1958 Pavel Alekseevich Cherenkov (1904 - 1990), Igor Evgenievich Tamm (1895 - 1971) and Ilya Mikhailovich Frank (1908 - 1990) “For the discovery and interpretation of the Cherenkov effect” 214,559 Swedish crowns (about 200 thousand euros in modern equivalent), divided equally . 1962 Lev Davidovich Landau (1908 - 1968) “For pioneering theories in the field of condensed matter physics, in particular liquid helium.” 257,220 Swedish kronor (about 220 thousand euros in modern equivalent). 1964 Nikolai Gennadievich Basov (1922 - 2001) and Alexander Mikhailovich Prokhorov (1916 - 2002) "For fundamental work in the field of quantum electronics, which led to the creation of oscillators and amplifiers based on the maser-laser principle." 273,000 Swedish kronor (about 220 thousand euros in modern equivalent), half of which Basov and Prokhorov divided equally. The second half went to the American laser inventor Charles Townes. 1978 Pyotr Leonidovich Kapitsa (1894 - 1984) “For fundamental inventions and discoveries in the field of low temperature physics.” 725,000 Swedish kronor (about 230 thousand euros in modern equivalent), half of which went to Kapitsa. The second half was equally divided by the Americans Arno Penzias and Robert Wilson for the discovery of cosmic microwave background radiation. year 2000. Zhores Ivanovich Alferov (born 1930) “For the development of semiconductor heterostructures used in high-speed and optical electronics.” 9,000,000 Swedish kronor (about 900 thousand euros in modern equivalent), half of which Alferov shared equally with the German Herbert Cromer. The second half was awarded to American Jack Kilby for his contribution to the invention of integrated circuits. 2003 Alexey Alekseevich Abrikosov (born 1928) and Vitaly Lazarevich Ginzburg (born 1916) “For pioneering contributions to the theory of superconductivity and superfluidity.” 10,000,000 Swedish kronor (about 900 thousand euros in modern equivalent), which was equally divided by Ginzburg, Abrikosov and Briton Anthony Leggett.
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Presentation - Nobel Prize Laureates in Physiology or Medicine
Text of this presentation
The presentation “Nobel Prize Laureates in Physiology or Medicine” presents interesting and fascinating material for preparing a class hour or holding a subject group meeting. It contains interesting information about the origins of the Nobel Prize, and also introduces students to the biographies of some Nobel Prize laureates whose names and achievements are known throughout the world. The purpose of the presentation: broadening the horizons of students, enhancing cognitive activity
Lugansk College of Auto Service
Laureates of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine Shkrob G.G.
Alfred Bernhard Nobel
Swedish chemist, engineer, inventor of dynamite. Alfred Nobel left a will in which he officially confirmed his desire to invest all his savings (in the region of SEK 33,233,792) in the growth and support of science, to establish prizes awarded for the most important achievements in physics, chemistry, medicine, literature and for contributions in strengthening peace. In fact, this was the main catalyst of the 20th century, which contributed to the advancement of modern technical hypotheses
The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine was established by Alfred Nobel in his will, written on November 27, 1895 in Paris, where it is mentioned third. The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine has been awarded annually since 1901, except in 1915, 1916, 1917, 1918, 1921, 1925, 1940, 1941 and 1942. Since then, 201 scientists have received the prize. Prize winners in physiology or medicine are usually announced in early October. The award ceremony takes place in Stockholm on December 10, the day of Alfred Nobel's death. Like the winners of other Nobel Prizes, winners of the Prize in Physiology or Medicine are awarded a diploma and a medal, as well as a monetary award.
Medal for laureates in the field of physiology or medicine - it depicts a woman with an open book on her knees, personifying the genius of medicine, who collects water pouring from a stone to quench the thirst of a sick girl standing next to her
Emil Adolf von BERING
Behring was awarded the first Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1901 “for his work on serum therapy, especially for its use in the treatment of diphtheria, which opened new paths in medical science and placed in the hands of doctors a victorious weapon against disease and death.” Together with his Japanese colleague Shibabasuro Kitasato (he did not become a Nobel laureate, but became the discoverer of the causative agent of plague), with whom he worked at the Robert Koch Institute of Hygiene, Behring found out that if the blood serum of guinea pigs that had suffered diphtheria and recovered was injected into sick animals, they would recover. This means that some kind of antitoxin appears in the blood of those who have recovered from the disease, which neutralizes the toxin of the diphtheria bacillus.
Ivan Petrovich PAVLOV
Ivan Pavlov was awarded a prize for his work on the physiology of digestion. Experiences concerning the digestive system led to the discovery of conditioned reflexes. A distinctive feature of Academician Pavlov’s research methodology was that he connected the physiological activity of the body with mental processes. This connection has been confirmed by the results of numerous studies. The scientist’s works describing the mechanisms of digestion served as an impetus for the emergence of a new direction - the physiology of higher nervous activity.
A monument to Pavlov's Dog was erected in St. Petersburg. In his opinion, the monument noted the importance of the dog as the main object in conducting experiments on the physiology of nervous activity
Ilya MECHNIKOV
One of the founders of evolutionary embryology, the discoverer of phagocytosis and intracellular digestion, the creator of the comparative pathology of inflammation, the phagocytic theory of immunity, the theory of phagocytella, the founder of scientific gerontology. Together with Paul Ehrlich, Metchnikoff was awarded the 1908 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine “for his work on immunity.” Mechnikov’s most important contribution to science was of a methodological nature: the scientist’s task was to study “immunity in infectious diseases from the standpoint of cellular physiology.”
Robert KOCH
German doctor, bacteriologist, one of the founders of modern bacteriology and epidemiology. In 1905, Robert Koch was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for the discovery and isolation of the causative agent of tuberculosis, which he received after 17 years of work in the laboratory. Robert Koch researched the causative agent of anthrax; Vibrio cholerae. The bacteriologist was close to discovering the role of mosquitoes in the transmission of malaria pathogens, but the Englishman Ronald Ross was ahead of him. Robert Koch was rightfully considered the head of European microbiologists. A simple rural doctor, he burned with an unquenchable passion for scientific research. Working in a primitive rural laboratory, Koch developed a number of new methods in the study of microbes. Three of them were truly revolutionary. First, Koch began to stain the bacteria. Secondly, Koch invented solid culture media. The third innovation proposed by Koch was the immersion lens.
Camillo GOLGI
In 1906, the Italian scientist Golgi and the Spanish scientist Santiago Ramon y Cajal, Golgi’s scientific opponent on the question of the nature of the structure of nerve cells, shared the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, which they were awarded “in recognition of their work on the structure of the nervous system.” systems." Golgi classified different types of neurons and made many important discoveries about the structure of individual cells and the nervous system as a whole. In 1898, he noticed a thin network of intertwined filaments inside nerve cells, which was called the Golgi apparatus or Golgi complex.
Karl Landsteiner
Austrian physician and immunologist, awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1930 for the discovery of human blood groups. Landsteiner's main works are devoted to immunology and immunochemistry. In 1900, Landsteiner discovered the three main blood groups in humans, which, along with the work of the Czech hematologist J. Jansky, served as the basis for the development of issues related to blood transfusion. In 1909, together with his colleagues, he proved the infectious nature of polio. In 1927, together with P. Levin, he discovered the M and N antigens in human erythrocytes; in 1940, together with A. Wiener, he discovered the Rh antigen.
Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, 1945
Alexander Fleming was awarded the prize for the invention of Penicilinum and its healing effect on various infectious diseases. The scientist discovered lysozyme (an antibacterial enzyme produced by the human body). In 1929 he established that one of the types of mold secretes an antibacterial substance - penicillin.
Howard Florey was awarded the prize for his invention of Penicilinum and its healing effects in various infectious diseases. Penicillin, discovered by Fleming, was chemically unstable and could only be obtained in small quantities. Flory led the research to study the drug and obtained a truly effective drug.
Françoise Barré-Sinoussi was awarded the Nobel Prize for her discovery of the human immunodeficiency virus, which became a prerequisite for understanding the biochemical mechanism of AIDS and the development of its antiviral therapy.
For the discovery of streptomycin, the first antibiotic effective in the treatment of tuberculosis, Zelman Waksman was awarded a prize. Waksman was called the greatest benefactor of humanity, since tuberculosis was not treated before receiving streptomycin. The phenomenal increase in the number of such drugs is largely the result of programs created through Waxman's efforts.
Henrik Dam was awarded the prize for the discovery of vitamin K. Dam isolated a previously unknown nutritional factor from the chlorophyll of green leaves and described it as a fat-soluble vitamin, calling this substance vitamin K after the first letter of the Scandinavian and German word for coagulation, thus emphasizing its ability to increase blood clotting and prevent bleeding.
Edouard Doisy was awarded a prize for his discovery of the chemical structure of vitamin K. Vitamin K is necessary for the synthesis of prothrombin, a blood clotting factor. The introduction of the vitamin saved the lives of many people, including patients with blocked bile ducts, who, before the use of vitamin K, often died from bleeding during surgery.
For deciphering the genetic code and its role in protein synthesis, Har Gobind Korana was awarded a prize. The synthesis of nucleic acids carried out by K. is a necessary condition for the final solution to the problem of the genetic code. Korana studied the mechanism of genetic information transfer, due to which amino acids are included in the protein chain in the required sequence.
Arthur Kornberg was awarded the prize for his discovery of the mechanisms of biological synthesis of ribonucleic and deoxyribonucleic acids. Kornberg's work opened up new directions not only in biochemistry and genetics, but also in the treatment of hereditary diseases and cancer. They became the basis for the development of methods and directions for replication of cell genetic material.
Marshall Nirenberg received the prize for deciphering the genetic code and its functioning in protein synthesis. The genetic code controls not only the formation of all proteins, but also the transmission of hereditary characteristics. By deciphering the code, Nirenberg provided information that allows scientists to control heredity and eliminate diseases caused by genetic defects.
Hermann Möller was awarded the prize for his discovery of the appearance of mutations under the influence of X-ray irradiation. The discovery that heredity and evolution could be deliberately altered in the laboratory took on new and terrible significance with the advent of atomic weapons. Möller convinced of the need to ban nuclear tests.
Severo Ochoa was awarded a prize for his discovery of the mechanisms of biological synthesis of ribonucleic and deoxyribonucleic acids. For the first time in biology, RNA and protein molecules with a known sequence of nitrogenous bases and amino acid composition were synthesized. This achievement allowed scientists to further decipher the genetic code.
George Palade was awarded the prize for his discoveries concerning the structural and functional organization of the cell. Palade developed experimental methods to study protein synthesis in living cells. Having carried out a functional analysis of exocrine pancreatic cells, Palade described the successive stages of the secretory process, which is protein synthesis.
Alfred Hershey was awarded the prize for his discoveries concerning the replication mechanism and genetic structure of viruses. By studying different strains of the bacteriophage, Hershey obtained indisputable evidence of the exchange of genetic information, which he called gene recombination. This is one of the first experimental evidence of recombination of genetic material between viruses.
Christian Eijkman was awarded a prize for his contribution to the discovery of vitamins. While studying beriberi disease, Eijkman found that it was not caused by bacteria, but by a lack of a specific nutrient in certain foods. The study marked the beginning of the discovery of treatments for many diseases associated with a lack of additional factors in food, now known as vitamins.
Willem Einthoven was awarded the prize for the discovery of the mechanism of the electrocardiogram. Einthoven invented the string galvanometer, which revolutionized the study of heart disease. With the help of this device, doctors were able to accurately record the electrical activity of the heart and, using registration, establish characteristic deviations in ECG curves.
Godfrey Hounsfield awarded the prize for the development of computed tomography. Based on Alan Cormack's method, he developed a different mathematical model and introduced the tomographic method into practice. His subsequent work was based on further improvements in the technology of computed axial tomography (CAT) and related diagnostic methods such as nuclear magnetic resonance.
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Economists - Nobel laureates
Nobel Prize in Economics, officially Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel(Swede. Sveriges Riksbanks pris i ekonomisk vetenskap till Alfred Nobels minne) - a prize established by the Bank of Sweden in memory of Alfred Nobel and awarded for achievements in economic sciences. It is the most prestigious award in the field of economics. Unlike other prizes awarded at the Nobel laureate awards ceremony, this prize is not the legacy of Alfred Nobel.
Established in 1969. At the end of 2010, 67 economists had been awarded the prize.
The winner of the Nobel Prize in Economics is announced on October 12. The award ceremony takes place in Stockholm on December 10 each year.
According to the statutes of the Nobel Foundation, the following persons can nominate candidates:
members Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences ;
members of the committee for the A. Nobel Memorial Prize in Economics;
laureates of the A. Nobel Prize in economics;
permanently working professors of relevant disciplines at universities and universities in Sweden, Denmark, Finland, Iceland and Norway;
heads of relevant departments of at least six universities or institutes selected by the Academy of Sciences;
other scientists from whom the Academy deems it necessary to accept proposals.
Decisions regarding the selection of teachers and scientists referred to in points 5 and 6 must be made annually before the end of September.
The process of selecting the winner of the next award will include the following stages:
The Nobel Committee sends about 3,000 standard forms to be filled out by famous scientists whom the Nobel Foundation has deemed worthy to participate in the election of the prize laureate (September of the year preceding the presentation of the prize).
The Nobel Committee processes the already completed forms received (the deadline for receipt is January 31) and selects candidates mentioned at least several times (usually 250-350 scientists) (February).
The Nobel Committee invites specially selected experts to evaluate the works of candidates for the prize (March - May).
The Nobel Committee compiles a communication to the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences based on feedback received from experts. The message is signed by all committee members (June - August)
The Nobel Committee submits its message to the academy; the message is discussed at 2 meetings of the economic section of the academy (September).
Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences selects the laureate by majority vote; the choice is considered final and not subject to discussion; The winner of the award is announced (October).
The laureate receives the prize at a ceremony in Stockholm along with laureates in other sciences (December 10).
List of laureates.
| Year | Name | Subject |
| Ragnar Frisch and Jan Tinbergen | "For the creation and application of dynamic models to the analysis of economic processes." |
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| Paul Anthony Samuelson | "For scientific work developing static and dynamic economic theory." |
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| Simon Kuznets | "For an empirically based interpretation of economic growth." |
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| John Richard Hicks and Kenneth Arrow | "For pioneering contributions to general equilibrium theory and welfare theory." |
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| Vasily Leontyev | "For his development of the input-output method and for its application to important economic problems." |
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| Gunnar Myrdal and Friedrich von Hayek | "For his seminal work on the theory of money and economic fluctuations and his insightful analysis of the interdependence of economic, social and institutional phenomena." |
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| Leonid Kantorovich and Tjalling Koopmans | "For contributions to the theory of optimal resource allocation." |
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| Milton Friedman | "For his achievements in the fields of consumption analysis, monetary history, and the development of monetary theory, and for his practical demonstration of the complexity of economic stabilization policies." |
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| Bertil Ohlin and James Mead | "For pioneering contributions to the theory of international trade and international capital movements." |
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| Herbert Simon | "For his pioneering research into decision-making within economic organizations." |
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| Theodore Schultz and Arthur Lewis | "For his pioneering research in economic development as applied to the problems of developing countries." |
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| Lawrence Klein | "For the creation of economic models and their application to the analysis of economic fluctuations and economic policy." |
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| James Tobin | "For his analysis of the state of financial markets and their impact on spending policy, unemployment, production and prices." |
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| George Stigler | "For his pioneering studies of industrial structures, the functioning of markets, and the causes and effects of government regulation." |
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| Gerard Debreu | "For contributions to our understanding of general equilibrium theory and the conditions under which general equilibrium exists in some abstract economy." |
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| Richard Stone | "For significant contribution to the development of economic science." |
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| Franco Modigliani | "For the analysis of people's saving behavior, which is of extremely important practical importance in the creation of national pension programs." |
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| James Buchanan | "For his exploration of the contractual and constitutional foundations of the theory of environmental and political decision-making." |
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| Robert Solow | "For contributions to the theory of economic growth." |
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| Maurice Halle | "For his pioneering contributions to the theory of markets and the efficient use of resources." |
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| Trygve Haavelmo | "For his elucidations of the fundamentals of probability theory and his analysis of simultaneous economic structures." |
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| Harry Markowitz, Merton Miller, | "For his contribution to the theory of formation of prices of financial assets." |
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| Ronald Coase | "For his discovery and illustration of the importance of transaction costs and property rights to institutional structures and the functioning of economies." |
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| Gary Becker | "For research into a wide range of problems of human behavior and response, not limited to market behavior." |
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| Robert Vogel, Douglas North | "For a new study of economic history using economic theory and quantitative methods to explain economic and institutional change." |
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| John Harsanyi, John Nash, Reinhard Selten | "For their analysis of equilibrium in the theory of non-cooperative games." |
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| Robert Lucas | "For the development and application of the rational expectations hypothesis, the transformation of macroeconomic analysis, and the advancement of understanding of economic policy." |
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| James Mirrlees, William Vickrey | "For fundamental contributions to the economic theory of incentives and asymmetric information." |
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| Robert K. Merton, Myron Scholes | "For their method of valuing derivatives." |
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| Amartya Sen | "For his contributions to welfare economics." |
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| Robert Mundell | "For his analysis of monetary and fiscal policy at various exchange rates and for his analysis of optimal currency areas." |
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| James Heckman, Daniel McFadden | "For the development of the theory and methods of discrete choice analysis." |
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| George Akerlof, Michael Spence, | "For their analysis of markets with asymmetric information." |
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| Daniel Kahneman, Vernon Smith | "For his research into decision making and the mechanisms of alternative markets." |
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| Robert Ingle | "For the development of a method for analyzing time series in economics based on a mathematical model with autoregressive conditional heteroscedasticity (ARCH)." |
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| Finn Kydland, Edward Prescott | "For their contributions to the study of the influence of timing on economic policy and for their research into the driving forces of business cycles." |
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| Robert Aumann, Thomas Schelling | "For advancing our understanding of conflict and cooperation through game theory analysis." |
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| Edmund Phelps | "For his analysis of intertemporal exchange in macroeconomic policy." |
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| Leonid Gurvich, Eric Maskin, | "For creating the foundations of the theory of optimal mechanisms." |
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| Paul Krugman | "For his analysis of the structure of trade and the location of economic activity." |
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| Elinor Ostrom, Oliver Williamson | "For his studies in economic organization." |
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| Peter Diamond, Dale Mortensen, | "For his research into markets with search models" |
Interesting Facts
The first and only woman to date to be awarded the Nobel Prize in Economics is Elinor Ostrom, winner in 2009.
The average age of the laureate (at the time of presentation of the prize) is 66.5 years. The youngest person to receive the prize was Kenneth Arrow, the 1972 laureate, who by that time had reached 51 years of age.
The oldest among the recipients was Leonid Gurvits, the 2007 laureate, who by that time had turned 90 years old. Hurwitz also happens to be the oldest recipient of all Nobel Prizes (at the time of award). 
The longest living Nobel Prize laureate in economics is 1991 laureate Ronald Coase (born December 29, 1910), who has now reached 100 years of age.
The shortest life belonged to the 1975 laureate Leonid Kantorovich, who died at 74 years old.
Jean Tirol (1953)
Education
He graduated from the Polytechnic School in 1973, and in 1978 he completed a master's degree at the National School of Bridges and Roads. He received his PhD in discrete mathematics from the University of Paris IX - Dauphine in 1978, and his PhD in economic theory from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 1981.
Scientific activity
From 1981 to 1984 he worked as a research assistant at the National School of Bridges and Roads, in 1984-1991. - Professor of Economics at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology.
WITH 1992 works as the scientific director of the Institute of Industrial Organization Theory at the University of Toulouse 1 Capitol, while remaining a guest professor. Visiting Professor) Massachusetts Institute of Technology.
Administrative activities
Since 1995, he has been a part-time director of science at the Higher School of Social Sciences.
Since 2007 he has been director of the Toulouse School of Economics ( Toulouse School of Economics).
Social activity
1998 - President of the Econometric Society.
2001 - President of the European Economic Association.
In 1999-2006 and since 2008 - member of the Economic Council under the Prime Minister of France
Angus Stewart Deaton (English) Angus Stewart Deaton; genus. 19 October 1945 in Edinburgh, Scotland ) - British and American economist . Professor of Economics and International RelationsWoodrow Wilson School of Public and International Affairsand Faculty of EconomicsPrinceton University. Laureate Nobel Prize in Economics(2015 ) "for his analysis of consumption, poverty and welfare."
He received his BA (1967) and MA (1971), and PhD (1974) degrees from the University of Cambridge.
In 1967-1968 worked at the Bank of England.
In 1976-1983 Professor of Econometrics at the University of Bristol.
In 1979-1980 - Visiting Professor, Professor at Princeton University since 1983.
Member of the Econometric Society. In 1978 he was the first to receive the Frisch Medal of the Econometric Society.
In 2009, president of the American Economic Association, vice president in 2004-2005, member of the executive committee (1997-2000). Member of the American Philosophical Society (2014).
Member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences (1992), corresponding member of the British Academy (2001), corresponding member of the Royal Society of Edinburgh (2010).
Honorary Doctorate in Economics from the University of Cyprus (2012), Honorary Doctorate from the University of Edinburgh (2011), University of St. Andrews (2008), University College London (2007).
History of the Nobel Prize .
- Alfred Nobel(1833-1896) - an outstanding Swedish chemical engineer, entrepreneur, inventor of dynamite, founder of the Nobel Prize.
- IN In 1895 Alfred published his "famous" will.
- According to which, all his capital circulated to the fund.
- Interest thereon shall be awarded annually in the form of personalized prizes behind scientific discoveries of the previous year that most contributed to the progress and prosperity of mankind .
Award directions .
Physics
Chemistry
Physiology
Literature
Establishing peace throughout the world
Nobel Prize Size awards
Amounts to SEK 10 million = approx. 1.05 million euros or $1.5 million.
- The Nobel Prize was awarded 567 times. However, several times more than one nominee received it. Total laureates were 860 people and 22 organizations.
1st place – United
States of America - 257 laureates
2nd place – Great Britain - 93 laureates
3rd place - Germany - 80 laureates
Russia - 27 laureates
Laureates are citizens of Russia and the USSR
For the first time the Nobel Prize was awarded to a Russian scientist in 1904 Ivan Petrovich Pavlov"for his work on the physiology of digestion."
The latest Russian (and at the same time British) scientist Novosel Konstantin Sergeevich received the Nobel Prize in 2010"for his pioneering experiments in the study of the two-dimensional material graphene."
- Nobel Prize laureates - representatives of the USSR and Russia - Chronology:
- 1908- Nobel Prize laureate in physiology or medicine - Ilya Ilyich Mechnikov. 1933 Ivan Alekseevich Bunin. Without citizenship. 1956- Nobel Prize winner in chemistry Nikolai Nikolaevich Semenov. 1958 Pavel Alekseevich Cherenkov, Ilya Mikhailovich Frank and Igor Evgenievich Tamm. 1958- Nobel Prize laureate in literature Boris Leonidovich Pasternak. He refused the award.
- 1962 . Lev Davidovich Landau. 1964- Nobel Prize winners in physics Nikolai Gennadievich Basov, Alexander Mikhailovich Prokhorov. 1965- winner of the Nobel Prize in Literature Mikhail Alexandrovich Sholokhov. 1970- Nobel Prize laureate in literature Alexander Isaevich Solzhenitsyn. 1975 Andrey Dmitrievich Sakharov. 1975- Nobel Prize winner in economics Leonid Vitalievich Kantorovich. 1978- Nobel Prize winner in physics Petr Leonidovich Kapitsa. 1987- Nobel Prize laureate in literature Joseph Brodsky. US citizen. 1990- Nobel Peace Prize laureate Mikhail Sergeyevich Gorbachev. 2000- Nobel Prize winner in physics Zhores Ivanovich Alferov. 2003- Nobel Prize laureates in physics Alexey Alekseevich Abrikosov and Vitaly Lazarevich Ginzburg.
Nobel Peace Prize
Reward, awarded annually by the Nobel Committee in Oslo individuals and organizations that, in the opinion of the Committee, have made outstanding contributions to strengthening peace. Awarded since 1901.
Among those nominated for The Nobel Peace Prize was given to a great Russian writer – a lion Nikolaevich Tolstoy
- Famous Russian artist, cultural and public figure - Nicholas Konstantinovich Roerich - was nominated three times for the Nobel Peace Prize for his initiative to create and sign the Treaty for the Protection of Artistic and Scientific Institutions and Historical Monuments ( Roerich Pact ) in 1929, 1933 and 1935.
Nobel Peace Prize Laureates:
- 1975 - Andrei Dmitrievich Sakharov (1921 - 1989)"For his fearless support of the fundamental principles of peace among men and his courageous struggle against the abuse of power and all forms of suppression of human dignity." 630,000 Swedish kronor (about 250 thousand euros in modern equivalent).
- 1990 - Mikhail Sergeevich Gorbachev (born 1931)"For his leading role in a peace process that today involves an important part of the international community." 4,000,000 Swedish kronor (about 380 thousand euros in modern equivalent).
Nobel Prize laureate of the Ryazan region
- PAVLOV Ivan Petrovich (1849-1936) A native of Ryazan. The great Russian scientist-physiologist, academician, creator of the doctrine of higher nervous activity, the first Nobel Prize laureate in Russia in the field of physiology and medicine. Academician of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences (1907), Academy of Sciences of the USSR.
Currently…
In Ryazan the following were named in honor of the outstanding scientist:
- Ryazan State Medical University named after academician I.P. Pavlova.
- The street where it is located Museum-Estate of Academician I.P. Pavlova
- Installed monument to I.P. Pavlov
- Alexander Isaevich Solzhenitsyn(1918-2008) - famous Soviet writer, historian, political figure. Winner of the Nobel Prize in Literature (1970) "for the moral strength with which he continued the tradition of Russian literature." Academician of the Russian Academy of Sciences (1997).
- IN Ryazan writer and Nobel laureate Alexander Solzhenitsyn lived and worked from 1957 to 1969 years.
- Solzhenitsyn taught physics and mathematics at school (now - gymnasium No. 2), wrote several of his main works, including “One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich”, in Ryazan he began work on the book “The Gulag Archipelago”.
- IN 1990 The writer was awarded the title of honorary citizen of the city of Ryazan.
Currently…
- The Alexander Solzhenitsyn Museum will be opened in Ryazan for the writer’s centenary, which will be celebrated in 2018.
