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Economically developed countries of the G7. Activities of the G7

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big seven machine, big seven 4
Group of Seven(English Group of Seven, G7) is an international club uniting Great Britain, Germany, Italy, Canada, USA, France and Japan. The same name is given to the informal forum of the leaders of these countries (with the participation of the European Commission), within the framework of which approaches to pressing international problems are coordinated. According to an unspoken rule, the group's summits are held annually in rotation in each of the member states.

The G7 is not an international organization, it is not based on an international treaty, and does not have a charter or secretariat. The decisions of the G7 are not binding. As a rule, we are talking about fixing the intention of the parties to adhere to an agreed line or about recommendations to other participants in international life to use certain approaches in resolving certain issues. Since the G7 does not have a charter, it is impossible to officially become a member of this institution.

In 1997-2014, Russia participated in the work of the group on equal terms with its other members, and the association itself was called the “Group of Eight” (English: Group of Eight, G8), but after the annexation of Crimea to the Russian Federation, Russia’s membership in the club was suspended.

1 Title
2 History
3 Leaders of the G7
4 Chairman
5 Meetings (“summits”)
6 Leaders of the G7 countries since its creation
7 Candidates
- 7.1 Participants
8 Summits
9 Member countries and their shares of GDP (International Monetary Fund)
10 Topics and meeting places of the G7
11 Russia and the G7. "Big Eight" (1997-2014)
12 Names of councils
13 See also
14 Notes
15 Links

Name

The term "Big Seven", a continuation of which became the term "Big Eight", arose in Russian journalism from the erroneous decoding of the English abbreviation G7 as "Great Seven", although in fact it stands for "Group of Seven" ( "Group of Seven") The first use of the term “Big Seven” was recorded in the article “The Baltics cost Gorbachev $16 billion,” Kommersant newspaper dated January 21, 1991.

Story

The G6 arose at a meeting of the heads of state and government of France, the USA, Great Britain, Germany, Italy and Japan at the Rambouillet Palace on November 15-17, 1975 (since the early 70s, similar meetings were held at the level of finance ministers). In 1976, the “six” turned into a “seven”, accepting Canada into its membership, and during 1991-2002 it was gradually transformed (according to the “7+1” scheme) into the “eight” with the participation of Russia.

The idea of holding meetings of leaders of the most industrialized countries in the world arose in the early 70s in connection with the economic crisis and the deterioration of relations between the United States, Western Europe and Japan on economic and financial issues.

The first meeting (November 15-17, 1975), on the initiative of the then French President Valéry Giscard d'Estaing, brought together the heads of state and government of six countries: the USA, Japan, France, Great Britain, Germany, and Italy. The meeting adopted a Joint Declaration on Economic Issues, which called for non-aggression in the trade area and the refusal to establish new discriminatory barriers.

Subsequently, meetings are held annually.

Leaders of the G7

State	Representative	Job title	Authority with
	David Cameron	Prime Minister of Great Britain	May 11, 2010
Germany Germany	Angela Merkel	Federal Chancellor of Germany	November 22, 2005
Canada Canada	Stephen Harper	Prime Minister of Canada	February 6, 2006
Italy Italy	Matteo Renzi	Chairman of the Council of Ministers of Italy	February 22, 2014
USA USA	Barack Obama	President of the U.S.A	January 20, 2009
France France	Francois Hollande	President of the French Republic	May 15, 2012
Japan Japan	Shinzo Abe	Prime Minister of Japan	December 26, 2012
	Donald Tusk	President of the European Council	December 1, 2014
	Jean-Claude Juncker	President of the European Commission	November 1, 2014

Chairman

The chairman of the “seven” is, during each calendar year, the head of one of the member countries in the following rotation order: France, USA, Great Britain, Russia (since 2006), Germany, Japan, Italy, Canada (since 1981).

Meetings (“summits”)

Meetings of the heads of state and government of the G7 countries are held annually (usually in the summer) on the territory of the chairing state. In addition to the heads of state and government of the member countries, the meetings are attended by two representatives of the European Union, namely the President of the European Commission and the head of the country currently presiding over the EU.

The agenda of the summit is formed by Sherpas - trusted representatives of the leaders of the G7 countries.

Leaders of the G7 countries since its creation

Great Britain - Prime Ministers

Harold Wilson (until 1976)
James Callaghan (1976-1979)
Margaret Thatcher (1979-1990)
John Major (1990-1997)
Tony Blair (1997-2007)
Gordon Brown (2007-2010)
David Cameron (since 2010)

Germany - Federal Chancellors

Helmut Schmidt (until 1982)
Helmut Kohl (1982-1998)
Gerhard Schröder (1998-2005)
Angela Merkel (since 2005)

Italy - Chairmen of the Council of Ministers

Aldo Moro (until 1976)
Giulio Andreotti (1976-1979)
Francesco Cossiga (1979-1980)
Arnaldo Forlani (1980-1981)
Giovanni Spadolini (1981-1982)
Amintore Fanfani (1982-1983)
Bettino Craxi (1983-1987)
Amintore Fanfani (1987)
Giovanni Goria (1987-1988)
Ciriaco de Mita (1988-1989)
Giulio Andreotti (1989-1992)
Giuliano Amato (1992-1993)
Carlo Azeglio Ciampi (1993-1994)
Silvio Berlusconi (1994-1995)
Lamberto Dini (1995-1996)
Romano Prodi (1996-1998)
Massimo D'Alema (1998-2000)
Giuliano Amato (2000-2001)
Silvio Berlusconi (2001-2006)
Romano Prodi (2006-2008)
Silvio Berlusconi (2008-2011)
Mario Monti (2011-2013)
Enrico Letta (2013-2014)
Matteo Renzi (since 2014)

Canada (since 1976) - prime ministers

Pierre Elliott Trudeau (until 1979)
Joe Clark (1979-1980)
Pierre Elliott Trudeau (1980-1984)
John Turner (1984)
Brian Mulroney (1984-1993)
Kim Campbell (1993)
Jean Chrétien (1993-2003)
Paul Martin (2003-2006)
Stephen Harper (since 2006)

Russia (1997-2014) - presidents

Boris Yeltsin (1997-1999)
Vladimir Putin (2000-2008)
Dmitry Medvedev (2008-2012)
Vladimir Putin (2012-2014)

USA - presidents

Gerald Ford (until 1977)
Jimmy Carter (1977-1981)
Ronald Reagan (1981-1989)
George Bush (1989-1993)
Bill Clinton (1993-2001)
George W. Bush (2001-2009)
Barack Obama (since 2009)

France - presidents

Valéry Giscard d'Estaing (until 1981),
Francois Mitterrand (1981-1995),
Jacques Chirac (1995-2007)
Nicolas Sarkozy (2007-2012)
Francois Hollande (since 2012)

Japan - Prime Ministers

Takeo Miki (until 1976)
Takeo Fukuda (1976-1978)
Masayoshi Ohira (1978-1980)
Zenko Suzuki (1980-1982)
Yasuhiro Nakasone (1982-1987)
Noboru Takeshita (1987-1989)
Sosuke Uno (1989)
Toshiki Kaifu (1989-1991)
Kiichi Miyazawa (1991-1993)
Morihiro Hosakawa (1993-1994)
Tsutomu Hata (1994)
Tomiichi Murayama (1994-1996)
Ryutaro Hashimoto (1996-1998)
Keizo Obuchi (1998-2000)
Yoshiro Mori (2000-2001)
Junichiro Koizumi (2001-2006)
Shinzo Abe (2006-2007)
Yasuo Fukuda (2007-2008)
Taro Aso (2008-2009)
Yukio Hatoyama(2009-2010)
Naoto Kan (2010-2011)
Yoshihiko Noda (2011-2012)
Shinzo Abe (since 2012)

Candidates

European Union (since 1977) - Chairman of the Commission of the European Communities / European Commission -
- Roy Jenkins (1977-1981),
- Gaston Thorne (1981-1985),
- Jacques Delors (1985-1995),
- Jacques Santerre (1995-1999),
- Romano Prodi (1999 - November 21, 2004),
- Jose Manuel Duran Barroso (from November 22, 2004, term of office until 2014).
Leader of the EU Presidency:
- 2003 I - Jose Maria Aznar (Spain),
- II - Silvio Berlusconi (Italy),
- 2004 I - Bertie Ahern (Ireland),
- II - Jan Peter Balkenende (Netherlands),
- 2005 I - Jean-Claude Juncker (Luxembourg),
- II - Tony Blair (Great Britain).
- 2006 Austria and Finland, 2007 - Germany and Portugal, 2008 Austria
Representatives from China (Hu Jintao) and India (Manmohan Singh) are also participating. Brazil (Luis Inacio Lula da Silva) (2005), Mexico (Vicente Fox), South Africa (Thabo Mbeki), UN (Ban Ki-moon), Spain.

Participants

The heads of the G20 countries: India, China, South Africa, Mexico, Brazil, in addition, the G20 included South Korea, Saudi Arabia, Turkey, Indonesia, Argentina, Spain, and the heads of international and regional unions (EU, CIS) came.

Summits

date	Host country	Host Country Leader	Place	Initiatives
November 15-17, 1975	France France	Jean-Pierre Fourcade	Chateau de Rambouillet, Rambouillet
June 27-28, 1976	USA USA	Rafael Hernandez Colon	Dorado Beach Hotel, Dorado, Puerto Rico
May 7-8, 1977	UK UK	Denis Healey	10 Downing Street, London
July 16-17, 1978	Germany Germany	Hans Matthofer	Official residence of the Chancellor of the Federal Republic of Germany Bonn
June 28-29, 1979	Japan Japan	Masayoshi Ohira	Tokyo
May 28-30, 1983	USA USA	Ronald Reagan	Colonial Williamsburg, Williamsburg, Virginia
June 19-23, 1988	Canada Canada	Michael Wilson	Metro Toronto Convention Centre, Ontario
July 9-11, 1990	USA USA	James Baker	Rice University and other locations in the Museum District Houston, Texas
June 1994	Italy Italy	Lamberto Dini	Naples
June 15-17, 1995	Canada Canada	Paul Martin	Summit Place, Halifax, Nova Scotia
June 27-29, 1996	France France	Jean Arthuis	Musée d'art contemporain de Lyon, Lyon	initiative for the 42 heavily indebted poor countries, founding of G20
June 19, 1999	Germany Germany	Gerhard Schröder	Cologne	Financial Stability Forum and G20
February 11-13, 2001	Italy Italy	Vincenzo Visco	Palermo
February 6-8, 2010	Canada Canada	Jim Flaherty	Toronto, Ontario
May 10-11, 2013	UK UK	George Osborne	Hartwell House Hotel and Spa, Aylesbury
March 24, 2014	European Union European Union	Mark Rutte	Catshuis, The Hague, Netherlands
June 4-5, 2014	European Union European Union	Herman Van Rompuy	Brussels, Belgium
June 7-8, 2015	Germany Germany	Angela Merkel	Bavaria, Germany

25th G8 Summit (1999)
26th G8 Summit (2000)
27th G8 Summit (2001)
28th G8 Summit (2002)
29th G8 Summit (2003)
30th G8 Summit (2004)
31st G8 Summit (2005)
32nd G8 Summit (2006)
33rd G8 Summit (2007)
34th G8 Summit (2008)
35th G8 Summit (2009)
36th G8 Summit (2010)
37th G8 Summit (2011)
38th G8 Summit (2012)
39th G8 Summit (2013)
The 40th G8 summit (2014) was planned to be held in Sochi (Krasnodar region, Russia) on June 4 and 5, but due to recent events around Crimea, the summit was moved to Brussels.

Member countries and their shares of GDP (International Monetary Fund)

GDP dynamics in the G8 countries in 1992-2009, as a percentage of the 1992 level.

France
Germany
Italy
Japan
Great Britain
Canada (since 1976)
Russia (1997-2014)

	Million	%	Billion $	%
2006	Population		GDP
World	6345,1	100,0	66228,7	100
USA	302,5	4,77	13543,3	20,45
Japan	127,7	2,01	4346,0	6,56
Germany	82,4	1,3	2714,5	4,2
Great Britain	60,2	0,95	2270,9	3,43
France	64,1	1,01	2117,0	3,2
Russia	142,5	2,25	2076,0	3,13
Italy	59,1	0,93	1888,5	2,85
Canada	32,9	0,52	1217,1	1,84
Countries "Big" eights together	871,4	13,73	30006	45,56

Topics and meeting places of the G7

1975 Rambouillet Unemployment, inflation, energy crisis, structural reform of the international monetary system.
1976 San Juan International trade, relations between East and West.
1977 London Youth unemployment, the role of the IMF in stabilizing the world economy, alternative energy sources that reduce the dependence of developed countries on oil exporters.
1978 Bonn Measures to curb inflation, assistance to developing countries through the World Bank and regional development banks.
1979 Tokyo Rising oil prices, energy shortages, the need to develop nuclear energy, the problem of refugees from Indochina.
1980 Venice Rising oil prices, increasing foreign debt of developing countries, Soviet invasion of Afghanistan, international terrorism.
1981 Montebello The growth of the world's population, economic relations with the East taking into account the security interests of the West, the situation in the Middle East, the build-up of weapons in the USSR.
1982 Versailles Development of economic relations with the USSR and Eastern European countries, the situation in Lebanon.
1983 Williamsburg The financial situation in the world, the debts of developing countries, arms control.
1984 London The beginning of the recovery of the world economy, the Iran-Iraq conflict, the fight against international terrorism, support for democratic values.
1985 Bonn The dangers of economic protectionism, environmental policy, cooperation in science and technology.
1986 Tokyo Determination of medium-term tax and financial policies, ways to combat international terrorism, the disaster at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant.
1987 Venice The situation in agriculture, lowering interest rates on external debts for the poorest countries, global climate change, perestroika in the USSR.
1988 Toronto The role of Asia-Pacific countries in international trade, the debts of the poorest countries and changes in the payment schedule to the Paris Club, the beginning of the withdrawal of Soviet troops from Afghanistan, the contingents of Soviet troops in Eastern Europe.
1989 Paris Dialogue with the "Asian Tigers", the economic situation in Yugoslavia, developing a strategy towards debtor countries, the rise of drug addiction, cooperation in the fight against AIDS, human rights in China, economic reforms in Eastern Europe, the Arab-Israeli conflict.
1990 London Investments and loans for the countries of Central and Eastern Europe, the situation in the USSR and assistance to the Soviet Union in creating a market economy, creating a favorable investment climate in developing countries, the unification of Germany.
1991 Houston Financial assistance to war-affected Gulf countries, migration to G7 countries, non-proliferation of nuclear, chemical, biological and conventional weapons.
1992 Munich Environmental problems, support for market reforms in Poland, relations with the CIS countries, ensuring the safety of nuclear facilities in these countries, partnership between the G7 and Asia-Pacific countries, the role of the OSCE in ensuring equal rights for national and other minorities, the situation in the former Yugoslavia.
1993 Tokyo The situation in countries with economies in transition, the destruction of nuclear weapons in the CIS, compliance with the missile technology control regime, the deterioration of the situation in the former Yugoslavia, efforts for a peaceful settlement in the Middle East.
1994 Naples Economic development in the Middle East, nuclear security in Central and Eastern Europe and the CIS, international crime and money laundering, the situation in Sarajevo, North Korea after the death of Kim Il Sung.
1995 Halifax A new form of holding summits, reform of international institutions - the IMF, the World Bank, prevention of economic crises and a strategy for overcoming them, the situation in the former Yugoslavia.
1996 Moscow(meeting) Nuclear security, the fight against illicit trade in nuclear materials, the situation in Lebanon and the Middle East peace process, the situation in Ukraine.
1996 Lyon(summit) Global partnership, integration of countries with economies in transition into the world economic community, international terrorism, the situation in Bosnia and Herzegovina.
1997 Denver Aging population, development of small and medium-sized businesses, ecology and children's health, spread of infectious diseases, transnational organized crime, human cloning, UN reform, space exploration, anti-personnel mines, political situation in Hong Kong, the Middle East, Cyprus and Albania.
1998 Birmingham New meeting format - "leaders only", finance ministers and foreign ministers hold meetings in the run-up to summits. Global and regional security.
1999 Cologne The social significance of economic globalization, debt relief for the poorest countries, the fight against international crime in the financial sector.
2000 Nago The impact of information technology development on economics and finance, tuberculosis control, education, biotechnology, conflict prevention.
2001 Genoa Development problems, poverty alleviation, food security, the problem of ratification of the Kyoto Protocol, nuclear disarmament, the role of non-governmental organizations, the situation in the Balkans and the Middle East.
2002 Kananaskis Assistance to developing countries in Africa, combating terrorism and strengthening global economic growth, ensuring the security of international cargo.
2003 Evian-les-Bains Economics, sustainable development, and security and counter-terrorism.
2004 Sea Island Issues of global economics and security, the situation in Iraq and the Middle East, relations between Russia and Japan, problems of freedom of speech.
2005 Gleneagles Global climate change and assistance to the poorest countries in Africa.
2006 St. Petersburg Energy security, demography and education, strengthening and expanding cooperation in the fight against terrorism. The situation in the Middle East.
2007 Heiligendamm Fighting global climate change and helping the poorest countries in Africa
2008 Toyako Combating rising food and fuel prices, as well as inflation in general.
2009 L'Aquila Global world economic crisis of 2008-2009.
2010 Huntsville
2011 Deauville Civil war in Libya. Energy issues and climate change, food security and nutrition, economic transformation in Afghanistan, changes in the Middle East and North Africa.
2014 Brussels The situation in Ukraine. Discussion of expanding sanctions against Russia.

Russia and the G7. "Big Eight" (1997-2014)

Since 1996, after the meeting in Moscow, Russia began to take an increasingly active part in the work of the association, and since 1997 it has participated in its work on an equal basis with other participants in the association, which then became the Group of Eight (“Big Eight”).

Russia was the chairing country of the G8 during 2006 (chairman - Vladimir Putin), at the same time the only summit of this organization on the territory of the Russian Federation took place in St. Petersburg (the meeting that took place in Moscow in 1996 was not recognized as a summit) . The stated priorities of Russia's G8 presidency are energy security, education, combating the spread of infectious diseases and other relevant topics (fighting terrorism, non-proliferation of weapons of mass destruction, resolving regional conflicts, developing the global economy and finance, developing international trade, preserving environment).

At the 2012 summit, the Russian Federation was represented by Prime Minister Dmitry Medvedev. President Vladimir Putin refused to participate in the meeting, citing the need to continue forming the Government. Dmitry Medvedev explained his appearance at the summit by the need to maintain the chosen course of foreign policy. This decision caused criticism in the US media.

On the initiative of Russia, youth summits of the group have been held since 2006. Every year, on the initiative of the League of International Youth Diplomacy, a Russian delegation is formed on the basis of a competitive selection.

On January 1, 2014, Russia assumed the presidency of the G8. A summit of G8 leaders was planned for June 4-5, 2014 in Sochi. However, on March 3, 2014, in connection with the Crimean crisis, the leaders of all countries except Russia announced the suspension of participation in the summit. There was also a proposal to exclude Russia from the G8.

On March 18, 2014, French Foreign Minister Laurent Fabius said that Western countries had agreed to suspend Russia’s participation in the G7.

On March 20, 2014, Angela Merkel said: “As long as there are no political conditions for such an important format as the G8, there is no longer a G8 itself - neither a summit nor a format as such.”

In April 2015, German Foreign Minister Frank-Walter Steinmeier said that “the road lies through the implementation of the Minsk agreements, the resolution of the conflict in Ukraine and the fulfillment by Russia of its obligations. There is no disagreement on this matter. This is the common position of the G7."

On May 12, 2015, press secretary of the US presidential administration John Earnest said during a press conference that in connection with Russia’s policy on the Ukrainian crisis, it is currently “difficult to imagine” the possibility of reviving the G8 format with Russia’s participation.

Council of Heads of Industrial States
Council of Finance Ministers
Council of Foreign Ministers
Council of Ministers of Education
Council of Attorneys General
Council of Speakers of Parliaments of Industrial States

Notes

G7 finance ministers and central bank governors will meet in Rome. RIA Novosti (February 13, 2009). Retrieved August 13, 2010. Archived from the original on August 25, 2011.
Yahoo! Search - Web Search
G8 Summit 2012 (English). Retrieved May 30, 2012. Archived from the original on June 24, 2012.
Telephone conversation with US President Barack Obama (Russian). Retrieved May 30, 2012. Archived from the original on June 24, 2012.
Dmitry Medvedev held a press conference for representatives of the Russian media following the meeting of the heads of state and government of the Group of Eight at Camp David (Russian). Retrieved May 31, 2012. Archived from the original on June 24, 2012.
Putin sends Medvedev (Russian) in his place to the G8 summit. Retrieved May 31, 2012. Archived from the original on June 24, 2012.
Putin's reasons for skipping the G8 summit did not convince the US press (Russian). Retrieved May 31, 2012. Archived from the original on June 24, 2012.
Chairmanship of the G8 passed to Russia - Interfax
All G7 countries have frozen preparations for the G8 summit in Sochi
Russia G8 status at risk over "incredible act of aggression" in Crimea, says Kerry.
French Foreign Minister: Western countries agreed to suspend Russia's participation in the G8.
Merkel does not believe that the G8 format makes sense under current conditions.
The German Foreign Minister hopes that the G7 will again become the G8. BBC Russian Service (04/15/2015).
Press Briefing by Press Secretary Josh Earnest, 5-12-2015 The White House

Links

Official Russian website of the G8
Statistical collections "Group of Eight" on the Rosstat website
G8 Information Center - University of Toronto, Canada
About the Group of Eight on the HSE website
Big Eight. Article in the Around the World encyclopedia.
What is the G8, and why is Russia included in it? (“In The National Interest”, USA). Article in InoSMI.

Geopolitics and “power” in international relations
Types of power	Economic power · Food power · Soft power · Hard power · Smart power · Political power (Machtpolitik Realpolitik)
Power and comparative statuses most important states	Hyperpower · Superpower (Potential Superpower · Military Superpower · Nuclear Superpower · Energy Superpower) · Great Power · Regional Power · Near Power · Nuclear Power · Space Power · Energy Power
Historical geopolitics and hegemony	Historical superpowers · Historical powers · Colonial powers · European "age" · Asian "age" · Roman "peace" · Mongol "peace" · British "peace" · American "peace" · Soviet "peace" · Chinese "peace" · others "worlds" · Central Powers · Axis Powers · Allies
Theory and history	Balance of power (Military-strategic parity) · Historical power · Power transition theory · Second superpower · Collapse of a superpower · Collapse of a superpower · Euro-Atlanticism
Organizations and groups	Big Seven (G7)· G20 · Group of 77 (G77) · BRICS · Group of Eleven · SCO · NATO · CSTO · ANZUS · OPEC · Group 5+1

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Big Seven Information About

The so-called Group of Seven was formed in the 70s of the twentieth century. It can hardly be called a full-fledged organization. It is rather a simple international forum. Nevertheless, the list of which is given in this article has influence on the world political arena.

Briefly about G7

"Big Seven", "Group of Seven" or simply G7 - this club of leading states is called differently in the world. It is a mistake to call this forum an international organization, since this community does not have its own charter and secretariat. And the decisions made by the G7 are not binding.

Initially, the abbreviation G7 included the decoding of “Group of Seven” (in the original: Group of Seven). However, Russian journalists interpreted it as the Great Seven back in the early 1990s. After this, the term “Big Seven” became entrenched in Russian journalism.

Our article lists all the G7 countries (the list is presented below), as well as their capitals.

History of the formation of the international club

Initially, the Group of Seven had a G6 format (Canada joined the club a little later). The leaders of the six leading states of the planet first met in this format in November 1975. The initiator of the meeting was French President Valéry Giscard D'Estaing. The main topics of that meeting were the problems of unemployment, inflation, and the global energy crisis.

In 1976, Canada joined the group, and in the 1990s, the G7 was replenished with Russia, gradually transforming into

The idea of creating such a forum was in the air back in the early 70s of the last century. The powers that be were prompted to such thoughts by the energy crisis, as well as the worsening relations between Europe and the United States. Since 1976, the G7 has met annually.

The following section lists all G7 countries. The list includes the capitals of all these states. Representatives from each country are also listed (as of 2015).

"Big Seven" countries of the world (list)

Which states are included today?

Below are all the G7 countries (list) and their capitals:

USA, Washington (representative - Barack Obama).
Canada, Ottawa (Justin Trudeau).
Japan, Tokyo (Shinzo Abe).
Great Britain, London (David Cameron).
Germany, Berlin (Angela Merkel).
France Paris
Italy, Rome (Mateo Renzi).

If you look at the political map, you can conclude that the countries that are part of the G7 are concentrated exclusively in the Northern Hemisphere of the planet. Four of them are in Europe, one is in Asia, and two more states are located in America.

G7 summits

The G7 countries meet annually at their summits. Meetings are held in turn in the cities of each state from among the members of the “Group”. This unspoken rule continues to this day.

A number of famous cities hosted the G7 summits: London, Tokyo, Bonn, St. Petersburg, Munich, Naples and others. Some of them managed to host leading world politicians twice or even three times.

The topics of the G7 meetings and conferences vary. In the 1970s, issues of inflation and unemployment were most often raised, the problem of the rapid rise in oil prices was discussed, and dialogue was being established between East and West. In the 1980s, the G7 became concerned about AIDS and the rapid growth of the world's population. In the early 1990s, the world experienced a lot of major geopolitical cataclysms (the collapse of the USSR and Yugoslavia, the formation of new states, etc.). Of course, all these processes became the main topic of discussion at the G7 summits.

The new millennium has brought new global problems: climate change, poverty, local military conflicts and others.

G7 and Russia

In the mid-90s, Russia began to actively integrate into the work of the G7. Already in 1997, G7, in fact, changed its format and turned into G8.

The Russian Federation remained a member of the elite international club until 2014. In June, the country was even preparing to host the G8 summit in Sochi. However, the leaders of the other seven states refused to take part in it, and the summit was moved to Brussels. The reason for this was the conflict in Ukraine and the fact of annexation of the Crimean Peninsula to the territory of the Russian Federation. The leaders of the USA, Canada, Germany and other G7 countries do not yet see the possibility of returning Russia to the G7.

Finally...

The G7 countries (the list of which is presented in this article) undoubtedly have a significant influence on the Throughout the history of its existence, the G7 has held several dozen meetings and forums at which pressing issues and global problems were discussed. The members of the G7 are the USA, Canada, Japan, Great Britain, Germany, France and Italy.

The most famous of the informal intergovernmental organizations is the “G-7” - a group of the seven largest economies in the world: the USA, Canada, France, Germany, Great Britain, Italy, Japan. In essence, this is an elite club at the level of heads of state that arose in the 70s. XX century during the collapse of the Bretton Woods monetary system. Its main goal is to avoid global imbalance in the world. In 1998, mainly for political reasons, Russia was accepted into the club. In July 2006, the G-8 summit was held for the first time in Russia in St. Petersburg. Experts note that the main result of the summit can be called the final transformation of the organization from an elite club of developed countries that made consolidated decisions on major international issues into a discussion club that shapes the global agenda. But such an agenda is impossible without the participation of China and India. They were present in St. Petersburg as guests, but they have every reason to become full members of the club of world leaders.

In addition to intergovernmental organizations, the number of non-governmental voluntary public organizations (NGOs) is growing. Thus, about 15 thousand representatives of non-governmental organizations gathered at the World Earth Summit in Rio de Janeiro in 1992.

Such associations as Greenpeace, the Club of Rome, and the Third World Network are widely known. Despite the diversity of such organizations, their activities are usually aimed at protecting human rights, the environment, women’s rights, solving problems of developing countries, and often have an anti-globalist orientation.

In this regard, the concept of a “global public policy network” arose - a joint initiative of NGOs, business circles, national governments, and international organizations. Through these initiatives, participants develop public opinion, international norms and standards on specific controversial issues, such as the effectiveness of large dams. Globalization makes NGOs increasingly influential and implies the creation of a transnational network of NGOs that can influence formal agreements. Their main argument is the thesis that the established institutions of international governance suffer from a deep democratic deficit. The activities of these organizations are not subject to the will of the population - there is no system of direct democratic elections, and information, public control and debate are extremely limited. This means that decisions taken may serve the narrow commercial interests of certain groups of individuals or countries.

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3. Russia in the G7

5. Benefits from Russian support for the G7

Conclusion

1. "Seven" leading countries of the world in the global economy

Countries with developed economies are considered to be those states that are characterized by the presence of market relations in the economy, a high level of rights and civil liberties in public and political life. All countries with developed economies belong to the capitalist model of development, although the nature of the development of capitalist relations has serious differences here. The level of GDP per capita in almost all developed countries is not lower than 15 thousand dollars per year, the state-guaranteed level of social protection (pensions, unemployment benefits, compulsory health insurance), life expectancy, quality of education and medical care, level cultural development. Developed countries have passed through the agricultural and industrial stage of development with the predominant importance and contribution to the creation of GDP from agriculture and industry. Now these countries are at the stage of post-industrialism, which is characterized by the leading role in the national economy of the sphere of intangible production, creating from 60% to 80% of GDP, efficient production of goods and services, high consumer demand, constant progress in science and technology, strengthening the social policy of the state .

The IMF includes primarily the leading capitalist countries, called the Group of Seven (G7), which includes the United States, Japan, Germany, Great Britain, France, Italy and Canada, as a group of countries with developed economies. These states occupy a dominant position in the world economy, primarily due to their powerful economic, scientific, technical and military potential, large population, and high level of total and specific GDP.

Further, the group of developed countries includes relatively small countries in comparison with the G7 potential, but highly developed economically, scientifically and technologically, the countries of Western Europe, Australia and New Zealand.

Their inclusion in the group of developed countries was a credit for the rapid progress in economic development in the post-war period. This is truly a unique example in world history, when people who represented absolutely nothing back in the 1950s. countries captured world economic leadership in a number of positions and turned into important global industrial, scientific, technical and financial centers. The level of GDP per capita and quality of life in the “dragon” countries and Israel have come very close to those of leading developed countries and in some cases (Hong Kong, Singapore) even exceed most of the G7 states. However, in the subgroup under consideration there are certain problems with the development of the free market in its Western understanding; it has its own philosophy of the formation of capitalist relations.

Developed countries are the main group of countries in the world economy. At the end of the 90s. they accounted for 55% of world GDP, 71% of world trade, and most international capital flows. The G7 countries account for more than 44% of world GDP, including the USA - 21%, Japan - 7%, Germany - 5%. Most developed countries are members of integration associations, of which the most powerful are the European Union - EU (20% of world GDP) and the North American Free Trade Agreement - NAFTA (24%).

The G7 is a regular summit meeting of the leaders of the seven most economically developed countries (USA, Japan, Germany, France, Italy, UK, Canada), held to develop common strategic political and economic decisions. Since 1994, in economic meetings at the highest level of the countries "B.S." Russia participates, turning "B.S." to the Big Eight.

The BIG EIGHT (G8) is an international club that unites the governments of the world's leading democracies. It is sometimes associated with the "board of directors" of leading democratic economic systems. Many politicians define it as “one of the key informal mechanisms for coordinating the financial, economic and political course” of the USA, Japan, Germany, France, Italy, Great Britain, Canada, Russia and the European Union. The role of the G8 in world politics is determined by the economic and military potential of its member powers.

The G8 does not have its own charter, headquarters or secretariat. Unlike the informal but broader World Economic Forum, it does not have a public relations department or even a website. Nevertheless, the G8 is one of the most important international regulators in the modern world and stands on a par with such international organizations as the IMF, WTO, and OECD.

2. Main problems addressed by the G7

The G7 was formed in the mid-70s, consisting of the leaders of the USA, Japan, Germany, Britain, France, Italy and Canada, which is taking steps to coordinate the policies of leading Western countries. The form of its activities has become annual meetings, the main purpose of which is to develop recommendations on the most pressing economic problems of the world economy.

The political urgency of economic problems predetermined the main issues of the meetings:

* ways to improve the economy;

* energy problems;

* international trade;

* ways to stabilize the currency system;

* relations between industrialized and developing countries;

* problems of countries with economies in transition.

The increasing complexity of problems in the monetary and financial field necessitated the formation of an additional body. In 1985, a separate group of finance ministers and central bank governors was established in Venice. Their responsibilities were added to annually analyze and compare the economic policy goals and economic development forecasts of each country, paying special attention to their mutual compatibility.

The annual meetings of the heads of the seven leading Western countries constitute an important element of the coordination mechanism in the global economy. They reached agreements on stabilizing exchange rates (the La Plaza Agreement in 1985 and the Louvre Agreement in 1987), and developed a debt strategy for the poorest and middle-income countries (Toronto, 1988, Paris, 1989 ., Cologne, 1999), identified ways to support reforms in Eastern European countries (Paris, 1990), etc.

3. Russia in the G7

The G8 owes its appearance to a series of major international events that led to crisis phenomena in the world economy in the early 1970s.

1) The collapse of the Bretton Woods financial system and the unsuccessful attempts of the IMF and the World Bank to reform the world monetary system;

2) the first EU enlargement in 1972 and its consequences for the Western economy;

3) the first international oil crisis of October 1973, which led to serious disagreements between Western countries regarding the common position with the OPEC countries;

4) the economic recession in the OECD countries that began in 1974 as a consequence of the oil crisis, accompanied by inflation and rising unemployment.

Under these conditions, a need arose for a new mechanism for coordinating the interests of leading Western countries. Since 1973, the finance ministers of the United States, Germany, Great Britain and France, and later Japan, began to meet periodically in informal settings to discuss problems of the international financial system. In 1975, French President Valéry Giscard d'Estaing and German Chancellor Helmut Schmidt (both former finance ministers) invited the heads of other leading Western states to gather in a narrow informal circle for face-to-face communication. The first summit was held in 1975 in Rambouillet with the participation of the United States and Germany , Great Britain, France, Italy and Japan.In 1976, Canada joined the work of the club, and since 1977, the European Union as a spokesman for the interests of all its member countries.

There are several approaches to periodizing the history of the G8.

Based on the topics of meetings and activities, there are 4 stages in the development of the G7/8:

1. 1975-1980 - very ambitious plans for the development of the economic policies of the member countries;

2. 1981-1988 - attention to non-economic issues of foreign policy increases;

3. 1989-1994 - the first steps after the Cold War: the restructuring of the countries of Central and Eastern Europe, the USSR (Russia), in addition to the traditional problems of the development of trade and debt. New topics such as the environment, drugs, money laundering are emerging;

4. After the Halifax summit (1995) - the current stage of development. Formation of the G8 (inclusion of the Russian Federation). Reforming international institutions ("new world order").

The question of whether the G8 is a full-fledged eight when the G7 plus one became the G8 - the question of what role Russia played and is playing in this organization is still highly controversial. Its membership in the G8 was initially perceived with great reservations and criticism both abroad and in Russia itself. However, at the turn of the 20th and 21st centuries. In Russia and abroad, more serious interest in this topic appeared, a more respectful and informed attitude on the part of public opinion and the media.

Since 1991, Russia began to be invited to participate in the work of the G7. Since 1994, this has happened in the “7+1” format. In April 1996, a special G7 summit on nuclear security was held in Moscow with the full participation of Russia. And in the spring of 1998, a ministerial meeting of the Seven on world energy issues was held in Moscow. In 1998, in Birmingham (England), the G7 officially became the G8, giving Russia the formal right to full participation in this club of great powers. In the fall of 1999, at the initiative of Russia, a G8 ministerial conference on combating transnational organized crime was held in Moscow.

In 2002, at a summit in Kananaskis (Canada), the G8 leaders stated that “Russia has demonstrated its potential as a full and important participant in solving global problems.” In general, in the 1990s, the participation of the Russian Federation was limited to the search for new loans, the restructuring of external debt, the fight against discrimination of Russian goods, the recognition of Russia as a country with a market economy, the desire to join the Paris Club of creditors, the WTO and the OECD, as well as nuclear safety issues. By the beginning of the 21st century. the country recovered from the 1998 crisis and the role of the Russian Federation changed. At the summit in Okinawa (Japan, 2000), Russia no longer raised the issue of loans and debt restructuring. In 2001, at a meeting in Genoa, the Russian Federation for the first time acted as a donor for some G8 programs. In the spring of 2003 alone, the Russian Federation allocated $10 million to the trust fund of the Cologne Initiative of the Paris Club of Creditors and provided $11 million to the World Food Program. Prior to this, the Russian side decided to allocate $20 million to the Global Fund to Fight HIV/AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria. In terms of participation in the program for writing off the debts of the world's poorest countries, Russia is the leader of the G8 in terms of such indicators as the share of reduced debts in GDP and their ratio to per capita income. It is planned that Russia will chair the G8 summit in 2006.

However, according to international experts, although the geopolitical significance of Russia is beyond doubt, its economic power still does not correspond to the level of other G8 countries, and therefore Russian representatives only partially participate in the meetings of finance ministers and heads of central banks of the G8 members eight". Experts agree that a country's "100%" participation in the G8 is not feasible until it becomes a member of two other key international organizations - the WTO and the OECD.

“Russia has never been a full member of the G7,” says Yevgeny Yasin. “In the 90s, she did not have the money for this, and the “financial Big Seven” primarily resolves monetary issues,” explains the expert. “Then money appeared, but Russia changed its mind about living in a democracy.” Therefore, according to him, until now Russia is invited to participate only in meetings of G8 heads of state, but not in financial meetings. “So the claims of our Foreign Ministry are unfounded,” the economist is sure. According to Dmitry Orlov, Director General of the Agency for Political and Economic Communications, there is no point in dramatizing the situation. “I believe that Russia is a full member of the G8, it’s just that these meetings themselves are political clubs, and politicians have different phases of relationships,” he says. “By and large, it is beneficial for the G7 to keep Russia inside this club, and not outside, so as not to lose the mechanisms of influence on it,” the expert believes.

4. Russia's interest in participating in the G7

Russia's participation in the G8 promises benefits both for Russia itself and for this organization as a whole. It is beneficial to Russia - and to all those Americans who want to see Russia friendly and Europeanized - as the best way today to preserve and strengthen Russia's ties with the West. And this benefits the G8 as an organization because it increases its own importance.

This situation contains opportunities that the West can exploit. Unfortunately, the West is acting against its own interests, focusing its discourse instead on thoughts of Russia's exclusion from the G8.

The G8 is the right forum for Russia. It is the largest Western institution with the widest geographical reach: it is both transatlantic and transpacific. With Russia's inclusion in the G8, it has now become pan-northern. The "North" is a group of countries that have many important things in common. When the North is united, the world becomes quite united; when it is disconnected, the world descends into conflict, as it did throughout the 20th century. Russia's membership in no way diminished the identity of this organization, neither in terms of its purpose nor in geographical terms; on the contrary, it strengthened this identity, filling the gap that existed in it.

The G8 is also the most Western institution with the most broad interests. It is ready to consider any aspect of mutual cooperation and global governance - in fact, everything that is of mutual interest for Russia and Western countries. It is better suited to the contours of Russia's cooperation with the West than most other Western institutions.

Further, the G8 is an institution to which Russia cannot have any claims that are a relic of the Cold War. The G8, in turn, has nothing against Russia that remains from the Cold War. She owes this virtue to one of her vices: she does not have a permanent apparatus that could accumulate such reasons for nervousness or “environmental culture” (milieu culture). As an institution it has minimal structure; It's possible that she could have more baggage, but in the meantime she's adaptable. Its only area of semi-formalized cooperation - monitoring the macroeconomy and coordinating the activities of central banks regarding foreign exchange interventions - is not an area in which Russia is involved, and this is due to honest technical reasons (not political reasons that, for the sake of diplomatic purposes, masquerade as innocuous technical reasons, like often happens with the North Atlantic Treaty Organization, abbreviated NATO). However, the main part of the G8 - the summit of heads of state - is absolutely flexible. The Summit of Heads of State has great potential for reforming the structure that underpins it, but for decades this potential has remained almost completely unrealized.

Russia first started talking about joining the G8 (then G7) during the Gorbachev era. Representatives of the West, in turn, began to talk about admitting Russia to this organization in the last years of the Gorbachev era. Over the next decade, Russia gradually became involved in this organization, first as an observer or guest, then as a member of the G7 plus One, and then as a “political” G8. At every stage of its involvement, Russia's participation has proven beneficial to both sides. Today the G8 is the only transatlantic institution in which Russia is a full member; in all other organizations Russia has not yet completed the accession process or is still left behind.

Indeed, the G8 is the only Western institution that Russia not only supports, but that it would like to see become stronger. This is partly because she is a member of this organization; partly because there is a natural attraction that allows it to identify itself with this organization after it has become a member (one must assume that Russia would not want the strengthening of some other groups, for example, the Organization of the Islamic Conference, in which it participates). In this case, this can perhaps be seen as an indicator of the support that can be counted on when Russia joins other Western institutions. Sergei Karaganov has long been saying that in the case of NATO, Russia will continue to look at this organization with fear while it is outside of it, but will support NATO as soon as it joins it. This is consistent with the elementary logic of realism and Russia's own oft-repeated "dialectical" formulations that it is not against NATO, not against NATO's use of military force, and not against NATO expansion as such, but is opposed to the use of military force and NATO expansion, which Russia is not included in. allowed or in which she is not given a strong enough voice in decision-making. However, this is not consistent with NATO assessments of Russia's approaches, which are generally classified according to a simple scheme as pro-NATO or anti-NATO without any reference to the determining conditions. This oversimplified method of assessment in the West creates a new barrier for Russia that is difficult to overcome, and some would argue that it is something of a vicious circle. In the case of the G7, Russia was never particularly “against”, neither with the defining conditions, nor in general, and therefore there was no such barrier in front of it that it needed to overcome. In any case, Russia today is a member of the G8, and Russia supports this organization.

5. Benefits from Russian support for the G8

The fact that Russia supports a pan-Western organization is not so important. This greatly enhances the global strength of this organization. This takes into account not only the addition of Russia's material resources, which are still significant, but also the addition of faith in the legitimacy of this organization among those countries of the world that are clients of Russia, especially those who, to one degree or another, are its “moral clients.” " - which sometimes expands this category, since Moscow acquired a vast moral clientele during the Cold War, which included a number of governments and secular radical forces within almost every country in the world.

The strengthening of the pan-Western organization thanks to Russia, in turn, entails a more concrete strengthening of the power and legitimacy of Western global leadership. This is a factor that in our time has a certain importance for America and for the American-Western claims to a leading role in the world.

Further, Russia's support for the Western organization has the potential to give political acceleration to the development processes of the G8, since Russia is a country that still has some innovative capabilities in this period of transformation. The West has a keen interest in seeing its overall institutions and arrangements become more effective, but this is something that it has never been able to achieve easily in the face of opposition from vested interests within each country and government. It is beneficial for the West for Russia to act as a new force that will move this process forward.

On the contrary, the West will be disadvantaged if Russia remains in the uncomfortable position of an outside observer and acts as a nervous, fearful critic of Western unity. Russian objections often slowed down the process of Western integration. As has already been said, Russia has always had a large moral clientele in the West, and in any case Western diplomats, although they were often too slow after 1989 in deciding how to bring Russia into their circle, generally believed that the stupid were too strong put pressure on Russia, while at the same time keeping it at the door. During the Cold War, Russia sought to split the Western alliance, and so it became commonplace to accuse Russia of trying to “divide and deceive the West,” something it is still often accused of in NATO circles, and which much of the Western elite believed. until 1990, considering this the real reason for the reforms started by Gorbachev. What Russia really wants today, however - at least in the case of the G8 - is not to divide and deceive, but to further unite and strengthen the West.

We can say that Russia has great ambitions regarding the G8 - the kind of ambitions that one might think the West should have, and which it, unfortunately, lacks. Russia sees the G8 as an increasingly important body of global governance; Some Russian analysts call it a kind of "emerging world government" that complements but does not entirely replace the UN Security Council, which has suffered because its structure has remained unchanged since 1945. Russia's views on the most pressing challenges of global governance—the war on terrorism and the fight against nuclear proliferation—are consistent with those of other G8 countries, especially the United States. However, instead of relying on this support to improve the G8, today the West is talking about throwing Russia out of this organization. This is being presented as an object lesson to teach Russia about democracy, although such a move would harm the West's own interests.

6. Attempts to suspend Russia's membership

Part of the problem is the West's misunderstanding of what the G8 is. Many of the proponents of Russia's exclusion focus on Russia rather than on the Atlantic institutions as such. This is an abyss in which they are far from alone: in general, there is public misunderstanding in the West of the concept of Atlantic institutions. A number of supporters of Russia's exclusion have stated: - that it "makes sense" to expel Russia from the G8 because it is a "club of democratic states." They don't ask what practical benefit would be from excluding Russia; they just feel that doing so would be in some sense "right" for their idea of the G8.

In reality, the G8 is not a club of democratic states, nor is it a school of democracy, nor is it a place where the purity of democracy in a particular country should be assessed. To find institutions of this kind, one should look to the Council of Europe and the emerging global Community of Democracies. It would be worthwhile to discuss whether Russia is democratic enough to “belong” to these clubs. But the G8 has nothing to do with this.

The G8 is a practical institution for solving common problems. It is part of an expanded Atlantic cohort of institutions that includes NATO, the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), the International Energy Agency (IEA), the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT) and other institutions. Russia maintains ties with almost all of the above organizations, and has already joined some of them.

The G7 was created in the 1970s to coordinate the economies of Western powers following the collapse of the original monetary system that was created under the Bretton Woods agreements. Gradually it took on a broader role as a general summit of Western powers on international issues. In the mid-1980s, at the instigation of US Treasury Secretary James Baker, she began to work on economic issues. Gradually, the G7 expanded its political functions, increasing the agenda of the summits from time to time. After accepting Russia into the organization, the now G8 again expanded its political role, which for clarity should be called again: coordination of foreign policy, but not mutual political education or teaching democracy. The inclusion of Russia was a natural step, and one that proved beneficial for the group as a whole.

The original members of the G8 were among the major powers - members of the OECD, which had already existed for about 10 years by the time the G7 was formed. Since Russia intends to enter the OECD, and since the OECD has decided that it will admit Russia as soon as Russia meets the technical and economic conditions, the G8 summit, with its less formal and less technical role, is the logical place for Russia at this stage .

Some, such as James Huntley, see the G8, with its summits, as a place of greater potential energy and distinction than other transatlantic institutions, and propose to build on that fact. They propose, for the sake of continuity of work, to create a secretariat in the G8, instructing it to activate the entire complex of Western institutions by planning initiatives for them and jointly giving this institution a public face. In this way, the G8 could give the Atlantic institutions a collective identity and distinction as a global community of nations. In fact, it would breathe new life into what we used to call the "Atlantic community." Whether such a vision will be realized or not is not yet clear, but the prospects for evolution in this direction have certainly increased with Russia’s inclusion in the G8, which has already led to an increase in its political role.

Nothing in international life is perfect, and Russia doesn't quite fit into the old G7 either. It doesn't quite fit in economically, but even here its presence helps complement the group's global hegemony by adding Russia's vast natural resources - oil, natural gas and other important minerals - to plug a large hole in the previously unreliable mineral supply chain. pursued the Big Seven. Russia doesn't quite fit in politically, but then Japan didn't fit in either for decades, when it had a hegemonic regime that regularly received the support of a majority of voters, just like Putin's regime. However, Japan's membership was beneficial in terms of peacefully transforming Japan's system of consensual quasi-democracy into a more Western-style pluralistic system. Russia is also not the only country in the group's history to suffer from unfair discredit: waves of attacks on Japan in the 1980s and early 1990s, replete with conspiracy theories that accused the Japanese elite of only pretending to building a Western market economy and democracy, but in reality preparing to return to global dominance, threatened the unity of this group even more than exaggerated attacks on Russia's political evolution today. There is every reason to stop exaggerating the differences between Russia and the rest of the group and instead emphasize the possibilities inherent in the fundamentally normal fit that has existed and continues to exist between group members and Russia.

Conclusion

The value of the G8 lies in the fact that in the modern world, heads of state are so busy that they do not have the opportunity to go beyond communicating with a narrow circle of close associates and considering the most pressing, current problems. The G8 summits free them from this routine and allow them to take a broader look at international problems through someone else's eyes, providing a real opportunity to build understanding and coordinate actions. In the words of Joe Clark, "they free multilateral negotiations from their inherent bureaucracy and mistrust." According to the authoritative opinion of the Atlantic Council research group, the G8 summits are less and less striking the world with global initiatives and are increasingly turning into a forum for identifying new threats and problems with a view to their subsequent solution within the framework of other international organizations.

economics market international Russian

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