How the stone point was attached to the arrow is shown by later analogues, where the stone was simply replaced by iron. Two riveted bone plates 9.5-17.0 cm long were attached to the shaft, and into them, in turn, a flat triangular tip made of sheet or boiler iron 4-10 cm long was inserted (Bogoraz 1901: Pl. IX, 3; 8 ; Ukhtomsky 1913: 110–111. Fig. 3). Koryak arrows had an iron tip held in the horn tip by a rivet (Vdovin 1971: 290). In earlier times, stone was used instead of iron. The flint tip could also be inserted directly into the cut of the shaft, as we see with the laurel-shaped point 8.5 cm long from MAE (No. 752-52). Moreover, this type of tip with a cutting attachment prevailed on the coast of Eastern Chukotka back in the 1st millennium (Arutyunov, Sergeev 1969: 130; cf. Rudenko 1947: 82–83; Orekhov 1977). Such a stone tip had less penetrating force when fired, and was designed to stratify its material “from the dark crystal found in the mountains” (KPTs. No. 70: 183), which led to blood poisoning (cf.: Sokolov 1852: 103 (f. Unalaska)). And to strengthen this action in the middle of the 18th century. the points were smeared with poison from the juice of the root of the buttercup herb, from which “a person, having received an ulcer with an arrow, will soon swell and die” (KPTs. No. 70: 183); this testimony of the Cossack B. Kuznetsky (1756) is repeated almost verbatim in the message of the Chukchi Hekhgitit (1763) (KPTs. No. 71: 186; Sergeeva 1962: 85; Malaurie 1974: 143). Aconite juice was used as a poison for a similar purpose by the Itelmen, as well as the Aleuts and Ainu (Krasheninnikov 1949: 404; Steller 1927: 22; Middendorf 1869. Otd. 5: 601).

Chukchi arrows with iron tips made of sheet iron, inserted into bone couplings attached to the shafts.

Reproduced from: Ukhtomsky 1913: BUT, fig. For, b, c, d, e, f

The Chukchi, apparently, made bone arrowheads themselves, because the production of arrows - the most consumable type of weapon - was one of the duties of men (Merck 1978: 116; cf. Bakhtin 2000: 229). The same applies to combined iron-and-bone tips, which the Chukchi made from boiler metal (Ukhtomsky 1913: 116; Bogoraz-Tan 1934: 13–14). Iron tips of good quality, sometimes, as V. G. Bogoraz points out (1991: 91), with vegetable notches made of copper and brass on the sleeve, were purchased from the Russians in Kolyma or Anadyr, as well as from the Koryaks. They were highly valued: they were often covered with fur caps (with the skin inward) to protect them from dampness and rust. These covers were often made from the skin taken from the legs of a deer calf (Bogoraz 1991: 144. Fig. 74k, 1).

Chukchi arrows with bone tips:

a - dagger-shaped; b - leaf-shaped; c, d, e - needle-shaped; d - tip with asymmetrical spikes.

Reproduced from: Bogoraz 1901: Table. VIII, 2-7

A participant in D.I. Pavlutsky’s campaign noted that typical arrows among the Chukchi are equipped with two- or three-edged tips made of walrus tusks (Vdovin 1965: 35; cf. Dall 1870: 379 (three-edged tips are typical for Asian Eskimos)). The number of faces could reach five (MAE. No. 752-77). Obviously, these tips were both combat and hunting, intended for hunting large game (Ukhtomsky 1913: 111; Volkov, Rudenko 1910: 178). Such tips, characteristic of the Eskimos, were about 20 cm long and mounted on a shaft of 50–69 cm (Ukhtomsky 1913: 106–107. Fig. 1; cf. Nelson 1899: PI. LXIa, 1). Similar bone tips are known back in the Punuk time (VI-XVI centuries) on the western coast of Chukotka and are obviously of Eskimo origin (Dikov 1979: Fig. 89, 14; cf. Orekhov 1977: 112. Fig. 18-4; 18-8).

For many points, we cannot accurately determine whether they are hunting or combat. The tips that could be used in war differed in shape and the material from which they were made (compare with the classification of Koryak arrows: Vdovin 1971: 283–291).

Let us also note other types of bone tips kept in the REM collections:

Leaf-shaped tip 15 cm long with a forked heel (Ukhtomsky 1913: 108).

A tetrahedral tip of an asymmetrical rhombic shape, 12 cm long with an arrow length of 71 cm. It was inserted with a handle into the shaft and wrapped with tape for strength (Ukhtomsky 1913: 108. Fig. 1b).

Heavy bilobed tips ending in spines, sometimes asymmetrical (Ukhtomsky 1913: 108–109. Fig. 1c). Such a tip was relatively small (the exhibit in the MAE is 7 cm long), it caused a large wound, leading to heavy loss of blood. As noted by Corporal G. G. Sheikin (1750s), such small tips were attached to the shaft very weakly, apparently with glue, so that they would remain in the body when the arrow was removed (AII, f. 36, op. 1, no. 643, l.585; cf.: Vdovin 1965: 37; Merk 1978: 116). Arrows with such a tip were probably the most common (cf. Merk 1978: 116). Note that, judging by the Eskimo parallels, arrows with similar, but larger tips were intended for hunting large animals and, obviously, for war (cf. Jacobsen 1884: 8–9; Burch 1998: 69–70).

Chukchi bone arrowheads:

a, c - with asymmetrical spikes, b - asymmetrically rhombic; g - g - needle-shaped.

Reproduced from: Ukhtomsky 1913: 106, fig. la, b, c, d, e, f, g

Another class of Chukchi arrowheads, known from ethnographic collections, are iron ones:

Chukchi arrows with iron tetrahedral tips:

a, b, c - elongated triangular; g, d - needle-shaped; e - elongated rhombic; g - needle-shaped, made from a polished file; h - elongated triangular on a long neck.

Reproduced from: Ukhtomsky 1913: 114, fig. 6a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h

tetrahedral tips, which E. D. Ukhtomsky (1913: 114–115. Fig. 6a - d) considers, due to the care of processing, acquired from Russians or Koryaks;

needle-shaped tips (Ukhtomsky 1913: 111. Fig. 6d, e, g); iron tips on a long neck (Ukhtomsky 1913: 111. Fig. 6f, h);

warhead tips with a thickening point expanding from above (Bogoraz 1901: Table IX, 6; Ukhtomsky 1913: 111. Fig. 4e, f);

double-edged tips 12–24 cm long, copying the shape of needle-shaped bone ones, with a shaft 75–81 cm long (Ukhtomsky 1913: 114–115. Fig. 4a - d). Similar tips were used by the Eskimos to hunt sea animals (see: Jacobser 1884: Fig. 21);

Arrows with iron tips:

a, c - diamond-shaped; b - leaf-shaped; g, e - spiny with a long neck; e - and - forked.

Reproduced from: Ukhtomsky 1913: 113, fig. 5a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h, i

flat forked tips 7–5 cm long (with an arrow length of 66–84 cm) were used for hunting water birds and small game (Ukhtomsky 1913: 113–114. Fig. 5a–d) In war they could be used in emergency cases;

leaf-shaped or diamond-shaped tips 9-15 cm long, the total length of the arrows was 67-85 cm (Bogoraz 1901: Table IX, 11-12; Ukhtomsky 1913: 111. Fig. 5g, h, i; cf.: MAE. No. 611 -114);

small tips with symmetrical or asymmetrical spines and a long neck (Ukhtomsky 1913: 113. Fig. 5e, 0;

arrow-knife made from an old knife (Ukhtomsky 1913: 115. Fig. 4g). Such an arrow was supposed to cause large bleeding wounds.

Points with a blunt wooden tip (tomars) were purely hunting, intended for knocking down and stunning game (Bogoraz 1901: Table VIII, 10–11; IX, 10).

All these types of arrows existed in the 19th century. In general, the Chukchi tips are very large and are obviously intended to inflict a deep wound on the enemy, who must suffer from profuse loss of blood. Long faceted tips could be intended to pierce the shell and enter the enemy’s body. Large iron points are quite heavy and unbalanced, which reduces the flight range. However, as already noted, it is often quite difficult to distinguish between combat arrows and those intended for hunting large animals.

This publication examines various aspects of the military affairs of the Chukchi throughout the era known to us from written and other sources, starting from the second half of the 17th century, when the Chukchi first encountered the Siberian Cossacks, and up to the beginning of the 20th century, when clashes based on bloodshed still occurred to sweep. Information is drawn on neighboring peoples, Asian and American Eskimos, Koryaks and Russians, which makes it possible to better reveal the peculiarities of the Chukchi military affairs. The book is the first work in historiography devoted to the military affairs of the Chukchi. It will be useful not only to ethnographers, but also to a wide range of readers interested in military affairs.

The work belongs to the genre of Documentary Literature. It was published in 2003 by the St. Petersburg Oriental Studies publishing house. On our website you can download the book "Chukchi Military Affairs" in fb2, rtf, epub, pdf, txt format or read online. The book's rating is 4.83 out of 5. Here, before reading, you can also turn to reviews from readers who are already familiar with the book and find out their opinion. In our partner's online store you can buy and read the book in paper version.

Military affairs of the Chukchi (mid-17th - early 20th centuries) - description and summary, author Nefedkin Alexander, read for free online on the website of the electronic library website

This publication examines various aspects of the military affairs of the Chukchi throughout the era known to us from written and other sources, starting from the second half of the 17th century, when the Chukchi first encountered the Siberian Cossacks, and up to the beginning of the 20th century, when clashes based on bloodshed still occurred to sweep. Information is drawn on neighboring peoples, Asian and American Eskimos, Koryaks and Russians, which makes it possible to better reveal the peculiarities of the Chukchi military affairs. The book is the first work in historiography devoted to the military affairs of the Chukchi. It will be useful not only to ethnographers, but also to a wide range of readers interested in military affairs.

On the first page of the cover: Chukchi warrior of the 18th century. Reconstruction. Drawing by A. V. Kozlenke.

“In fact, this is the second edition of “Chukchi Military Affairs,” but the main text has been expanded by 100 pages, new illustrations have been added. Total - 455 pages, circulation - 500 copies.” (A.K.)
Order directly from the author - https://vk.com/id25393864. As you know, I’ve already grabbed it for myself, I’m waiting at the mailbox.
But that's not all!

"Nefedkin A.K. Essays on the military-political history of Chukotka (early 1st millennium AD - 19th century). St. Petersburg: Petersburg Oriental Studies, 2016. 362 pp., ill., circulation - 1000 copies."

The book, for the first time in historiography, presents the military-political events that took place in Chukotka throughout the history known to us. Based on archaeological, folklore and, first of all, written sources, events from the 1st millennium AD are described. e. until the 19th century, when traditional culture and customary relationships between the peoples of the region still existed.

Content
From the author
Introduction
Chapter I. Prehistory (beginning of the 1st millennium AD -XVII century)
1. Archaeological evidence
2. Development of reindeer husbandry
3. Wars of the Chukchi and Eskimos
4. Fortifications
Chapter II. Military operations in the area of ​​Kolyma and Chaun (XVII - early XIX centuries)
1. The appearance of the Chukchi in the Great Tundra between Alazeya and Kolyma
2. First contacts of the Western Chukchi with the Yukaghir-Alazeyas and with the Russians
3. Military operations in the Lower Kolyma in the second half of the 17th - early 18th centuries.
4. Departure of the Kolyma-Alazeya Chukchi
5. Relationships with Shelags
5.1. The appearance of shells in written documents
5.2. Expedition of F. Amosov (1724)
5.3. Evidence of shelags of the 18th-19th centuries.
5.4. War of the Chukchi with the Shelags
6. Military operations in the second quarter of the 18th - early 19th centuries.
Chapter III. Attempts to conquer the inhabitants of Chukotka in the mid-17th - first third of the 18th centuries.
Chapter IV. Chukchi War (1727-1778)
1. The beginning of the activities of the Anadyr Party - the expedition of A.F. Shestakov - D.I. Pavlutsky (1727-1732)
1.1. Expedition of A.F. Shestakov (1727 -1730)
1.2. The first campaign of D. I. Pavlutsky to Chukotka (1731)
1.3. Swimming bot "St. Gabriel" (1732)
1.4. Expedition of D. I. Pavlutsky down the Anadyr (1732)
2. Military actions of the 1730s - mid-1750s.
2.1. Chukchi raids of the 1730s - early 1740s.
2.2. Campaigns of D. I. Pavlutsky to Chukotka (1744-1747)
2.2.1. Campaign of 1744
2.2.2. River expedition in the summer of 1745
2.2.3. Summer expedition of D. I. Pavlutsky (1746)
2.2.4. The last campaign of D. I. Pavlutsky (1747)
2.3. Military actions of the late 1740s - mid-1750s.
3. Neither war, nor peace: attempts to establish Russian-Chukchi relations in the mid-1750s - mid-1770s.
3.1. Activities of Anadyr commanders I. S. Shmalev and S. Kekerov
3.2. Abolition of the Anadyr fortress
3.3. Defeat of the Chukchi near Gizhiga (1775)
4. Acceptance of Russian citizenship by the Chukchi
5. Russian-Chukchi relations at the end of the 18th century.
Chapter V. Intertribal relations in the 18th - first half of the 19th centuries.
1. Chukotka-Koryak wars
1.1. First war
1.2. Chukotka-Koryak conflict of the 18th century
2. Wars of the Chukchi with the Anadyr Yukaghirs
3. War in the Bering Strait
3.1. Wars with the Alaskan Eskimos
3.2. M. Krauss's hypothesis about Alaskan excimos in Siberia
3.3. Establishing peace in the strait
3.4. Relations with the Eskimos of St. Lawrence Island
Chapter VI. 19th century conflicts
1. Clashes between local Chukchi groups and with neighboring peoples
2. Blood feud
3. Encounters with the Evens
4. Relations with Russians in Anadyr and Anyui Fair
5. Conflicts with the crews of foreign ships in the Bering Strait
Conclusion
List of abbreviations
Bibliography

This collection publishes for the first time Russian documents on the history, geography and ethnography of Chukotka in the 18th century, originating mainly from the so-called “Miller Portfolios,” that is, from documents collected by the first historian of Siberia, academician G. F. Miller (17051783 ).

Introduction
I. Historical documents of the first third of the 18th century.
1. Testimony of the nasal Chukchi in 1718
2. Fedota Amosova’s petition about the voyage to the Shelags in 1724.
3. Testimony of the walking Tungus from May 23, 1730 about the campaign of A.F. Shestakov
4. Order of A.F. Shestakov dated March 11, 1730
5. News from I. Ostafiev in the Taui prison, March 1730.
6. I. Ostafiev’s tale about A. F. Shestakov’s campaign and yasak

II. Anadyr documents
7. Promemory of Captain D. I. Pavlutsky to the Yakut voivodeship office dated February 10, 1732.
8. Promemory of Captain D. I. Pavlutsky to the Yakut chancellery dated March 31, 1733.
9. Extracts from Anadyr files about the campaigns of the Chukchi against the reindeer Koryaks
10. Extracts from Anadyr and Gizhiga cases on the actions of the Koryaks
11. News from centurion V. Shipitsyn about the pogrom of the Chukchi in Anadyr in August 1741.
12. Extracts from Anadyr files about trips down the Anadyr River
13. Testimony of the Chukchi toyons dated July 23, 1760
14. Note from retired corporal Grigory Sheikin

III. Historical works of T. I. Shmalev
15. Autobiography of T. I. Shmalev
16. Shmalev T.I. Note about the Chukchi people
17. Shmalev T.I. Note... due to the ancient malice that occurred between the Koryaks and the Chukchi and on both sides of the campaigns...
18. Letter from T. I. Shmalev to Ya. M. Peresypkin dated January 23, 1777
19. Answers of captain Ya. M. Peresypkin to questions from T. I. Shmalev on the history of the Anadyr fort (1773)
19a. Covering letter from T. I. Shmalev to Y. M. Peresypkin

IV. Notes by T. I. Shmalev on the acceptance of the Chukchi into Russian citizenship
20. Note from Captain Shmalev dated June 1, 1778
21. Addition of Captain Shmalev dated June 2, 1778
22. Second addition of Captain Shmalev dated October 2, 1779
23. Report of T. I. Shmalev to the Irkutsk governor F. G. Nemtsov dated May 11, 1778

V. Documents of the Gizhiginsk fortress
24. Protocol of interrogation of ensign P. Mordovsky dated December 11, 1777
25. Note from Captain T. Shmalev about the Northern Lights
26. Note from Captain T. Shmalev about the burial of a Koryak
27. Shmalev T.I. Explanation of the fishing of the sea animal beluga
28. Note from I. Ankudinov to T. I. Shmalev

List of abbreviations
List of used literature
Dictionary of obsolete words and terms
Main personalities mentioned in documents
Basic geographical and ethnic names"

Heroic tales of the peoples of Chukotka
The publication was prepared by A. K. Nefedkin

This publication presents heroic tales and historical traditions of the peoples of Chukotka and surrounding lands, recorded since the turn of the 19th-20th centuries. until the beginning of the 21st century, including a number of texts published for the first time. All folklore materials are united by the theme of the relationship between the Chukchi and Eskimos with neighboring peoples. The publication is intended for students, teachers and a wide range of interested readers.

Content
Introduction
I. Chukotka legends
1. Materials collected by V. G. Bogoraz
2. Tales of Heroes
3. Epic of Kunlelu
4. Legends about reindeer herders
5. Searching for my kidnapped sister
6. Legends about brave women
7. Historical legends
II. Legends of Asian Eskimos
III. Folklore of the Eskimos of Western Alaska
IV. Koryak legends
V. Kerek legends
VI. Even legends
VII. Yukaghir legends
VIII. Chuvan legends
IX. Russian Lower Kolyma legends
X. Taimyr legends
XI. Other folklore materials of the peoples of North-Eastern Siberia
List of abbreviations
Bibliography