According to etiquette, in our country it is customary to distinguish between two main and most common forms of addressing a person.
Official appeal
In modern Russian there is no generally accepted address for a man or a woman, as in the West or in the East (Mr., Miss, Madam, Khanym Efendi, etc.).
- If we know the initials, then the official form is the person’s first and patronymic (sometimes it can be observed with the addition of a surname). The pronoun is also used in the dialogue plural"YOU":
! This applies to both people we know and people we don’t know:
Our lecturer on the history of Russia of the 20th century will be Professor Maria Petrovna Ivanova. - Our lecturer of Russian history of 20 th century will be Ivanova Maria Petrovna.
- Semi-formal form allows first name only:
- If we don't know the person , then the most commonly used words at the beginning of a conversation are:
« woman"(middle aged and older), " young woman" (youth), " girl" (child).
Young man, do you know if there is a post office nearby? - Fellow, do you know whether there is a post office nearby?
! An anonymous address is also acceptable, when we don’t know in advance who the communication will be with ( for example, messages in instant messengers, calls to a call center or letters to support services on websites). In this case, it is enough to politely say hello and immediately move on to the reason for your request:
Good afternoon Please tell me if this smartphone model is available? I can't find it in the search on your site. - Good afternoon! Could you, please, say the availability of this smartphone model? I can’t find it in search on your website.
Unofficial appeal
If we talk about the unofficial form of address, then it is necessary to divide it into live dialogue and communication on the Internet and instant messengers. In all the examples below, the singular personal pronoun “YOU” is mainly used, in more rare cases “YOU”.
- In a personal conversation it is possible to start a conversation with a person immediately by name or with the addition of family ties to the name, or without a name at all. The last option is possible if two people are participating in the conversation or it is clear to whom the question is addressed:
Uncle Sasha, do you want some more coffee? - Uncle Sasha, would you like more coffee?
Maybe we can celebrate two birthdays on one day? Raise your hands if you like this idea. - Maybe will celebrate birthday party at the same day? Raise your hands who likes this idea.
- When corresponding to in social networks or messengers , as a rule, an abbreviated form is used, without addressing by name and going straight to the topic of conversation. The pronoun “YOU” is also more common here:
An address is a word or combination of words that in direct speech refers to the person to whom the speech is addressed. For example, Sasha go get some bread; Young friend, always be young; And you, Dasha, will you go to the cinema?
Addresses are similar to introductory words in the sense that they, like introductory words, are highlighted in writing by commas, but are not members of the sentence, so they are not underlined during syntactic parsing. The appeal can be at the beginning, middle, or end of a sentence. At the beginning of the sentence: Yuri, have you done your homework? In the middle of the sentence: Can you play the violin, Klava? At the end of the sentence: Why do you need a broken bicycle, Pavel?
At the beginning of a sentence, the address may be separated by a comma or an exclamation mark if the address is pronounced with a raised exclamation. You can say: Kolya, go take out the trash. But you can also say this: Kolya! go take out the trash. Unlike introductory words, addresses are not distinguished by dashes, but only by commas. After the calls there is a pause.
The appeal is not always easy to find in the text. For example, And you, dear friends, come tomorrow. An inexperienced student can highlight the appeal in a sentence like this: And you, dear friends, come tomorrow. Therefore, it is important to be careful when highlighting the appeal.
Thus, appeals can consist of one single word (Vladimir, put a hat on your head, otherwise it’s cold outside) and common when two or more words are used: And you, snowstorms, where are you rushing?
It should also be noted that there are also such appeals that can be scattered throughout the sentence, that is, one part can be, for example, at the beginning of the sentence, and the second at the end of the sentence. For example, Where are you going, darling, girl. Such appeals are typical colloquial speech.
Sometimes the particle “o” is used together with addresses. For example, O my youth, where have you gone? In such cases, the particle “o” is not separated by a comma from the address, but represents a single address.
The main thing to remember
- appeals can be common and not common;
- not emphasized;
- addresses and introductory words are not the same thing;
- separated by commas.
N.M. RUKHLENKO,
With. Orlik, Belgorod region.
Proposals with appeals. Stylistic functions of addresses
Grade 11
The purpose of the lesson: reveal the role of appeals in speech, develop logical thinking and students' linguistic sense, promote the development of schoolchildren's speech.
DURING THE CLASSES
Teacher. Every simple sentence is a syntactic chain of sentence members, hierarchically ordered based on the forms of syntactic connection. In addition to these members, components that are not included in the syntactic chain can be introduced into the sentence. Distinctive feature of these components is their clear and sharp intonation distinction among the components that make up the syntactic chain. Sentences with components not included in the syntactic chain of sentence members are called complicated. Complications are achieved through the introduction of components with different functions. Today we will talk about appeals. What is conversion? You are offered several definitions of this concept. Which one is more accurate? Justify your choice.
An address is a noun, alone or with dependent words, naming the person to whom the speech is addressed.
An address is a word or combination of words that names a person, or less often an object, to whom the speech is addressed.
An address is a word (or group of words) that names the person to whom the speech is addressed.
Student. The 2nd and 3rd definitions of circulation are more accurate. The first definition is inaccurate in the sense that appeal can be expressed not only by a noun, but also by another part of speech.
Teacher. Write down the following sentences from dictation and say what place the appeal can occupy in the sentence.
My friend, believe me that it was not out of vanity or an excess of consciousness that I became a chronicler. (M. Prishvin) The war has passed. And you keep crying, mother. (A. Tvardovsky) For a long time, funny friends, we said goodbye to school, but every year we come to our class. (M. Matusovsky)
Student. The appeal can be at the beginning, middle or end of the sentence.
Teacher. In oral speech, addresses are characterized by different types intonation. What do you guys think this depends on? Comment on the following examples:
1) Guys! Forward, on a sortie, follow me! (A. Pushkin)
2) Fly away, memories! (A. Pushkin)
3) I, comrades, have no time. (V. Panova)
4) The publisher is nice! In this book I indulge in new feelings, I learn to comprehend the uplifted Rus' in every moment as a commune. (S. Yesenin)
5) It’s like before bad weather, it’s hard, friends. (A. Yashin)
6) Quiet, speakers! Your word, Comrade Mauser! (V. Mayakovsky)
7) Stand, sons of Russia, stand to the death... (V. Vishnevsky)
Student. The intonation with which the address is pronounced depends on the place of the address in the sentence, its expressiveness, and degree of prevalence. A special vocative intonation is inherent in an address that is outside the sentence (examples 1, 4). In such cases, the address is pronounced with increased emphasis and a higher tone, after the address there is a pause; in writing this is indicated by an exclamation mark. The address at the end of the sentence is characterized by weakened vocative intonation (5th sentence). However, at the end of exclamatory and interrogative sentences, the address may have increased stress (examples 2, 6). In the middle of the sentence (3rd sentence), the address is distinguished by small pauses, pronounced quickly and in a low tone (introductory intonation), but can also have a vocative intonation (7th sentence).
Teacher. What is special about the following offers:
1) Farewell, my comrade, my faithful servant, the time has come for us to part. (A. Pushkin)
2) Moscow, my Moscow, my Moscow is a beautiful, incomparable, native land. (S. Vasiliev)
3) Tell me, Wilhelm, isn’t that what happened to us, my brother by muse, by fate? (A. Pushkin)
Student. In the first and second sentences, the addresses follow each other, that is, they are homogeneous. In the third sentence, the appeal is broken by other members of the sentence.
Teacher. How are addresses pronounced in the 1st and 2nd sentences? With what intonation?
Student. If in a sentence several addresses follow each other, then they are pronounced with enumerative intonation, which is combined with vocative intonation.
Teacher. Can addresses give an evaluative characteristic, contain an expressive tone, and express the speaker’s attitude towards the interlocutor? Support your answer with examples.
Student. Yes they can. This is achieved not only by intonation, but also by the use of certain vocabulary, definitions, evaluation suffixes, interjections: Tell me, idiot, how will you justify yourself? (D. Fonvizin); Eh, Alyoshka, it will be difficult for you! (V. Aksenov); Good, beloved, dear, we live far from each other. (S. Shchipachev); What can I treat you guys with?; Thank you my motherland, my father’s house, for everything that I know from life, that I carry in my heart. (A. Tvardovsky); Oh you, youth, wild youth, daring daredevil! (S. Yesenin); - Well, why can’t you remember, you idiot? - he began. (M. Isakovsky); -Oh, you red-haired idiot, what have you done! (V. Sokolov)
Teacher. What parts of speech are addresses expressed?
Student. Addresses are usually expressed by nouns in the nominative case. Adjectives, participles, and numerals can be used as addresses. These are substantivized words.
Teacher. Suggestions have been given. Determine which part of speech the addresses are expressed in and enter the corresponding numbers in the table.
1) Bloom, young ones! And have a healthy body! (S. Yesenin)
2) – Great, sixth! – the thick, calm voice of the colonel was heard. (A. Kuprin)
3) Just before morning, the loading noises died down, and a quiet voice said: “Those who are leaving, sit down.” (V. Ketlinskaya)
4) Don’t you want, Persian, to see the distant blue land? (S. Yesenin)
5) Dear ones, what happened to me? (A. Prokofiev)
6) Hey, moaning one, work and don’t cry, for the suspicious, work is the best doctor. (Proverb)
7) Sleeping in a coffin, sleep peacefully, enjoy life, living one. (V. Zhukovsky)
Read the sentences: - Hey, there, in the dining room! - came from the pier. - Stop it. (V. Peskov); Hello, in a white sundress made of silver brocade! (P. Vyazemsky) What are prepositional case forms? in the dining room And in a white sundress made of silver brocade?
Student. These are appeals.
Teacher. What are these shapes called faces?
Student. Depending on the situation.
Teacher. Let's analyze the following sentences: - Tsyts, you! She is no longer your servant... (M. Gorky); The hubbub was deafening. - Quiet, you! – Fenya shouted. (S. Antonov); - Well, you, move, otherwise I’ll hit you with the butt. (N. Ostrovsky)
Student. In these sentences, addresses are expressed by 2nd person pronouns and have a connotation of rudeness or familiarity. These addresses are used in colloquial speech.
Teacher. Appeals serve as proper names people, names of persons by degree of relationship, by position in society, by profession, occupation, position, rank, by nationality or age, by relationships between people, etc.; names or names of animals; names of objects or phenomena inanimate nature; geographical names, etc. Support what you say with examples. (Students give examples, write them down and explain punctuation marks.)
Quite often the words used as addresses are: brother, mother, father, brother and so on. Do these words retain their basic lexical meaning? Or is it partially lost? Write down the following examples: - Brother Gregory, you enlightened your mind with literacy. (A. Pushkin); “This, brother, cannot be missed,” Uncle Kolya muttered in a boring voice, without looking at his nephew. (K. Fedin)
Student. Words of appeal brother, mother, father and so on. have a connotation of a friendly or familiar relationship, while partially losing their main lexical meaning.
Teacher. What does the example say: Brothers writers! There is something fatal in our destiny. (N. Nekrasov)?
How do you understand: an appeal can be widespread and not widespread?
Student. If the main word has an agreed or inconsistent definition, application, etc., then this appeal is common, and if not, then it is not common.
Teacher. Compare the following examples in this regard: I love you, regional linden trees, and I love you, regional oak trees. (A. Voznesensky); Don't sing, mower, about the wide steppe! (A. Koltsov)
Student. The first sentence contains two appeals: regional linden trees And regional oaks, both of them are common, in the second sentence the appeal mower, it is not widespread.
Teacher. Why the offer is interesting: Bloom, beloved Belgorod region, where they honor the traditions of their ancestors so much?
Student. With the main word - appeal Belgorod region there is not only an agreed upon definition darling, but also a subordinate attributive clause: where they honor the traditions of their ancestors.
Teacher. So what is the main function of circulation?
Student. Attract attention, encourage the interlocutor to listen to the speaker’s speech.
Teacher. Right. A.M. Peshkovsky in his book “Russian Syntax in Scientific Coverage” notes that often the address is “an aesthetic or rhetorical center, absorbing the maximum of the author’s thoughts and feelings.” How do you understand these words?
Student. Appeal can be strong expressive means language.
Teacher. Fine! Let us turn to the lines of A. Tvardovsky: My dear Mother Earth, my side is forest. Dnieper fatherland, hello, welcome your son. Hello, motley aspen, early autumn beauty, hello, Yelnya, hello, Glinka, hello, Luchesa river.
What powerful expressiveness appeals have! Appeal is a figure of poetic syntax. Often, authors turn to inanimate objects, to absent or supposed persons, which gives expressiveness to the speech. Achieving expression and emotionality in poetic works is facilitated by appeals-metaphors, appeals-metonymy, appeals-periphrasis, appeals-irony, appeals-repetition, rhetorical appeals, appeals-proverbs, folklore appeals, archaic appeals. Write down the sentences, place punctuation marks in them, determine the types of addresses as figures of poetic syntax.
- Listen, cemetery of laws, as the general calls you. (M. Gorky)(Appeal-metaphor - graveyard of laws.)
- Where are you going, beard! They tell you that they are not ordered to let anyone in. (N. Gogol)(Conversion-metonymy – beard.)
And you, arrogant descendants of famous fathers known for their meanness... You are hiding under the canopy of the law. (M. Lermontov)(Appeal-paraphrase - arrogant descendants of famous fathers known for their meanness.)
Why, smart one, are you delirious, head? (I. Krylov)(Appeal-irony - clever mind.)
O field, field, who strewn you with dead bones? (A. Pushkin)(Reversal-repetition – about the field, field.)
Make a fuss, bad weather, go wild, Mother Volga! (A. Koltsov)(Rhetorical appeals - bad weather And Mother Volga.)
- Fathers, matchmakers, take it out, holy saints. (N. Gogol)(Addresses-proverbs - fathers, matchmakers.)
Forgive me, goodbye, dense forest, with the will of summer, with the winter blizzard! (A. Koltsov)(Folklore appeal - cheese-dense forest.)
“Your courtyard is no wonder to me, prince.” (A.K. Tolstoy)(Archaic address – prince.)
My autumn, autumn! Golden thought! (V. Inber)(Conversion-metonymy – golden thought.)
I love you, Petra's creation... (A. Pushkin)(Appeal-paraphrase - Peter's creation.)
Goodbye, blue eyes, I don't blame you. I learned the real price of fire a long time ago. (I. Grudev)(Appeal-metaphor - with blue eyes.)
Friends! Friends! What a division in the country, what sadness in the joyful ebullience! (S. Yesenin)(Reversal-repetition – Friends! Friends!)
Make way, dark forests; go your separate ways, fast rivers; you are dusty, little path; give me news, my little bird! (A. Koltsov)(Folklore appeals - The forests are dark, the rivers are fast, the path is a path, my little bird.)
- Fear God, man! - Dyma shouted to him. (V. Korolenko)(Archaic address – human.)
Please note, guys, archaic addresses serve the purposes of stylization and speech characteristics of characters.
What do you think helps achieve expression in the following sentences?
Hello, hello, darling, darling darling! Hello, dawn-dawn, light flashing across the seas, hello, unprecedented, hello, scarlet lips! (A. Prokofiev)
Hear me, dear one, hear me, beautiful one, my evening dawn, unquenchable love. (M. Isakovsky)
Student. The expression of speech in these sentences is given by the use of several addresses to one person.
Teacher. As you know, addresses are an integral feature of colloquial speech. If so, then in which sentences for the purpose of uttering are appeals introduced especially often?
Student. Appeals are especially often introduced into incentive and interrogative sentences; these sentences, by their very essence, require the designation of a specific addressee capable of fulfilling the impulse or answering the question: - Mom, please bake a pie! - Nadya, are you going to get some bread? - Okay, mom, I'll go. - Petya, how many lessons do you have today? It is quite clear that appeal in this direct, main function is widely represented in the language fiction in character dialogues.
Teacher. Okay, that's right! Guys, in preparation for today’s lesson, you were given the task of observing the spoken language of those around you. Have you noticed any special forms of appeal? What are these forms?
Student. Yes, in colloquial speech there are special forms of address. This is the so-called truncated nominative case of a noun, for example: Mom, Sing, Van, Val. These addresses convey the closeness of the relationship between the speakers. Colloquial, casual speech is characterized by addresses formed by repetition of the same word, with the second word attached to the first using a particle A : mom, and mom; Olya, and Olya.
Teacher. In the language of fiction, especially in poetic texts, references to inanimate objects are common. For what purpose is this being done?
Student. Such appeals, often very common, are a special poetic device. This is one of the ways of personification.
Teacher. Write down the sentences from dictation and add punctuation marks.
Rash you, bird cherry, with snow, you birds sing in the forest. (S. Yesenin)
Stars of our dear Motherland, golden stars, how you shine brightly in the thick twilight. (M. Matusovsky)
Goodbye summer, goodbye crayfish, fish, sharp-nosed shuttles, goodbye laziness, goodbye blue suit. (A. Chekhov)
Oh Volga!.. My cradle! Has anyone ever loved you like I do? (N. Nekrasov)
Show off, city of Petrov, and stand unshakable, like Russia. (A. Pushkin)
Now goodbye, capital, goodbye, my spring. The Karelian land is already yearning for me. (A. Akhmatova)
Volga, Mother Volga, eternal, like matter, free, like freedom, inexhaustible, like time. (M. Chudakova)
Fountain of love, living fountain! I brought you two roses as a gift. (A. Pushkin)
Do you think the grammatical form of address can influence the form of expression of the predicate? Analyze the proposals:
Where did you come from, lovely child?
Where did you come from, pretty boy?
Where did you come from, pretty girl?
Student. Addresses are outside the grammatical connection (coordinating and subordinating) with the members of the sentence, that is, they are not members of the sentence. These sentences indicate that in some cases the grammatical form of address influences the form of expression of the predicate, which creates an unusual coordination relationship. Neuter form of the predicate with the subject You cannot be explained by correspondence with the real gender of the interlocutor, but is a consequence of a kind of “coordination” with the address child.
Teacher. Write down and analyze the following sentences:
Leningrad, you were a symbol of courage and perseverance during the Great Patriotic War. Moscow, you have always been in our hearts in times of danger.
Student. In these sentences, the form of the predicate verb is explained by the gender of the noun: Leningrad– m.r. And was– m.r., Moscow– f.r. And was– f.r.
Teacher. Let's consolidate what we have learned. Students are asked to answer the questions:
1) What is appeal? What is the role of addresses in speech?
2) What parts of speech are addresses expressed? Support your answer with examples.
3) What types of intonation are typical for addresses? Give examples.
4) Give examples of common and non-common requests.
5) Prove on specific examples that appeal is a figure of poetic syntax.
6) Tell us about punctuation marks when addressing.
Then the teacher, together with the children, sums up the lesson and gives grades.
Homework assignment . Conduct research on the topic: “Addresses in Russian folk proverbs.”
Literature
1. Kasatkin L.L., Krysin L.P., Lvov M.R., Terekhova T.G. Russian language / Ed. L.Yu. Maksimova. M.: Education, 1989.
2. Rosenthal D.E., Telenkova M.A. Dictionary-reference book linguistic terms. M.: Education, 1976.
3. Modern Russian language / Ed. D.E. Rosenthal. M.: graduate School, 1976.
An address is a word or phrase that names the person to whom we are speaking.
In the example: Moscow! How I love you! the address is the word Moscow.
Features of using proposals with appeals
The address is often expressed in the nominative case by a noun:
Are you very thoughtful, Alexander?
Less commonly, addresses are adjectives that are found in the meaning of a noun:
Take me back, beautiful, to the wide open space
The nominative case of address differs mainly from the nominative case of the subject in its intonation, where someone's name is used or a rise or fall in tone or tempo.
Let's compare: Petya will bring me a toy. - Petya, bring me a toy.
The appeal may be accompanied by words of explanation:
I will not forget your works, my dear.
When we address a speech not to one person, but to several, then usually an exclamation mark or a comma is placed between the names of these persons and they are connected by a coordinating conjunction, for example:
Ivan and Peter, I will write letters to you.
Mother! Father! Run here quickly!
When speech has an intonation of excitement, the address may be repeated:
Oh, Vasya, Vasya, I miss you
The interjection particle o can also be used:
But I cannot, O enemies, I die.
Appeal is not part of the offer!
The address is never connected by any grammatical connections with any of the members of the sentence and therefore will never be its members.
Let's compare examples where in one of them the word mother is an address, and in the other it is a subject:
I love you, mother! - Mother speaks to me in a whisper.
Addresses in our speech have a special role, different from the role of sentence members: all sentence members always serve to express a certain thought, the most common task of address is often to force the interlocutor to listen to the speech. That is why addresses are very often names, nicknames, and so on:
Really, Svetlana Nikolaevna, do you want to leave us too?
Expressing feelings and emotions through messages
The address is also sometimes accompanied by an expression of affection, rage, love, etc. This attitude of the speaker towards the interlocutor is expressed mainly through intonation, suffixes, definitions and applications, for example:
Ivanushka, dear, don’t give it away, dear!
Neighbor, my dear, please eat!
Sometimes appeals can be expanded into often lengthy characteristics. In these cases, the address is repeated or changed and there may be several definitions with it. For example:
Friend of my harsh days, my decrepit dove, alone in the wilderness of the pine forests, you have been waiting for me for a long time.
Appeal is not always used only to certain persons; sometimes it can be used to inanimate objects in poetic speech: then it is one of the techniques of personification.
Thank you, dear beauty, for your healing space! Friend of idle thoughts, my inkwell, I have adorned my monotonous age with you.
Note. We often express rage, regret, love or indignation at a person with a nickname, name, title, etc. in an appropriate tone. This is how sentences called vocative are obtained. They should not be confused with appeals.
Let's give an example:
Voinitsky. He [Serebryakov] has no business. He writes nonsense, grumbles, is jealous, nothing else.
S o n i (in a tone of rage). Uncle!
A little test of attentiveness. In which of these sentences will the word handsome be used as an address?
IN writing It is not uncommon to use elements such as addresses or interjections. They are necessary to create the desired color in the narrative, as well as to designate the subject being addressed. Punctuation when using these words has its own characteristics, which you need to know.
1. Spelling of commas when addressing.
First, let’s define the term “appeal” itself.
An address is a word or phrase that names the participant in the action to whom the statement is addressed.
This may not necessarily be an animate person, but it may also be an inanimate object. In the Russian language system, this unit is given a peripheral place, and appeal is not a member of the sentence.
In writing, the address is separated by commas. If the sentence contains words related to the address, then they, together with it, are separated by commas from the rest of the statement. For example:
- Dear colleagues, just a moment.
- Father Vasily, I came to you for help.
Note. Sometimes the address may be highlighted with another punctuation mark, such as an exclamation mark. This is done in order to especially highlight the person being addressed:
- Heavenly clouds, eternal wanderers!
The azure steppe, the pearl chain
You rush as if like me, exiles
From the sweet north to the south. (Lermontov) - Eh, darling! deceive others with this; There will be more for you from the assessor for not frightening people with devilry. (Gogol)
2. Spelling of commas during interjections.
Interjections are a separate class of unchangeable words that serve for grammatically unstructured expression of emotions, feelings and expressions of will..
This is a unique group of words that is not part of the syntactic system of the Russian language. She only points out different reactions and emotions, but does not name them. Has its own spelling rules.
Usually in writing there are interjections (“eh”, “oh”, “ege-gay”, “ah”, “o”, “well”, “hey”, “op”, “oh”, “ai”, “ai- ay-ay”, “oh-oh-oh”, etc.) are separated by commas (sometimes with exclamation marks to enhance emotionality):
- Ay-ay-ay, not good! – he scolded and shook his finger.
- Eh, I'm tired of everything, I'll leave.
- Oh, you were a playful child (Pushkin).
- Oh, the board is running out, now I'm going to fall! (A. Barto)
- Oh, what a woman, what a woman! I wish I had one like that! (gr. "Freestyle")
- - Ege-ge-ge! Yes, these are both birds from the same nest! Knit them both together! (N.V. Gogol)
Note. The particles “o”, used when addressing, as well as “well”, “ah”, “oh” are homonyms of the same interjections. However, in writing these particles are not separated by commas:
- O field, field, who strewn you with dead bones? (Pushkin)
- But, oh my friends, I don’t want to die. (Pushkin)
- Oh, you goy, Tsar Ivan Vasilyevich! (Lermontov)
- Well, Onegin? You are yawning? (Pushkin)
- Oh, what are you!