1. Leading.

2. Expressive means of language

3. Conclusion

4. References

Introduction

The word is the subtlest touch to the heart; it can become a tender, fragrant flower, and living water, restoring faith in goodness, and a sharp knife, picking at the delicate tissue of the soul, and a red-hot iron, and lumps of dirt... A wise and kind word brings joy, a stupid and evil, thoughtless and tactless - brings misfortune, a word can kill - and revive, wound - and heal, sow confusion and hopelessness - and spiritualize, dispel doubts - and plunge into despondency, create a smile - and cause tears, generate faith in a person - and instill mistrust, inspire to work - and numb the strength of the soul.

V.A. Sukhomlinsky

Expressive means of language

The lexical system of a language is complex and multifaceted. The possibilities of constant updating in speech of the principles, methods, signs of combining words taken from different groups within the whole text also hide the possibilities of updating speech expressiveness, its types.

The expressive capabilities of the word are supported and enhanced by associativity imaginative thinking reader, which largely depends on his previous life experience and psychological characteristics the work of thought and consciousness in general.

Expressiveness of speech refers to those features of its structure that support the attention and interest of the listener (reader). A complete typology of expressiveness has not been developed by linguistics, since it would have to reflect the entire diverse range human feelings and their shades. But we can speak quite definitely about the conditions under which speech will be expressive:

The first is the independence of thinking, consciousness and activity of the author of the speech.

The second is his interest in what he talks or writes about. Third, a good knowledge of the expressive capabilities of the language. Fourth - systematic conscious training of speech skills.

The main source of increased expressiveness is vocabulary, which provides a number of special means: epithets, metaphors, comparisons, metonymies, synecdoche, hyperbole, litotes, personification, periphrases, allegory, irony. Syntax has great potential to enhance the expressiveness of speech, the so-called stylistic figures speeches: anaphora, antithesis, non-union, gradation, inversion ( reverse order words), polyunion, oxymoron, parallelism, rhetorical question, rhetorical appeal, silence, ellipsis, epiphora.

Lexical means of a language that enhance its expressiveness are called tropes in linguistics (from the Greek tropos - a word or expression used in figurative meaning). Most often, authors use tropes works of art when describing nature, the appearance of heroes.

These visual and expressive means are of the author's nature and determine the originality of the writer or poet, helping him to gain an individual style. However, there are also general language tropes that arose as the author’s own, but over time became familiar, entrenched in the language: “time heals,” “battle for the harvest,” “military thunderstorm,” “conscience has spoken,” “curl up,” “like two drops.” water ".

In them direct meaning words are erased, and sometimes completely lost. Their use in speech does not give rise to an artistic image in our imagination. The trope can develop into a speech cliche if used too often. Compare expressions that define the value of resources using the figurative meaning of the word “gold” - “white gold” (cotton), “black gold” (oil), “soft gold” (fur), etc.

Epithets (from the Greek epitheton - application - blind love, foggy moon) artistically define an object or action and can be expressed by full and short adjectives, nouns and adverbs: “Whether I wander along noisy streets, or enter a crowded temple...” (A.S. Pushkin)

“She is as restless as leaves, she is like a harp, multi-stringed...” (A.K. Tolstoy) “Frost the governor patrols his possessions...” (N. Nekrasov) “Uncontrollably, uniquely, everything flew far and past ..." (S. Yesenin). Epithets are classified as follows:

1) constant (characteristic of oral folk art) - “kind
well done”, “pretty maiden”, “green grass”, “blue sea”, “dense forest”
“the mother of cheese is the earth”;

2) pictorial (visually draw objects and actions, give
the opportunity to see them as the author sees them) -

“a crowd of motley-haired fast cats” (V. Mayakovsky), “the grass is full of transparent tears” (A. Blok);

3) emotional (convey the author’s feelings, mood) -

“The evening raised black eyebrows...” - “A blue fire began to sweep...”, “Uncomfortable, liquid moonlight...” (S. Yesenin), “... and the young city ascended magnificently, proudly” (A. Pushkin ).

Comparison is matching (parallelism) or

opposition (negative parallelism) of two objects according to one or more common characteristics: “Your mind is as deep as the sea. Your spirit is as high as the mountains"

(V. Bryusov) - “It is not the wind that rages over the forest, it is not the streams that run from the mountains - Voivode Frost is patrolling his possessions” (N. Nekrasov). Comparison gives the description a special clarity and imagery. This trope, unlike others, is always two-part - it names both compared or contrasted objects. 2 In comparison, three necessary existing elements are distinguished - the subject of comparison, the image of comparison and the sign of similarity.

1 Dantsev D.D., Nefedova N.V. Russian language and speech culture for technical universities. - Rostov n/D: Phoenix, 2002. p. 171

2 Russian language and culture of speech: Textbook / ed. V.I. Maksimova - M.: 2000 p. 67.

For example, in the line by M. Lermontov “Whiteer than the snowy mountains, the clouds go to the west...” the subject of comparison is the clouds, the image of comparison is the snowy mountains, the sign of similarity is the whiteness of the clouds - The comparison can be expressed:

1) comparative phrase with conjunctions “as”, “as if”, “as if”, “like”
as if”, “exactly”, “than... that”: “Crazy years of faded fun

It’s hard for me, like a vague hangover, “But sadness is like wine days gone by In my soul, the older, the stronger” (A. Pushkin);

2) comparative degree of an adjective or adverb: “ scarier than a cat there is no beast";

3) a noun in the instrumental case: “The white drifting snow rushes along the ground like a snake...” (S. Marshak);

“Dear hands - a pair of swans - dive into the gold of my hair...” (S. Yesenin);

“I looked at her with all my might, like children look...” (V. Vysotsky);

“I will never forget this battle, the air is saturated with death.

And the stars fell from the sky like silent rain” (V. Vysotsky).

“These stars in the sky are like fish in ponds...” (V. Vysotsky).

“Like Eternal Fire, the peak sparkles with emerald ice during the day...” (V.

Vysotsky).

Metaphor (from the Greek metaphora) means transferring the name of an object

(actions, qualities) based on similarity, this is a phrase that has the semantics of a hidden comparison. If an epithet is not a word in the dictionary, but a word in speech, then all the more true is the statement: metaphor is not a word in the dictionary, but a combination of words in speech. You can hammer a nail into a wall. You can hammer thoughts into your head - a metaphor arises, rough but expressive.

There are three elements in a metaphor: information about what is being compared; information about what it is being compared with; information about the basis of comparison, i.e. about a characteristic common to the objects (phenomena) being compared.

Speech actualization of the semantics of metaphor is explained by the need for such guessing. And the more effort a metaphor requires for consciousness to turn a hidden comparison into an open one, the more expressive, obviously, the metaphor itself is. Unlike a binary comparison, in which both what is being compared and what is being compared with are given, a metaphor contains only the second component. This gives imagery and

compactness of the path. Metaphor is one of the most common tropes, since the similarity between objects and phenomena can be based on a wide variety of features: color, shape, size, purpose.

The metaphor may be simple, detailed and lexical (dead, erased, petrified). A simple metaphor is built on the bringing together of objects and phenomena according to one particular common feature- “the dawn is burning”, “the talk of the waves”, “the sunset of life”.

The extended metaphor is built on various associations of similarity: “Here the wind embraces flocks of waves in a strong embrace and throws them with wild anger onto the cliffs, smashing the emerald masses into dust and splashes” (M. Gorky).

Lexical metaphor is a word in which the initial transfer is no longer perceived - “steel pen”, “clock hand”, “door handle”, “sheet of paper”. Close to metaphor is metonymy (from the Greek metonymia - renaming) - the use of the name of one object instead of the name of another on the basis of an external or internal connection between them. Communication may be

1) between the object and the material from which the object is made: “The amber in his mouth was smoking” (A. Pushkin);

3) between the action and the instrument of this action: “The pen is his revenge
breathes"

5) between the place and the people located in this place: “The theater is already full, the boxes are shining” (A. Pushkin).

A type of metonymy is synecdoche (from the Greek synekdoche - co-implication) - the transfer of meaning from one to another based on the quantitative relationship between them:

1) part instead of the whole: “All flags will come to visit us” (A. Pushkin); 2) generic name instead of specific name: “Well, why, sit down, luminary!” (V. Mayakovsky);

3) the specific name instead of the generic name: “Take care of the penny above all else” (N. Gogol);

4) singular instead of plural: “And it was heard until
dawn, how the Frenchman rejoiced” (M. Lermontov);

5) plural instead of singular: “Not even a bird flies to him, and
the beast is not coming” (A. Pushkin).

The essence of personification is to attribute to inanimate objects and abstract concepts the qualities of living beings - “I will whistle, and bloody villainy will obediently, timidly crawl towards me, and will lick my hand, and look into my eyes, in them is a sign of my will, reading my will” (A. Pushkin); “And the heart is ready to run from the chest to the top...” (V. Vysotsky).

Hyperbole (from the Greek hyperbole - exaggeration) - stylistic

a figure consisting of figurative exaggeration - “they swept a stack above the clouds”, “the wine flowed like a river” (I. Krylov), “The sunset burned in one hundred and forty suns” (V. Mayakovsky), “The whole world is in the palm of your hand...” (In Vysotsky). Like other tropes, hyperboles can be proprietary and general language. In everyday speech, we often use such general linguistic hyperboles - seen (heard) a hundred times, “be scared to death”, “strangle in your arms”, “dance until you drop”, “repeat twenty times”, etc. The opposite stylistic device to hyperbole is - litotes (from the Greek litotes - simplicity, thinness) is a stylistic figure consisting of emphasized understatement, humiliation, reticence: “a little boy”, “...You should bow your head to a low blade of grass...” (N. Nekrasov).

Litota is a type of meiosis (from the Greek meiosis - decrease, decrease).

MEIOSIS represents the trope of understatement

intensity of properties (signs) of objects, phenomena, processes: “wow”, “will do”, “decent*, “tolerable” (about good), “unimportant”, “hardly suitable”, “leaving much to be desired” (about bad ). In these cases, meiosis is a mitigating version of the ethically unacceptable direct name: cf. " old woman" - "a woman of Balzac's age", "not in her first youth"; “an ugly man” - “it’s hard to call him handsome.” Hyperbole and litotes characterize a deviation in one direction or another in the quantitative assessment of an object and can be combined in speech, giving it additional expressiveness. In the comic Russian song “Dunya the Thin-Spinner” it is sung that “Dunya spun a tow for three hours, spun three threads,” and these threads were “thinner than a knee, thicker than a log.” In addition to the author’s, there are also general linguistic litotes - “the cat cried”, “just a stone’s throw”, “can’t see beyond your own nose”.

Periphrasis (from the Greek periphrasis - from around and I speak) is called

a descriptive expression used instead of a particular word (“the one who writes these lines” instead of “I”), or a trope consisting of replacing the name of a person, object or phenomenon with a description of their essential features or an indication of their character traits(“king of beasts - lion”, “foggy Albion” - England, “Venice of the North” - St. Petersburg, “sun of Russian poetry” - A. Pushkin).

Allegory (from the Greek allegoria - allegory) consists of an allegorical depiction of an abstract concept using a concrete, life-like image. Allegories appear in literature in the Middle Ages and owe their origin to ancient customs, cultural traditions and folklore. The main source of allegories is tales about animals, in which the fox is an allegory of cunning, the wolf is an allegory of anger and greed, the ram is stupidity, the lion is power, the snake is wisdom, etc. From ancient times to our time, allegories are most often used in fables, parables, and other humorous and satirical works. In Russian classical literature allegories were used by M.E. Saltykov-Shchedrin, A.S. Griboyedov, N.V. Gogol, I.A. Krylov, V.V. Mayakovsky.

Irony (from the Greek eironeia - pretense) is a trope consisting in the use of a name or a whole statement in indirect sense, directly opposite to direct, is transfer by contrast, by polarity. Most often, irony is used in statements containing a positive assessment, which the speaker (writer) rejects. “Where are you, smart one, are you delusional?” - asks the hero of one of I.A.’s fables. Krylova at Donkey's. Praise in the form of censure can also be ironic (see A.P. Chekhov’s story “Chameleon”, characterization of a dog).

Anaphora (from the Greek anaphora -ana again + phoros bearing) - unity of beginning, repetition of sounds, morphemes, words, phrases, rhythmic and speech structures at the beginning of parallel syntactic periods or poetic lines.

Bridges demolished by thunderstorms,

A coffin from a washed-out cemetery (A.S. Pushkin) (repetition of sounds) ...A black-eyed maiden, a black-maned horse! (M.Yu. Lermontov) (repetition of morphemes)

It was not in vain that the winds blew,

It was not in vain that the storm came. (S.A. Yesenin) (repetition of words)

I swear by odd and even,

I swear by the sword and the right battle. (A.S. Pushkin)

Conclusion

In conclusion of this work, I would like to note that the means of expression, the stylistic figures that make our speech expressive, are diverse, and it is very useful to know them. Word, speech is an indicator of a person’s general culture, his intelligence, his speech culture. That is why mastering the culture of speech and its improvement, especially at the present time, is so necessary for the current generation. Each of us is obliged to cultivate respectful, reverent and careful attitude To native language, and each of us should consider it our duty to contribute to the preservation of the Russian nation, language, and culture.

List of used literature

1. Golovin I.B. Fundamentals of speech culture. St. Petersburg: Slovo, 1983.

2. Rosenthal D.E. Practical style. M.: Knowledge, 1987.

3. Rosenthal D.E., Golub I.B. Secrets of stylistics: rules of good speech M.: Znanie, 1991.

4. Farmina L.G. Let's learn to speak correctly. M.: Mir, 1992.

5. Dantsev D.D., Nefedova N.V. Russian language and speech culture for technical universities. - Rostov n/D: Phoenix, 2002.

6. Russian language and culture of speech: Textbook / ed. V.I. Maksimova - M.: Gardariki, 2000.

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Speech. Analysis of means of expression.

It is necessary to distinguish between tropes (visual and expressive means of literature) based on the figurative meaning of words and figures of speech based on the syntactic structure of the sentence.

Lexical means.

Typically, in a review of assignment B8, an example of a lexical device is given in parentheses, either as one word or as a phrase in which one of the words is in italics.

synonyms(contextual, linguistic) – words close in meaning	soon - soon - one of these days - not today or tomorrow, in the near future
antonyms(contextual, linguistic) – words with opposite meanings	they never said you to each other, but always you.
phraseological units– stable combinations of words that are close in lexical meaning to one word	at the end of the world (= “far”), tooth does not touch tooth (= “frozen”)
archaisms- outdated words	squad, province, eyes
dialectism– vocabulary common in a certain territory	smoke, chatter
bookstore, colloquial vocabulary	daring, companion; corrosion, management; waste money, outback

Paths.

In the review, examples of tropes are indicated in parentheses, like a phrase.

Types of tropes and examples for them are in the table:

metaphor– transferring the meaning of a word by similarity	dead silence
personification- likening any object or phenomenon to a living being	dissuadedgolden grove
comparison– comparison of one object or phenomenon with another (expressed through conjunctions as if, as if, comparative degree adjective)	bright as the sun
metonymy– replacing a direct name with another by contiguity (i.e. based on real connections)	The hiss of foamy glasses (instead of: foaming wine in glasses)
synecdoche– using the name of a part instead of the whole and vice versa	a lonely sail turns white (instead of: boat, ship)
paraphrase– replacing a word or group of words to avoid repetition	author of “Woe from Wit” (instead of A.S. Griboyedov)
epithet– the use of definitions that give the expression figurativeness and emotionality	Where are you going, proud horse?
allegory– expression of abstract concepts in specific artistic images	scales – justice, cross – faith, heart – love
hyperbola- exaggeration of the size, strength, beauty of the described	at one hundred and forty suns the sunset glowed
litotes- understatement of the size, strength, beauty of the described	your spitz, lovely spitz, no more than a thimble
irony- the use of a word or expression in a sense contrary to its literal meaning, for the purpose of ridicule	Where are you, smart one, wandering from, head?

Figures of speech, sentence structure.

In task B8, the figure of speech is indicated by the number of the sentence given in brackets.

epiphora– repetition of words at the end of sentences or lines following each other	I'd like to know. Why do I titular councilor? Why exactly titular councilor?
gradation– construction homogeneous members suggestions for increasing meaning or vice versa	I came, I saw, I conquered
anaphora– repetition of words at the beginning of sentences or lines following each other	Irontruth - alive to envy, Ironpestle, and iron ovary.
pun– pun	It was raining and there were two students.
rhetorical exclamation (question, appeal) – exclamatory, interrogative sentences or sentences with appeals that do not require a response from the addressee	Why are you standing there, swaying, thin rowan tree? Long live the sun, may the darkness disappear!
syntactic parallelism– identical construction of sentences	young people are welcome everywhere, We honor old people everywhere
multi-union– repetition of redundant conjunction	And the sling and the arrow and the crafty dagger The years are kind to the winner...
asyndeton– construction complex sentences or a number of homogeneous members without unions	The booths and women flash past, Boys, benches, lanterns...
ellipsis- omission of an implied word	I'm getting a candle - a candle in the stove
inversion– indirect word order	Our people are amazing.
antithesis– opposition (often expressed through conjunctions A, BUT, HOWEVER or antonyms	Where there was a table of food, there is a coffin
oxymoron– a combination of two contradictory concepts	living corpse, ice fire
citation– transmission in the text of other people’s thoughts and statements indicating the author of these words.	As it is said in the poem by N. Nekrasov: “You have to bow your head below a thin epic…”
questionably-response form presentation– the text is presented in the form of rhetorical questions and answers to them	And again a metaphor: “Live under minute houses...”. What does this mean? Nothing lasts forever, everything is subject to decay and destruction
ranks homogeneous members of the sentence– listing homogeneous concepts	A long, serious illness and retirement from sports awaited him.
parcellation- a sentence that is divided into intonational and semantic speech units.	I saw the sun. Over your head.

Remember!

When completing task B8, you should remember that you are filling in the gaps in the review, i.e. you restore the text, and with it both semantic and grammatical connections. Therefore, an analysis of the review itself can often serve as an additional clue: various adjectives of one kind or another, predicates consistent with the omissions, etc.

It will make it easier to complete the task and divide the list of terms into two groups: the first includes terms based on changes in the meaning of the word, the second - the structure of the sentence.

Analysis of the task.

(1) The Earth is a cosmic body, and we are astronauts making a very long flight around the Sun, together with the Sun across the infinite Universe. (2) The life support system on our beautiful ship is so ingeniously designed that it is constantly self-renewing and thus allows billions of passengers to travel for millions of years.

(3) It is difficult to imagine astronauts flying on a ship through outer space, deliberately destroying a complex and delicate life support system designed for a long flight. (4) But gradually, consistently, with amazing irresponsibility, we are putting this life support system out of action, poisoning rivers, destroying forests, and spoiling the World Ocean. (5) If on a small spaceship the astronauts will begin to fussily cut wires, unscrew screws, and drill holes in the casing, then this will have to be classified as suicide. (6) But there is no fundamental difference between a small ship and a large one. (7) The only question is size and time.

(8) Humanity, in my opinion, is a kind of disease of the planet. (9) They started, multiplied, and swarmed with microscopic creatures on a planetary, and even more so on a universal scale. (10) They accumulate in one place, and immediately deep ulcers and various growths appear on the body of the earth. (11) One has only to introduce a drop of a harmful (from the point of view of the earth and nature) culture into the green coat of the Forest (a team of lumberjacks, one barracks, two tractors) - and now a characteristic, symptomatic painful spot spreads from this place. (12) They scurry about, multiply, do their job, eating away the subsoil, depleting the fertility of the soil, poisoning the rivers and oceans, the very atmosphere of the Earth with their poisonous waste.

(13) Unfortunately, such concepts as silence, the possibility of solitude and intimate communication between man and nature, with the beauty of our land, are just as vulnerable as the biosphere, just as defenseless against the pressure of so-called technological progress. (14) On the one hand, a person twitched by an inhuman rhythm modern life, overcrowding, a huge flow of artificial information, wean ourselves off spiritual communication with the outside world, on the other hand, this very external world brought into such a state that sometimes it no longer invites a person to spiritual communication with him.

(15) It is unknown how this original disease called humanity will end for the planet. (16) Will the Earth have time to develop some kind of antidote?

(According to V. Soloukhin)

“The first two sentences use the trope of ________. This image " cosmic body” and “cosmonauts” is key to understanding the author’s position. Reasoning about how humanity behaves in relation to its home, V. Soloukhin comes to the conclusion that “humanity is a disease of the planet.” ______ (“scurry about, multiply, do their job, eating away the subsoil, depleting the fertility of the soil, poisoning the rivers and oceans, the very atmosphere of the Earth with their poisonous waste”) convey the negative actions of man. The use of _________ in the text (sentences 8, 13, 14) emphasizes that everything said to the author is far from indifferent. Used in the 15th sentence, ________ “original” gives the argument a sad ending that ends with a question.”

List of terms:

1. epithet
2. litotes
3. introductory words and plug-in structures
4. irony
5. extended metaphor
6. parcellation
7. question-and-answer form of presentation
8. dialectism
9. homogeneous members of the sentence

We divide the list of terms into two groups: the first – epithet, litotes, irony, extended metaphor, dialectism; the second – introductory words and inserted constructions, parcellation, question-answer form of presentation, homogeneous members of the sentence.

It is better to start completing the task with gaps that do not cause difficulties. For example, omission No. 2. Since a whole sentence is presented as an example, some kind of syntactic device is most likely implied. In a sentence “they scurry about, multiply, do their job, eating away the subsoil, depleting the fertility of the soil, poisoning the rivers and oceans, the very atmosphere of the Earth with their poisonous waste” series of homogeneous sentence members are used : Verbs scurrying around, multiplying, doing business, participles eating away, exhausting, poisoning and nouns rivers, oceans, atmosphere. At the same time, the verb “transfer” in the review indicates that the word in the place of the omission should be plural. In the list in the plural there are introductory words and inserted constructions and homogeneous clauses. A careful reading of the sentence shows that the introductory words, i.e. Those constructions that are not thematically related to the text and can be removed from the text without loss of meaning are absent. Thus, in place of gap No. 2, it is necessary to insert option 9) homogeneous members of the sentence.

Blank No. 3 shows sentence numbers, which means the term again refers to the structure of sentences. Parcellation can be immediately “discarded”, since authors must indicate two or three consecutive sentences. The question-answer form is also an incorrect option, since sentences 8, 13, 14 do not contain a question. What remains are introductory words and plug-in constructions. We find them in the sentences: In my opinion, unfortunately, on the one hand, on the other hand.

In place of the last gap, it is necessary to substitute a masculine term, since the adjective “used” must be consistent with it in the review, and it must be from the first group, since only one word is given as an example “ original". Masculine terms – epithet and dialectism. The latter is clearly not suitable, since this word is quite understandable. Turning to the text, we find what the word is combined with: "original disease". Here the adjective is clearly used in figuratively, so we have before us an epithet.

All that remains is to fill in the first gap, which is the most difficult. The review says that this is a trope, and it is used in two sentences where the image of the earth and us, people, is reinterpreted as the image of a cosmic body and astronauts. This is clearly not irony, since there is not a drop of mockery in the text, and not litotes, but rather, on the contrary, the author deliberately exaggerates the scale of the disaster. Thus, the only thing left is possible variant– metaphor, the transfer of properties from one object or phenomenon to another based on our associations. Expanded - because it is impossible to isolate a separate phrase from the text.

Answer: 5, 9, 3, 1.

Practice.

(1) As a child, I hated matinees because my father came to our kindergarten. (2) He sat on a chair near the Christmas tree, played his button accordion for a long time, trying to find the right melody, and our teacher sternly told him: “Valery Petrovich, move up!” (3) All the guys looked at my father and choked with laughter. (4) He was small, plump, began to go bald early, and although he never drank, for some reason his nose was always beet red, like a clown’s. (5) Children, when they wanted to say about someone that he was funny and ugly, said this: “He looks like Ksyushka’s dad!”

(6) And I, first in kindergarten and then at school, bore the heavy cross of my father’s absurdity. (7) Everything would be fine (you never know what kind of fathers anyone has!), but I didn’t understand why he, an ordinary mechanic, came to our matinees with his stupid accordion. (8) I would play at home and not disgrace either myself or my daughter! (9) Often getting confused, he groaned thinly, like a woman, and a guilty smile appeared on his round face. (10) I was ready to fall through the ground from shame and behaved emphatically coldly, showing with my appearance that this ridiculous man with a red nose had nothing to do with me.

(11) I was in third grade when I caught a bad cold. (12) I started getting otitis media. (13) I screamed in pain and hit my head with my palms. (14) Mom called ambulance, and at night we went to the district hospital. (15) On the way, we got into a terrible snowstorm, the car got stuck, and the driver, shrilly, like a woman, began to shout that now we would all freeze. (16) He screamed piercingly, almost cried, and I thought that his ears also hurt. (17) Father asked how long was left to the regional center. (18) But the driver, covering his face with his hands, kept repeating: “What a fool I am!” (19) Father thought and quietly said to mother: “We will need all the courage!” (20) I remembered these words for the rest of my life, although wild pain swirled around me like a snowflake in a snowstorm. (21) He opened the car door and went out into the roaring night. (22) The door slammed behind him, and it seemed to me as if a huge monster, clanging its jaws, swallowed my father. (23) The car was rocked by gusts of wind, snow fell with a rustling sound on the frost-covered windows. (24) I cried, my mother kissed me with cold lips, the young nurse looked doomedly into the impenetrable darkness, and the driver shook his head in exhaustion.

(25) I don’t know how much time passed, but suddenly the night was illuminated by bright headlights, and the long shadow of some giant fell on my face. (26) I closed my eyes and saw my father through my eyelashes. (27) He took me in his arms and pressed me to him. (28) In a whisper, he told his mother that he had reached the regional center, raised everyone to their feet and returned with an all-terrain vehicle.

(29) I dozed in his arms and through my sleep I heard him coughing. (30) Then no one attached any importance to this. (31) And for a long time afterwards he suffered from double pneumonia.

(32)…My children are perplexed why, when decorating the Christmas tree, I always cry. (33) From the darkness of the past, my father comes to me, he sits under the tree and puts his head on the button accordion, as if he secretly wants to see his daughter among the dressed-up crowd of children and smile cheerfully at her. (34) I look at his face shining with happiness and also want to smile at him, but instead I start crying.

(According to N. Aksenova)

Read a fragment of a review compiled on the basis of the text that you analyzed while completing tasks A29 - A31, B1 - B7.

This excerpt discusses language features text. Some terms used in the review are missing. Fill in the blanks with numbers corresponding to the number of the term from the list. If you do not know which number from the list should appear in the blank space, write the number 0.

Write down the sequence of numbers in the order in which you wrote them down in the text of the review where there are gaps in answer form No. 1 to the right of task number B8, starting from the first cell.

“The narrator’s use of such a lexical means of expression as _____ to describe the blizzard (“terrible blizzard", "impenetrable darkness"), gives the depicted picture expressive power, and such tropes as _____ (“pain circled me” in sentence 20) and _____ (“the driver began to scream shrilly, like a woman” in sentence 15), convey the drama of the situation described in the text . A device such as ____ (in sentence 34) enhances the emotional impact on the reader.”

Comparison is a comparison of one object or phenomenon with another on some basis, based on their similarity. The comparison can be expressed:

By using conjunctions (as, as if, exactly, as if, as if, like, than):

I am moved, silently, tenderly, admiring you like a child! (A.C.

Pushkin);

Form of the instrumental case: And the net, lying on the sand as a thin through shadow, moves, continuously grows in new rings (A.S. Serafimovich);

Using words like similar, similar: The rich are not like you and me (E. Hemingway);

Using negation:

I’m not such a bitter drunkard that I could die without seeing you. (S.A. Yesenin);

Comparative degree of an adjective or adverb:

Neater than fashionable parquet The river shines, dressed in ice. .(A.S. Pushkin)

Metaphor is the transfer of the name (properties) of one object to another on the basis of their similarity in some respect or by contrast. This is the so-called hidden (or abbreviated) comparison, in which the conjunctions as, as if, as if... are absent. For example: the lush gold of the autumn forest (K.G. Paustovsky).

Varieties of metaphor are personification and reification.

Personification is an image of inanimate objects, in which they are endowed with properties, traits of living beings. For example: And the fire, trembling and wavering in the light, restlessly glanced with red eyes at the cliff that protruded for a second from the darkness (A.S. Serafimovich).

Reification is the assimilation of living beings to inanimate objects. For example: The front rows lingered, the back rows became thicker, and the flowing human river stopped, just as noisy waters, blocked in their channel, stop in silence (A.S. Serafimovich).

Metonymy is the transfer of a name from one object to another based on the associative contiguity of these objects. For example: The entire gymnasium is in hysterical convulsive sobs (A.S. Serafimovich).

Synecdoche (a type of metonymy) is the ability of a word to name both the whole through its part, and a part of something through the whole. For example: Black visors, boots like a bottle, jackets, black coats flashed (A.S. Serafimovich).

An epithet is an artistic definition that emphasizes any attribute (property) of an object or phenomenon, which is a definition or circumstance in a sentence. The epithet can be expressed:

Adjective:

Cabbage blue freshness. And red maples in the distance. The last gentle tenderness of the silent autumn land.

(A. Zhigulin);

Noun: Heavenly clouds, eternal wanderers (M.Yu. Lermontov);

Adverb: And the midday waves rustle sweetly (A.S. Pushkin).

Hyperbole is a means of artistic depiction based on excessive exaggeration of the properties of an object or phenomenon. For example: The sidewalk whirlwinds rushed the pursuers themselves so hard that they sometimes overtook their headdresses and came to their senses only by touching the feet of the bronze figure of Catherine’s nobleman, who stood in the middle of the square (IL. Ilf, E.P. Petrov).

Litotes is an artistic technique based on downplaying any properties of an object or phenomenon. For example: Tiny toy people sit for a long time under the white mountains near the water, and the grandfather’s eyebrows and rough mustache move angrily (A.S. Serafimovich).

Allegory is an allegorical expression of an abstract concept or phenomenon through a concrete image. For example:

You will say: windy Hebe, Feeding Zeus's eagle, spilled a loud-boiling cup from the sky, laughing, onto the ground.

(F.I. Tyutchev)

Irony is an allegory that expresses ridicule when a word or statement in the context of speech takes on a meaning that is directly opposite to the literal one or calls it into question. For example:

“Did you sing everything? this business:

So come and dance!” (I.A. Krylov)

An oxymoron is a paradoxical phrase in which contradictory (mutually exclusive) properties are attributed to an object or phenomenon. For example: Diderot was right when he said that art lies in finding the extraordinary in the ordinary and the ordinary in the extraordinary (K.G. Paustovsky).

A periphrasis is the replacement of a word with an allegorical descriptive expression. For example: Direct duty obliged us to enter this terrifying crucible of Asia (as the author called the smoking Kara-Bugaz Bay) (K.G.

Paustovsky).

Antithesis is the opposition of images, concepts, properties of objects or phenomena, which is based on the use of antonyms. For example:

I had everything, suddenly lost everything; As soon as the dream began... the dream disappeared! (E. Baratynsky)

Repetition is the repeated use of the same words and expressions. For example: My friend, \ my tender friend... I love... yours... yours!.. (A.C. Pushkin).

Varieties of repetition are anaphora and epi-phora.

Anaphora (single beginning) is the repetition of initial words in adjacent lines, stanzas, and phrases. For example 1 measure:

You are all full of an immense dream, You are all full of mysterious melancholy. (E. Baratynsky)

Epiphora is the repetition of final words in adjacent lines, stanzas, phrases. For example:

We do not value earthly happiness, We are accustomed to valuing people; Both of us will not change ourselves, But they cannot change us.

(M.Yu. Lermontov)

Gradation is a special grouping of homogeneous members of a sentence with a gradual increase (or | decrease) of semantic and emotional significance. I For example:

And for him, both deity and inspiration, and life, and tears, and love were resurrected again. (A.S. Pushkin)

Parallelism is a repetition of a type of adjacent sentences or phrases in which the order of the words coincides, at least partially. For example:

I'm bored without you - I yawn; I feel sad in front of you - I endure... (A.S. Pushkin)

Inversion is a violation of the generally accepted order of words in a sentence, a rearrangement of parts of a phrase. For example:

There was once in the mountains, full of heartfelt thoughts, Over the sea I eked out thoughtful laziness... (A.S. Pushkin)

Ellipsis is the omission of individual words (usually easily restored in context) to give the phrase additional dynamism. For example: Afinogenych transported pilgrims less and less often. For whole weeks - no one (A.S. Serafimovich).

Parcellation is an artistic technique in which a sentence is intonationally divided into separate segments, graphically highlighted as independent sentences. For example: They didn’t even look at the one brought here, one of the thousands who were here. Searched. Made measurements. We wrote down the signs (A.S. Serafimovich).

A rhetorical question (address, exclamation) is a question (address, exclamation) that does not require an answer. Its function is to attract attention and enhance the impression. For example: What is in my name for you? (A.S. Pushkin)

Non-union is the deliberate omission of conjunctions to make speech dynamic. For example:

To lure with exquisite attire, play of the eyes, brilliant conversation... (E. Baratynsky)

Polyunion is the deliberate repetition of conjunctions in order to slow down speech with forced pauses. At the same time, the semantic significance of each word highlighted by the conjunction is emphasized. For example:

And every tongue that is in it will call me,

And the proud grandson of the Slavs, and the Finn, and now wild

Tungus, and friend of the steppes Kalmyk. (A.S. Pushkin)

Phraseologisms, synonyms and antonyms are also used as means to enhance the expressiveness of speech.

Phraseological unit, or phraseological unit -

this is a stable combination of words that functions: in speech as an expression indivisible in terms of meaning and composition: lie on the stove, fight like a fish on ice, [ neither day nor night.

Synonyms are words of the same part of speech; close in meaning. Types of synonyms:

General language: brave - brave;

Contextual:

You will hear the judgment of a fool and the laughter of a cold crowd: But you remain firm, calm and gloomy. (A.S. Pushkin)

Antonyms are words of the same part of speech that have opposite meanings. Types of antonyms:

General language: good - evil;

Contextual:

I give up my place to you: It’s time for me to smolder, for you to bloom. (A.S. Pushkin)

As you know, the meaning of a word is most accurately determined in the context of speech. This allows, in particular, to determine the value polysemantic words, as well as distinguish between homonyms (words of the same part of speech, identical in sound or spelling, but having different lexical meanings: a tasty fruit is a reliable raft, a marriage at work is a happy marriage).

Full, juicy, accurate, bright speech best conveys thoughts, feelings and assessments of the situation. Hence success in all endeavors, because correctly constructed speech is a very accurate tool of persuasion. Here is a brief outline of what kind of expressiveness a person needs to achieve desired result from the world around us every day, and which ones - in order to replenish the arsenal of expressive speech from literature.

Special expressiveness of the language

A verbal form capable of attracting the attention of the listener or reader, making an impact on him vivid impression through novelty, originality, unusualness, with a departure from the usual and everyday - this is linguistic expressiveness.

Any means of artistic expression works well here; in literature, for example, metaphor, sound writing, hyperbole, personification and many others are known. It is necessary to master special techniques and methods in combinations of both sounds in words and phraseological units.

Vocabulary, phraseology, grammatical structure and phonetic features. Each means of artistic expression in literature works at all levels of language proficiency.

Phonetics

The main thing here is sound writing, a special one based on the creation of sound images through sound repetitions. You can even imitate the sounds of the real world - chirping, whistling, the sound of rain, etc., in order to evoke associations with those feelings and thoughts that need to be evoked in the listener or reader. This is the main goal that means of artistic expression must achieve. Most of the literary lyrics contain examples of onomatopoeia: Balmont’s “At Midnight Time...” is especially good here.

Almost all poets silver age used sound recording. Lermontov, Pushkin, Boratynsky left wonderful lines. Symbolists learned to evoke both auditory and visual, even olfactory, gustatory, and tactile ideas in order to move the reader’s imagination to experience certain feelings and emotions.

There are two main types that most fully reveal the sound-written means of artistic expression. Examples from Blok and Andrei Bely, they used extremely often assonance- repetition of the same vowels or similar sounds. Second type - alliteration, which is often found already in Pushkin and Tyutchev, is a repetition of consonant sounds - the same or similar.

Vocabulary and phraseology

The main means of artistic expression in literature are tropes that expressively depict a situation or object using words in their figurative meaning. Main types of trails: comparison, epithet, personification, metaphor, periphrasis, litotes and hyperbole, irony.

In addition to tropes, there are simple and effective means artistic expression. Examples:

• antonyms, synonyms, homonyms, paronyms;
• phraseological units;
• vocabulary that is stylistically colored and vocabulary that is used in a limited manner.

The last point includes argot, professional jargon, and even vocabulary that is not accepted in decent society. Antonyms are sometimes more effective than any epithets: How clean you are! - a baby swimming in a puddle. Synonyms enhance the colorfulness and accuracy of speech. Phraseologisms are pleasing because the recipient hears what is familiar and makes contact faster. These linguistic phenomena are not a direct means of artistic expression. The examples are rather non-special, suitable for a specific action or text, but capable of significantly adding brightness to the image and the impact on the addressee. The beauty and liveliness of speech depends entirely on what means of creating artistic expression are used in it.

Epithet and comparison

An epithet is an application or addition translated from Greek. Notes an essential feature that is important in a given context, using a figurative definition based on a hidden comparison. More often this is an adjective: black melancholy, gray morning, etc., but it can be an epithet for a noun, adverb, participle, pronoun or any other part of speech. We can divide the epithets used into general linguistic, folk poetic and individual author's means of artistic expression. Examples of all three types: deathly silence, good fellow, curly twilight. Can be divided differently - into figurative and expressive: in the fog blue, nights crazy. But any division, of course, is very conditional.

Comparison is a comparison of one phenomenon, concept or object with another. Not to be confused with a metaphor, where the names are interchangeable; in comparison, both objects, characteristics, actions, etc. must be named. For example: glow, like a meteor. You can compare in various ways.

• instrumental case (youth nightingale flew by);
• comparative degree of an adverb or adjective (eyes greener seas);
• unions as if, as if etc. ( like a beast the door creaked);
• words similar to, similar etc. (your eyes look like two fogs);
• comparative clauses (golden leaves swirled in the pond, like a flock of butterflies flying to a star).

Negative comparisons are often used in folk poetry: That's not a horse top..., poets often construct quite large works using this one means of artistic expression. In the literature of the classics, this can be seen, for example, in the poems of Koltsov, Tyutchev, Severyanin, the prose of Gogol, Prishvin and many others. Many people used it. This is probably the most popular means of artistic expression. It is ubiquitous in literature. In addition, it serves scientific, journalistic, and colloquial texts with the same diligence and success.

Metaphor and personification

Another very widely used means of artistic expression in literature is metaphor, which means transference in Greek. The word or sentence is used figuratively. The basis here is the unconditional similarity of objects, phenomena, actions, etc. Unlike simile, metaphor is more compact. It gives only that with which this or that is compared. Similarity can be based on shape, color, volume, purpose, feel, etc. (a kaleidoscope of phenomena, a spark of love, a sea of ​​letters, a treasury of poetry). Metaphors can be divided into ordinary (general language) and artistic: skillful fingers And stars diamond thrill). Scientific metaphors are already in use: ozone hole, solar wind etc. The success of the speaker and the author of the text depends on what means of artistic expression are used.

A type of trope, similar to metaphor, is personification, when the signs of a living being are transferred to objects, concepts or natural phenomena: went to bed sleepy fogs, autumn day turned pale and went out - personification of natural phenomena, which happens especially often, is less often personified objective world- see Annensky "Violin and Bow", Mayakovsky "Cloud in Pants", Mamin-Sibiryak with his " good-natured and cozy face at home"and much more. Even in everyday life we ​​no longer notice personifications: the device says the air is healing, the economy is moving etc. It is unlikely that there are better ways than this means of artistic expression, painting speech more colorful than personification.

Metonymy and synecdoche

Translated from Greek, metonymy means renaming, that is, the name is transferred from subject to subject, where the basis is contiguity. The use of artistic means of expression, especially such as metonymy, is very decorative for the narrator. Connections based on the adjacency principle can be as follows:

• contents and contents: eat three plates;
• author and work: scolded Homer;
• action and its instrument: doomed to swords and fires;
• subject and subject material: ate on gold;
• place and characters: the city was noisy.

Metonymy complements the means of artistic expressiveness of speech; with it, clarity, accuracy, imagery, clarity and, like no other epithet, laconicism are added. It is not for nothing that both writers and publicists use it; it is filled with all levels of society.

In turn, a type of metonymy - synecdoche, translated from Greek - correlation, is also based on replacing the meaning of one phenomenon with the meaning of another, but there is only one principle - the quantitative relationship between phenomena or objects. You can transfer it this way:

• less to more (to it the bird does not fly, the tiger does not walk; have a drink a glass);
• part to whole ( Beard, why are you keeping silent? Moscow did not approve the sanctions).

Periphrase, or paraphrase

Description, or descriptive sentence, translated from Greek - a phrase used instead of a word or combination of words - is paraphrase. For example, Pushkin writes “Peter’s Creation,” and everyone understands that he meant Petersburg. The paraphrase allows us the following:

• identify the main features of the object we are depicting;
• avoid repetitions (tautologies);
• clearly evaluate what is depicted;
• give the text sublime pathos, pathos.

Paraphrases are prohibited only in business and official style, but in others they can be found in abundance. IN colloquial speech most often it coexists with irony, merging these two means of artistic expression. The Russian language is enriched by the merging of different tropes.

Hyperbole and litotes

With an exorbitant exaggeration of a sign or signs of an object, action or phenomenon - this is a hyperbole (translated from Greek as exaggeration). Litota is, on the contrary, an understatement.

Thoughts are given an unusual form, a bright emotional coloring, and convincing assessment. They are especially good at creating comic images. They are used in journalism as the most important means of artistic expression. In literature one cannot do without these tropes: rare bird from Gogol will fly only to the middle of the Dnieper; tiny cows Krylov has a lot of things like that in almost every work of any author.

Irony and sarcasm

Translated from Greek, this word means pretense, which is quite consistent with the use of this trope. What means of artistic expression are needed for ridicule? The statement must be the opposite literally when a completely positive assessment hides mockery: clever mind- the appeal to the Donkey in Krylov’s fable is an example of this. " The hero's unsinkability" - irony used within the framework of journalism, where quotation marks or parentheses are most often placed. The means of creating artistic expressiveness are not exhausted by it. As irony to the highest degree - evil, caustic - sarcasm is quite often used: the contrast between the expressed and the implied, as well as intentional exposing what is implied. Unmerciful, sharp denunciation is his handwriting: I usually argue about the taste of oysters and coconuts only with those who have eaten them.(Zhvanetsky). The algorithm of sarcasm is a chain of such actions: a negative phenomenon gives rise to anger and indignation, then a reaction occurs - the last degree of emotional openness: well-fed pigs are worse than hungry wolves. However, sarcasm should be used as carefully as possible. And not often, unless the author is a professional satirist. The speaker of sarcasm most often considers himself smarter than others. However, not a single satirist managed to get love as a result. She herself and her appearance always depend on what means of artistic expression are used in the evaluative text. Sarcasm is a deadly powerful weapon.

Non-special means of language vocabulary

Synonyms help give speech the subtlest emotional shades and expression. For example, you can use the word "race" instead of "run" for greater emphasis. And not only for her:

• clarification of the thought itself and the transmission of the smallest shades of meaning;
• assessment of the depicted and the author's attitude;
• intense enhancement of expression;
• deep disclosure of the image.

Antonyms are also a good means of expression. They clarify the idea, playing on contrasts, and more fully characterize this or that phenomenon: glossy waste paper is a flood, and genuine fiction is a trickle. Antonyms also give rise to a technique widely demanded by writers - antithesis.

Many writers, and just witty writers, willingly play with words that have the same sound and even spelling, but have different meanings: cool guy And boiling water, and steep bank; flour And flour; three in the diary and three carefully stain. And a joke: Should you listen to your boss? That's it, fire me... And they fired me. homographs and homophones.

Words that are similar in spelling and sound, but have completely different meanings, are also often used as puns and have sufficient expressive power when used deftly. History is hysteria; meter - millimeter etc.

It should be noted that such non-basic means of artistic expression as synonyms, antonyms, paronyms and homonyms, in official and business styles are not used.

Phraseologisms

Otherwise, idioms, that is, phraseologically ready-made expressions, also add eloquence to a speaker or writer. Mythological imagery, high or colloquial, with an expressive assessment - positive or negative ( small fry And apple of your eye, soap your neck And sword of Damocles) - all this enhances and decorates the imagery of the text with clarity. The salt of phraseological units is a special group - aphorisms. The deepest thoughts in the shortest execution. Easy to remember. Often used, like other means of expression, this also includes proverbs and sayings.

It is known that no European lexicon can compare with richness: this opinion is expressed by many literary scholars who have studied its expressiveness. It has Spanish expansion, Italian emotionality, French tenderness. Language means, used by Russian writers, resemble the brushstrokes of an artist.

When experts talk about the expressiveness of language, they mean not only the figurative means that they study at school, but also an inexhaustible arsenal of literary techniques. Unified classification There are no figurative and expressive means, but conventionally linguistic means are divided into groups.

In contact with

Lexical means

Expressive means, working at the lexical language level, are an integral part literary work: poetic or written in prose. These are words or figures of speech, used by the author in a figurative or allegorical meaning. The most extensive group of lexical means of creating imagery in the Russian language is literary tropes.

Varieties of Tropes

There are more than two dozen tropes used in the works. Table with examples combined the most used ones:

№	Trails	Explanation of the term	Examples
1	Allegory	Replacing an abstract concept with a concrete image.	“In the hands of Themis”, which means: at justice
2		These are tropes that are based on a figurative comparison, but without the use of conjunctions (as, as if). Metaphor involves transferring the qualities of one object or phenomenon to another.	Murmuring voice (the voice seems to murmur).
3	Metonymy	Substitution of one word for another, based on the contiguity of concepts.	The class was noisy
4	Comparison	What is comparison in literature? Comparison of objects based on similar characteristics. Comparisons are artistic media, highly imaginative.	Simile: hot as fire (other examples: turned white like chalk).
5	Personification	Transferring human properties to inanimate objects or phenomena.	The leaves of the trees whispered
6	Hyperbola	These are tropes that are based on literary exaggeration, helping to enhance a certain characteristic or quality on which the author focuses the reader’s attention.	Lots of work.
7	Litotes	Artistic understatement of the described object or phenomenon.	A man with a fingernail.
8	Synecdoche	Replacing some words with others regarding quantitative relations.	Invite for pike perch.
9	Occasionalisms	Artistic means created by the author.	The fruits of education.
10	Irony	Subtle mockery based on appearance positive assessment or serious form of expression.	What do you say, smart guy?
11	Sarcasm	A caustic, subtle mockery, the highest form of irony.	The works of Saltykov-Shchedrin are full of sarcasm.
12	Periphrase	Substituting a word with an expression similar in lexical meaning.	King of beasts
13	Lexical repetition	In order to enhance the meaning specific word the author repeats it several times.	Lakes all around, deep lakes.

The article provides main trails, known in the literature, which are illustrated in a table with examples.

Sometimes archaisms, dialectisms, and professionalisms are considered tropes, but this is not true. These are means of expression, the scope of which is limited to the depicted era or area of ​​application. They are used to create the flavor of an era, a described place or a working atmosphere.

Specialized means of expression

- words that once called objects familiar to us (eyes - eyes). Historicisms denote objects or phenomena (actions) that have come out of everyday life (caftan, ball).

Both archaisms and historicisms - means of expression, which are readily used by writers and screenwriters who create works on historical topics (examples are “Peter the Great” and “Prince Silver” by A. Tolstoy). Poets often use archaisms to create a sublime style (womb, right hand, finger).

Neologisms are figurative means of language that entered our lives relatively recently (gadget). They are often used in literary texts to create the atmosphere of a youth environment and the image of advanced users.

Dialectisms - words or grammatical forms, used in the colloquial speech of residents of the same area (kochet - rooster).

Professionalisms are words and expressions that are characteristic of representatives of a certain profession. For example, a pen for a printer is, first of all, spare material that is not included in the issue, and only then a place for animals to stay. Naturally, a writer telling about the life of a hero-printer will not ignore the term.

Jargon is the vocabulary of informal communication used in the colloquial speech of people belonging to a certain social circle. For example, linguistic features of the text about the lives of students will allow us to use the word “tails” in the sense of “exam debt”, and not parts of the body of animals. This word often appears in works about students.

Phraseological phrases

Phraseological expressions are lexical linguistic means, whose expressiveness is determined by:

1. Figurative meaning, sometimes with a mythological background (Achilles' heel).
2. Each one belongs to the category of high stable expressions (sink into oblivion) ​​or colloquial expressions (hang your ears). These can be linguistic means that have a positive emotional connotation (golden hands - a load of approving meaning), or with a negative expressive assessment (small fry - a shade of disdain for a person).

Phraseologisms are used, to:

• emphasize the clarity and imagery of the text;
• build the necessary stylistic tone (colloquial or sublime), having previously assessed the linguistic features of the text;
• express the author's attitude to the information being communicated.

Figurative expressiveness phraseological units is intensified due to their transformation from generally known to individually authored: to shine throughout Ivanovskaya.

A special group is aphorisms ( idioms ). For example, happy hours are not observed.

Aphorisms can also include works of folk art: proverbs, sayings.

These artistic means are used quite often in literature.

Attention! Phraseologisms as figurative and expressive literary means cannot be used in an official business style.

Syntactic tricks

Syntactic figures of speech are phrases used by the author to better convey the necessary information or the general meaning of the text, sometimes to give the passage an emotional overtones. These are what they are syntactic means expressiveness:

1. Antithesis is a syntactic means of expressiveness based on opposition. "Crime and Punishment". Allows you to emphasize the meaning of one word with the help of another, opposite in meaning.
2. Gradations are means of expressiveness that use synonymous words, arranged according to the principle of increase and decrease of a sign or quality in the Russian language. For example, the stars shone, burned, shone. This lexical chain highlights the main conceptual meaning of each word – “to shine.”
3. Oxymoron - straight opposite words, located nearby. For example, the expression “fiery ice” figuratively and vividly creates the contradictory character of the hero.
4. Inversions are syntactic means of expression based on unusual sentence construction. For example, instead of “he sang,” it is written “he sang.” The word that the author wants to highlight is placed at the beginning of the sentence.
5. Parcellation is the deliberate division of one sentence into several parts. For example, Ivan is nearby. Stands, looks. The second sentence usually contains an action, quality or attribute that takes on the author's emphasis.

Important! These figurative means Representatives of a number of scientific schools classify them as stylistic. The reason for replacing the term lies in the influence exerted expressive means of this group specifically on the style of the text, albeit through syntactic constructions.

Phonetic means

Sound devices in the Russian language are the smallest group of literary figures of speech. This is the special use of words with the repetition of certain sounds or phonetic groups for the purpose of depicting artistic images.

Usually like this figurative language used by poets in poetic works, or writers in lyrical digressions, when describing landscapes. The authors use repeated sounds to convey thunder or the rustling of leaves.

Alliteration is the repetition of a series of consonants that create sound effects that enhance the imagery of the phenomenon being described. For example: “In the silky rustle of snow noise.” The intensification of the sounds S, Ш and Ш creates the effect of imitating the whistle of the wind.

Assonance is the repetition of vowel sounds in order to create an expressive artistic image: “March, march - we wave the flag // We march to the parade.” The vowel “a” is repeated to create an emotional fullness of feelings, a unique feeling of universal joy and openness.

Onomatopoeia is a selection of words that combine a certain set of sounds that creates a phonetic effect: the howl of the wind, the rustling of grass and other characteristic natural sounds.

Means of expression in the Russian language, tropes

Using expressive words

Conclusion

It is the abundance of figurative means expressiveness in Russian makes it truly beautiful, juicy and unique. Therefore, foreign literary scholars prefer to study the works of Russian poets and writers in the original.