Fascism and nationalism?
Fascism is based on the totalitarian power of the state and the complete subordination of the individual to it. Fascism is characterized by the cult of personality of the ruler, governance and superiority of the titular nation over other nations. Fascism existed in Italy, Romania, Spain, Portugal, Brazil and other countries.
National is a mixture of Nazism and socialism. Formation of extreme beliefs and a hostile attitude not only towards competitors for power, but also towards people of another nation. Nazism existed only in Germany during the Third Reich. Nowadays, this political ideology is prohibited throughout the world.
Similarities and differences between the two ideologies
In the theory of Nazism, race is fundamental. The enemy is defined according to his nationality. It is stated that it is impossible to convince him and educate him; only complete physical elimination is required. There was nothing like this in fascism.
For Nazism, the highest value was the people (in Germany it was the Aryan race), and the fascists placed the state above all else.
During the Third Reich there were serious conflicts with the Church, while at the same time in Italy under the Nazis the Church even strengthened its position. The Nazis were essentially pagans and mystics. This was expressed in the widespread use of pagan symbols and the craze Nazi leaders occult sciences, eastern religions, Christian heresies, and the search for the Holy Grail.
Nazism was characterized by a cult of tradition and rejection of anything new. The capitalist structure of society was closely connected with the activities of the Jewish race. Italian fascism, on the contrary, was actively friendly with the capitalists, who at that time actively financed the activities of the ruling party.
In 1933, Hitler and his Nazi Party burned down the Reichstag and blamed it on their communist opponents. Severe repressions began, and, having won the elections on January 30, 1933, Hitler's party came to power.
In Italy, fascism came to power in 1922 after Mussolini won the elections, before which the fascist party had seats in parliament.
Fascism in Italy and Nazism in Germany have many similarities. In both countries, concentration camps were created where those dissatisfied with the ruling regime were placed. Both states began to actively intervene in the economy. Mass repression became the mainstay of the government, secret police were created and reporting was encouraged.
After 1918 in civil war a new element appeared in Europe. It arose as a result of economic instability, defeat in war (or refusal to accept the legitimacy of what were considered the legitimate terms of the winner), and the threat to the established social and economic order resulting from the Bolshevik victory in Russia.
Although in Britain and France victory in the war greatly strengthened existing political, social and economic relations, in other countries the elite rejected liberal democracy and turned to authoritarianism to defend their position. In Italy and then in Germany (and much later in derivative form in other European countries), new political movements emerged that exploited mass discontent for their own benefit. Despite strong differences, they're in general outline were described as fascist. Although these movements were relatively small at first, they eventually came to dominate the European politics during the period between the First and Second World Wars.
Fascism was the only serious ideological innovation to emerge in the 20th century. Before 1914, the fascist parties did not appear, and due to their late emergence it is partly understandable why so many of their ideas were put forward in opposition to others. Fascism was anti-liberal, anti-democratic, anti-communist, and in many ways anti-conservative. The fascists advocated a new, national, organic, authoritarian state, a revival or “purification” of the nation—and largely corporatist economic solutions, partly borrowed from socialism.
Fascism developed a political style based on symbolism, mass rallies and charismatic leadership, and the party's paramilitary units exemplified youth and courage. Fascism is usually considered a deviation in European ideology - similar attitude starts from the inevitability of progress in the rational construction of a better world through liberal democracy or Marxism. However, in fact, fascism had deep roots in the European tradition and included elements that lay within the mainstream of European ideas. From revolutionary France he took the idea of mass mobilization, and from the history of the 19th century - nationalism.
These ideas were combined with Social Darwinism, which emphasized the need to fight for the "survival of the fittest", eugenics, which proposed the creation of improved people, the growing promotion of military values, the belief that war was a positive force, and revolutionary socialism - the fascist leaders Mussolini, Dith and Mosley came from leftist politics - and anti-Semitism.
Oswald Mosley and Marcel Dith are leaders of small English and French fascist organizations. (Editor's note)
The fascists also attracted those who felt marginalized and powerless in the face of the faceless economic forces increasingly dominant in industrialized societies.
In reality, fascism had a limited impact. Established liberal democratic regimes in Western Europe did not collapse, and where authoritarian and military governments succeeded, the fascists could not succeed. They came to power in only two countries - Italy and Germany - where parliamentary systems experienced severe problems. In Italy in 1918 the full transition to liberal democracy had still not been completed, and many were unhappy that greater gains had not been made from the decision to join the Allies in 1915. The Weimar Republic in Germany lacked a strong base in society, and the bitterness of defeat in the war and the revolution in 1918 led to a very unstable political situation. However, even in these two countries, the fascists did not come to power as a result of a civil war or a coup d'etat - the institutions of the state were strong enough to resist. They also failed to seize power through elections - the 38% of the vote the Nazis received in 1932 was their upper limit in a truly democratic election. To come to power, one had to enter into a coalition with other conservative groups, and then choose the most appropriate moment to seize power.
Fascism first appeared in Italy in 1919 - although at this stage it bore little resemblance to the phenomenon that later came to be considered typical of such a doctrine. The fascist system was developed by Benito Mussolini, who before the war was the leader of the radical socialist party. The inability of the working class to show solidarity in 1914 convinced him that nationalism was more powerful force. He drew his ideas from many sources. From the anarcho-syndicalists he borrowed the tactics of “direct action”, the use of violence and mobilization of the masses. From the “futurists” he took their belief in the positive effect of violence and the idealization of everything new. From nationalists such as D'Annunzio and De Ambris, he took their corporatism and the symbols of the new movement - legionnaires and fasces (reminiscent of Ancient Rome), the use of black shirts and the so-called "Roman salute", which was invented for the film in 1914 .
This refers to the film "Spartacus" - although some sources claim that a similar greeting was used in the 1907 film "Ben-Hur". (Approx. Transl.)
The program of this party in 1919 was radical and socialist, but one by one these elements were lost.
The Fascists received only 15% of the vote in the 1921 elections, but Mussolini eventually came to power in October 1922 by creating a coalition government appointed by the king. Later, fascist mythology, whose task was to link reality with the slogans of “action”, in every possible way inflated the so-called “March on Rome”. In fact, there was no campaign, and Mussolini arrived from Milan by train.
Mussolini's position was precarious and it was only gradually towards the end of the 1920s that an authoritarian dictatorship was built through rigged elections, the collapse of socialist and Catholic trade unions, increased movement towards corporatism and the transformation of the fascist party into a wider state structure. In practice, despite the large-scale rhetoric about new system(dubbed totalitarian), some elements of pluralism still managed to survive. King Victor Emmanuel III was still head of state (it was he who ultimately sacked Mussolini in 1943), industry and the military remained largely autonomous, and the maintenance of order was the function of the state, not the party. The fascist government was not particularly despotic and was not more unpopular than most governments. In general, the government in Italy was conservative, nationalist, authoritarian and was in a state of almost complete passivity. However, despite this, Italy was portrayed and viewed in some circles as a dynamic state with a philosophical approach to the future and was considered a role model for other aspiring dictators.
The Nazi movement in Germany, although similar in style and form, was very different from Italian fascism. Nazism was based on racism, and in its “philosophy” anti-Semitism played a central role, which was absent from classical fascism (in 1938 there were 10,000 Jews in the Italian party).
Unlike Mussolini, Adolf Hitler had no political background when, in early 1919, the army sent him as an informer to monitor the minor right-wing party created in Munich. He eventually made a career within the party, becoming a prominent extremist politician and leader of the new National Socialist German Workers' Party (NSDAP). Its program closely resembled that of the early Fascist party in Italy with its combination of socialism and nationalism. However, it did not enjoy much support - despite the post-war chaos, the fear of revolution on the part of the left wing, the French occupation of the Ruhr and unprecedented hyperinflation. Other right-wing organizations had significantly greater support among the old elite, military and nationalist organizations. An attempt to recreate the March on Rome through the Beer Hall Putsch in Munich in November 1923 in a matter of hours ended in humiliating failure. Hitler was sent to prison. Here he outlined his worldview in a work called “Mein Kampf” (that is, “My Struggle”) - it promoted racial nationalism, based on a crude view of the world from the position of social Darwinism, and the bourgeois anti-Semitism in which Hitler existed during his stay in Vienna until 1914. Although Hitler was the leader of this movement, its ideology was confused and, being on the fringes of politics, it did not play a major role - in the 1928 elections the Nazis received less than 3% of the vote.
The Nazi Party's plans changed due to the economic crisis after 1929 and the steady collapse of the political system of the Weimar Republic. The Nazis emphasized the importance of activism and national revival. This seemed attractive in a situation where the democratic system had not been properly strengthened, and most Germans had not come to terms with the terms of the Versailles Peace, especially with the assertion of German “guilt” in the war. Many wanted a political and military status for Germany commensurate with its economic power.
Support for the Nazis began to grow rapidly as the crisis began to bite. In 1930 they received just under 20% of the vote. In July 1932, the Nazis won almost 40%, although in the elections in November of that year the vote dropped to 33%. However, they remained excluded from the apparatus of power and were distrusted by nationalist politicians and senior army officers. The key to Nazi success was not the support of the electorate, but maneuvering within the military and political elite in an environment where the constitution was suspended and the government ruled under emergency powers.
It was at that moment when the Nazis in the winter of 1932/33 were experiencing better times, these groups decided that Hitler, who had become the leader of the largest political force in Germany, should be brought into the government. On January 30, 1933, Hitler became chancellor in a coalition that was overwhelmingly made up of the old conservative forces - they believed that they could control Hitler and that the Nazis would become nothing more than a popular element in the government.
Hitler managed to gain almost complete power within three months. He convinced his coalition partners to call elections - and the burning of the Reichstag by a lone Communist served as a reason to tighten security measures. Even under these conditions, and despite promoting German rebirth, the Nazis won just under 44% of the vote - and won fewer seats than the Social Democrats in 1919. They were able to gain a majority only because the nationalist German National People's Party supported a bill granting emergency powers to the government - but it was also supported by all other political groups (with the exception of the Social Democrats), including the Catholic Center.
Everything by July political parties, except for the Nazis, were banned or dissolved themselves. The Nazis now dominated the government, but continued to rule in conjunction with pre-existing institutions, especially the army, which was calmed by Hitler's announced rearmament and the liquidation of the leadership of the party's paramilitary units (SA) in June 1934. Two months later, Hitler combined the posts of chancellor and president, becoming the Fuhrer, that is, the leader of the German nation.
National Socialism is an ideological and political movement that arose in the early 20s of the last century in Germany as a reaction to severe economic situation countries due to defeat in the First World War. Its founder, Adolf Hitler, appealed to national pride The Germans, humiliated by the terms of the Versailles Peace Treaty, blamed world Zionism and the German industrialists who had sold themselves for all the troubles and dreamed of returning the golden age of Germany, which fell during the time of the Nibelungs - the royal dynasty that ruled one of the German principalities in the 12th century. Hitler, who was prone to mysticism, perceived the legends about the wealth and power of the Nibelungs as historical documents and a guide to action.
Hitler and his followers made Nazism, the idea of the superiority of the German nation over others, an instrument for the revival of the German nation. When the party, as a result of elections, took a majority of seats in the Reichstag (German parliament), the purity of German blood began to be protected by law. Marriages with Untermensch (representatives of lower races) were prohibited. Economic and political benefits should have been distributed only among the Germans, the rest of the peoples were obliged to work and die in the name of the superior race. The Jews, who became the first victims of the Nazis of the Third Reich, suffered especially.
Since in Germany itself there were not enough goods to return to the golden age, militarism became another component of National Socialism - the constant increase military power and willingness to decide controversial issues from a position of strength. Every German had to become an excellent soldier, every woman had to be able to please a tired soldier.
In seeking power, Hitler promised a fair distribution of public goods among the Germans. Taking advantage of the popularity of social democratic and communist ideas in Germany at the beginning of the 20th century, he introduced the word “socialism” into the name of his party. This did not mean the renunciation of private ownership of the means of production, the nationalization of large enterprises owned by German industrialists, etc.
NSDAP ideologist Joseph Goebbels said: “Socialism is the grain to lure the bird into a cage.”
What is fascism
Fascism is a political system that proclaims the absolute primacy of the state over the individual, the primacy of the ruling ideology, the prohibition of dissent and the denial of many basic human rights. In one form or another, fascist regimes existed and exist in many states: the regime of Mussolini in Italy, Rivera and Franco in Spain, Codreanu in Romania, Salazar in Portugal, Pinochet in Chile, etc. The term comes from the word “fascia” - bundle, ligament.
Similarities between National Socialism and Fascism
The common features of these systems are the ideas of complete state control over all aspects of the life of society and the individual (totalitarianism) and the subordination of the interests of the individual to the interests of the state, as well as authoritarianism - unconditional subordination to the head of state and the prohibition of criticism of his actions.
“One people, one state, one Fuhrer” - this is how the principle of authoritarianism was formulated in the Third Reich.
Difference between National Socialism and Fascism
Unlike National Socialism, Nazism is not a necessary component of fascism. For example, in fascist Italy, anti-Semitic laws were adopted only under pressure from Hitler and existed nominally. The regimes of Salazar, Franco, and Pinochet were not Nazi.
The mistakes of history are the only opportunity to teach humanity to live in peace and harmony. IN Lately on different continents one can observe the restoration and revision of fascist and nationalist ideas. Something similar is happening in Greece, Norway, Germany, Russia, and the countries of the Middle East. How do these ideologies differ and are they really dangerous for the state and society?
Fascism is a political ideology based on the total power of the state, the complete subordination of the individual to society. This trend is characterized by the presence of a cult of personality of the ruler, a one-party system of government, and the postulation of the superiority of one nation over other nations. In its pure form, this regime existed in Italy during the time of Mussolini, Romania, Spain, Portugal, Brazil and other countries.
Nazism (National Socialism)- this is a symbiosis of nationalist ideology with a socialist form of government, as a result of which a government that is extremely right-wing in its views is formed, hostile not only to competitors in the struggle for power, but also to other nations. Nazism in its pure form was realized only in Germany during the Third Reich and is currently outlawed as a political ideology.
Fascism appeared somewhat earlier than Nazism and at the beginning of its existence was theoretical concept. Nazism was rather formed in practice due to the refraction of fascist ideas on German territory. Fascism, like nationalism, placed the state, its needs and interests at the forefront. Against this background, human and individual rights were leveled, losing their urgency.
Despite the fact that both ideologies treat man as consumables, approaches to assessing the role of peoples vary significantly. Thus, if Nazism places the superiority of one race at the top level and declares the rest to be underdeveloped, then fascism, in principle, is not against the cooperation of any countries. And yet, both ideological movements are known for totalitarianism, in which the harmonious development of society is impossible.
The main implementer of the ideas of fascism is Mussolini. He believed that race was certainly important, but it was determined by feelings, not objective reality. The embodiment of the concept of Nazism is Hitler, who cared about the purity of blood. His racial doctrines actually outlawed not people with certain views, but peoples with certain sets of genetic characteristics.
Conclusions website
- Formation of society. If fascism tries to weave the nationality anew through the dominant function of the state, then nationalism only proclaims the superiority of one nationality over others, where the state is a repressive apparatus for the protection of “supermen”.
- Origin. National Socialism was formed on the basis large quantity political movements and ideologies, including fascism.
- National question. Nazism is an ideology that postulates misanthropy (anti-Semitism, anti-Chinese) as a policy. Fascist ideology is aimed at strengthening the state and restoring its former power, even at the cost of interaction between different nations and nationalities.
The majority, even fairly educated people, most often do not know that there is a difference, and quite a big one, between the fascism of Mussolini and the National Socialism of Hitler. National Socialism is often referred to as fascism, or Germanic (German) fascism. Most often, this identification of concepts is observed in an environment brought up on communist ideology, which called the manifestations of totalitarianism in Europe fascism. Often a person simply did not want to separate these ideologies, considering them to be evil of the same root, common, mixing both concepts and not wanting to understand the difference.
Fascism how the totalitarian movement originated in Italy and received its name from the Italian word “fascio”, which means “bundle”, “bundle”, “union”, “union”. Somewhat later, Hitler, taking Mussolini’s idea as a basis, developed it on racist grounds and created National Socialism or Nazism.
A significant difference between these two teachings is the tonal coloring of their nationalistic ideas. Both ideologies are based on chauvinism, but if in fascism this chauvinism is aimed at strengthening the state, the revival of the former Roman Empire and the unity of the representatives of this nation, then National Socialism is the theory of the superiority of one nation over another.
Nazism is dominated by the racial idea, carried to the point of anti-Semitism. The relationship with all other nations also has a connection with the Jews. Everything is connected with the Semites.
According to Mussolini’s definition, “the main position of the fascist doctrine is the doctrine of the state, its essence, tasks and goals. For fascism, the state appears to be an absolute, in comparison with which individuals and groups are only “relative.” Individuals and groups are conceivable only in the state.” This idea is expressed even more specifically in the slogan that Mussolini proclaimed in his speech in the Chamber of Deputies on May 26, 1927: “everything is in the state, nothing is against the state and nothing is outside the state.”
The attitude of the National Socialists to the state was fundamentally different: it is “only a means for preserving the people.” Moreover, National Socialism had the goal and main task not even of maintaining this “means”, but of abandoning it - the restructuring of the state into society. What was this future society supposed to be like? First, it had to be racial, based on principles of racial inequality. And the main initial goal of this society was the purification of the race, in this case the Aryan, and then the maintenance and preservation of its purity. The state was conceived as an intermediate stage, which is necessary at first for the construction of such a society. There is some noticeable similarity here with the ideas of Marx and Lenin, who also considered the state to be a transitional form on the path to building another society (communism).
Fascists are characterized by a corporate approach to solving the national question. The fascists want to achieve their ultimate goal of an absolute state through the cooperation of nations and classes. National Socialism, represented by Hitler and his other leaders, solves the national problem through a racial approach, by subjugating “subhumans” to one superior race and ensuring its dominance over the rest.
The above is confirmed by the statements of the leaders of these movements:
B. Mussolini:“Fascism is a historical concept in which a person is considered exclusively as an active participant in the spiritual process in family and social group, in a nation and in history, where all nations cooperate."
A. Hitler:“I will never agree that other peoples have equal rights with the German one; our task is to enslave other peoples.”
The main thing in the ideology of National Socialism is race. At the same time, in Hitler's Germany race was understood as a very specific type of people, laws were adopted to ensure the purity and preservation of the Aryan race, and specific measures were taken to breed a certain physiological type.
Mussolini argues that “race is a feeling, not a reality; 95% feeling." And these are no longer specifics, these are fundamental ideological differences. Mussolini does not use the concept of “race” at all; he operates only with the concept of “nation”. Hitler argued that the concept of “nation” is an outdated, “empty” concept: “The concept of a nation has become empty. "Nation" is the political instrument of democracy and liberalism."
Hitler fundamentally rejected the concept of “nation”. Moreover, he sets the task of abolishing this concept. Mussolini, on the contrary, identifies the concept of “nation” with the basis of fascist doctrine - the concept of “state”.
cornerstone national policy National Socialism was anti-Semitism. At the same time, in fascist Italy, there was no persecution of Jews for any ideological reasons. Fascism, as an ideology, is generally free from anti-Semitism.
Moreover, Mussolini sharply condemned the Nazi theory of racism and anti-Semitism.
Fact, but not widely known, that Hitler and Mussolini greatly disliked it when their doctrines and ideologies were confused.
Hitler, in his ideology, took as a basis a way to unite it around pseudo-socialist ideas, transforming Mussolini’s idea of an absolute Italian state into the idea of a society with racial inequality, where the Aryan race would dominate.
Mussolini believed that it was necessary to revive the former power of the Roman Empire, he decided national question corporately. For Mussolini, it was important to organize equal cooperation of nations in order to achieve the common goal of organizing an absolute state, where the individual would be under complete, both spiritual and physical control.
Hitler, so to speak, squeezed the juice out of Mussolini's doctrine, as well as from communist ideas, turning them into a monster not only from the inside (total control over the individual in the state), but also from the outside, turning the German people into a machine of war, destruction and subjugation other nations.
Totalitarianism is an ideology. Both Mussolini and Hitler wrote their works, which became the doctrines of their regimes. In Italy it is “The Doctrine of Fascism”, and for Hitler it is “My Struggle”. These doctrines were the foundations with the help of which the people were convinced, and which should have been the book of “being” of every fascist and Nazi.
Under totalitarianism there is no place for the individual. Everything is absorbed by the state, in the case of fascism or society, in the case of national socialism.
Totalitarianism is terror. In Italy these are the Blackshirts, and in Germany the SA, SS, Gestapo, as well as the People's Tribunal and other fascist justice bodies.
And according to these signs, experts attribute the fascist and Nazi regimes to the totalitarianism of the twentieth century.
After the collapse of the USSR, and Ukraine’s exit from it, pro-fascist in views, the policy of violent total Ukrainization of the Russian nation-forming indigenous population should include the RUKH, Yushchenko’s “NU-NS”, BYuT and, sadly, the current ruling Party of Regions... having come to power by votes Russians, from being democratic in ideas and program, it sharply slid to the right, abandoning regionalism, the Russian language, an alliance with fraternal Belarus and Russia, the Common Economic Space... becoming a clone of its previously mentioned Russophobic parties...
In Ukraine, Tyagnibok’s “Svoboda” must be classified as Nazis without subterfuge or reservations, and on the basis of decisions Nuremberg Tribunal declare it OUTLAW; say the same thing to an organization that is not registered anywhere, and therefore CRIMINAL - an organization that is ethnic in ideas, membership and actions in favor of only one nationality - the Tatars of Crimea, the so-called “Majlis”. According to all of the above signs, this is an organized crime group based on Nazi ideas of supremacy over other peoples inhabiting Crimea.
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