Routing lesson

on the world around us in 3rd grade

according to the program “Promising Primary School”

Subject: Swamp and its inhabitants

Lesson type: mastering new material

Ped. tasks: create conditions for getting acquainted with the diversity of representatives of the flora and fauna of the swamp and the possibilities of their joint habitat; promote the discovery of connections between the inhabitants of the swamp; contribute to the formation of skills to create food chains that exist in the swamp community.

Form of organization: lesson

Presentation of the results:

Personal results : take into account someone else’s point of view; provide intellectual assistance to cross-cutting heroes who need it when solving difficult problems.

Meta-subject results:

regulatory - perform assessment and self-assessment; realize what has already been learned and what still needs to be learned, the quality and level of assimilation;

educational – select the necessary sources of information among the dictionaries, encyclopedias, reference books, and electronic disks proposed by the teacher;

communicative - plan educational cooperation with the teacher and peers; determine the goals, functions of participants, methods of interaction.

Subject results: get acquainted with the natural community “Swamp”; the diversity of flora and fauna of the swamp and their interaction; will learn to reveal the connections that exist between the inhabitants of the swamp; make power circuits in natural community"Swamp".

Lesson stages,

forms of work

Contents of teacher activities

Content of the student's activity

Formed ways of student activity

I.

Organizational

moment

(1 slide)

Let's stand up straight and beautiful.

Turn to the neighbor on your left

Turn to the neighbor on your right.

Smile at the neighbor on your left

smile at the neighbor on the right.

So, friends, pay attention.

The bell rang.

Sit back comfortably

Let's start the lesson soon.

II . Updating basic knowledge.

Checking homework.

Intellectual warm-up

(2 slide)

Checks homework. Conducts a conversation about the work done.

Solve the crossword:

Vertically:

1. Who has eyes on his horns and a house on his back?

4. There is a lumberjack on the river

In a silver-brown fur coat.

From trees, branches, clay

Builds strong dams.

6. Crawling in reverse backwards,

Everything under water is grabbed with a claw.

Horizontally:

2. Sits with his eyes bulging,

He speaks French

Jumps like a flea

Swims like a human.

3. Blue airplane

Sat on a white dandelion.

5. Rodent, swims and dives well.

Answer the teacher's questions. They talk about the work done at home.

Children solve a crossword puzzle:

Snail

Beaver

Cancer

Frog

Dragonfly

Muskrat

Isolate essential information from the text of the riddle.

Update personal life experience. Be able to listen in accordance with the target setting. Accept and maintain the learning goal and task.

III.

Lesson topic message. Defining Lesson Objectives

(3 slide)

(4 slide)

Brings up a problem. Organizes the formulation of the lesson topic by students. Organizes the setting of educational tasks. Clarifies students' understanding of the topic and lesson objectives.

Guess the riddles:

Not water, not dry land

You can't get away on a boat

And you can't walk with your feet.

Open the textbook's table of contents. What topic did you study in the last lesson? Read the topic of today's lesson. Name the textbook page.

Determine the objectives of the lesson.

Name the studied natural communities

Work with the table of contents of the textbook. Discuss the topic of the lesson. Analyze and form observational conclusions. They make assumptions.

Swamp

Formulate the topic of the lesson and set an educational task.

Analyze, find commonalities and differences, draw conclusions.

Build speech utterance in oral form.

IV .

Discovery of new knowledge, method of action.

Working from the textbook

(5 slide)

(6 slide)

(7 slide)

(8 slide)

(9 slide)

(10 slide)

Organizes work to discover new knowledge, ensures control over the completion of the task.

- Swamp - a widespread natural community in our country. This can be confirmed using a physical map of Russia. Swamps form in lowlands where water accumulates and stagnates, as well as in the place of lakes when they become overgrown.

Read the story in the anthology “Where do swamps come from?”

What is this?

I marsh plant,

They caulk the walls with me.

Moss is the oldest plant. It is found everywhere.

Look carefully at the moss. What parts of the moss did you not find?

Where is moss found?

Swamp moss is a good dressing material,

disinfecting and absorbing any liquid.

What is special about mosses?

Look at the sphagnum moss in the picture in the textbook (p. 66)

The lower parts of the sphagnum stem are in peat slurry and gradually die off. The dead parts turn into peat. – How peat is formed is spoken of very figuratively in Mikhail Prishvin’s fairy tale “The Pantry of the Sun”: (Reading the passage by the teacher) - Only a few plants and animals live in swamps. Guess these riddles:

This trunk is not simple:

Although long, it is empty.

I'm red, I'm sour

I grew up in a swamp

Ripened under the snow,

Well, who knows me?

The leaf is sharp, narrow,

Reaches high

Grows in a swamp.

What kind of lingonberries are here?

Hanging from the stem?

If you look, your mouth will water,

And if you bite through it, it’s sour!

Wild rosemary, blueberries, cloudberries, cotton grass, and calamus also grow in the swamps. And there are also unusual predator plants - sundew and bladderwort. They catch and eat insects. The small leaves of the sundew are covered with red hairs with droplets of sticky juice. The color attracts insects, and as soon as they land on the plant, they immediately stick to it.

Why did sundews and bladderworts turn into predator plants?

Shows students drawings of plants and talks about some distinctive features cattail and reeds.

Cattail is a plant with large dark brown, almost black heads. The head of the cattail is densely composed of raw hairs. Seeds ripen under the hairs. By autumn, when the seeds ripen, the hairs dry out and the head itself becomes very light. You touch it, and light fluff is already flying around you. On his parachute hairs, cattail seeds fly into different sides. Even in the last century, light fluff from cattail heads was used for life jackets, and cattail stems were used to make packaging fabric, heat-insulating material, etc.

Reed is a plant with dark green, round, long stems. The stem of the reed is very light, there are many hollow places inside. Therefore, the stem does not sink. At the top of the stem at the beginning of summer, small inconspicuous flowers appear, collected in a spikelet inflorescence. There are a lot of snails on the reed stem; they love this plant very much.

Read the story in the anthology “Sundew - Mosquito Death” and look at the drawing of this plant in the textbook (p. 66)

Find information on this issue in the text.

Work in pairs: complete tasks on cards, according to the conclusion drawn from the textbook material. They agree among themselves and check in pairs.

Moss

Moss has no roots or flowers.

Moss is found in coniferous forests and wet swampy forests.

They grow only in environmentally friendly places.

Guessing riddles:

Cane

Cranberry

Sedge

Cranberry

- Sundew and bladderwrack turned into predator plants because they lacked nutrients.

A pre-prepared student talks about a predator plant - bladderwort.

Plan a solution to a learning task: build an algorithm of actions, select actions in accordance with the task. reproduce from memory the information necessary to solve a learning task, justify the choice. Apply the rules of business cooperation. Provide convincing evidence in dialogue, be active in interaction. Monitor results.

V .

The inclusion of new things in active use in combination with previously studied and mastered.

(11 slide)

(12 slide)

Independent

Job

Organizes the conversation, helps to draw a conclusion. Clarifies and expands students' knowledge.

Animals also live in swamps. Look at the pictures in the textbook. Name these animals, how did they adapt to living in the swamp?

In the swamps, white partridges feast on sweet berries, and roe deer eat the succulent parts of plants. Water rats also live on swampy river banks.

You can also find a grass snake and a marsh viper.

Give examples of the food chains of swamp inhabitants

Organizes work in notebooks No. 2 (tasks

29 – 31, p.23)

What power circuits do you see?

They answer the teacher’s questions, express their opinions and assumptions. They clarify and expand their knowledge on the topic of the lesson and prove their point of view.

Pre-prepared students talk about a frog.

Sundew mosquito; mosquito - frog; frog - heron

Select actions in accordance with the task, assess the level of proficiency in a particular educational action, be able to make the necessary adjustments to the action after completion based on the assessment and taking into account the nature of the mistakes made.

VI.

Homework no

Introduces and explains homework.

Write homework in diaries

Save learning tasks

VII.

Lesson summary.

Reflection

(13 slide)

Evaluation of the results of completing assignments in the lesson. Organization of summing up the lesson by students. Invites students to evaluate their work in class.

What particularly interested you in the lesson?

What new did you learn in the lesson?

Did you like the work in the lesson? Rate yourself

Answer questions. Define their emotional condition at the lesson.

Conduct self-assessment and reflection

The ability to self-assess based on the criterion of success in educational activities.

The wetland is a special world of flora and fauna. The nature of the swamp is such that various animals live here and amazing plants grow, many of which are listed in the Red Book. From a scientific point of view, a swamp is a swampy area of ​​land with high humidity and acidity. In such places there is constant dampness, powerful evaporation and lack of oxygen (a photo of the swamp is presented in the article). If we talk in simple language, then this is an amazing microcosm with peculiar vegetation and no less unique inhabitants. These are the ones we will talk about in more detail.

How do swamps arise?

Through the activity of animals (for example, beavers) or due to human fault. When they build dams and dams intended for the construction of special reservoirs and ponds, the soil inevitably loses its properties, loses its degree of fertility, and silts up. One of the most important conditions for the formation of a swamp is a constant excess of moisture. In turn, excess moisture can be provoked by certain features of the local topography, for example, lowlands appear into which groundwater and precipitation constantly flow.

All this leads to the formation of peat. Soon a swamp appears. The inhabitants of these places are peculiar creatures. The fact is that not every living organism will be able to adapt to life in such extreme conditions, because, as already mentioned, there is a constant lack of oxygen here, the soil has a low degree of fertility, and the entire area is characterized by excess moisture and, of course, high acidity. Therefore, such animals must be given their due! So, let's get to know these heroes better.

Amphibians

In general, all potential animals of swamps are numerous, but mostly non-permanent inhabitants of this area. Many of them stop here only for a short period of time, for example, for a season, after which they rush to leave this gloomy place. There are not so many permanent inhabitants of swampy areas, but almost everyone knows them. Among them, the most famous and numerous are representatives of the class of amphibians, or amphibians: and newts.

frogs

Frogs are perhaps the best known and most numerous inhabitants of the swamp. Many herpetologists (specialists in amphibians and reptiles) consider these creatures to be quite charming creatures and rank them among the most beautiful animals in the world. Indeed, the body structure of frogs is peculiar and unique. Their head is quite large and wide. They don't have a neck. Therefore, the head immediately turns into a short but wide body.

Frogs are part of the order of tailless amphibians, which includes about 6,000 modern and about 84 fossil species. As the name of their order suggests, these creatures have neither a neck nor a tail. But they have two pairs of well-developed limbs. Herpetologists have classified tree frogs, dart frogs, toads, toads and spadefoot frogs as tailless amphibians. Outwardly, they look like frogs, but are not closely related to them.

IN daytime these creatures bask in the sun, sitting comfortably on marsh lilies or on the shore. If a mosquito, beetle or fly flies by, the frog quickly throws out its sticky tongue towards the insect. Having caught prey, the amphibian immediately swallows it. Frogs reproduce by throwing eggs into the swamp. Residents of such reservoirs are not averse to eating, so out of several thousand eggs thrown into the water, only a few dozen survive.

This happens in early April. It is at this time that frogs awaken from winter hibernation. Already on the fifth day, tadpoles emerge from the surviving eggs. They turn into frogs after 4 months.

The largest frog in the world is considered to be the goliath, which lives in african republic Cameroon. This creature reaches a length of 33 cm and weighs up to 4 kg. However, the most common in the world is considered green frog. Its habitat is all of Europe, northwest Africa and Asia. This type of tailless amphibian is found in our swamps more often than all others.

Toads

The “companions” of frogs are toads. These are another animal that lives in swamps all year round. From time immemorial, these amphibians have been known as poisonous creatures. Common people believe that toads have some kind of poisonous mucus, which they bestow on their enemies. Many people still believe that if you pick up a toad, warts will appear on them. This is not entirely true. Most of these amphibians are completely harmless to humans. Of course, there are poisonous toads and frogs in tropical countries, but they can be recognized by their corresponding bright colors.

Remember: toads living in Russian swamps do not cause any harm to humans. On the contrary, they are beneficial by destroying a lot of harmful worms, slugs and flying insects. These creatures are nocturnal and, unlike frogs, practically do not need water. This is why you hardly see toads during the daytime. However, marsh swamps are the best habitat for these amphibians.

Tritons

The order is represented by salamanders and newts. If the former are mainly land creatures, then the newts are precisely the animals of the swamps. Outwardly, these creatures are somewhat reminiscent of lizards, only their skin is smooth and moist, and their tail is vertically flat (like a fish). The body of newts has an elongated and spindle-shaped structure. Their small head immediately turns into a body, which also imperceptibly turns into a tail.

Most newts live permanently in the swamp, spending most of the year there. At the same time, they lead a secretive lifestyle. See the newt with the naked eye wildlife almost impossible! They are wonderful swimmers, but on the shore they are completely helpless creatures. Representatives of the order of tailed amphibians are sedentary animals, attached to their home- swamp. They are inactive and completely unsuited to long journeys.

Mammals

Among the permanent representatives of the class of mammals, waterfowl rodents can be distinguished: muskrats and aquatic predators - otters. It is worth noting that the mammalian inhabitants of the swamp can live not only in the water, but also along its edges. For example, moisture-loving voles and water rats live there. By the way, both of them feel great in this environment: their shelters are moss hummocks, and their food is cranberries, blueberries and seeds of various herbs.

Muskrats

The homeland of these animals is North America. They were brought to Russia from Canada in 1928. It didn't take long for these creatures to spread throughout our country. Muskrats are representatives of the order of rodents and permanent animals of swamps. They live in small and large lakes, in river backwaters and, of course, in gloomy peat bogs. There, like beavers in flowing waters, they build houses for themselves from scrap materials.

Settlement of these rodents in the swamp is easy to find. Their homes are cone-shaped and reach a height of almost one meter. The muskrat's house has a unique structure: there is one or several special chambers inside, and a nest in the center. Theriologists (mammal specialists) say that this animal is simply created for life in water. The muskrat swims easily and quickly. When looking at this creature, there is no doubt that the swamp is its home!

Otters

These creatures are the most major representatives from the order of predatory animals. They, like muskrats, are permanent and irreplaceable animals of swamps, rivers, large and small lakes. Adults reach a length of almost 1 m and weigh up to 15 kg. These mammals live in almost all corners of our country, with the exception of Antarctica and Australia. Mother Nature prepared these animals for living in the water element.

A rounded head, short but thick neck, barrel-shaped body, thick tail and webbed feet help otters cut through the surface of the water without any extra effort. These mammals lead a 24-hour lifestyle. Since otters are predators, they feed on their own “neighbors” in the swamp: frogs, voles, muskrats, crayfish, worms, snails, snakes. In their free time from hunting, they have fun for their own pleasure, frolicking in swamps, sliding from the banks into the water, etc.

From time to time, otters leave their swamps to go on what is called “fishing.” Several animals swim into a fresh body of water and begin a joint hunt for local fish. The otters together drive the whole one into some narrow strait, where it will be easier for them to catch their prey. The animals eat small fish without leaving the water, but large fish only on the shore.

By the way, by nature, otters are peaceful animals. Their calm nature remains for most of the year, but in mating season real bloody battles for the female can occur between rival males!

Birds living in swamps

Scientists who researched animal world swamps, they claim that this area is quite suitable for the existence of many representatives of the fauna world, including birds. For example, succulent stems and fruits are an indispensable source of nutrition for ptarmigan, short-eared owls, waders and ducks. These birds have long chosen this area and feel quite comfortable here.

Frankly speaking, birds do not really like to settle in these territories. Ornithologists have noticed that black grouse and wood grouse occasionally fly to the swamps. Apparently, they are driven by the desire to enjoy delicious berries. According to scientists, even the rather swampy upper reaches of these places can settle. The fact is that a swamp for cranes is a real protection from external civilization. Besides, not everyone will be able to get through such swamps!

Queen of the Swamps

Speaking about what animals have found shelter in the swamp, one cannot fail to mention the queen of these places - the heron. Probably, many of us do not understand the strange predilections of this bird for marshy areas. Meanwhile, it is not by chance that herons settle here! The fact is that thickets of bushes, sedges and reeds provide excellent protection from predators. Moreover, there is always something to eat here (for example, frogs).

A heron, of course, cannot be called beautiful bird, but quite the queen of swamps! Although some ornithologists still believe that a certain beauty and even grace are characteristic to some extent of this representative of the fauna. Nevertheless, awkward and angular movements, as well as strange and sometimes downright clumsy poses, reduce all her beauty to nothing.

Be that as it may, the herons have perfectly adapted to life in such a unique habitat. It is impossible to imagine these birds outside any ponds or swamps! They climb nimbly in reeds and move well through water. But their voice is unpleasant, reminiscent of either someone’s screams or someone’s roar. Ornithologists warn that herons are very insidious and sometimes evil creatures. They live in communities, but these birds cannot be called sociable.

In general, the diet of herons consists of fish, but in marshy areas there is practically no fish. This explains the predilection of these creatures for frogs. Herons with great pleasure feast on tailless amphibians, crayfish, worms and gastropods.

And finally... Why are there so many frogs in the swamp?

At the beginning of the article we talked about the harsh living conditions in swampy areas. Since this area has a pronounced high acidity, many animals and plants of the swamp have a low level of oxidation. They developed such protection over time. It is especially good for the cold-blooded inhabitants of this area, namely frogs, toads and newts. Perhaps it is for this reason that they are the most numerous inhabitants of swampy areas (see photo of the swamp).

A swamp is a widespread natural community in our country. Look at physical card Russia: what a significant territory is occupied by swamps. Swampy place, hummocks, bogs, reed thickets, sparse bushes.

How was the swamp formed? Once upon a time there was a small lake in this place that had no drainage; its banks were quickly overgrown with reeds and cattails. Water lilies and lilies rose from the bottom. Every year the reeds and reeds grew, protruded more and more from the banks onto the water, intertwined their stems, covering the water, mosses settled on the stems, they absorbed moisture and the water stagnated. Several decades passed, and the plants completely took over the lake and closed off the water. Every year the thickets became denser. And then a thick layer formed almost to the very bottom. That’s why, when you walk through a swamp, the bumps are so springy, your legs get stuck, and just like that, you’ll fall through. Perhaps the forest river flowed slowly and gradually became overgrown with grass in the lowlands, or a spring came out of the ground and soaked everything around with water. This is how water reservoirs - swamps - arose in these places.

A lot of water means that moisture-loving grasses and shrubs have begun to grow, and animals and birds are settling in, the kind you only see in a swamp. The surface of some swamps is densely covered with mosses. Sphagnum moss, which means “sponge” in Greek, is especially capable of absorbing a lot of water (Fig. 2).

Sphagnum has special property kill germs. Therefore, the remains of dead organisms are not completely processed, they accumulate under a layer of moss, become compacted, and as a result peat is formed - a combustible mineral. The thickness of peat can reach 3-4 meters or more. It is on this peat cushion that other inhabitants of the swamp live. Peat is very saturated with water, and it contains almost no oxygen necessary for roots to breathe. Therefore, only a few plants can grow in swamps. Most often, wild rosemary, sedge, and cranberry settle on a thick carpet of moss (Fig. 3-5).

Rice. 3. Ledum marsh ()

Among marsh plants, cranberry is especially valued. People have been collecting this healing berry for a long time. In addition to cranberries, others also grow in swamps. delicious berries: blueberries (Fig. 6), cloudberries.

Rice. 6. Blueberry ()

Herbaceous plants such as cotton grass, reeds, calamus, reeds and cattails have adapted to the swamps (Fig. 7, 8).

Cattails have large dark brown heads that are densely packed with raw hairs. The seeds ripen under the hairs; in the fall, when the seeds ripen, the hairs dry out and the head itself becomes very light. If you touch it, light fluff flies around you. On parachute hairs, cattail seeds fly in different directions. Even in the last century, life jackets were made from this fluff. And round packaging fabric was made from the cattail stem.

There are also unusual plants in the swamps. Sundew (Fig. 9) and bladderwort are predator plants.

Sundews catch and eat insects. Insects are fast and mobile, so how can this plant threaten them? The small leaves of sundew are covered with small hairs and droplets of sticky juice, similar to dew, which is why the plant is called sundew. The bright color of the leaves and droplets attracts insects, but as soon as a mosquito or fly lands on the plant, it immediately sticks to it. The leaf shrinks, and its sticky hairs suck out all the juices from the insect. Why did the sundew turn into a predator plant? Because in poor marshy soils it lacks nutrients. A sundew can swallow and digest up to 25 mosquitoes per day.

The Venus flytrap also catches prey in a similar way (Fig. 10).

Rice. 10. Venus flytrap ()

It has leaves that close like jaws when someone touches the hairs on the surface of the leaves. Because these plants are rare, they need to be protected.

Another trap was invented by bladderwort; this plant was named for the sticky green bubbles that thickly cover its thread-thin leaves (Fig. 11, 12).

Rice. 11. Pemphigus vesicles ()

Rice. 12. Pemphigus ()

All the leaves of the plant are in water, there are no roots, and only a thin stem with yellow flowers rises above the surface. The plant needs bubbles for hunting, and this herb hunts aquatic inhabitants: small crustaceans, water fleas, ciliates. Each bubble is a cleverly designed trap and at the same time a digestive organ. A special door closes the vial until the hairs of this hole are touched by some creature. Then the valve opens and the bubble sucks in the prey. There is no way out of the bubble; the valve, like a door to a room, opens only in one direction. Inside the vesicle are glands that produce digestive juice. The prey is dissolved in this juice and then absorbed by the plant. Bladderwort is very voracious. After about 20 minutes, the bubble is ready to capture a new victim.

How did swamp animals adapt to life in wet places? Among the inhabitants of swamps, the frog is famous. Dampness helps frogs keep their skin constantly moist, and the abundance of mosquitoes provides them with food. Beavers (Fig. 13), water rats live on the swampy banks of rivers, and you can see snakes and marsh vipers.

Have you heard the saying: “Every sandpiper praises its swamp”? The sandpiper is a slender bird, similar to a seagull. This bird has protective plumage; with its long beak, the sandpiper finds mosquito larvae hiding there in the mud (Fig. 14).

You can often find herons (Fig. 15) and cranes (Fig. 16) in swamps; these birds have long and thin legs, this allows them to walk through muddy, cold mud without falling through.

Herons and cranes feed on frogs, mollusks, and worms, of which there are many in the swamp. Ptarmigans like to feast on sweet berries in the swamp, and moose and roe deer like to feast on the juicy parts of plants.

In the evenings and at night, someone’s roar resembling the roar of a bull echoes across the swamp. What people have not said about this! As if the merman was screaming or the goblin had quarreled with him. Who roars and laughs in the swamp? A small bird, the bittern, roars and hoots terribly (Fig. 17).

The bittern has a very loud cry, spreading over 2-3 kilometers in the surrounding area. The bittern lives in reed thickets and reeds. The bittern hunts for crucian carp, perch, pike, frogs and tadpoles. A bittern stands motionless for hours in the thickets near the water and suddenly, with lightning speed, throws its beak, sharp as a dagger, and the fish cannot escape. If you start looking for a bittern in the swamp, you will pass by. She will raise her beak vertically, stretch out her neck, and you will never distinguish her from a bunch of dry grass or reeds.

But it’s not just the bittern that screams in the swamp at night. Here he sits on a branch predatory bird owl. It is almost 80 centimeters long (Fig. 18).

This is a night robber and there is no escape from him either for birds or rodents. He's the one who laughs so hard in the swamp when it gets dark.

Residents of swampy places can sometimes watch an amazing spectacle at night, as many bluish lights dance in the swamp. What is it? Researchers have not yet reached a consensus on this issue. Perhaps it is swamp gas that is igniting. Its clouds will come to the surface and light up in the air.

People have been afraid of swamps for a long time. They tried to drain and use the land for pastures and fields and thereby thought that they were helping nature. Is it so? The swamp is very beneficial. Firstly, it is a natural reservoir of fresh water. Streams flowing from swamps feed big rivers and lakes. When it rains, swamp mosses absorb excess moisture like sponges. And in dry years they save reservoirs from drying out. Therefore, rivers and lakes often become shallow after swamps are drained. Vasyugan swamp- one of the largest swamps in the world, its area is larger than the area of ​​​​Switzerland (Fig. 19).

Rice. 19. Vasyugan swamp ()

Located between the Ob and Irtysh rivers. The Vasyugan River originates in this swamp. Rivers such as the Volga, Dnieper, and Moscow River also flow from swamps. Secondly, swamps are excellent natural filters. The water in them passes through thickets of plants, a thick layer of peat and is freed from dust, harmful substances, and pathogens. It enters rivers from swamps pure water. Thirdly, valuable plants grow in swamps. berry plants: cranberries, cloudberries, blueberries. They contain sugar, vitamins, minerals. Medicinal plants also grow in the swamps. For example, during the years of the Great Patriotic War sphagnum moss was used as a dressing material for fast healing wound Sundew is used to treat colds and coughs. In addition, the swamp is a natural peat factory, which is used both as fuel and as fertilizer.

Remember: you must not approach wetlands or peat excavations in the swamp! It is very dangerous.

Bears, deer, wild boars, moose, and roe deer come to the swamps and also find food here.

A swamp is as necessary a part of nature as forests and meadows; they also need to be protected. The destruction of swamps will lead to changes in nature throughout the planet. Currently, 150 swamps in Russia are under protection.

Today in the lesson you gained new knowledge about the swamp as a natural community and became acquainted with its inhabitants.

Bibliography

1. Vakhrushev A.A., Danilov D.D. The world 3. - M.: Ballas.
2. Dmitrieva N.Ya., Kazakov A.N. The world around us 3. - M.: Publishing House "Fedorov".
3. Pleshakov A.A. The world around us 3. - M.: Enlightenment.

1. Biofile.ru ().
2. Liveinternet.ru ().
3. Animalworld.com.ua ().

Homework

1. What is a swamp?
2. Why can't swamps be dried?
3. What animals can be found in the swamp?

A swamp is a widespread natural community in our country. Look at the physical map of Russia: what a significant area swamps occupy. Swampy place, hummocks, bogs, reed thickets, sparse bushes.

How was the swamp formed? Once upon a time there was a small lake in this place that had no drainage; its banks were quickly overgrown with reeds and cattails. Water lilies and lilies rose from the bottom. Every year the reeds and reeds grew, protruded more and more from the banks onto the water, intertwined their stems, covering the water, mosses settled on the stems, they absorbed moisture and the water stagnated. Several decades passed, and the plants completely took over the lake and closed off the water. Every year the thickets became denser. And then a thick layer formed almost to the very bottom. That’s why, when you walk through a swamp, the bumps are so springy, your legs get stuck, and just like that, you’ll fall through. Perhaps the forest river flowed slowly and gradually became overgrown with grass in the lowlands, or a spring came out of the ground and soaked everything around with water. This is how water reservoirs - swamps - arose in these places.

A lot of water means that moisture-loving grasses and shrubs have begun to grow, and animals and birds are settling in, the kind you only see in a swamp. The surface of some swamps is densely covered with mosses. Sphagnum moss, which means “sponge” in Greek, is especially capable of absorbing a lot of water (Fig. 2).

Sphagnum moss has the special property of killing microbes. Therefore, the remains of dead organisms are not completely processed, they accumulate under a layer of moss, become compacted, and as a result peat is formed - a combustible mineral. The thickness of peat can reach 3-4 meters or more. It is on this peat cushion that other inhabitants of the swamp live. Peat is very saturated with water, and it contains almost no oxygen necessary for roots to breathe. Therefore, only a few plants can grow in swamps. Most often, wild rosemary, sedge, and cranberry settle on a thick carpet of moss (Fig. 3-5).

Rice. 3. Ledum marsh ()

Among marsh plants, cranberry is especially valued. People have been collecting this healing berry for a long time. In addition to cranberries, other tasty berries grow in the swamps: blueberries (Fig. 6), cloudberries.

Rice. 6. Blueberry ()

Herbaceous plants such as cotton grass, reeds, calamus, reeds and cattails have adapted to the swamps (Fig. 7, 8).

Cattails have large dark brown heads that are densely packed with raw hairs. The seeds ripen under the hairs; in the fall, when the seeds ripen, the hairs dry out and the head itself becomes very light. If you touch it, light fluff flies around you. On parachute hairs, cattail seeds fly in different directions. Even in the last century, life jackets were made from this fluff. And round packaging fabric was made from the cattail stem.

There are also unusual plants in the swamps. Sundew (Fig. 9) and bladderwort are predator plants.

Sundews catch and eat insects. Insects are fast and mobile, so how can this plant threaten them? The small leaves of sundew are covered with small hairs and droplets of sticky juice, similar to dew, which is why the plant is called sundew. The bright color of the leaves and droplets attracts insects, but as soon as a mosquito or fly lands on the plant, it immediately sticks to it. The leaf shrinks, and its sticky hairs suck out all the juices from the insect. Why did the sundew turn into a predator plant? Because in poor marshy soils it lacks nutrients. A sundew can swallow and digest up to 25 mosquitoes per day.

The Venus flytrap also catches prey in a similar way (Fig. 10).

Rice. 10. Venus flytrap ()

It has leaves that close like jaws when someone touches the hairs on the surface of the leaves. Because these plants are rare, they need to be protected.

Another trap was invented by bladderwort; this plant was named for the sticky green bubbles that thickly cover its thread-thin leaves (Fig. 11, 12).

Rice. 11. Pemphigus vesicles ()

Rice. 12. Pemphigus ()

All the leaves of the plant are in water, there are no roots, and only a thin stem with yellow flowers rises above the surface. The plant needs bubbles for hunting, and this herb hunts aquatic inhabitants: small crustaceans, water fleas, ciliates. Each bubble is a cleverly designed trap and at the same time a digestive organ. A special door closes the vial until the hairs of this hole are touched by some creature. Then the valve opens and the bubble sucks in the prey. There is no way out of the bubble; the valve, like a door to a room, opens only in one direction. Inside the vesicle are glands that produce digestive juice. The prey is dissolved in this juice and then absorbed by the plant. Bladderwort is very voracious. After about 20 minutes, the bubble is ready to capture a new victim.

How did swamp animals adapt to life in wet places? Among the inhabitants of swamps, the frog is famous. Dampness helps frogs keep their skin constantly moist, and the abundance of mosquitoes provides them with food. Beavers (Fig. 13), water rats live on the swampy banks of rivers, and you can see snakes and marsh vipers.

Have you heard the saying: “Every sandpiper praises its swamp”? The sandpiper is a slender bird, similar to a seagull. This bird has protective plumage; with its long beak, the sandpiper finds mosquito larvae hiding there in the mud (Fig. 14).

You can often find herons (Fig. 15) and cranes (Fig. 16) in swamps; these birds have long and thin legs, this allows them to walk through marshy cold mud without falling through.

Herons and cranes feed on frogs, mollusks, and worms, of which there are many in the swamp. Ptarmigans like to feast on sweet berries in the swamp, and moose and roe deer like to feast on the juicy parts of plants.

In the evenings and at night, someone’s roar resembling the roar of a bull echoes across the swamp. What people have not said about this! As if the merman was screaming or the goblin had quarreled with him. Who roars and laughs in the swamp? A small bird, the bittern, roars and hoots terribly (Fig. 17).

The bittern has a very loud cry, spreading over 2-3 kilometers in the surrounding area. The bittern lives in reed thickets and reeds. The bittern hunts for crucian carp, perch, pike, frogs and tadpoles. A bittern stands motionless for hours in the thickets near the water and suddenly, with lightning speed, throws its beak, sharp as a dagger, and the fish cannot escape. If you start looking for a bittern in the swamp, you will pass by. She will raise her beak vertically, stretch out her neck, and you will never distinguish her from a bunch of dry grass or reeds.

But it’s not just the bittern that screams in the swamp at night. Here is a bird of prey, an eagle owl, sitting on a branch. It is almost 80 centimeters long (Fig. 18).

This is a night robber and there is no escape from him either for birds or rodents. He's the one who laughs so hard in the swamp when it gets dark.

Residents of swampy places can sometimes watch an amazing spectacle at night, as many bluish lights dance in the swamp. What is it? Researchers have not yet reached a consensus on this issue. Perhaps it is swamp gas that is igniting. Its clouds will come to the surface and light up in the air.

People have been afraid of swamps for a long time. They tried to drain and use the land for pastures and fields and thereby thought that they were helping nature. Is it so? The swamp is very beneficial. Firstly, it is a natural reservoir of fresh water. Streams flowing from swamps feed large rivers and lakes. When it rains, swamp mosses absorb excess moisture like sponges. And in dry years they save reservoirs from drying out. Therefore, rivers and lakes often become shallow after swamps are drained. The Vasyugan swamp is one of the largest swamps in the world, its area is larger than the area of ​​Switzerland (Fig. 19).

Rice. 19. Vasyugan swamp ()

Located between the Ob and Irtysh rivers. The Vasyugan River originates in this swamp. Rivers such as the Volga, Dnieper, and Moscow River also flow from swamps. Secondly, swamps are excellent natural filters. The water in them passes through thickets of plants, a thick layer of peat and is freed from dust, harmful substances, and pathogens. Clean water flows into the rivers from the swamps. Thirdly, valuable berry plants grow in the swamps: cranberries, cloudberries, blueberries. They contain sugar, vitamins, and minerals. Medicinal plants also grow in the swamps. For example, during the Great Patriotic War, sphagnum moss was used as a dressing material for the rapid healing of wounds. Sundew is used to treat colds and coughs. In addition, the swamp is a natural peat factory, which is used both as fuel and as fertilizer.

Remember: you must not approach wetlands or peat excavations in the swamp! It is very dangerous.

Bears, deer, wild boars, moose, and roe deer come to the swamps and also find food here.

A swamp is as necessary a part of nature as forests and meadows; they also need to be protected. The destruction of swamps will lead to changes in nature throughout the planet. Currently, 150 swamps in Russia are under protection.

Today in the lesson you gained new knowledge about the swamp as a natural community and became acquainted with its inhabitants.

Bibliography

1. Vakhrushev A.A., Danilov D.D. The world around us 3. - M.: Ballas.
2. Dmitrieva N.Ya., Kazakov A.N. The world around us 3. - M.: Publishing House "Fedorov".
3. Pleshakov A.A. The world around us 3. - M.: Enlightenment.

1. Biofile.ru ().
2. Liveinternet.ru ().
3. Animalworld.com.ua ().

Homework

1. What is a swamp?
2. Why can't swamps be dried?
3. What animals can be found in the swamp?

A swamp is a widespread natural community in our country. Look at the physical map of Russia: what a significant area swamps occupy. Swampy place, hummocks, bogs, reed thickets, sparse bushes.

How was the swamp formed? Once upon a time there was a small lake in this place that had no drainage; its banks were quickly overgrown with reeds and cattails. Water lilies and lilies rose from the bottom. Every year the reeds and reeds grew, protruded more and more from the banks onto the water, intertwined their stems, covering the water, mosses settled on the stems, they absorbed moisture and the water stagnated. Several decades passed, and the plants completely took over the lake and closed off the water. Every year the thickets became denser. And then a thick layer formed almost to the very bottom. That’s why, when you walk through a swamp, the bumps are so springy, your legs get stuck, and just like that, you’ll fall through. Perhaps the forest river flowed slowly and gradually became overgrown with grass in the lowlands, or a spring came out of the ground and soaked everything around with water. This is how water reservoirs - swamps - arose in these places.

A lot of water means that moisture-loving grasses and shrubs have begun to grow, and animals and birds are settling in, the kind you only see in a swamp. The surface of some swamps is densely covered with mosses. Sphagnum moss, which means “sponge” in Greek, is especially capable of absorbing a lot of water (Fig. 2).

Sphagnum moss has the special property of killing microbes. Therefore, the remains of dead organisms are not completely processed, they accumulate under a layer of moss, become compacted, and as a result peat is formed - a combustible mineral. The thickness of peat can reach 3-4 meters or more. It is on this peat cushion that other inhabitants of the swamp live. Peat is very saturated with water, and it contains almost no oxygen necessary for roots to breathe. Therefore, only a few plants can grow in swamps. Most often, wild rosemary, sedge, and cranberry settle on a thick carpet of moss (Fig. 3-5).

Rice. 3. Ledum marsh ()

Among marsh plants, cranberry is especially valued. People have been collecting this healing berry for a long time. In addition to cranberries, other tasty berries grow in the swamps: blueberries (Fig. 6), cloudberries.

Rice. 6. Blueberry ()

Herbaceous plants such as cotton grass, reeds, calamus, reeds and cattails have adapted to the swamps (Fig. 7, 8).

Cattails have large dark brown heads that are densely packed with raw hairs. The seeds ripen under the hairs; in the fall, when the seeds ripen, the hairs dry out and the head itself becomes very light. If you touch it, light fluff flies around you. On parachute hairs, cattail seeds fly in different directions. Even in the last century, life jackets were made from this fluff. And round packaging fabric was made from the cattail stem.

There are also unusual plants in the swamps. Sundew (Fig. 9) and bladderwort are predator plants.

Sundews catch and eat insects. Insects are fast and mobile, so how can this plant threaten them? The small leaves of sundew are covered with small hairs and droplets of sticky juice, similar to dew, which is why the plant is called sundew. The bright color of the leaves and droplets attracts insects, but as soon as a mosquito or fly lands on the plant, it immediately sticks to it. The leaf shrinks, and its sticky hairs suck out all the juices from the insect. Why did the sundew turn into a predator plant? Because in poor marshy soils it lacks nutrients. A sundew can swallow and digest up to 25 mosquitoes per day.

The Venus flytrap also catches prey in a similar way (Fig. 10).

Rice. 10. Venus flytrap ()

It has leaves that close like jaws when someone touches the hairs on the surface of the leaves. Because these plants are rare, they need to be protected.

Another trap was invented by bladderwort; this plant was named for the sticky green bubbles that thickly cover its thread-thin leaves (Fig. 11, 12).

Rice. 11. Pemphigus vesicles ()

Rice. 12. Pemphigus ()

All the leaves of the plant are in water, there are no roots, and only a thin stem with yellow flowers rises above the surface. The plant needs bubbles for hunting, and this herb hunts aquatic inhabitants: small crustaceans, water fleas, ciliates. Each bubble is a cleverly designed trap and at the same time a digestive organ. A special door closes the vial until the hairs of this hole are touched by some creature. Then the valve opens and the bubble sucks in the prey. There is no way out of the bubble; the valve, like a door to a room, opens only in one direction. Inside the vesicle are glands that produce digestive juice. The prey is dissolved in this juice and then absorbed by the plant. Bladderwort is very voracious. After about 20 minutes, the bubble is ready to capture a new victim.

How did swamp animals adapt to life in wet places? Among the inhabitants of swamps, the frog is famous. Dampness helps frogs keep their skin constantly moist, and the abundance of mosquitoes provides them with food. Beavers (Fig. 13), water rats live on the swampy banks of rivers, and you can see snakes and marsh vipers.

Have you heard the saying: “Every sandpiper praises its swamp”? The sandpiper is a slender bird, similar to a seagull. This bird has protective plumage; with its long beak, the sandpiper finds mosquito larvae hiding there in the mud (Fig. 14).

You can often find herons (Fig. 15) and cranes (Fig. 16) in swamps; these birds have long and thin legs, this allows them to walk through marshy cold mud without falling through.

Herons and cranes feed on frogs, mollusks, and worms, of which there are many in the swamp. Ptarmigans like to feast on sweet berries in the swamp, and moose and roe deer like to feast on the juicy parts of plants.

In the evenings and at night, someone’s roar resembling the roar of a bull echoes across the swamp. What people have not said about this! As if the merman was screaming or the goblin had quarreled with him. Who roars and laughs in the swamp? A small bird, the bittern, roars and hoots terribly (Fig. 17).

The bittern has a very loud cry, spreading over 2-3 kilometers in the surrounding area. The bittern lives in reed thickets and reeds. The bittern hunts for crucian carp, perch, pike, frogs and tadpoles. A bittern stands motionless for hours in the thickets near the water and suddenly, with lightning speed, throws its beak, sharp as a dagger, and the fish cannot escape. If you start looking for a bittern in the swamp, you will pass by. She will raise her beak vertically, stretch out her neck, and you will never distinguish her from a bunch of dry grass or reeds.

But it’s not just the bittern that screams in the swamp at night. Here is a bird of prey, an eagle owl, sitting on a branch. It is almost 80 centimeters long (Fig. 18).

This is a night robber and there is no escape from him either for birds or rodents. He's the one who laughs so hard in the swamp when it gets dark.

Residents of swampy places can sometimes watch an amazing spectacle at night, as many bluish lights dance in the swamp. What is it? Researchers have not yet reached a consensus on this issue. Perhaps it is swamp gas that is igniting. Its clouds will come to the surface and light up in the air.

People have been afraid of swamps for a long time. They tried to drain and use the land for pastures and fields and thereby thought that they were helping nature. Is it so? The swamp is very beneficial. Firstly, it is a natural reservoir of fresh water. Streams flowing from swamps feed large rivers and lakes. When it rains, swamp mosses absorb excess moisture like sponges. And in dry years they save reservoirs from drying out. Therefore, rivers and lakes often become shallow after swamps are drained. The Vasyugan swamp is one of the largest swamps in the world, its area is larger than the area of ​​Switzerland (Fig. 19).

Rice. 19. Vasyugan swamp ()

Located between the Ob and Irtysh rivers. The Vasyugan River originates in this swamp. Rivers such as the Volga, Dnieper, and Moscow River also flow from swamps. Secondly, swamps are excellent natural filters. The water in them passes through thickets of plants, a thick layer of peat and is freed from dust, harmful substances, and pathogens. Clean water flows into the rivers from the swamps. Thirdly, valuable berry plants grow in the swamps: cranberries, cloudberries, blueberries. They contain sugar, vitamins, and minerals. Medicinal plants also grow in the swamps. For example, during the Great Patriotic War, sphagnum moss was used as a dressing material for the rapid healing of wounds. Sundew is used to treat colds and coughs. In addition, the swamp is a natural peat factory, which is used both as fuel and as fertilizer.

Remember: you must not approach wetlands or peat excavations in the swamp! It is very dangerous.

Bears, deer, wild boars, moose, and roe deer come to the swamps and also find food here.

A swamp is as necessary a part of nature as forests and meadows; they also need to be protected. The destruction of swamps will lead to changes in nature throughout the planet. Currently, 150 swamps in Russia are under protection.

Today in the lesson you gained new knowledge about the swamp as a natural community and became acquainted with its inhabitants.

Bibliography

1. Vakhrushev A.A., Danilov D.D. The world around us 3. - M.: Ballas.
2. Dmitrieva N.Ya., Kazakov A.N. The world around us 3. - M.: Publishing House "Fedorov".
3. Pleshakov A.A. The world around us 3. - M.: Enlightenment.

1. Biofile.ru ().
2. Liveinternet.ru ().
3. Animalworld.com.ua ().

Homework

1. What is a swamp?
2. Why can't swamps be dried?
3. What animals can be found in the swamp?