic tests. They are different for different levels mental disorders and specific problems. For example, to assess depression, there are Beck and Zang scales, and there is also a separate questionnaire. The same Zang scale is used if there is a suspicion of phobic or anxiety disorders. Obsessive states are identified using the Yale-Brown scale. There is a special test that allows you to identify your relationship with food.

Some mental illnesses have obvious signs that are used to diagnose them. For example, symptoms of schizophrenia include hallucinations (pseudo, commentary, auditory) and delusions. Moreover, they often have a bizarre character. Subsequently, the patient develops apathy towards everything, he becomes withdrawn, his judgments about everything are negativistic.

Causes of mental disorders

Mental problems can arise for various reasons, but they affect one human organ - the brain.

The development of neuropsychiatric disorders is facilitated by heredity, especially if trauma, infection, intoxication, and certain situations that traumatize the psyche are added to this. Often the onset of a mental disorder, in particular epilepsy, is damage to the fetus in the womb.

The connection between alcohol and mental disorders has long been proven. Situations can be: parents drinking, alcohol consumption by a woman during pregnancy. The disease can be the result of toxic substances entering the body, manifested due to head injury, or infection of the brain. Toxins, in particular, can be formed in the body itself during diseases internal organs, for example, typhus, brucellosis, cerebral syphilis, encephalitis.

In the characteristics of mental disorders, a “gender” characteristic is also observed. In terms of frequency, their development is greater in men. Moreover, they suffer more from alcoholic and traumatic psychoses, but in women it is more depression, presenile or manic-depressive psychoses.

Based on age, there are groups of mental disorders that are unique to children; there are those that appear only in older people; there are “tied” to a specific age. The most dangerous age to be among people with mental disorders is 20...35 years of age. By old age, statistics show sharp decline diseases associated with the psyche.

Treatment of mental disorders

A whole range of methods are used in the treatment of mild and acute mental disorders. Among them, the use of special medicines, psychotherapy, somatic approaches to therapy, alternative medicine, etc.

Psychiatric care includes conversations between a specialist and the patient and the performance of specially designed exercises. The purpose of this is to soften a person’s suffering, relieve him of obsessive thoughts, fear, and depression; help him bring his behavior back to normal, get rid of the bad traits that have appeared in his character.

Drug therapy, especially the somatic approach to it, is aimed at bringing the body to a normal state. This is expressed in the fact that the patient is injected with chemical element, which is lacking in the body and from which his mental state has suffered. Naturally, before this, studies are carried out to confirm the connection of the chemical substance with the disease.

Treatment of mental disorders with medications produces good effects. However, the mechanism of action of most drugs is not clear to specialists today. Often medications can only remove the signs of a disease without eliminating its causes. Therefore, often serious mental disorders, as soon as you stop taking medications, return to the person.

In principle, all common mental disorders described in ICD-10 are treatable today. The difficulties lie in the people affected by them, who not only do not understand their illness, but do not even want to admit its existence.

Prevention of mental disorders

The existing concept of combating mental illness includes primary, secondary and tertiary prevention. Each of them contains a set of measures that solve problems of a certain level and focus. They involve specialists working in a variety of areas. These, in addition to doctors and psychiatrists, include, for example, teachers and sociologists, lawyers and sports coaches.

Primary psychoprophylaxis includes:

• training people in mental hygiene;
• elimination of infections;
• environmental improvement;
• injury prevention;
• exclusion of suffocation and injury to the fetus during childbirth;
• identifying people who are prone to mental illness;
• eliminating situations that contribute to mental disorders in men, women, and children;
• timely psychocorrection of the psyche.

The efforts of specialists in the second psychoprophylaxis are aimed at working with those people who are already susceptible to neurotic mental disorders or whose mental problems are in the embryonic stage. The task is to identify them and prevent further complications in the development of the disease.

Tertiary psychoprophylaxis is a stage of social rehabilitation of patients. There are three directions here - medical, professional and social. Medical rehabilitation of mental disorders involves curing the patient, if possible, to a normal level. Professional – gives him hope to be productive and to take care of himself. Social – provides the former patient with conditions for normal communication with others.

In terms of rehabilitation, it is very important to develop specialized institutions and structures that specifically deal with such serious diseases.

Mental disorder is a very broad concept. This term in the broadest sense refers to a mental state that is different from a normal, healthy one.

Classification

There are several classifications of mental disorders. According to one of them, mental disorders are divided into two groups:

• exogenous, caused by external causes such as traumatic brain injury, psychological and emotional trauma; various toxic substances - alcohol, drugs, poisons, as well as radiation;
• endogenous, caused by internal reasons - gene and chromosomal disorders that can be inherited.

According to another classification mental disorders There are psychotic and neurotic levels.

• Neurotic diseases - for example, anxiety disorders, are characterized primarily by a connection with a psychotraumatic situation (they arise as a response of the body to long-term stress or crisis), reversibility, criticism and adequacy on the part of the person (awareness of the presence of a problem).
• Psychotic diseases - for example, schizophrenia, cause disturbances in criticism and perception (sometimes delusions, hallucinations), thinking disorders (violation of logic, consistency of reasoning), are not associated with the external situation, and arise for reasons independent of human behavior.

1. “Alien Hand Syndrome”
A complex neuropsychiatric disorder, a form of apraxia in which one or both hands act on their own, regardless of the owner’s wishes. Sometimes accompanied by attacks of epilepsy. Another name for the syndrome - “Dr. Strangelove's disease” - was given not by the name of the discoverer, but in honor of Dr. Strangelove, one of the characters from the film “Dr. Strangelove, or How I Stopped Being Afraid and Loved the Bomb,” whose hand sometimes threw itself up Nazi salute, then began to strangle its owner
2. "Foreign Accent"
Those who experience it mental disorder, speak their native language with an accent. Deviations of this type usually occur after serious traumatic brain injuries, as well as in people who have had a heart attack or stroke. This mental disorder cannot be treated.
3. "Capgras Delusion"
Delirium of a negative double. A person suffering from this syndrome has a delusional belief that one of his loved ones has been replaced perfectly look-alike doppelgänger. Sometimes the double replaces the patient himself, then the patient begins to blame his bad deeds on the double. There is also the opposite disease, Fregoli syndrome. With it, a person is convinced that he is not surrounded by different people, but one and the same person, successfully masquerading as them. Often combined with persecution mania, which is not surprising
4. “Fear of the number 13”
For people with this mental disorder, there is nothing worse than the things associated with this number. Within this deviation, the fear of “Friday the Thirteenth” is also identified. Adolf Hitler suffered from this mental disorder. In Japan, China and Korea, some people are afraid of the number "4".
5. “Muscle dysmorphism”
People suffering from this syndrome are obsessed with the idea that their muscles are not big enough. Among the symptoms of this deviation are the following:
- a person constantly looks at himself in the mirror;
- he is very worried if he misses training in the gym;
- the patient is ready to take drugs that are dangerous to health and increase muscle mass;
- his relationships with loved ones and friends fade into the background. Training comes to the fore.
6. “Bibliomania”
Bibliomania is a mental disorder that manifests itself in the fact that a person becomes obsessed with acquiring books. He tries to buy up the entire circulation of a book by one author, without thinking about where he will place them and what his loved ones think about it. In some cases, a person suffering from this deviation is ready to break the law in order to get the publication he needs.
7. "Exploding Head"
People suffering from this syndrome often have seizures during which they hear a loud noise that sounds like an explosion inside their head. Often this noise overtakes them in the middle of the night, causing them to wake up.
8. "Trichotillomania"
Many psychologists associate this mental disorder with the habit of constantly touching hair, both on the head and on other parts of the body. A person suffering from this disorder, without noticing it, pulls out his hair, as a result of which he develops bald spots and bald spots.
9. "Androphobia"
Androphobia is the fear of meeting a man face to face. This mental disorder usually affects girls who have not had sexual experience. They start to experience panic fear when they are left alone with a man, even if there are no signs of danger.
10. "Munchausen Syndrome"
This syndrome is popularly called “cunning inflammation.” Its essence lies in the fact that the “sick person” deliberately pretends to be sick in order to attract attention to himself and arouse sympathy for himself.
11. Phantom limb
It is also called the syndrome of false sensation of an amputated limb. People suffering from this disorder feel that their amputated limb (or even a removed organ - or even the same appendix) is still with them. Almost 80 percent of those who have undergone amputation risk getting such specific sensations in return. Often people continue to experience pain in their amputated limbs (so-called phantom pain), and many individuals feel the gesticulation of their amputated arms. In the most severe cases patients believe that the missing limb acts independently, not subject to their will.
12. Violation of the integrity of body perception
People with NCVT tend to amputate a healthy part of their body. They experience painful sensations that there is something wrong with their body and that their legs or arms are simply superfluous. Partially they try to solve the problem, for example, by paralyzing the limbs or. Many go so far as to mutilate themselves, especially since there are still very few cases where doctors have decided to perform such an operation (and their legality is questionable). After the operation, the patients (we will still call them that) testified to the relief and long-awaited harmony with their own body.
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14. Mythomania
Or hysterical fantasy. It is expressed in an obsessive desire to lie - without any external motivation. However, often a hysterical liar really believes what he says, and he has to create truly non-trivial constructions in order to fit some not particularly convenient facts into his system of the world. Mythomania has three distinctive feature: firstly, a lie always carries an element of truth - it is still not psychosis, and being backed up to the wall, a deceiver is quite capable of confessing to a lie. Secondly, such a lie is not provoked by any event or situation. It goes as if in the background to the patient’s existence. And finally, thirdly, the tales told usually show the hero in a positive light - brave, famous, or at least rich. Outside of his role, the mythomaniac usually does not lie.
15. Alice in Wonderland syndrome
Or micropsia. A condition in which patients have distorted perceptions of time, space and their own body. People may seem like midgets to them, and their own arms, legs or head can arbitrarily change shape and size - subjectively, of course. Intangible objects or even their parts separately can also decrease.
16. Genital retraction syndrome
He's Koro. A strange mental disorder in which the patient believes that his penis (or breasts, if a woman is ill) is retracting, shrinking, being retracted into the body, and when it is completely retracted, the person will die. The patient begins to take measures for self-rescue - does not sleep, watches, hangs weights, and so on. More strange fact- the disease occurs only in Asia, and even more precisely - in South-East Asia(South China, Singapore, Thailand, etc.). Often the disease takes on the character local epidemic- that is, whole villages of people sit and are afraid that their penises will disappear. Over time, all symptoms disappear without a trace.
17. Stendhal syndrome
Initially, it was the feeling of existential horror described by Stendhal that gripped some Europeans when visiting Florence and contemplating, for example, Raphael’s “Madonna.” Other symptoms include rapid heartbeat, dizziness, seizures, and possible hallucinations. By and large, the syndrome can strike anywhere, but there is one interesting observation about Florence. Stendhal syndrome never affects local residents and never Japanese tourists. Japanese tourists have their own scourge - the Paris syndrome, a disease with approximately the same symptoms, which so often affects the Japanese in Paris that their French embassy even operates a 24-hour hotline phone line for the victims.
18. Cotard's Delirium
Delusion of denial is a rare mental disorder, “delusions of grandeur in reverse.” The patient has delusional ideas that he is dead or does not exist. That he is decomposing, that he does not have a heart, blood or internal organs at all, sometimes that he is immortal. Other variations - I am the most terrible criminal in the world, I have caused the greatest evil to humanity, I have infected the whole world with AIDS, the Earth is dead, the world is empty and lifeless. All this is against the backdrop of depression and anxious mental states.
19. Jerusalem Syndrome
Jerusalem Syndrome involves the onset of religious obsessions, delusions, or other psychoses as a result of visiting the city of Jerusalem. This syndrome does not apply to just one religion or belief, and also affects Jews and Christians of various origins. The syndrome appears while a person is in Jerusalem and usually disappears after a few weeks. Interestingly, all the people who suffered from this spontaneous psychosis had a past history of mental illness or were already feeling unwell before arriving in the city.
20. Repetitive Paramnesia
Repetitive Paramnesia occurs when a person begins to believe that a certain place or locality is duplicated, that is, it exists in two or more places at the same time or has been transferred to another site. For example, a person may believe that he is not actually in the hospital where he was assigned, but in an identical one located in another part of the country, despite all the evidence that this cannot be the case. Paramnesia was first used in 1930 by Czechoslovakian neurologist Arnold Pick to describe the condition of a patient suspected of having Alseimer's disease. The patient constantly insisted that she be moved from the Peak clinic to the same one, but which she believed was located in her area. To support her words, she claimed that Pick and his colleagues worked in both clinics and thus tried to mislead her.
21. Prosopagnosia
Prosopagnosia, also known as face blindness, is a disease in which a person has impaired perception of faces, that is, he can recognize any objects except human faces. The disease is usually the result of brain injury, but can also be inherited.

The weaker sex is more susceptible to mental illnesses. Emotional involvement V social life and natural sensitivity increase the risk of developing diseases. They need to be diagnosed in time in order to begin proper treatment and return life to normal.

Mental illnesses at different age periods of a woman’s life

For each age period (girl, young woman, woman), a group of the most likely mental illnesses has been identified. At these critical stages of development for the psyche, situations occur that most often provoke development.

Girls are less susceptible to mental illnesses than boys, however, they are not immune from the development of school phobias and attention deficit. They are at increased risk of developing anxiety and learning disorders.

Young girls in 2% of cases may become victims of premenstrual dysphoria after the first episode of bleeding during the menstrual period. After puberty, it is believed that girls are 2 times more likely to develop depression than boys.

Women who are included in the group of patients with mental disorders do not undergo drug treatment when planning. In this way they provoke relapses. After childbirth, there is a high probability of signs of depression appearing, which, however, may go away without drug treatment.

A small percentage of women do develop psychotic disorders, the treatment of which is complicated by the limited number of approved medications. For each individual situation, the degree of benefit and risk of drug treatment during breastfeeding is determined.

Women from 35 to 45 years of age are at risk of developing anxiety disorders, they are susceptible to mood changes, and are not immune from the onset of schizophrenia. Decreased sexual function can occur due to taking antidepressants.

Menopause changes the usual course of a woman's life, her social role and relationships with loved ones. They switch from caring for their children to looking after their parents. This period is associated with depressive moods and disorders, but the connection between the phenomena has not been officially proven.

In old age, women are susceptible to the development of dementia and complications of somatic pathologies with mental disorders. This is due to their life expectancy; the risk of developing dementia (acquired dementia) increases in proportion to the number of years lived. Elderly women who take a lot and suffer from somatic diseases are more prone to insanity than others.

Those over 60 should pay attention to the symptoms of paraphrenia (a severe form of delusional syndrome); they are at greatest risk. Emotional involvement in the lives of others and loved ones at an advanced age, when many complete their life path, can cause mental disorders.

Dividing a woman’s existence into periods allows doctors to single out the only correct one from a variety of diseases with similar symptoms.

Signs of mental disorders in girls

Development in childhood nervous system occurs continuously, but unevenly. However, 70% of the peak of mental development occurs during this period; the personality of the future adult is formed. It is important to have the symptoms of certain diseases diagnosed by a specialist in a timely manner.
Signs:

• Decreased appetite. Occurs with sudden changes in diet and forced food intake.
• Increased activity. Characterized by sudden forms of motor excitement (bouncing, monotonous running, shouting)
• Hostility. It is expressed in the child’s confidence in the negative attitude towards him of those around him and loved ones, which is not confirmed by facts. It seems to such a child that everyone laughs at him and despises him. On the other hand, he himself will show groundless hatred and aggression, or even fear towards his family. He gets rough in everyday communication with relatives.
• Painful perception of physical disability (dysmorphophobia). The child chooses a minor or apparent disadvantage in appearance and tries with all his might to disguise or eliminate it, even turning to adults with a request for plastic surgery.
• Game activity. It comes down to monotonous and primitive manipulation of objects not intended for play (cups, shoes, bottles); the nature of such a game does not change over time.
• Morbid obsession with health. Excessive attention to one’s physical condition, complaints about fictitious ones.
• Repeated movements of the word. They are involuntary or obsessive, for example, the desire to touch an object, rub your hands, or tap.
• Mood disturbance. The state of melancholy and meaninglessness of what is happening does not leave the child. He becomes whiny and irritable, his mood does not improve for a long time.

• Nervous state. Change from hyperactivity to lethargy and passivity and back. Bright light and loud and unexpected sounds are difficult to tolerate. The child cannot strain his attention for a long time, which is why he experiences difficulties with his studies. He may experience visions of animals, scary-looking people, or hear voices.
• Disorders in the form of repeated spasms or convulsions. The child may freeze for a few seconds, turning pale or rolling his eyes. An attack may manifest itself in shaking of the shoulders, arms, or less often, similar to squats. Systematic walking and talking in your sleep at the same time.
• Disturbances in daily behavior. Excitability coupled with aggression, expressed in a tendency to violence, conflict and rudeness. Unstable attention due to lack of discipline and motor disinhibition.
• A pronounced desire to cause harm and subsequent pleasure from it. The desire for hedonism, increased suggestibility, a tendency to leave home. Negative thinking along with vindictiveness and bitterness against the backdrop of a general tendency towards cruelty.
• A painful and abnormal habit. Biting nails, pulling out hair from the scalp and at the same time reducing psychological stress.
• Obsessive fears. Daytime forms are accompanied by facial redness, increased sweating and palpitations. At night, they manifest themselves in screaming and crying from frightening dreams and motor restlessness; in such a situation, the child may not recognize loved ones and brush someone off.
• Impaired reading, writing and counting skills. In the first case, children have difficulty relating the appearance of a letter to its sound or have difficulty recognizing images of vowels or consonants. With dysgraphia (writing disorder), it is difficult for them to write what they say out loud.

These signs are not always a direct consequence of the development of a mental illness, but require qualified diagnosis.

Symptoms of diseases characteristic of adolescence

Adolescent girls are characterized by anorexia nervosa and bulimia, premenstrual dysphoria and depressive states.

Anorexia, frolicking due to nervousness, includes:

• Denial of the existing problem
• Painful and obsessive feeling excess weight in its apparent absence
• Eating food standing or in small pieces
• Disturbed regime
• Fear of gaining excess weight
• Depressed mood
• Anger and unreasonable resentment
• Passion for cooking, preparing meals for the family without personal participation in the meal
• Avoidance general techniques food, minimal communication with loved ones, spending a long time in the bathroom or playing sports outside the home.

Anorexia also causes physical problems. Losing weight can lead to problems with menstrual cycle, arrhythmia appears, constant weakness and muscle pain are felt. How you treat yourself depends on the amount of weight lost versus gained. A person with anorexia nervosa tends to biasedly assess his condition until the point of no return is reached.

Signs of bulimia nervosa:

• The amount of food consumed at a time exceeds the norm for a person of a certain build. Pieces of food are not chewed, but quickly swallowed.
• After eating, a person deliberately tries to induce vomiting to empty the stomach.
• Behavior is dominated by mood swings, closedness and unsociability.
• A person feels helpless and lonely.
• General malaise and lack of energy, frequent illnesses, upset digestion.
• Destroyed tooth enamel is a consequence of frequent vomiting, which contains gastric juice.
• Enlarged salivary glands on the cheeks.
• Denying the existence of a problem.

Signs of premenstrual dysphoria:

• The disease is typical for girls developing premenstrual syndrome. It, in turn, is expressed in depression, gloomy mood, unpleasant physical sensations and an uncomfortable psychological state, tearfulness, disruption of the usual sleep and eating patterns.
• Dysphoria occurs 5 days before the start of menstruation and ends on the first day. During this period, the girl is completely unfocused, cannot concentrate on anything, and is overcome by fatigue. The diagnosis is made if the symptoms are pronounced and bother the woman.

Most adolescent diseases develop due to nervous disorders and characteristics of puberty.

Postpartum mental disorders

In the field of medicine, there are 3 negative psychological states of a woman in labor:

• Neurotic. There is an exacerbation of mental problems that were present when the child was pregnant. This disease is accompanied by a depressed state and nervous exhaustion.
• Traumatic neurosis. Appears after long and difficult birth, subsequent pregnancies are accompanied by fear and anxiety.
• Melancholy with delusional ideas. The woman feels guilty, may not recognize loved ones and may see hallucinations. This disease is a prerequisite for the development of manic-depressive psychosis.

Mental disorder may manifest itself as:

• Depressed state and tearfulness.
• Unreasonable anxiety, feelings of restlessness.
• Irritability and excessive activity.
• Distrust of others and feeling.

• Slurred speech and decreased or increased appetite.
• Obsessiveness in communication or the desire to isolate yourself from everyone.
• Confusion and lack of concentration.
• Inadequate self-esteem.
• Thoughts about suicide or murder.

In the first week or month, these symptoms will make themselves felt in the event of the development of postpartum psychosis. Its duration is four months on average.

The period of middle age. Mental illnesses that develop during menopause

During menopause, the hormonal glands of sexual secretion reverse development; this symptom is most pronounced in women between 45 and 50 years of age. inhibits cell renewal. As a result, those diseases and disorders that were previously absent completely or occurred latently begin to appear.

Mental illnesses characteristic of the menopause period develop either 2-3 months before the final completion of the menstrual cycle or even after 5 years. These reactions are temporary, most often they are:

• Mood swings
• Anxiety about the future
• Increased sensitivity

Women at this age are prone to self-criticism and dissatisfaction with themselves, which entails the development of depressive moods and hypochondriacal experiences.

With physical discomfort during menopause, associated with flushing or fainting, hysterics appear. Serious disorders during menopause develop only in women who initially had such problems

Mental disorders in women in senile and pre-senile periods

Involutionary paranoid. This psychosis, which appears during involution, is accompanied by delusional thoughts combined with unbidden memories of traumatic situations from the past.

Involutional melancholy is typical for women over 50 years of age. The main prerequisite for the appearance of this disease is anxiety-delusional depression. Typically, involutional paranoid appears after a change in lifestyle or a stressful situation.

Late-life dementia. The disease is an acquired dementia that worsens over time. Based on clinical manifestations, there are:

• Total dementia. In this option, perception, level of thinking, creativity and problem solving abilities are reduced. The boundaries of personality are erased. A person is not able to critically evaluate himself.
• Lacunar dementia. Memory impairment occurs when the level of cognitive function is maintained. The patient can evaluate himself critically, but the personality basically remains unchanged. This disease manifests itself in syphilis of the brain.
• These diseases are a warning sign. The mortality rate of patients with dementia after a stroke is many times higher than that of those who escaped this fate and did not become dementia.

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Treatment of mental disorders is divided into medications and complex psychotherapy. For eating disorders typical of young girls, a combination of these treatment methods will be effective. However, even if most of the symptoms coincide with the described disorders, before undertaking any type of treatment it is necessary to consult with a psychotherapist or psychiatrist.