home Women English abbreviations and abbreviations. Tire markings - decoding will tell a lot

English abbreviations and abbreviations. Tire markings - decoding will tell a lot

195/65 R15 91 T XL

195 is the width of the tire in mm.

65 - Proportionality, i.e. ratio of profile height to width. In our case it is 65%. Simply put, with the same width, the larger this indicator, the higher the tire will be and vice versa. Usually this value is simply called “profile”.

Since the tire profile is a relative value, it is important to take into account when selecting tires that if you, instead of the standard size 195/65 R15 If you want to install tires with size 205/65 R15, then not only the width of the tire will increase, but also the height! Which is unacceptable in most cases! (except for cases when both of these standard sizes are indicated in the car’s operating book). Accurate change data external dimensions You can calculate the wheels using a special tire calculator.

If this ratio is not specified (for example, 185/R14C), then it is equal to 80-82% and the tire is called full-profile. Reinforced tires with this marking are usually used on minibuses and light trucks, where a large maximum load on the wheel is very important.

R stands for radial tire (in fact, almost all tires are made this way now).

Many people mistakenly believe that R- means radius of the tire, but this is precisely the radial design of the tire. There is also a diagonal design (denoted by the letter D), but in Lately it is practically not produced, since its performance characteristics are noticeably worse.

15 — wheel (disc) diameter in inches. (It’s the diameter, not the radius! This is also a common mistake). This is the “fitting” diameter of the tire on the disk, i.e. This is the inner size of the tire or the outer size of the rim.

91 — load index. This is the level of maximum permissible load on one wheel. For passenger cars it is usually done with a reserve and is not a decisive value when choosing tires (in our case, ID - 91 - 670 kg.). For minibuses and small trucks, this parameter is very important and must be observed.

Additional information indicated in the markings on the sidewall of the tire:

XL or Extra Load- a reinforced tire, the load index of which is 3 units higher than that of conventional tires of the same size. In other words, if a given tire has a load index of 91 marked XL or Extra Load, this means that with this index, the tire can withstand a maximum load of 670 kg instead of 615 kg (see table of tire load indexes).

M+S or M&S tire marking (Mud + Snow) - mud plus snow and means that the tires are all-season or winter. Many summer SUV tires will say M&S on them. However, these tires cannot be used in winter time, because winter tires have a completely different rubber compound and tread pattern, and the M&S badge indicates good performance cross-country ability of the tire.

All Season or AS all-season tires. Aw (Any Weather) - Any weather.

Pictogram * (snowflake)— rubber is intended for use in harsh winter conditions. If there is no this marking on the sidewall of the tire, then this tire is intended for use only in summer conditions.

Aquatred, Aquacontact, Rain, Water, Aqua or pictogram (umbrella) - special rain tires.

Outside and Inside; asymmetrical tires, i.e. It is important not to confuse which side is external and which internal. When installing, the inscription Outside should be on the outside of the car, and Inside should be on the inside.

R.S.C. (Run Flat System Component) - tires Run Flat- these are tires on which you can continue driving a car at a speed of no more than 80 km/h with a COMPLETE drop in tire pressure (due to a puncture or cut). On these tires, depending on the manufacturer's recommendations, you can drive from 50 to 150 km. Different tire manufacturers use different designations for RSC technology.
For example: Bridgestone RFT Continental SSR, Goodyear RunOnFlat Nokian Run Flat, Michelin ZP etc.

Rotation or arrow, this marking on the sidewall of the tire indicates a directional tire. When installing a tire, you must strictly observe the direction of rotation of the wheel indicated by the arrow.

Tubeless (TL)- tubeless tire. If this inscription is missing, the tire can only be used with a tube. Tube Type - means that this tire must be used only with a tube.

Max Pressure; maximum permissible tire pressure. Max Load— maximum permissible load on each vehicle wheel, in kg.

Reinforced or letters RF in the standard size (for example 195/70 R15RF) mean that this is a reinforced tire (6 layers).
Letter WITH at the end of the standard size (for example 195/70 R15C) indicates a truck tire (8 layers).

Radial This marking on the tire in the standard size means that it is a radial tire. Steel means that the tire structure contains a metal cord.

M.O.- Mercedes Original - which means the tires were developed with the participation of Daimler specialists/ AO- Audi Original, etc.

Letter E(in a circle) - the tire corresponds European requirements ECE (Economic Commission for Europe). DOT (Department of Transportation - US Department of Transportation) - American quality standard.

Temperature A, B or C heat resistance of tires at high speeds on a test bench (A is the best indicator).

Traction A, B or C— the ability of the tire to brake on a wet road surface.

Treadwear; relative expected mileage compared to a specific US standard test.

TWI(Tread Wear Indiration) - indicators of tire tread wear indicators. The marking on the TWI wheel may also include an arrow. The indicators are located evenly in eight or six places around the entire circumference of the tire and indicate the minimum permissible tread depth. The wear indicator is made in the form of a protrusion with a height of 1.6 mm (the minimum tread size for light cars) and is located in the tread recess (usually in the drainage grooves).

IN modern century saturated with information, there is less and less time for communication and correspondence. No matter how paradoxical it may sound, the more information a person has, the more ways he looks for to reduce it and transmit it in a more condensed form. One of the most the best ways to shorten words and expressions is to use abbreviations.

Today they are found everywhere in general English, in business correspondence, in SMS messages and chats, and in international terms. Many of them are used quite often, so not only for students of English, but also for ordinary to modern man It’s worth mastering a couple of the most common ones.

Abbreviation(Italian abbreviatura from Latin brevis - short) - a word formed by an abbreviation of a word or phrase and read by alphabetical name initial letters or by the initial sounds of the words included in it.

Abbreviations are found in every language in the world and play a huge role. Sometimes ignorance or incorrect use of a particular abbreviation in English can lead to a rather awkward situation or misunderstanding of what the interlocutor wants to express with a particular phrase.

Let's look at an example of the incorrect use of a fairly well-known abbreviation LOL(laughing out loud - laugh loudly, out loud).

Messages
Mom: Your beloved aunt just passed away. LOL
I: Why is that funny?
Mom: It’s not funny, David!
I: Mom, LOL means “laughing out loud”.
Mom: Oh my goodness! I thought it means “lots of love”...I sent it to everyone! I need to call everyone…

Messages
Mom: Your favorite aunt just passed away. LOL
Me: What's so funny about that?
Mom: This is not funny, David!
Me: Mom, LOL means "laugh out loud".
Mom: Oh God! I thought it meant lots of love...
I sent this to everyone! We need to call everyone back...

Business letters and abbreviations

Writing business letters and compiling business correspondence today requires high-quality study and a careful approach. When faced for the first time with the design and decoding of abbreviations in business English, a beginner sometimes experiences confusion and bewilderment as to what it all means. The difficulty lies in using this or that abbreviation correctly, as well as in the specifics of business vocabulary. However, as in any area of language learning, knowledge and a little practice will help you overcome any difficulties.

A number of abbreviations are used only in writing, but are pronounced in oral speech full forms words:

Mr. (mister)- Mister;
Mrs. (mistress)- Mrs.
Dr. (Doctor)- doctor;
St. (Saint/Street)- saint or street;
Blvd. (boulevard)- boulevard;
Ave. (avenue)- avenue;
Sq. (square)- square;
Rd. (road)- road;
Bldg. (building)- building;
B.Sc. (Bachelor of Science)- Bachelor of Science;
M.A. (Master of Arts)- Master of Arts;
Ph.D. (Doctor of Philosophy)- PhD;
M.D. (Doctor of Medicine)- Doctor of Medical Sciences.

Most popular business abbreviations English words are given below:

Co (company)- company;
PA (personal assistant)- personal assistant;
Appx. (appendix)- application;
Re. (reply)- answer;
p. (page)- page;
smth. (something)- something;
smb. (somebody)- somebody;
vs ( lat. versus)- against;
etc. ( lat. et cetera)- And so on.

Popular three-letter acronyms ( TLA or Three-Letter Acronyms) in the business sphere:

CAO (Chief Administrative Officer)- Administration Manager;
CEO (Chief Executive Officer)- chief executive officer (CEO);
exp. (export)- export - removal of goods beyond the borders of the country;
HR (human resources)- HR service of the enterprise;
HQ (Headquarters)- main department of the company;
LLC (limited liability company)- limited liability company (LLC);
R&D (research and development)- Research and development;
IT (information technology)- information Technology.

Examples of business correspondence using abbreviations :

Dear Mr. Braun, our Co will be glad to offer you the position of CAO.- Dear Mr. Brown, our company will be glad to offer you the position of chief accountant of the company.
Dear Ms. Stone, my PA will definitely contact you about changes in exp. process - Dear Miss Stone, my personal secretary will contact you regarding changes in the export process.

Chats and SMS

As stated above, in English there are Three Letter Acronyms ( TLA or Three-Letter Acronyms), which help shorten and condense fairly large phrases into 3 letters. Today, this is a fairly popular way to save time when corresponding on social networks.

BFN (bye for now)- see you later, bye
BTW (by the way)- By the way
FYI (for your information)- for your information
JIT (just in time)- during
IOW (in other words)- in other words, in other words
NRN (no reply is necessary)- no answer required
OTOH (on the other hand)- on the other side

As for SMS abbreviations, there are a huge number of them.
The specificity of such abbreviations is that it can be almost impossible to decipher without a detailed analysis.

GL (good luck)- Good luck!
GB (good bye)- Bye
DNO (don't know)- Don't know
ASAYGT (as soon as you get this)- as soon as you receive it
B4 (before)- before
BC (because)- because
BON (believe it or not)- believe it or not
BW (best wishes)- best wishes
BZ (busy)- busy
CYT (see you tomorrow)- see you tomorrow

Wish you G.L. on your exam. Mom. - I wish you good luck in the exam. Mother.
Sorry. BZ. C.Y.T.- I am sorry. Busy. See you tomorrow.
I will be JIT. G.B.- I'll be on time. Bye.

For detailed information about English abbreviations We recommend visiting words in SMS, which contains 2000+ abbreviations.

As we can see, the topic is quite extensive, but don’t be scared! After encountering acronyms and abbreviations in English several times, you just can't help but fall in love with them for their originality and help in saving you time. And once you love something, you will definitely and easily remember it!

We suggest you choose a couple of abbreviations for yourself right now and surprise your loved ones with improved communication! BFN and watch your step while texting!

Big and Friendly family EnglishDom

The use of a certain type of tires, depending on the operating conditions of the vehicle, guarantees the comfort and safety of vehicle movement. You can choose the right tires by reading the decoding of the designation applied by tire manufacturers to the side of the product. In this article we will figure out what the M S marking on tires means.

The M S designation on rubber is deciphered as follows:

M - indicates the word “Mud”, translated meaning dirt;
S is the first letter of the word "Snow", meaning snow.

Accordingly, M S on rubber indicates the possibility of using tires in slush, mud, and snowy weather. This marking was introduced by tire manufacturers. With its help, manufacturers designate all-season tires.

This marking is used for all-season tires and SUV tires. Please note: not all tires with this letter designation are suitable for use in harsh winters. The only sign indicating that a tire meets winter characteristics is an image of snowflakes inside a mountain (see Figure 1).

Figure 1. Winter tire sign.

The indicated image indicates that the product meets the requirements of the Canadian Rubber Manufacturers Association and the US Rubber Manufacturers Association. Tires that have a snowflake mark on the side surface are considered winter tires.

All-season tires, marked with the inscription M S, are considered by car enthusiasts to be a kind of compromise between summer and winter tires. Please note: all-season tires do not provide the required level of safety at temperatures environment below -5 0 C. In severe winter conditions, all-season products are replaced with tires intended for use in winter. A tire with the M S marking and a winter sign on the side surface provides high level safety on a snowy road. Has the following advantages:

the product is made from rubber raw materials adapted to low temperatures;
a special tread layer allows you to avoid skidding on road surfaces covered with ice or snow;
increased lamellaization, allows you to drive through snowdrifts.

Advantages and disadvantages of all-season tires

The M S marking on the tires indicates that the tires are all-season. This type of rubber can be used all year round, provided that the range of changes in ambient temperature corresponds to the temperature of use of all-season tires. Let's figure out what the advantages and disadvantages of these products are.

Tire marked M+S.

The tread pattern of all-season tires is significantly lower than the tread of products used only in winter. Car tires with such a tread layer are suitable for use in regions where the air temperature in winter does not drop below -5 0 C. The tread layer blocks are separated by special lamellas; such design features help to avoid skidding when driving on a snow-covered surface. All-season tires have satisfactory characteristics for their use in summer in regions where the air temperature is not too high.

Advantages of products marked M S:

there is no need to replace tires when the season changes;
the specified tires are equal in price to summer tires, they are much cheaper than winter tires, they can be used on snowy surfaces at temperatures not lower than -5 0 C;
during the demi-season, you do not need to worry about replacing tires;
there is no need to purchase two sets of tires (for winter and summer), and also to provide them with proper storage conditions.

Flaws:

all-season tires wear out 15% faster than summer tires and require frequent replacement;
the specified tires do not provide the proper level of safety at too high (low) temperatures;
tires are designed for measured driving; they are not suitable for those who like to drive fast;
when the temperature is below -5 0 C, the specified tires become “tanned”, driving comfort and safety are reduced;
have excessive elasticity at very high temperatures;
They are inferior to winter tires in terms of the level of grip of tires on ice and snow.

Conclusion

The M S designation on the tires indicates that the tires are all-season, and tires for SUVs also have this marking. A winter sign may or may not be present near the indicated marking. In the first option, tires cannot be used when too low temperatures: they will not be able to provide the required level of safety and there is a possibility of skidding. In the second case, tires can be considered winter; they provide the necessary grip on snowy or icy road surfaces even in severe winter conditions.

Sometimes in speech there are words that consist of a set of letters or halves of words. It happens that the meaning of such words is unfamiliar. This is a whole group of lexemes that exist in our language. Let's talk about them. We will try to find the answer to this question in the article.

Compound word

The word means "reduction" in Italian. This is a special type that requires decoding. Most often used in official business documentation, typical for many languages.

To understand what an abbreviation is, it is enough to consider at least one example in detail. Let's take the floor Moscow State University. At first glance it is not clear to us. Just some set of letters. But a person who knows Russian at the level school curriculum, will immediately say that each letter stands for a word. Let's decipher them: M- Moscow, G- state, U- university.

Thus, knowing the decoding, you can determine what the abbreviation means.

Familiarity with the use of abbreviations in speech begins at school. For example, when studying biology you can come across the following abbreviations: DNA - Deoxyribonucleic acid, HIV- human immunodeficiency virus, etc.

Methods of forming abbreviations

Complex abbreviated words sometimes mean things that are familiar and close to us. They may look different, but they have one thing in common: in order to correctly introduce such a word into your speech, it must be deciphered and correctly agreed in a sentence.

There are several ways to form such words. Let's take a closer look at them.

In addition, English abbreviations are widespread in our speech. They accompany the following areas: science, medicine, fiction. There are many abbreviations in specialized literature.

Decoding compound words

Having studied the theoretical material, it is not difficult to understand what an abbreviation is. The main thing here is to learn how to correctly apply them in your speech. To do this, you need to know how such a complex abbreviated word is deciphered and then correctly agree it in a sentence.

For example, in the sentence " After the repair of the nuclear power plant, electricity output increased"The verb ends in A. To write it correctly, you must first decipher the word. NPP - nuclear power plant. The main word is “station”, it is feminine.

Abbreviations with decoding will help you construct your speech correctly and competently. They also allow you to expand your vocabulary, since such decoding introduces you to new words.

In addition, abbreviations are constantly heard in our speech. It is necessary to know them, otherwise you can be considered an uneducated person. In addition, knowing such words will make life easier.

For example, in order to know where this sign leads, you need to decipher it. LEMZ - This is the Lianozovsky Electromechanical Plant.

Foreign abbreviations

Most foreign compound words - English abbreviations. These are abbreviations of English words. Among them there are simple, quickly remembered ones, and there are also complex ones. You need to know them. They can be useful at work, during travel, in business correspondence, in other areas of human life.

Here are some English abbreviations. They can be divided into groups:

If you are interested in the full version of English abbreviations and translate them, this will contribute to the study in English. Such abbreviations with decoding also add to the lexicon.

Abbreviations in our lives

Abbreviation words accompany us through life, starting from birth in the maternity hospital (maternity hospital), which is registered in the registry office (civil registry office). After visiting a preschool educational institution (preschool educational institution) we are still going through an eleven-year journey to MOKU Secondary School (municipal educational institution secondary comprehensive school), where we attend lessons, sports sections ( sport sections), drama clubs (drama clubs), etc. Then we enter a university (higher educational institution) or college, we get a specialty and work in a research institute (research institute) or LLC (limited liability company). Someone opens a private enterprise (private enterprise) and becomes an individual entrepreneur ( individual entrepreneur). We go to department stores (department stores), housing office (housing maintenance office), visit sports complexes (sports complexes), recreation centers (cultural centers), work on a PC (personal computer). Meanwhile, serious passions are boiling in the EU ( European Union), OSCE APEC (Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation)...

This is just a small part of the examples demonstrating what an abbreviation is. It’s impossible to list everything. But we come across them at every step.

The best

Origin the most common English abbreviation OK has many variants: it is associated with the name of American biscuits, with the term of telegraph operators " public key", with the initials of one of the US presidents, with an affirmative answer from the Indians.

The longest the abbreviation in Russia consists of 55 characters - NIIOMTPLABOPARMBETZHELBETRABSBORMONIMONKONOTDTEHSTROYMONT (Research Laboratory of Operations for Concrete Reinforcement and Reinforced Concrete Works for the Construction of Prefabricated Monolithic and Monolithic Structures, Department of Technology of Construction and Installation Administration of the Academy of Construction and Architecture of the USSR).

The funniest abbreviation - LOCK ON THE MOUTH (DEPUTY COMMANDER FOR NAVAL AFFAIRS).

The most ridiculous abbreviation is MUDO (Municipal Institution of Additional Education).

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