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Role and status characteristics of the individual. Course work social roles of personality

The socio-demographic substructure includes such personality characteristics as gender, age, education, social status, occupation, national and professional affiliation, marital status, level of material security, belonging to an urban or rural population, etc.

Thus, data on the gender composition of criminals shows a significant predominance of men over women. For example, the ratio of murders committed by women and men is 1:11, and those causing serious harm to health is 1:36. However, for some crimes, women are relatively more active than men. Over 50% of all crimes committed by women are mercenary in nature. The percentage of women who commit crimes in the system of trade and public services is especially high. In general, the structure of female crime differs from the structure of male crime in the smaller proportion of serious violent crimes.

The age characteristics of criminals make it possible to judge the degree and intensity of manifestation of criminogenic activity and the characteristics of criminal behavior of representatives of various age groups. In particular, crimes committed by young people are more often of an aggressive, impulsive nature, while older people, on the contrary, are more likely to commit crimes more deliberately.

In general, people aged 18 - 40 years most often commit crimes (up to 70 - 75%). In this group, the greatest criminal activity is typical for people aged 25-29 years. Then follow 18 - 24 year olds, 14 - 17 year olds, 30 - 40 year olds.

Educational and intellectual levels largely determine the nature of the crime. This is understandable, since these qualities significantly influence the range of interests and needs, the direction of communication and pastime, and, ultimately, the person’s behavior. As criminological studies show, persons with a higher degree of education commit official and economic crimes, while persons who commit hooliganism, assault on the person, theft, robbery and robbery, as a rule, have a low level of education.

In the socio-demographic substructure of the criminal’s personality, data on social status, occupation and professional affiliation (worker, employee, representative of individual labor activity, student, pensioner, person not engaged in socially useful work, etc.) are of important criminological importance. These data, in particular, show in which areas social life and in which social groups certain crimes are common, which industries National economy are most susceptible to criminogenic influence, from which social and professional groups are criminals most often recruited.

It should be noted that the more fractional the division of social groups, the more reliable the criminological results are. For example, among workers who have committed crimes, the highest proportion of people engaged in unskilled labor, while highly skilled workers commit crimes approximately 25 times less often.

The most criminal social group is those not engaged in socially useful work: they make up almost a third of all criminals.

In the complex of socio-demographic characteristics, data on marital status, level of material security and place of residence are of significant criminological importance.

The results of criminological studies show that about 50% of criminals were not married at the time of committing the crime. To a certain extent, this is explained by the fact that among those who committed crimes there is a very significant proportion of young people who did not have time to start a family. In addition, the following pattern appears here: with an increase in the number of convictions, the number of persons in a registered marriage decreases.

For the socio-demographic characteristics of a criminal’s personality, his social roles and social statuses are of significant importance.

Under social role it is common to understand real social functions specific person, determined by his position in the system of social relations and belonging to certain social groups.

A social role is associated with a certain social status of a person, his responsibilities and rights. In accordance with social status, each person is expected to behave and act in a certain way. Failure to fulfill role requirements can cause conflict between the individual and society or his environment.

Typical properties of persons who commit crimes are: low prestige of their social roles, inconsistency of social statuses, alienation from work and educational groups, orientation towards informal groups or individuals with a socially negative orientation, absence or uncertainty of socially positive life plans, overestimation of social claims at disabilities implementation.

19. Social-role and moral-psychological characteristics of the criminal’s personality.

Moral and psychological characteristics are an expression of the criminal’s attitude towards society as a whole, its accepted values and normatively approved social roles. IN this characteristic includes intelligence, abilities, skills, habits, volitional and emotional properties, attitudes, interests, value orientations, attitude to moral and legal norms, needs, chosen ways to satisfy needs.

The social-role characteristic allows you to see the personality of the criminal in real activities and determine what social positions this person occupies. A criminal, compared to a law-abiding citizen, is characterized by a less responsible attitude towards his social roles in the main social institutions: in the family, school, work collective, etc., a greater degree of alienation from law-abiding citizens who are members of various formal and informal societies; attraction to informal groups of an antisocial orientation, to fulfilling negative social roles.

Socio-demographic properties of an individual are not in a causal relationship with crime, but their analysis and generalization makes it possible to draw up a generalized portrait of a criminal and determine which social groups are most in need of preventive action.

Socio-demographic characteristics include:

1. Gender;
2. Age;
3. Education (incomplete secondary, secondary, specialized secondary, incomplete higher, higher);
4. Occupation (works, does not work);
5. Marital status (married, unmarried);

We studied the socio-demographic characteristics of 100 women who committed a crime in the Kuznetsk district of Novokuznetsk.

Table 3. Characteristics of female criminals by age, convicted by the Kuznetsk District Court of Novokuznetsk

As can be seen from Table 3, there is a rejuvenation of female crime. In 2010, the number of crimes committed by women aged 14-24 years old increased by 8%, and in the age group 25-29 years old - by 6%. There is an increase in female crime and among minors. However, most of the crimes are committed by women aged 30-45, which is due to the specific conditions that determine female crime. Most often, this specificity manifests itself in the area professional activity women or in their family and kinship relationships. Profession and family invade a woman’s life after 20 years, and by the age of 30-35 women increasingly feel the manifestation of some of them. negative factors, which sometimes determines their criminal manifestations.

With the constant growth of female crime, the highest rates of its growth are in last decade in the country as a whole, were observed in groups of women aged 25 - 29 years (+ 82.8%) and 18 - 24 years (+ 80.8%). These age groups account for about 30% in the structure of female crime. As for education, the educational level of female criminals was always higher than the educational level of male criminals (see Table 4).

Table 4. Level of education of women who committed a crime in the Kuznetsky district of Novokuznetsk

From the data presented in the table it is clear that the educational level is quite low, 38% of women do not even have a secondary education, and only 2% have a higher education.

Table 5. Employment indicators for women who committed a crime in the Kuznetsky district of Novokuznetsk

80% of female criminals do not have permanent jobs and only 20% have permanent or temporary jobs.

Problems of great importance for female crime marital status women (see table 6).

Table 6. Indicators of the marital status of women who committed a crime in the Kuznetsky district of Novokuznetsk

88% of female criminals were not officially married at the time of the crime, and only 6 women were officially married, of which 6% had children.

The position that a person occupies in society is characterized by certain social roles that have specific content (role script) that the person follows. A person simultaneously occupies many positions and plays many roles, which leaves a certain imprint on the personality: qualities that are important for these roles are developed and unnecessary ones are suppressed. If the main social roles performed do not require the formation of qualities associated with responsibility for committing actions, conflict with each other, and do not correspond to a person’s social orientation, personal deformation occurs, which can contribute to the commission of crimes.

When characterizing the social roles inherent in criminals, they point out their low prestige, the lack of strong ties with work and educational groups and, on the contrary, the presence of close ties with informal groups that have a negative social orientation, the absence of any long-term life plans, social aspirations that exceed their capabilities a specific person.

It is not typical for criminals to belong to public organizations, they extremely rarely take part in public activities, including state institutions. The legal consciousness of criminals is also defective, which is manifested in a disdainful attitude towards the possibility of punishment, both temporary (for example, as a result of drinking alcohol or under the influence of other external factors) and persistent, sometimes in ignorance of legal prohibitions.

Criminals are generally less susceptible to influence from society: when trying to instill in them legal and moral standards, they often cannot understand what they want from them; In view of this, the assessment of the situation that determines their behavior is made not on the basis of social requirements, but on the basis of some personal ideas. In other cases, criminals may not yet have lost their understanding of the essence of social regulations, but may not want to comply with them due to alienation from society, weak work, family and friendly ties.

Considering the social-role characteristics, the following situations should be highlighted:

1. a person does not occupy many social positions that would allow him to become familiar with the norms of the state and act in accordance with the requirements of law and morality;
2. a person simultaneously occupies positions that are associated with conflicting norms of behavior, that is, there is a conflict of social roles;
3. a person takes positions that directly dictate his criminal behavior;
4. a person occupies some social positions and focuses on others.

The above models of situations lead to the fact that female criminals are less responsible about their responsibilities in the family, work, there is a tendency to gravitate towards informal groups of an antisocial orientation, and so on.

Thus, among the main socio-demographic determinants of female crime operating at the general social level, one can highlight unemployment, outstripping growth of expenses over income due to inflation, lack of demand for youth in the labor market, the nature of the work performed and working conditions, social and economic inequality of different population groups, gender inequality, manifested, inter alia, in the field of employment, job status and wages, as well as a low level of social guarantees in the field of family, motherhood and childhood.

1. Social structure of personality

When studying social behavior personality, sociologists have to deal with a number of complex theoretical problems, without solving which it is impossible to build a concept of personality that meets scientific criteria and the needs of modern practice. Such problems include the social structure of the individual.

The structure of any complex phenomena, and the human personality certainly belongs to them, is a collection, hierarchy and a certain interaction of various elements. Any structure has a certain stability and at the same time is subject to various changes - progress and regression - up to collapse, which is characterized by the concept of destruction. Destructive phenomena in the personality structure lead to various kinds of deviations, called deviant behavior.

To a first approximation, personality can be considered as the structural value of biogenic, psychogenic and sociogenic components, which gives grounds for identifying the biological, psychological and social structures of personality, studied respectively by biology, psychology and sociology. The biological structure of personality cannot, of course, be taken into account by sociology, not only in the aspect of deformation of this structure, since this disrupts normal interactions between people. A sick or disabled person cannot perform all the functions that are inherent in healthy person More socially connected psychological structure personality, including the totality of emotions, experiences, volitional aspirations, memory, abilities, etc. What is important here is not only various types of deviations, but also the normal mental field that accompanies the individual’s activity. But the sociological structure of personality is not reduced to a set of mental, essentially subjective, qualities.

Therefore, when determining social structure personality cannot be reduced only to the subjective side. After all, the main thing in a person is his social quality.

The sociological structure of the individual includes a set of objective and subjective properties of the individual that arise and function in the process of his various activities, under the influence of those communities and associations to which the person belongs. Hence, the most important characteristic of the social structure of a person is his activity as independence and as interaction with other people, which is fixed by the concept of the subject of activity. An analysis of the structure of a personality without an analysis of the forms of its activity is impossible.

Freud's theory identifies three parts in the mental structure of personality: Id ("It"), Ego ("I") and Superego ("super-ego")

The id (“It”) is a source of energy aimed at obtaining pleasure. When energy is released, tension is relieved and the person experiences a feeling of pleasure. “It” encourages us to carry out bodily functions such as eating and performing natural needs.

The ego (“I”) controls a person’s behavior, to some extent resembling a traffic light that helps a person navigate the world around him. The ego is guided primarily by the reality principle. The ego regulates the selection of an appropriate object to overcome the tension associated with the id. For example, when the Id is hungry, the Ego forbids us to eat car tires or poisonous berries; the satisfaction of our impulse is postponed until the moment of choosing suitable food.

The superego is an idealized parent; it performs a moral or evaluative function. The superego regulates behavior and strives to improve it in accordance with the standards of parents, and subsequently society as a whole.

In addition, if we consider personality as a system, then we can distinguish two main subsystems, or two worlds of personality:

one is the inner, world of consciousness, hidden from others and often incomprehensible and unconsciously “living” for the individual himself;

the second is active, open to people, allowing them not only to observe external manifestations of personality, but also to penetrate into it inner life, to guess what passions and their struggles take possession of a person.

Internal and outer worlds are closely related to each other. However, in each specific case this relationship turns out to be ambiguous. One of its poles is the correspondence, the “coincidence” of acts of consciousness and behavior, the other

on the contrary, their complete inconsistency with each other, opposition.

For sociology, the most significant is the understanding of the transition, the transformation in the structure of the personality of a fact, a moment, a situation of activity. This process covers both types of personality structures, and it is this process that should be considered the “core” of personality as a system.

Let's begin to consider the inner world of a person. Here are needs, interests, goals, motives, expectations, value orientations, attitudes, and dispositions. Thanks to their relationship, intrapersonal motivational and dispositional mechanisms exist.

The motivational mechanism includes the interaction of needs, value orientations and interests, the end result of which is their transformation into the goal of the individual. Needs act (in relation to the individual) as the initial drivers of his activity, reflecting the objective conditions of human existence, being one of the most important forms of communication between the individual and the outside world. This connection can manifest itself in the form of natural (need for food, clothing, shelter, etc.) and social (need for various forms of activity, communication) needs. At the same time, there is no sharp line between them, since the need for clothing, housing, and even food acquires a social “shell.”

Once realized, needs turn into interests of the individual. They reflect a person’s attitude to the conditions of life and activity, which determines the direction of his actions. In fact, it is interests that largely determine the motives of an individual’s behavior. They turn out to be the main causes of action. “A closer examination of history,” Hegel wrote, “convinces us that people’s actions arise from their needs, their passions, their interests... and only these play the main role.”

Important element internal structure personality and the regulator of its behavior - value orientations. They reflect the individual’s orientation towards certain values and interests, and a preferential attitude towards one or another of them. Therefore, value orientations, as well as needs and interests, are one of the main factors regulating the motivation of activity. Exactly at value orientations, as in something concrete and definite, the interests of an individual can manifest themselves.

Needs and interests, reflected in people’s consciousness, refracted through value orientations, lead to the formation of specific internal motivators of action, which are usually called motives of activity. This creates a mechanism of motivation, which involves implementation in the purposeful activity of the individual. The meaning of this activity is to achieve a specific goal that crowns “the efforts of this mechanism.”

Another “intrapersonal” mechanism is associated with the “dispositional” structure of personality. The disposition of a person is his predisposition to certain behavior in specific conditions, the ability to make a choice of activities. In a certain sense, disposition is the personality orientation that precedes behavior. The mechanism itself includes the interaction of motives and incentives leading to the emergence of personality attitudes. The result of this interaction is the emergence of dispositions.

Motives are usually understood, as noted above, as internal direct motivators to activity, which reflect a person’s desire to satisfy his needs and interests. In contrast to motives, incentives act as external incentives to activity. They usually mean numerous factors of an economic, social, political and other nature operating in the structure of an individual’s environment. Attitudes are a general orientation, the focus of consciousness on a particular phenomenon (process) of reality. Social attitudes- one of the most important regulators of an individual’s social behavior, expressing his predisposition, readiness to act in a certain way in relation to a given object. Attitudes characterize the individual’s attitude towards the environment and other people. Therefore, attitudes reflect “a focus on one or another vector” of behavior. In Western sociology, attitudes are usually called “attitudes” (since the times of W. Thomas and F. Znaniecki, who introduced this term into wide scientific circulation and did a lot to study it). In accordance with developed by V.A. According to Yadov’s dispositional theory of self-regulation of an individual’s social behavior, there are three levels of dispositions. The highest level is the level of formation of a person’s concept of life and its implementation in value orientations. In other words, at this level, dispositions regulate the general direction of behavior and the interests of the individual. At the average level, self-regulation is carried out in the form of the formation of a generalized attitude of the individual towards social objects. As for the lower level, the formation of attitudes also occurs here, but of a more specific, situational nature, associated with the self-regulation of behavior in completely specific, directly given conditions. Externally observable actions of people leave a second aspect of activity - behavioral, in which value orientations, attitudes, and dispositions of the individual are directly and concretely reflected. Naturally, the question arises about the structure of such externally observable activity. Sometimes the structure of activity is identified with the structure of observed activity. This approach is, to say the least, inaccurate. But it is possible to understand its authors, because in this case they contrast the structures of consciousness and behavior of the individual, without attributing the former to the structure of activity.

The structure of activity is determined by the objective need to perform certain actions for the reproduction, functioning and development of the individual. It is determined (at the level of a specific individual) by its demographic, social, professional position, place occupied in the system of social connections and relationships. Bearing in mind the structure in its “external” expression, it can also act as a unique typology of individual activity.

In socio-philosophical terms and at the level of general sociological theory, depending on the nature of the individual’s relationship to the world around him, activity is divided into material and spiritual, theoretical and practical. It is in these forms that the individual masters the surrounding world. Another classification of activity can be considered in connection with the attitude of the individual to the objective course historical process, while progressive and reactionary, revolutionary and counter-revolutionary activities are distinguished. The criterion for obtaining a new result is the basis for identifying creative or reproducing (reproductive) activity. An individual’s activities can also be innovative and routine.

On the other hand, there are structures of activity that are studied primarily at the level of special sociological theories and empirical research. Here, first of all, it is necessary to note the structure, the basis of which is the differentiation of activity in certain areas. This can be economic, political, social, as well as production and labor, household, and educational activities.

There are many options for structuring an individual’s activity. It is determined by the wealth of human life. All these forms and activities, determined by the system of social relations, the inner world of the individual and the way of behavior, characterize his way of life. It appears that in the process sociological research a person’s way of life turns out to be a central concept, a kind of dominant and at the same time a connecting link between her inner world, state of consciousness and the method and nature of behavior in which the external side of activity is revealed.

personality individual interpersonal

2. Personality theory

Theory is the mechanism by which disparate results of empirical research, often perceived independently of each other and used in different contexts, form a unified system.

Theories draw attention to specific problems that are not easy to notice with a shallow approach to phenomena, but which can serve as the basis for the explanation and interpretation of these phenomena.

The theory has great value V practical activities, will give it greater efficiency. Theory is a carrier of knowledge, reasoning and a system of certain conclusions, which is extremely necessary in the life of the individual and society.

A distinction is often made between the history of a theory and a methodically developed theory. The first reveals independent thought about society, belonging to individuals (Hobbes, Kant), schools or periods. The second, as a rule, represents the modern school of thought about society. Many thinkers, who were often mistaken for historians of thought, bearing in mind the significance of their work, were in fact truly original scientists, both in their aspirations and in their way of thinking. In addition, much of modern thought, called theory, is not sufficiently methodologically developed for social science; They often converge on common reasoning, approaches, and the promotion of ideological preferences. Ultimately, many movements rooted in the history of thought survived as components modern theories, who are their followers. Therefore, we can say that “history” and “theory” in sociology dissolve into each other,

As for sociological theory, this is not the result of a simple increase in knowledge, i.e. replacing old knowledge with new knowledge in the light of more valid or accurate knowledge. Rather, it is the result of a multifaceted increase in knowledge, complexity and enrichment of more or less established areas of theoretical analysis of personality and society

Personality is a combination of civil, political, professional and other qualities. How he organizes the process depends on what higher social needs a person has. own life and how it fits into the interests and life of society. This problem of mutual influence of social conditions (connections, social and government institutions, social communities) and human activity is the central problem of sociology. An attempt to solve the herd problem was the formation of various social concepts (theories) of personality (since the second half of the 20th century): the theory of the mirror self by C. Cooley, the role theory of R. Lipton, T. Parsons, status theory, behavior theory of J. Watson, psychobiological theory 3. Freud, reference group theory, set theory, etc.

What is characteristic of all these theories is that they all recognize the human personality as a specific formation, a set of qualities directly derived from social factors (the relationship between the biological and the social in a person).

My work will examine 3 sociological theories of personality: role, status and behavioral.

Role theory of personality

The scientific literature has established the opinion that the special sociological theory of personality is the role concept of personality. The concept of “social role” was developed at the beginning of the 20th century in the works of E. Durkheim, M. Weber, and later by T. Parsons, T. Shibutani, R. Lipton and others. In our country, the role concept was developed by I. Kon and V.A. Yalov. This concept is widely used in concepts that identify life situations with a game, and human activity is reduced to playing certain standard roles in standard life situations. These concepts describe well the facts of human adaptation to certain conditions.

When studying human behavior, followers of role theory widely use the situation of an actor and a role or two actors. In this case, they often refer to the words of Shakespeare's play "As You Like It":

The whole world is a theater

Social role– fixation of a certain position occupied by one or another individual in the system of social relations.

A social role is a socially necessary type of social activity and a way of behavior of an individual that bears the stamp of social evaluation.

The concept of social role was first proposed by American sociologists R. Lintonomi, J. Mead .

Each individual performs not one, but several social roles.

The social role itself does not determine the activity and behavior of each specific bearer in detail: everything depends on how much the individual learns and internalizes the role.

The act of internalization is determined individually by the psychological characteristics of each specific bearer of a given role.

A social role leaves a “range of possibilities” for its performer, which can be called "role playing style".

T. Parsons .

This is the scale, the method of receiving, emotionality, formalization, motivation.

Scope of the role

Method of obtaining

Social roles differ according to level of emotionality. Each role carries within itself certain possibilities for the emotional manifestation of its subject.

Formalization a social role is determined by the specifics of interpersonal relationships of the bearer of this role.

Some roles involve the establishment of only formal relationships between people with strict regulation of rules of behavior; others are only informal; still others may combine formal and informal relationships.

Motivation depends on the needs and motives of the person.

The types of social roles are determined by the variability of social groups, types of activities and relationships in which the individual is included.

Depending on social relations, they distinguish social And interpersonal social roles.

Social roles are associated with social status, profession or type of activity.

These are standardized impersonal roles, built on the basis of rights and responsibilities, regardless of who plays these roles.

Socio-demographic roles: husband, wife, daughter, son, etc.

Interpersonal roles are associated with interpersonal relationships that are regulated at the emotional level (leader, offended, etc.), many of them are determined by the individual characteristics of the person.

Among the individual-typical manifestations of personality one can highlight socially typical roles.

In interpersonal relationships, each person acts in some dominant social role, a unique social role as the most typical individual image.

According to the degree of manifestation they distinguish active And latent roles. Active roles are determined by a specific social situation and are performed in this moment time; latent ones do not appear in the actual situation, although the subject is potentially the bearer of this role.

According to the method of assimilation, roles are divided into prescribed(determined by age, gender, nationality) and acquired, which the subject acquires in the process of socialization.

Main characteristics of a social role highlighted American sociologist T. Parsons : scale, method of obtaining, emotionality, formalization, motivation.

Scope of the role depends on the range of interpersonal relationships.

The larger the range, the larger the scale.

For example, the social roles of spouses have a very large scale, since the widest range of relationships is established between husband and wife.

On the one hand, these are interpersonal relationships based on a variety of feelings and emotions; on the other hand, relations are also regulated by regulations and, in a certain sense, are formal.

In other cases, when relationships are strictly defined by social roles, interaction can only be carried out on a specific occasion.

Here the scope of the role is limited to a narrow range of specific issues and is small.

Method of obtaining role depends on how inevitable a given role is for a person.

Yes, roles young man, old man, man, woman are automatically determined by the age and gender of a person and do not require special efforts to acquire them.

There can only be a problem of compliance with one’s role, which already exists as a given.

Other roles are achieved or even won during the course of a person's life and as a result of special efforts.

These are almost all roles related to the profession and any achievements of a person.

Social roles differ significantly according to level of emotionality.

Each role carries within itself certain possibilities for the emotional manifestation of its subject.

The expectations of others, social norms, customs, and fashion can determine certain features of a person’s emotional manifestation in a certain situation.

Even the difference in historical eras can predetermine the variety of emotional manifestations of people, determined by their social roles.

Formalization as a descriptive characteristic of a social role is determined by the specifics of interpersonal relationships of the bearer of this role.

Formal relationships are often accompanied by non-formal ones, because a person, perceiving and evaluating another, shows sympathy or antipathy towards him.

This happens when people have been interacting for a while and the relationship has become relatively stable.

Thus, colleagues working together and connected by formal relationships most likely experience some feelings towards each other, although work presupposes coordination of actions primarily at the conventional level.

Here, the feelings of the participants in the interaction towards each other act as a side effect, but a relatively persistent effect.

Motivation depends on the needs and motives of the person. Different roles are driven by different motives.

Parents, caring for the well-being of their child, are guided primarily by a feeling of love and care; the leader works for the sake of the cause, etc.

With various approaches to interpretation, social roles are defined as:

1) fixation of a certain position, which one or another individual occupies in the system of social relations;

2) function, normatively approved pattern of behavior, expected of everyone occupying a given position;

3) a socially necessary type of social activity and way of behavior a person who bears the stamp of public evaluation (approval, condemnation, etc.);

4) personality behavior in accordance with her social status; generalized execution method a certain social function, when a person is expected to perform certain actions depending on their status in society and the system of interpersonal relationships;

5) existing in society system of expectations regarding the behavior of an individual occupying a certain position in his interaction with other individuals;

6) system of specific expectations in relation to himself of an individual occupying a certain position, i.e. how he represents the model of his own behavior in interaction with other individuals;

7) open, observable behavior an individual occupying a certain position;

8) performance about the prescribed pattern of behavior that is expected and required from a person in a given situation;

9) prescribed actions, characteristic of those who occupy a certain social position;

10) set of norms that determine how a person of a given social status should behave.

The social role is interpreted as an expectation, type of activity, behavior, idea, stereotype, social function.

The diversity of ideas about the social role indicates that in psychology the idea J. Mead turned out to be very convenient for describing the behavior of an individual in his various social functions.

T. Shibutani believed that social roles have the function of consolidating optimal modes of behavior in certain circumstances, developed by humanity over a long time.

The orderliness of everyday life is determined by the sequence in which a person fulfills certain social roles that are associated with rights and responsibilities.

Duty- this is what a person is forced to do based on his social role, regardless of whether he likes it or not.

While fulfilling his duties in accordance with his social role, each person has the right to present his own demands on others.

Responsibilities always come with rights.

Harmony of rights and responsibilities presupposes the optimal fulfillment of a social role; any imbalance in this ratio may indicate that the social role has not been fully mastered.

Social role has two aspects to study: role expectation And role playing.

The influence of social role on personality development is great.

Personality development is facilitated by its interaction with persons playing a range of roles, as well as by its participation in the largest possible role repertoire.

The more social roles an individual is able to reproduce, the more adapted to life he is.

The process of personality development often acts as the dynamics of mastering social roles.

Development new role can radically affect a person.

In psychotherapy, there is a corresponding method of behavior correction - imagotherapy.

The patient is asked to enter a new image and play a role. The basis of imagotherapy is the method of psychodrama D. Moreno .

He treated people for neuroses, providing them with the opportunity to play those roles that they would like, but could not fulfill in life.

The developing personality introduces individual originality into the “performance” of the social role.

This happens not only due to the specific character, temperament, and personal characteristics.

Role self-manifestation is always determined by the internal structure of the psyche exteriorization, formed under the influence of the internalization of external social activity of a person.

In human life mastering a social role– a complex and contradictory phenomenon.

D. A. Leontyev identified two aspects of mastering a social role: technical And semantic.

The technical aspect includes the perception of the essence of the role by the subject and mastery of its content.

The semantic aspect is associated with a person’s attitude towards his own role.

First of all, the individual must master the content of the role, that is, master it technically.

Most often, such development occurs through the mechanism of imitation.

Many social roles are easy to learn, while some require special effort and ability.

The semantic side of a social role lies in a person’s acceptance of the role for himself.

Sometimes a situation arises when the content of the role is completely mastered, but there are internal obstacles to its acceptance.

A person strives to prove to himself and others that he is more than a role.

On the other hand, the role can be so captivating that the individual completely subordinates himself to it.

Three problems of assimilation of a social role arise: the problem of difficulty in mastering a role, the problem of role rejection, the problem of violating the measure in its assimilation.

Throughout his life, a person is engaged in mastering new roles, as his age, position in the family, professional status, interpersonal relationships, etc. change.

Mastering it can be simple and easy, or it can be accompanied by significant difficulties.

The level of a person’s acceptance of a social role for himself can also vary.

A role can be used as a means to achieve a certain goal, or it can itself become a goal, an end result to which the subject strives for a long time.

In this case, the role can “conquer” the personality: the personality will no longer be visible behind the role.

Mastering a wide range of social roles is the most adaptive for a person, since it contributes to his development.

Role conflict- a situation in which an individual with a certain status is faced with incompatible expectations.

The situation of role conflict is caused by the fact that the individual is unable to fulfill the requirements of the role.

In role theories, it is customary to distinguish between two types of conflicts: interrole And intra-role.

TO interrole include conflicts caused by the fact that an individual simultaneously has to perform too many different roles and therefore he is not able to meet all the requirements of these roles, either because he does not have enough time and physical capabilities for this, or different roles make incompatible demands on him.

In studies of inter-role conflict, the work of the American social psychologist should be highlighted W. G. Goode "Role Strain Theory".

He calls role tension the state of an individual in a situation of inter-role conflict and proposes a theory, the essence of which boils down to identifying ways to relieve this tension.

To do this, it is necessary to free oneself from a number of roles, and make the expenditure of time and energy to perform the rest dependent on the significance of this role for the individual, the positive and negative sanctions that failure to fulfill certain roles may cause; reactions of others to the refusal of certain roles.

When it comes to inter-role conflicts, the example most often cited is the marginalized individual.

Analysis intra-role conflict reveals conflicting demands placed on holders of the same role by different social groups.

The study is considered classic in this area M. Komarovskaya , which was conducted among female students at one of the American colleges.

The results of the study showed the contradictory expectations of the demands placed on female college students by parents and college students.

Role conflicts are common.

This is explained by the complexity of social relations, the increasing differentiation of the social structure and the further division of social labor.

Role conflicts, according to researchers, negatively affect interaction, so social psychologists are trying to develop some general concepts that justify ways to eliminate role conflicts.

One of these concepts is W. Goode’s theory of role tension.

A similar approach can be found in the works N. Gross , W. Mason .

They identify three groups of factors related to the problem of eliminating role conflicts.

The first is related to the subjective attitude towards the role of its performer.

The second group includes sanctions (positive and negative) that can be applied for performance or non-performance of a role.

Based on the analysis of these factors, it is possible to predict which method of resolving the role conflict will be preferred by one or another role performer.

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Introduction

A person is an autonomous person, that is, a person, to a certain extent, acting independently of society, capable of opposing himself to society. Personality is a social concept; it expresses everything that is supernatural in a person. Personality formation is carried out in the processes of socialization of individuals and directed education: their mastery of social norms and functions (social roles) through mastery of diverse types and forms of activity. A social role is a set of requirements imposed on an individual by society. This is a set of actions that a person occupying a given status in the social system must perform.

Relevance The topic chosen for research as part of the course work is determined by the fact that throughout life each person has many social roles. Moreover, the social role is a necessity and a pattern of life.

Consequently, by studying the main forms and types of social roles, it is possible to determine what place a person occupies in society, i.e. the topic chosen for the subject of the course work is relevant.

Object Research work is society and its structure. Item research - the social role of the individual.

Purpose work is an analysis of the concept of social role, their forms, types.

Hence, tasks test coursework are:

1. Give the concept of personality, social status and its social role.

2. Determine the main forms and types of social roles.

3. Define the concept of role conflicts and their prevention.

1. Conceptpersonalitiesand social status

1.1 Performanceabout personality

Personality formation is carried out in the processes of socialization of individuals and directed education: their mastery of social norms and functions through mastery of diverse types and forms of activity. Alienation of one or another inherent in man types and forms of activity (due to the social division of labor) determines the formation of a one-sidedly developed personality, which perceives its own activity as unfree and imposed from the outside. On the contrary, the appropriation of the entire integrity of historically established types and forms of activity by each individual in society is an indispensable prerequisite for the comprehensive and harmonious development of the individual.

In addition to social ones, a person acquires traits arising from the specific living conditions of special social communities of which individuals are members, i.e. class, socio-professional, national-ethnic, socio-territorial and gender and age. Mastering the traits inherent in these diverse communities, as well as the social roles performed by individuals in group and collective activities, on the one hand, is expressed in socially typical manifestations of behavior and consciousness, and on the other hand, gives the individual a unique individuality, since these social conditioned qualities are structured into a stable integrity based on the psychophysical properties of the subject.

In psychology, “personality” Kon I. S. Sociology of personality / Kon I. S. - M.: Helios ARV, 2007. - 267 p. - this is the integrity of mental properties, processes, relationships that distinguish a given subject from another. For a psychologist, the potentialities of subjects are different, since both innate and acquired qualities of people are individual. Individuality reflects the uniqueness of a person’s biological and social properties, making him a unique operating unit of a certain group or community.

Personality properties are what bring individuals together due to their common historical and specific socially determined characteristics of their life. An individual becomes a personality in the process of mastering social functions and developing self-awareness, i.e. awareness of one’s uniqueness as a subject of activity and individuality, but precisely as a member of society. The desire to merge with a social community (to identify with it) and at the same time - to isolate, to manifest creative individuality makes the individual both a product and a subject of social relations, social development.

personality social role conflict

1. 2 Social status personalities

In sociology, personality is a set of status and role characteristics.

Social status is an indicator of position social group and its representatives in society, in the system of social connections and relationships. Along with the category of social status, others are also used: socio-economic, socio-legal, etc., designed to determine the position of groups and their members in the relevant spheres of society. Components of social status are social positions that can be identified on the basis of objective indicators (for example, gender, age, education, profession, nationality, etc.).

To determine the position in society, an assessment of the social significance of these positions, expressed in terms of prestige, authority, etc., as well as orderliness, correlation, dependence, etc., is essential.

With the help of social status, the relationships and behavior of groups and their members are ordered, formalized, regulated, the assimilation by representatives of groups of signs and characteristics corresponding to a particular status, the motivation and encouragement of social behavior, etc. Each individual can have big number statuses, and those around him have the right to expect him to perform roles in accordance with these statuses. But more often than not, only one determines his position in society. This status is called main, or integral. It often happens that the main, or integral, status is determined by his position (for example, director, professor).

Social status is reflected both in external behavior and appearance (clothing, jargon and other signs of social and professional affiliation), and in internal position(in attitudes, value orientations, motivations, etc.).

There are prescribed and acquired statuses. Frolov S.S. Sociology: a textbook for higher education educational institutions. 2nd ed., revised. and additional / Frolov S.S. - M.: Publishing Corporation "Logos", 2006. - 278 p. . Prescribed status is a status imposed by society, regardless of the efforts and merits of the individual. It is determined by ethnic origin, place of birth, family, etc. The acquired (achieved) status is determined by the efforts of the person himself (for example, a writer, general secretary, director, etc.).

Natural and professional-official status are also distinguished. The natural status of a person presupposes significant and relatively stable characteristics of a person (men and women, childhood, youth, maturity, old age, etc.). Professional and official status is the basic status of an individual, for an adult, most often the basis of an integral status. It records the social, economic, production and technical position (banker, engineer, lawyer, etc.).

2. The concept of social role

2.1 Social rolepersonalities

Social status denotes the specific place that an individual occupies in a given social system. The totality of demands placed on an individual by society forms the content of a social role.

Proposed the concept of Mead's social role in late XIX-XX centuries A person becomes a person when he knows how to take on the role of another person.

Let us consider some definitions of the social role of Psychology. Textbook for universities / Under general. ed. V.N. Druzhinina. - St. Petersburg: Peter, 2004. - 656 pp.: ill. - (Series “Textbook of the New Century”). :

· fixation of a separate position occupied by one or another individual in the system of social relations;

· a socially necessary type of activity and a way of personal behavior that bears the stamp of public evaluation (approval, condemnation, etc.);

· behavior of an individual in accordance with his social status;

· prescribed actions characteristic of those who occupy a certain social position;

· a set of norms that determine how a person of a given social status should behave.

Thus, a social role is a way of behavior of people that corresponds to accepted norms, depending on their status or position in society, in the system of interpersonal relations.

Children's status is usually subordinate to adults, and children are expected to be respectful towards the latter. Women have a different status from men and are therefore expected to behave differently than men. Each individual can have a large number of statuses, and others have the right to expect him to fulfill roles in accordance with these statuses. In this sense, status and role are two sides of one phenomenon: if status is a set of rights, privileges and responsibilities, then role is an action within the framework of this set of rights and responsibilities.

The social role consists of:

1. Role expectations;

2. Performing this role.

There is never a complete match between these two aspects. But each of them has great importance in personality behavior. Our roles are determined primarily by what others expect of us. These expectations are associated with the status that a given person has.

Types of roles:

· psychological or interpersonal (in the system of subjective interpersonal relationships). Categories: leaders, preferred, not accepted, outsiders;

· social (in the system of objective social relations). Categories: professional, demographic;

· active or current - currently being executed;

· latent (hidden) - a person is potentially a carrier, but not at the moment;

· conventional (official);

· spontaneous, spontaneous - arise in a specific situation, not determined by requirements.

The normative structure of a social role usually has four elements:

1) description of the type of behavior corresponding to this role;

2) instructions (requirements) associated with this behavior;

3) assessment of the performance of the prescribed role;

4) sanction - the social consequences of a particular action within the framework of the requirements of the social system. Social sanctions in nature can be moral, implemented directly by a social group through its behavior (for example, contempt), or legal, political, etc., implemented through the activities of specific social institutions. The meaning of social sanctions is to induce a person to a certain type of behavior.

Cultural norms are learned primarily through role learning. For example, a person who masters the role of a military man becomes familiar with the customs, moral norms and laws characteristic of the status of this role. Only a few norms are accepted by all members of society; the acceptance of most norms depends on the status of a particular individual. What is acceptable for one status is unacceptable for another. Thus, socialization as the process of learning generally accepted ways and methods of actions and interactions is the most important process of learning role behavior, as a result of which the individual truly becomes a part of society.

2.2 Characteristicsocial roles

The main characteristics of the social role are highlighted by the American sociologist Talcott Parsons Volkov Yu.G., Mostovaya I.V. Sociology: Textbook for universities / Ed. prof. IN AND. Dobrenkova. - M.: Gardarika, 2005. - 244 p. . He proposed the following four characteristics of any role:

· by scale. Some roles may be strictly limited, while others may be blurred.

· by method of receipt. Roles are divided into prescribed and conquered (they are also called achieved).

· according to the degree of formalization. Activities can take place either within strictly established limits or arbitrarily.

· by types of motivation. The motivation can be personal profit, public good, etc.

The scope of the role depends on the range of interpersonal relationships. The larger the range, the larger the scale. For example, the social roles of spouses have a very large scale, since the widest range of relationships is established between husband and wife. On the one hand, these are interpersonal relationships based on a variety of feelings and emotions, on the other hand, relationships are regulated by regulations and, in a certain sense, are formal. Participants in a given social interaction are interested in the most different sides each other's lives, their relationship is practically unlimited. In other cases, when relationships are strictly defined by social roles (for example, the relationship between a seller and a buyer), interaction can only be carried out for a specific reason (in this case, purchases). Here the scope of the role is limited to a narrow range of specific issues and is small.

The way a role is acquired depends on how inevitable the role is for the person. Thus, the roles of a young man, an old man, a man, a woman are automatically determined by the age and gender of a person and do not require special efforts to acquire them. There can only be a problem of compliance with one’s role, which already exists as a given. Other roles are achieved or even won during the course of a person's life and as a result of targeted special efforts. For example, the role of a student research fellow, professors, etc. These are almost all roles related to the profession and any achievements of a person.

Formalization as a descriptive characteristic of a social role is determined by the specifics of interpersonal relationships of the bearer of this role. Some roles involve the establishment of only formal relationships between people with strict regulation of rules of behavior, others, on the contrary, only informal ones, and others can combine both formal and informal relationships. It is obvious that the relationship between a traffic police representative and a traffic rule violator should be determined by formal rules, and relationships between close people should be determined by feelings. Formal relationships are often accompanied by informal ones, in which emotionality is manifested, because a person, perceiving and evaluating another, shows sympathy or antipathy towards him. This happens when people have been interacting for a while and the relationship has become relatively stable.

Motivation depends on the needs and motives of a person. Different roles are driven by different motives. Parents, caring for the well-being of their child, are guided primarily by a feeling of love and care; the leader works for the sake of the cause, etc.

2.3 The influence of social role on personality development

The influence of social role on personality development is quite large. Personality development is facilitated by its interaction with persons playing a range of roles, as well as by its participation in the largest possible role repertoire. The more social roles an individual is able to reproduce, the more adapted to life he is. Thus, the process of personality development often acts as the dynamics of mastering social roles.

It is equally important for any society to prescribe roles according to age. Adaptation of individuals to constantly changing ages and age statuses is an eternal problem. Before an individual has time to adapt to one age, another one immediately approaches, with new statuses and new roles. Each age period is associated with favorable opportunities for the manifestation of human abilities, moreover, it prescribes new statuses and requirements for learning new roles. At a certain age, an individual may experience problems associated with adapting to new role status requirements. A child who is said to be older than his age, i.e. has reached the status inherent in the older age category, usually does not fully realize his potential childhood roles, which negatively affects the completeness of his socialization. This example shows unsuccessful adaptation to the age status prescribed by society.

Mastering a new role can make a huge difference in changing a person. In psychotherapy, there is even a corresponding method of behavior correction - image therapy (image - image). The patient is asked to enter a new image, to play a role, as in a play. In this case, the responsibility function is not borne by the person himself, but by his role, which sets new patterns of behavior. A person is forced to act differently based on a new role. Despite the conventionality of this method, the effectiveness of its use is quite high, since the subject is given the opportunity to release suppressed drives, if not in life, then at least during the game.

3. Rollher behavior andconflicts

3.1 Role behavior

A role is the behavior expected of an individual who has a certain status, while role behavior is the actual behavior of the one who plays the role. Role behavior differs from expected behavior in many ways: in role interpretation, in personal characteristics, changing patterns and patterns of behavior in relation to a given role, in possible conflicts with other roles. All this leads to the fact that no two individuals play a given role in exactly the same way. The diversity of role behavior can be significantly reduced when behavior is strictly structured, for example in organizations where a certain predictability of actions can be observed even with the different behavior of its members.

While role behavior typically consists of unconscious role playing, in some cases it is highly conscious. With this behavior, a person constantly studies his own efforts and creates a desired image of his own self. American researcher I. Goffman developed the concept of dramatic role performance, which consists in highlighting a conscious effort to perform a role in such a way as to create the desired impression on others. Behavior is regulated by compliance not only with role requirements, but also with the expectations of the social environment. According to this concept, each of us is an actor with his own audience.

3.2 Role conflictsand their ways areovercoming

It would be ideal if each individual could achieve the desired statuses in a group or society with the same ease and ease. However, only a few individuals are capable of this.

In the process of achieving a certain status and fulfilling the corresponding social role, role tension may arise - difficulties in fulfilling role obligations and a discrepancy between the internal attitudes of the individual and the requirements of the role. Role strain may increase due to inadequate role training, or role conflict, or failures that occur while performing a given role.

In the most general form, two types of role conflicts can be distinguished: between roles and within the same role. Often two or more roles (either independent or parts of a role system) contain incompatible, conflicting responsibilities of an individual. For example, a married student must weigh the demands placed on him as a husband against the demands placed on him as a student. This kind of conflict refers to role conflict between roles. An example of conflict occurring within one role is the position of a manager or public figure, publicly proclaiming one point of view, and in a narrow circle declaring himself a supporter of the opposite.

In many of the roles individuals perform - from plumber to university teacher - there are so-called conflicts of interest, in which the obligation to be fair to traditions or people conflicts with the desire to “make money”. Experience shows that very few roles are free from internal tensions and conflicts. If the conflict escalates, it can lead to refusal to fulfill role obligations, withdrawal from a given role, and internal stress.

There are several types of actions with the help of which role tension can be reduced and the human self is protected from many unpleasant experiences. This usually includes rationalization, division and regulation of roles Nemirovsky V. G. Sociology of personality. / Nemirovsky V. G. - M.: Eksmo, 2007. - 320 p. . The first two types of actions are considered unconscious defense mechanisms that a person uses purely instinctively. However, if these processes are understood and used intentionally, their effectiveness is greatly enhanced. As for the third method of action, it is used mainly consciously and rationally.

Rationalization of roles is one of the ways to protect against a person’s painful perception of a situation with the help of concepts that are socially and personally desirable for him. A classic illustration of this is the case of a girl who cannot find a groom and convinces herself that she will be happy if she does not marry, because all men are deceivers and rude people. Rationalization thus hides the reality of role conflict by unconsciously seeking the unpleasant aspects of a desired but unattainable role.

Separation of roles reduces role tension by temporarily removing one of the roles from life and turning it off from the individual’s consciousness, but while maintaining a response to the system of role requirements inherent in this role. History gives us numerous examples of cruel rulers, executioners and murderers who were both kind and caring husbands and fathers. Their main activities and family roles were completely separate. A salesman who breaks laws during the day and advocates for stricter laws in the evening does not have to be a hypocrite. He simply switches his roles, getting rid of the unpleasant inconsistency.

Role conflicts and incompatibilities are likely to be found in every society. In a well-integrated culture (i.e., one that has unified, traditional cultural complexes shared by the overwhelming majority), these incompatibilities are so rationalized, separated and blocked from one another that the individual does not feel them at all. For example, members of some Indian tribes treat each other with the greatest tolerance and gentleness. But their humanity extends only to members of the tribe; they consider all other people to be animals and can calmly kill without feeling any remorse. However, complex societies, as a rule, do not have a highly integrated traditional culture, and therefore role conflicts and role tension in them represent a serious social and psychological problem.

Role regulation differs from the defense mechanisms of rationalization and role separation primarily in that it is conscious and intentional. Role regulation is a formal procedure by which an individual is relieved of personal responsibility for the consequences of fulfilling a particular role. This means that organizations and community associations take on much of the responsibility for negatively perceived or socially disapproved roles. For example, a husband makes excuses to his wife for a long absence, saying that his work required it. As soon as an individual experiences tension or role conflict, he immediately begins to seek justification in the organization or association in which he plays the conflicting role.

Each person in modern society Due to inadequate role training, as well as constantly occurring cultural changes and the plurality of roles she plays, she experiences role tension and conflict. However, there are also mechanisms of unconscious defense and conscious involvement of social structures to avoid dangerous consequences social role conflicts.

Conclusion

Thus, the following conclusions must be drawn:

1. Personality formation is carried out in the processes of socialization of individuals and directed education: their mastery of social norms and functions through mastery of diverse types and forms of activity. In psychology, “personality” is the integrity of mental properties, processes, relationships that distinguish a given subject from another.

Every person living in society is included in many different social groups (family, study group, friendly company, etc.). In each of these groups he occupies a certain position, has a certain status, and certain requirements are imposed on him.

2. Social status is an indicator of the position of a social group and its representatives in society, in the system of social connections and relationships. With the help of social status, the relationships and behavior of groups and their members are ordered, formalized, and regulated. There are prescribed and acquired statuses, as well as natural and professional status.

The totality of demands placed on an individual by society forms the content of a social role. Thus, a social role is a way of behavior of people that corresponds to accepted norms, depending on their status or position in society, in the system of interpersonal relations.

There are: psychological or interpersonal, social, active or actual, latent (hidden), conventional (official), spontaneous or spontaneous social roles.

3. A role is the behavior expected from an individual who has a certain status, while role behavior is the actual behavior of the one who plays the role. Role behavior differs from expected behavior in many ways: in the interpretation of the role, in personal characteristics that change patterns and patterns of behavior, in possible conflicts with other roles. All this leads to the fact that no two individuals play a given role in exactly the same way.

In the process of achieving a certain status and fulfilling the corresponding social role, role tension may arise - difficulties in fulfilling role obligations and a discrepancy between the internal attitudes of the individual and the requirements of the role. Role tension may increase due to inadequate role training or role conflict.

In the most general form, two types of role conflicts can be distinguished: between roles and within the same role. There are several types of actions by which role tension can be reduced. This usually includes rationalization, division and regulation of roles. The first two types of actions are considered unconscious defense mechanisms that a person uses purely instinctively. However, if these processes are understood and used intentionally, their effectiveness is greatly enhanced. As for the third method of action, it is used mainly consciously and rationally.

List we useoh literature

Andrienko E.V. Social psychology: Textbook. aid for students higher textbook institutions / Ed. V.A. Slastenina. - M.: Publishing center "Academy", 2007. - 264 p.

Bezrukova O.N. Sociology of youth: Educational and methodological manual. / Bezrukova O.N. - SPb.: St. Petersburg. state univ., 2005. - 35 p.

Volkov Yu.G., Mostovaya I.V. Sociology: Textbook for universities / Ed. prof. IN AND. Dobrenkova. - M.: Gardarika, 2005. - 244 p.

Kon I.S. Sociology of personality / Kon I.S. - M.: Helios ARV, 2007. - 267 p.

Nemirovsky V.G. Sociology of personality. / Nemirovsky V.G. - M.: Eksmo, 2007. - 320 p.

Psychology. Textbook for universities / Under general. ed. V.N. Druzhinina. - St. Petersburg: Peter, 2004. - 656 pp.: ill. - (Series “Textbook of the New Century”).

Toshchenko Zh.T. Psychology. Textbook. / Under. ed. A.A. Krylova. - M.: “Prospekt”, 2005. - 584 p.

Frolov S.S. Sociology: textbook for higher educational institutions. 2nd ed., revised. and additional / Frolov S.S. - M.: Logos Publishing Corporation, 2006. - 278 p.

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