The Unified State Exam (Unified State Exam) is a centralized exam that is conducted in educational institutions of secondary general education with the help of control measuring materials.

C at school (or lyceum) and at the same time the main form of entrance exams to universities. Thus, students take the Unified State Exam in the following subjects: Russian language, mathematics, foreign language (English, French, German and Spanish), physics, chemistry, biology, geography, literature, history, social studies, computer science.

At the same time, and the rest are optional items. You can take any number of optional subjects - it all depends on what requirements the university sets (lists of subjects are usually posted on information stands and on university websites). The results of the Unified State Exam in points are issued in the form of a certificate of Unified State Examination results.

The exam is compulsory for everyone who graduated from school, college, technical school or lyceum after January 1, 2009. In addition, foreign citizens who have studied abroad are required to take it.

In fact, the main time for taking the Unified State Exam is May and June.

However, there are two more stages of passing the Unified State Exam: this is an early period - in April and an additional period - in July.

Graduates of the current year have the right to take the Unified State Exam early, namely:

Evening school students drafted into the army;
- traveling to Russian or international sports competitions and Olympics;
- traveling abroad or being sent for treatment;
- graduates of schools located outside the Russian Federation, in countries with difficult climatic conditions.

During the additional period, graduates of previous years or graduates of primary and secondary vocational education, and foreign citizens have the right to take the Unified State Exam.

Who conducts the Unified State Exam?

On the territory of Russia, the Unified State Exam is conducted by the Federal Service for Supervision in Education and Science with the assistance of executive authorities of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation. If the Unified State Exam is held outside of Russia, then Rosobrnadzor conducts it together with the founders of the educational institution, which must have state accreditation.

Who should not take the Unified State Exam?

High school graduates who graduated from an educational institution before January 1, 2009, that is, before the Unified State Exam became mandatory, have a choice. When entering a university, they can take exams in the traditional form, or they can take the Unified State Exam on their own. In addition, the Unified State Exam is optional for graduates with disabilities, pupils of closed special institutions for children with deviant behavior and graduates of educational institutions of the penitentiary system.

Mikhail Zadornov

The Unified State Exam was introduced in France after the former French colonies in Africa became independent states. A wave of African immigrants poured into France. Their education was so primitive that they could answer clearly at the level of “yes”, “no”... Many of them could only count up to ten. Everything further was denoted by the word “many.” We heard that there are millions, but we had no idea exactly how many.

It was because of them that the examination system was simplified, the Unified State Examination and a test survey system were introduced, in which the ability to think is replaced by guessing. A year later, demonstrations and unrest began in France... People protested, the thinking of young people began to turn from multipolar to bipolar. In short, they wanted the best, but it turned out according to Chernomyrdin!

However, the French turned out to be great! They didn’t want to live according to the prophet of the future. Three years later, the French government was forced to abandon innovations, because not only the French people, but also the government itself began to grow stupid.

It would seem that the system of a single examination-testing could be put to rest. But no! All these years, England carefully and joyfully watched the dulling France - its eternal rival. It was precisely in those years that England began to become increasingly irritated by America. It was gaining such economic power that it no longer wanted to remain a subsidiary of the London financial branch. The energy of this arrogant young state had to be immediately cut off at the root. This is where the conclusions made by British intelligence came in handy, observing the “successful” results of the Unified State Exam in France.

It was in the depths of British intelligence that a plan was developed for the “castration” of American education. They understood that it was necessary to start zombifying Americans with the youth. To do this, it is necessary to promote the system of tested training as more profitable. Disconnect the student from the interlocutor teacher. Produce average people-crammers instead of those who should learn to create.

And so... in the mid-60s, a group of several people, trained by British intelligence, went to America to do PR for the new education system, which was supposed to set all subsequent generations of American youth back in its development several centuries ago. The Americans of that time turned out to be no less susceptible to PR than we are today. Less than two decades have passed since the most popular expression in relation to Americans among the world's intelligentsia appeared - “narrow-minded”.

Using the example of America, it became clear that the Unified State Exam and the test education system turned out to be the most massive means of defeating young people! With a range significantly greater than that of a hydrogen bomb.

The less expensive test training system quickly took root in America, which knows how to count profits. The creative abilities of an entire generation were switched to the development of motor memory functions. And young Americans were turning from “eagles” into “fat pigeons” before our eyes.

Many years will pass, and several waves of Soviet emigrants will flood into America in a row. In terms of energy of thinking, education, ability to think - these will not even be waves, but real “ninth waves”. Many will come to America with their children, enroll them in American schools and be incredibly happy that all their children, compared to the American background, are solid Newtons, Mendeleevs and Leibniz... The expression “How stupid they are!” I first heard in America from our emigrants.

But the education system of the Soviet Union continued to be the envy of Western scientific circles. Even in the most difficult years, the intelligence of the nation was preserved. It was thanks to him, and not to Soviet power or economics, that our power was the greatest in the world. Because the cornerstone of Soviet education has always been the broad development of the child’s abilities. The teachers tried to teach him to think independently, and not to mindlessly memorize.

“Teaching” and “training” are different words! “Learning” involves the development of conditioned reflexes. Academician Pavlov showed that even animals are subject to learning. That’s why they live in a world of consumption: if the monkey pulls the string, Pavlov himself brings it food! Learning involves developing the brain. The “taught” can only reproduce what was put into it. “Trained” – to generate new ideas! You can train both a monkey and a dog... Only a human can be trained! Therefore, if “learning” from young people is replaced by “teaching”, the reverse process of evolution from man to ape will begin! What, in fact, happened in many Western countries that followed the American path.

We must pay tribute to the Americans, not all of them accepted the new education system. US President John Kennedy also resisted desperately. In one of his speeches, he did not hesitate to express the opinion that the best education system is in the Soviet Union.

The first analogue of the Unified State Exam was introduced in France in the 60s. The French colonies in Africa gained independence, and the country began to have a lot of immigrants from Africa. Their level of education was extremely low, but, nevertheless, the children of immigrants needed to study, and the French authorities met them halfway by greatly simplifying the exam system. Test surveys were introduced, and the final exam was combined with the entrance exam to the university.

Very soon, numerous demonstrations and protests began in France: the people did not accept the new system, believing that it would lead to the “dumbing down” of the nation. The confrontation did not last long: after three years, the government, having assessed the results of the new policy, abandoned the innovations.

However, such a system has taken root quite successfully in America. It is less expensive and very convenient. Now the idea of ​​“2 exams in 1” has started to become widespread all over the world.

Unified State Exam in Russia

The first prototypes of the Unified State Exam began to appear in Russia in 1997. Some schools began conducting experiments on voluntary testing of graduates.

The author of the idea of ​​the Unified State Exam in Russia was Vladimir Filippov, who headed the Ministry of Education from 1998 to 2004. It was he who began a large-scale reform of domestic education: Russia’s accession to the Bologna process with the division of higher education into bachelor’s and master’s degrees, and the creation of new educational standards. One of the necessary conditions for this process was the introduction of new ways to assess the knowledge of schoolchildren.

The Unified State Exam was supposed to eliminate corruption in schools and universities and provide an effective test of graduates’ knowledge (the standard five-point scale has not been able to cope with this task for a long time). That is why a test form was chosen, with which an impartial machine works. In addition, the state exam was supposed to make higher education truly accessible to children from the regions.

“You can enter all elite and most other universities only through tutoring at a given university, or through paid courses at it, or through targeted admission, which they implement, or through “contractual” schools that Moscow and St. Petersburg universities have.” , Filippov asserted.

In 1999, the Federal Testing Center of the Ministry of Education and Science was created. Objective: development of a testing system in the country, as well as monitoring the quality of knowledge of students in Russian educational institutions.

Under the leadership of the director of the center, Vladimir Khlebnikov, the idea, technology and methodology for conducting the Unified State Exam were developed, as well as its software and scaling of test results. At the same time, the basis for compiling KIMs was formed, and issues of coordinating information and technological support for the exam were resolved.

In 2000, the order of the Government of the Russian Federation outlined a new plan for the development of education: “The phased transition to normative per capita financing of higher professional education provides for the development of technology for conducting the Unified State Final Exam and its subsequent legislative consolidation.”

The implementation of the new plan began almost immediately. However, it was impossible to foresee all possible obstacles and pitfalls in advance. The Unified State Exam has undergone many changes during its existence. Its development was carried out in several conventional stages.

Stage 2001-2003

The experiment on introducing the Unified State Exam was launched by two resolutions of the Government of the Russian Federation:
• “On the organization of an experiment on the introduction of a unified state exam” dated February 16, 2001
• “On the participation of educational institutions of secondary vocational education in the experiment on the introduction of a unified state exam” dated April 5, 2002.

Experimental regions were selected where the Unified State Exam was held for the first time in eight subjects: the Republic of Chuvashia, Mari El, Yakutia, Samara and Rostov regions. More than 30 thousand people and about 50 public universities in eight academic disciplines took part.

Before the start of the experiment, a large-scale campaign was launched to support the unified state exam. First of all, active work was carried out to inform the population through the media, conferences and trainings for teachers, and special classes in schools were held. At the same time, a powerful anti-corruption movement began throughout the entire education system.

The specific list of subjects for which the Unified State Exam was held in 2001-2008 was established by each region independently.

In 2002, the experiment to introduce a unified state exam took place in 16 regions of the country. It was taken by graduates of 8,400 schools; admission based on grades obtained on the Unified State Exam was carried out in 117 universities.

In 2003, 47 regions took part in the experiment, and in 11 of them, graduates took the Unified State Exam in all nine subjects of the school curriculum. The exam was conducted by 18.5 thousand Russian schools.

The number of universities that recruited students based on exam results increased significantly - to 245. The experiment included, among other things, some medical schools, as well as universities that train specialists in the field of culture and sports.

In short, the Unified State Exam was spreading very actively throughout the country. Already in 2004 - maximum in 2005 - the experiment was considered successful and they planned to make it mandatory.

results

However, not everything was smooth sailing.

Voices of protest against the introduction of the Unified State Exam were loud. Many scientific and cultural figures, teachers, schoolchildren, and their parents were dissatisfied. They pointed out the main shortcomings of the Unified State Examination. It was argued that testing, in principle, is not capable of revealing the level of knowledge, and the learning process turns into “training” for an exam. Also, many spoke about the exorbitant complexity of tasks for schoolchildren, and the general increase in the load on students.

According to many, this form of certification lacked an individual approach to students and did not take into account the difference in their learning conditions.

In addition, many prestigious (and not so prestigious) universities did not take into account the results of the Unified State Exam, so graduates had to endure a double load of exams.

Based on the results of the trial Unified State Examination, it was concluded that the regulatory framework requires significant improvements and modifications. A lot of problems arose with the work of examination commissions, filing appeals, and enrollment in universities.

In addition, problems were identified with the organization of the exam, both with the order of the procedure itself, and with the delivery and processing of results. But the questions and tasks of the Unified State Exam (USE) caused the most criticism.

Stage 2004-2006

Innovations

The task was set: over the course of three years, to solve the main problem of the Unified State Examination - reducing the burden on graduates by completely combining final and entrance exams. To achieve this, the number of universities accepting applicants based on the results of the Unified State Exam was significantly increased.

In 2004, 65 regions of Russia took the exam, the number of universities and colleges increased to 946 and 1,530, respectively. The number of general education subjects in which the Unified State Exam was taken has increased. In 2006, 950 thousand schoolchildren in 79 regions of Russia took the Unified State Exam.

Since 2004, the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation has taken part in an experiment to enroll cadets in the first courses of military universities based on the results of passing the Unified State Exam, and in 2005 introduced the State final certification in a new form (GIA) for graduates of the Suvorov military, Nakhimov naval schools and cadet schools buildings.

An important improvement was the possibility of correspondence admission of graduates to several universities at the same time. Moreover, it was possible to send documents to an unlimited number of educational institutions (from those that counted the results of the Unified State Exam). Funding for the project has increased even more. The procedure for conducting the Unified State Exam has been significantly improved.

Testing for graduates began to be carried out in two stages: immediately after graduation (in May-June) and a month later. This was introduced so that schoolchildren still have enough strength for the exam, as well as time to send their results to more educational institutions.

results

Of all the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, only the Nizhny Novgorod region categorically refused to participate in the Unified State Exam experiment. Residents of Nizhny Novgorod explained this by saying that the Unified State Examination is incorrect in its essence, and their exam will be held only after the relevant government decisions in the normal mode, when it is legalized.

By 2005, it was not possible to complete the experiment, and it was decided to make the Unified State Exam mandatory by 2008. A resolution was issued: to complete the Russian Government project “On the phased introduction of a unified state exam on the territory of the Russian Federation” as soon as possible, and also to determine approaches to creating an all-Russian quality assessment system education.

However, a serious problem arose with the introduction of the Unified State Exam in creative universities. The rectors of the largest educational institutions categorically spoke out against the introduction of the Unified State Exam. True, the state exam did not cancel the creative competition, and applicants continued to take these disciplines in the same order. However, the main general education subjects (Russian language, literature, mathematics) in most creative universities were already counted according to the Unified State Examination results. The most dramatic changes have taken place in the capital: the Moscow Department of Education has obliged all educational institutions related to the arts to allocate 50% of specialties for applicants admitted based on the results of the Unified State Exam. Literally only a few were able to bypass this decision.

However, despite the apparent success of the Unified State Exam, discontent still did not subside. To the old problems, another one has been added: the discrepancy between the requirements of the Unified State Exam and the school curriculum.

The main opponent of the introduction of the Unified State Exam, the rector of Moscow State University Viktor Sadovnichy, called the state exam “a forge of mediocrity.” His point of view was shared by almost all rectors of large universities in Russia. But at the same time, Vladimir Putin, in his address to the Federal Assembly, unequivocally spoke about the importance of a transparent procedure for state testing of knowledge, meaning by this specifically the Unified State Exam.

Stage 2007-2009

Innovations

In 2007, the Federal Law “On Amendments to the Law of the Russian Federation “On Education”, the Federal Law “On Higher and Postgraduate Professional Education” and Art. 2 of the Federal Law “On Amendments to Certain Legislative Acts of the Russian Federation in Connection with Improving the Separation of Powers.”

Until 2009, the procedure for conducting the Unified State Exam remained the same. The Regulations on the Unified State Examination, approved by order of the Ministry of Education seven years ago, continued to be in full force. The new amendments established in Russia until January 1, 2009 a transition period for the introduction of the Unified State Exam in full throughout Russia. They contained significant changes during the Unified State Examination.

First of all, school medals and SVE diplomas with honors lost their validity, and their holders were deprived of benefits: now they had to take the Unified State Exam under general conditions. However, the total number of beneficiaries increased significantly: outside the competition, subject to successful passing of the exam, not only orphans and children left without parental care, persons under the age of 23 (as previously decided), but also children of military personnel could enter universities. killed while performing military service duties or while participating in counter-terrorism operations. In addition, champions of the Olympic, Paralympic and Deaflympic Games received the right to enter without entrance examinations to study in areas of training (specialties) in the field of physical education and sports.

Also, the Federal Law of February 9, 2007 significantly expanded the number of Olympiads, according to the results of which a school graduate can be admitted to a higher educational institution with a minimum score on the Unified State Exam. From now on, their list will be approved annually by the Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation.

Also, the Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation, together with Rosobrnadzor, began the active development of additional legal acts regulating the issues of conducting the Unified State Examination and State Examination among graduates.

A specific deadline was set: by April 1, all colleges and universities must announce a list of specialties and forms of study for which admission was announced based on the results of the Unified State Examination, and a list of entrance tests. And on May 1, the admission rules should be fully published.

In 2008, over a million students in all regions took the Unified State Exam. The number of subjects of the Russian Federation where the Unified State Exam was held increased to 92 regions, and 1,650 universities and 2,000 colleges began accepting students based on the exam results.

On January 1, 2009, amendments to the laws “On Education” and “On Higher and Postgraduate Professional Education” came into force, which declared the Unified State Examination mandatory for all graduates, regardless of whether they intend to continue their studies at a university or not. The state exam has also become mandatory for foreign citizens, stateless persons, refugees and internally displaced persons studying in Russian schools.

The Unified State Exam 2009 has been significantly transformed. In addition to the above points, other changes have been introduced. First of all, he began to play a major role in entering the university. The results of passing the Unified State Examination at school began to be counted as entrance exams at the same time.

To receive a certificate, schoolchildren had to pass only two compulsory exams - in the Russian language and mathematics, and to enter a university - four. Additional exams were determined depending on the university’s admission requirements, however, the results of entrance tests in the Russian language were mandatory for admission to all specialties.

Some universities (namely 24) have received permission from the government to conduct their own additional tests for some specialties. Additional tests were organized in creative and professional specialties that require special creative, physical or psychological qualities.

Also, each university is now required to set its own passing threshold before accepting applications. This is necessary in order to make it easier for those applicants whose scores are not high enough to choose an educational institution.

Documents for admission to a university could now be sent by mail, which made it much easier for graduates to enroll.

Obtaining admission to the Unified State Examination has become more difficult: now it is not enough just to finish 11th grade - you had to write a final test in mathematics and an essay in the Russian language with a positive grade.

The points received in the state exam no longer affect the final grades that are included in the certificate. However, if a graduate passes both mandatory exams unsatisfactorily, he is issued a certificate of study at the school, and is given the right to retake the exam only after a year.

The problem with recalculation and scaling of Unified State Exam results has been resolved: the conversion of points into grades has been cancelled. Now, upon graduating from school, a graduate received a separate certificate of passing the Unified State Exam and a certificate. Unified State Examination results are valid until December 31 of the year following the passing of the exam.

results

The admissions campaign, which usually ran smoothly until the end of July, in 2009 ended only at the beginning of the school year. The main problem was the ability to apply to an unlimited number of universities and three “waves” of admission. Because of this, huge confusion and many scandals arose.

Difficulties also arose due to the fact that many applicants could not pick up the original documents for admission to the chosen university, since they had already been enrolled in another.

A lot of discontent arose due to the “influx” of applicants from the preferential category. The first list of state employees consisted almost entirely of applicants entering without competition. As a result, people with high Unified State Exam scores were faced with the need to either wait for the second wave or submit original documents to other universities. Successful applicants with good Unified State Exam results were often unable to enroll in their desired university.

The problem of uncertainty of applicants in their choice also emerged: they applied for a wide variety of areas, without gravitating towards any specific one. This created difficulties not only during enrollment, but also during further education.

2010

Innovations

KIMs in mathematics and literature have undergone some changes. This was preceded by the collapse of graduates in the previous year's exam: 25% of schoolchildren wrote an unsatisfactory grade in the mathematics exam. As for literature, the main problem was the impossibility of objectively assessing such an abstract, sometimes intuitive subject in test form. Math problems were transformed into more specific, everyday ones. The new tests required not only knowledge of formulas and rules, but also the ability to use them in practice, understanding the subject itself.

Graduates who graduated from high school before January 1, 2009, i.e., before the Unified State Examination became mandatory, were given a choice. Now, when entering a university as a full-time student, they may not have to take the Unified State Exam, but rather take exams in the traditional form. Previously, this was allowed only to those who entered the correspondence and evening departments of universities.

The number of stages of admission to universities has decreased from three to two. This made it possible to timely determine whether the applicant scored the required number of points to enter the chosen university. The right of a student to pick up his documents from the admissions office of one university and send them to another, where he was admitted in the second wave, was strictly observed. Moreover, all this could be done within one day.

Universities received the right to set a minimum threshold of scores not only in the core, but also in all other subjects.

The target intake was reduced by 10%. In addition, the issue of its abolition in humanitarian areas, where there are too many graduates: lawyers, economists, managers, etc., has become relevant.

A new rule was also legislatively approved: this year applications could be submitted to no more than five universities, and no more than three directions in each.

In order to avoid the repetition of conflict situations, which often arose due to the lack of necessary information, the government obliged all universities to publish on their websites their own admission rules, areas of training, and a list of entrance tests by February 1.

results

According to the All-Russian Society for the Protection of the Rights of Consumers of Educational Services and the Department of Economic Security of the Ministry of Internal Affairs, in 2010, due to the mandatory state exam, the volume of corruption in education increased. Moreover, bribery has moved from universities to the school level. This became one of the main arguments of opponents of the introduction of the Unified State Exam in Russia.

Creative universities continue to defend their right to admit applicants not on the basis of Unified State Examination results, but on the basis of their own exams. There are those who succeed: Conservatory named after. P.I. Tchaikovsky, State Music College named after. Gnesins, RATI and the Moscow Art Theater School.

However, in most creative universities, the Unified State Examination results for at least one of the exams are taken into account. True, for now the state exam does not cancel traditional entrance tests.

At the same time, many educational institutions find a way to “bypass” the Unified State Exam. For example, higher theater schools named after. Shchepkina and them. Shchukin's state exam scores are counted only for essays, and then only for citizens of CIS countries. Medalists are given the opportunity to choose: present the results of the Unified State Exam or write an essay directly during the exam.

Limiting the number of educational institutions where documents could be submitted played a positive role: the rush and panic of 2009 was avoided. The admissions campaign went smoothly and quite successfully.

Another problem has arisen. In the context of an emerging demographic crisis, many universities began to reduce the passing grade in many specialties, as a result of which, often, they recruited not very well prepared students. This problem is most pressing now, since there are fewer and fewer graduates every year. The Ministry of Education and Science has focused its attention, first of all, on resolving this issue.

The introduction of the Unified State Exam and its evolution over almost 10 years made it clear that neither the Russian Government, nor the Ministry of Education and Science, nor the scientific community consider this form of knowledge assessment to be perfect. Every year the Unified State Exam has changed and will continue to change until it suits all participants in the educational process.

Stage 2011-2014

Innovations

In 2011, the rules for admission to universities for winners and prize-winners of this year's Olympiads changed. They could use their benefits for admission to only one university, and go to the rest according to a general competition based on the results of the Unified State Exam.

In 2012, the “Historical Portrait” task was introduced into Part “C” of the Unified State Examination in History. The essence of the task: choose one of the three proposed historical figures and briefly talk about him in the form of a mini-essay.

In addition, new, more complex options have appeared in part “B”. If previously it was enough to correctly compare a date and a person, now a historical event has also been added.”

The Unified State Examination in mathematics included problems in the section “Probability and Statistics” and assignments in the geometry course. The number of tasks in computer science computer simulations has also changed: in the first part their number was reduced from 18 to 13, in the second part it was increased from 10 to 15. The number of tasks in the sections “Elements of the Theory of Algorithms” and “Modeling and Computer Experiment” has increased, and there are fewer assignments in the sections “Number systems” and “Fundamentals of logic”.

In KIMs on literature, new tasks for choosing the correct answer from the proposed options have been introduced into the block of the basic level of complexity, but the total number of tasks remains the same.

During the Unified State Examination in 2013, more than 150 fragments of examination tasks were identified on the Internet in the public domain. In addition, in almost 2 thousand groups on social networks, graduates of 11th grade solved assignments online for everyone for a small fee.

Because of this, a large number of fake “stobalniks” appeared. As a result, the children who suffered were those who studied honestly throughout their entire period of schooling and relied only on their knowledge. Because of fake “stubble money”, many students were unable to enroll in the budget-funded departments of the universities they planned to attend. And they were forced to either postpone higher education or go to study on a commercial basis.

In November 2013, a letter from the Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation “On the validity of the Unified State Exam results” was published, which stated that the results of the unified state exam for admission to undergraduate and specialist programs are valid for four years following the year in which such results were obtained.

results

Due to the fact that in 2013 there was a massive leak of KIMs for the state exam, Rosobrnadzor set the task of “working on the mistakes” so that in 2014 the Unified State Exam would be held on equal terms for all graduates.

In 2014, Rosobrnadzor plans to carry out a number of activities that will help avoid leaks of CIMs. For this purpose, an increase in examination materials and the number of options will be made. Each time zone will have its own versions of testing and measuring materials.

CTs will be delivered to the regions not three days before the exam, as before, but one day before. It is planned to place them in special storage facilities with a video surveillance system.

In addition, graduates of 2014 will have to take the Unified State Exam under the surveillance of video cameras that will be installed in classrooms and corridors. It is expected that cellular signal jammers will be installed in classrooms.

Innovations in the Unified State Exam 2015

• An oral part in foreign languages ​​has been added. This section can be included at the request of the participant.
• For individual achievements, students could receive up to 10 points towards their Unified State Examination results.
• The admission to the Unified State Exam was the essay, which was conducted in December. Grading - pass/fail. Upon admission, the university could evaluate the essay - up to a maximum of 10 points for the Unified State Examination.
• The test part of the Unified State Exam in Russian has been removed. For other subjects - a reduction in multiple-choice tasks.
• In CMMs, the division into blocks (A, B, C) was removed, and simple numbering remained.
• Division of the Unified State Examination in mathematics into basic and specialized levels.
• Most of the tasks are planned to be taken from an open bank. In the future, the formation of CIMs will be 100% from an open bank.
• Everyone will be allowed to take the Unified State Exam early - students and graduates of previous years.
• The Unified State Examination can be retaken this year.
• The Unified State Exam can be taken after 10th grade.

Innovations in the Unified State Exam 2016

Russian language.

All the main characteristics of the examination work are generally preserved. The selection of language material for completing tasks 7 and 8 has been expanded. The wording of task 25 has been clarified. The assessment criteria for task 25 have been clarified.

Mathematics.

Basic level There are no changes in the structure and content of the examination paper.

Profile level Two tasks are excluded from the first part: a practice-oriented task of a basic level of complexity and a task on stereometry of an increased level of complexity. The maximum primary score decreased from 34 to 32 points.

Story.

Tasks with a choice of one answer out of four (1–21 according to 2015 numbering) and a task to establish correspondence (24) were excluded from the work. New tasks for establishing correspondence have been added to part 1 of the work: knowledge of dates (2 according to 2016 numbering); on knowledge of basic facts, processes, phenomena (5); to work with textual historical sources (6); on knowledge of the basic facts of cultural history (17); a task on the history of the Great Patriotic War to fill in the gaps in sentences (8), as well as a task with a short answer to work with a historical source on the 20th century. (10). The task to test the ability to present the results of historical and educational activities in free form (40 according to the 2015 numbering) has been excluded from part 2 of the examination paper. A new task has been added that involves writing a historical essay on a certain period of Russian history. In Part 1 of the 2016 examination paper, the arrangement of tasks has been changed: tasks are arranged in accordance with the principle of alternating activities. The writing time has been increased to 235 minutes.

Biology, literature.

There are no changes to the structure and content of the examination paper.

Chemistry.

In the work of 2016, compared to 2015, the following changes were adopted:
• In Part 1 of the work, the format of six tasks of a basic level of complexity with a short answer has been changed. These are the following tasks: - No. 6, its implementation involves the use of generalized knowledge about the classification and nomenclature of inorganic substances. The result of completing the task is to identify three correct answers out of six proposed options; − No. 11 and No. 18, their implementation involves the use of generalized knowledge about the genetic relationship of inorganic and organic substances. The result of completing the tasks is to identify two correct answers out of five proposed options. − No. 24, No. 25 and No. 26, the answer to these tasks is a number with a given degree of accuracy (instead of the number of the correct answer in the 2015 work). Also in Part 1 of the work, the format of two tasks of an increased level of complexity has been changed - No. 34 and No. 35, which test the assimilation of knowledge of the characteristic chemical properties of hydrocarbons and oxygen-containing organic compounds. In the 2016 paper, these tasks are presented in the format of matching tasks (in the 2015 paper these were multiple choice tasks).
• Based on the analysis of the results of the Unified State Exam 2015, an adjustment was made regarding the distribution of tasks by level of complexity and types of skills and methods of activity being tested. Thus, in particular, the expediency of checking the assimilation of the content element “Chemical equilibrium” is justified; shift of equilibrium under the influence of various factors” only with tasks of an increased level of complexity. At the same time, mastering knowledge of the characteristic chemical properties of nitrogen-containing organic compounds and biologically important substances is only at a basic level.

Spanish, German, French, English.

Social science.

The structure of the examination work has been optimized: – the logic of the structure of part 1 has been brought into line with the logic of part 2: tasks are focused on testing certain skills (requirements for the level of graduates’ training) on ​​various content elements; – from Part 1 of the work, tasks with a short answer in the form of one number corresponding to the number of the correct answer are excluded; As a result of the regrouping of tasks of various types, the total number of tasks in part 1 was reduced by 7 tasks. As a result, the total number of work tasks was reduced by 7 tasks (29 instead of 36). The maximum primary score for completing all work has not changed (62).

Physics.

The structure of the Unified State Exam KIM in 2016 was left unchanged. For task lines 2–5, 8–10 and 11–16, the range of controlled content elements has been expanded.

Computer science.

The 2016 CMM model has changed slightly compared to the 2015 CMM. The sequence of presentation of tasks 1–5 was changed. The number of tasks and the maximum primary score remained unchanged.

Changes in the testing and measuring materials of the Unified State Exam-2017.

There are no changes in structure and content in the following subjects:
• Russian language.
• Mathematics (basic and specialized levels).
• Geography.
• Computer science.
• Literature.

Foreign languages: there are no changes in structure and content.
The wording of task 3 of the oral part of the exam has been clarified.

History: no changes in structure or content.
The maximum score for completing tasks 3 and 8 has been changed (2 points instead of 1).
The wording of task 25 and the criteria for its assessment have been improved

Social studies: no significant changes.
The structure of the block of tasks in Part 1, which tests the content of the “Law” section, is unified according to the model of the structure of blocks that test the content of other sections of the course: task 17 was added to select the correct judgments, the numbering of tasks 18 (formerly 17), 19 (formerly 18) was changed. Task 19 in the form in which it existed in the CMM of previous years is excluded from the work.

Biology: significant changes.

• Tasks with a choice of one answer are excluded from the examination work.
• The number of tasks has been reduced from 40 to 28.
• The maximum primary score was reduced from 61 in 2016 to 59 in 2017.
• The duration of the examination work has been increased from 180 to 210 minutes.
• Part 1 includes new types of tasks that differ significantly in the types of learning activities: filling in the missing elements of a diagram or table, finding the correctly indicated symbols in a picture, analyzing and synthesizing information, including that presented in the form of graphs, diagrams and tables with statistical data.

Chemistry: significant changes.

The structure of the examination paper has been optimized:
• The structure of Part 1 of CMM has been fundamentally changed: tasks with a choice of one answer have been excluded; The tasks are grouped into separate thematic blocks, each of which contains tasks of both basic and advanced levels of difficulty.
• The total number of tasks has been reduced from 40 (in 2016) to 34.
• The rating scale has been changed (from 1 to 2 points) for completing tasks at a basic level of complexity, which test the assimilation of knowledge about the genetic connection of inorganic and organic substances (9 and 17).
• The maximum initial score for completing the work as a whole will be 60 points (instead of 64 points in 2016).

Physics: significant changes.
The structure of part 1 of the examination paper has been changed, part 2 has been left unchanged.
Tasks with a choice of one correct answer have been excluded from the examination work and tasks with a short answer have been added.

Changes in the testing and measuring materials of the Unified State Exam-2018

There are no changes in structure and content in the following subjects:
• Mathematics (basic and specialized level)
• Geography
• Story
• Biology

Russian language: significant changes.
• The examination paper in the Russian language includes a basic level task (No. 20), testing knowledge of the lexical norms of the modern Russian literary language;
• The maximum initial score for completing all work has been increased from 57 to 58.

Literature: significant changes.
• The requirements for completing tasks 9 and 16 have been clarified (the requirement to justify the choice of an example for comparison has been cancelled);
• The fourth topic of the essay has been introduced (17.4). 3) The criteria for assessing the completion of tasks with a detailed answer (8, 9, 15, 16, 17) have been completely redesigned;
• The maximum score for the entire work has been increased from 42 to 57 points.

Social science: significant changes.
• The assessment system for task 28 has been reworked;
• The wording of task 29 has been detailed and the system of its assessment has been changed;
• The maximum initial score for completing all work has been increased from 62 to 64.

Computer Science and ICT:
• In task 25, the ability to write an algorithm in natural language was removed due to the lack of demand for this option by exam participants;
• Examples of program texts and their fragments in tasks 8, 11, 19, 20, 21, 24, 25 in the C language have been replaced with examples in the C++ language, as it is much more relevant and widespread.

Foreign languages: There are no changes to the CMM structure.
• The criteria for assessing the completion of tasks 39 and 40 have been clarified.

Chemistry: significant changes.
• One high-level task (No. 30) with a detailed answer has been added. By changing the scoring of tasks in part 1;
• The maximum primary score for completing all work remained unchanged (60).

Physics: significant changes.
• One basic level task (No. 24) has been added to Part 1, testing elements of astrophysics;
• The maximum primary score for completing all work has been increased from 50 to 52 points.

Innovations in the Unified State Exam 2019

In 2019, school graduates will be required to choose one of two levels of the Unified State Exam in their application for participation in the Unified State Exam. mathematics: either basic or profile.

If a graduate fails the Unified State Exam in mathematics, he can replace the previously chosen level and take it again on reserve days. And those who did not pass the profile level even on reserve days will be able to pass the basic level to receive a certificate in September.

In 2019 graduates of previous years Those who already have a certificate cannot take basic level mathematics.

Since 2017 test part of the tasks The Unified State Exam is excluded from almost all testing and measuring materials. To the previously excluded test parts, the exclusion of the test part from the Unified State Examination tasks in three more subjects has been added: physics, biology and chemistry. Exam participants must enter the answer themselves, and not choose it from those proposed.

In 2019, for the first time, the Unified State Examination will be conducted according to Chinese language. It will become the fifth language of choice for Unified State Examination participants, along with English, German, French and Spanish.

In 2019 certificate with distinction will be awarded to those graduates who have final grades “excellent” in all academic subjects, have successfully passed the state final certification, and also passed the Unified State Examination in Russian language and mathematics at the profile level with at least 70 points or 5 points on the Unified State Examination in basic-level mathematics .

Since 2019, the Unified State Exam has become the main form of state final certification for graduates of Crimea and Sevastopol.

Changes in the testing and measuring materials of the Unified State Exam-2019

In KIM, additional instructions and reminders have been introduced for all academic subjects for Unified State Examination participants to check the recording of answers on forms No. 1 and No. 2 under the corresponding task numbers. All changes in the Unified State Exam KIM are not of a fundamental nature. In most subjects, the wording of tasks is being clarified and the system of assessing tasks is being improved to increase the differentiating ability of examination work.

There are no changes in structure and content in the following subjects:
• Mathematics (basic and specialized level);
• Geography;
• Physics;
• Chemistry;
• Computer Science and ICT.

Russian language:
• The number of tasks in the examination paper has been increased from 26 to 27 due to the introduction of a new task (21), which tests the ability to conduct punctuation analysis of the text;
• Changed the format of tasks 2, 9–12;
• The range of tested spelling and punctuation skills has been expanded.
• The difficulty level of individual tasks has been clarified;
• The wording of task 27 with a detailed answer has been clarified;
• The assessment criteria for task 27 have been clarified.

Literature:

The criteria for assessing the completion of tasks with a detailed answer have been clarified:
• corrections have been made to the assessment of tasks 8 and 15 (wording of criterion 1 with a description of the requirements for an answer for 2 points, rules for calculating factual errors in criterion 2),
• in tasks 9 and 16 (criteria 1 and 2 take into account possible options for flaws in the answer),
• in tasks 17.1–17.4 (counting logical errors was added to criterion 4).

Social science:
• The wording was detailed and the assessment system for task 25 was revised;
• The maximum score for completing task 25 has been increased from 3 to 4;
• The wording of tasks 28, 29 has been detailed, and their assessment systems have been improved;
• The maximum initial score for completing all work has been increased from 64 to 65.

Foreign languages: There are no changes in the structure and content of the CMM.
• The criteria for assessing the performance of task 40 of the “Writing” section in the written part of the exam have been clarified, as well as the wording of task 40, in which the exam participant is offered a choice of two topics for an extended written statement with elements of reasoning “My opinion”

The main stage of the Unified State Examinations has started in Russia. It will last from May 28 to July 2.

The first were schoolchildren who needed results in geography and computer science.

The Unified State Examination was introduced everywhere nine years ago, but controversy surrounding this form of passing final exams at school has not stopped to this day.

Who invented the Unified State Exam?

The initiator of the introduction of the Unified State Exam in Russia was Vladimir Filippov, who served as Minister of Education from 1999 to 2004. It was under him that the principles of the Unified State Exam in Russia were developed.

The direct creator of the testing system was Vladimir Khlebnikov, the namesake of the great Russian poet. It is interesting to note that it was he who became one of the first critics of this system.

As the head of the Federal Testing Center of Rosobrnadzor, Khlebnikov developed the principles of centralized testing, which was carried out purely voluntarily at the request of students and educational institutions. No budgetary funds were required for this; the results were agreed to be taken into account when screening out applicants from about six hundred universities in the country.

According to Vladimir Khlebnikov, this system was in no way suitable as a final certification at the end of school.

Nevertheless, officials were satisfied with the system, and since 2001, experiments have been carried out to introduce unified state exams in various regions. Since 2009, the Unified State Exam has become the only form of final exams at school and the main one for admission to universities.

Why was this necessary?

The initiators of the introduction of the Unified State Exam were most concerned about two things: reducing corruption, which flourished in education and was not even particularly hidden, and creating a working “educational elevator.”

Filippov said directly that the Unified State Exam is subject to sharp criticism primarily because residents of capital cities lose their “natural” advantage when entering prestigious universities, which could only be obtained through tutoring or paid preparatory courses. The Unified State Examination, as planned by the organizers, equalized the chances.

As time passed, it turned out that in general this was achieved, Tatyana Klyachko, director of the Center for Economics of Continuing Education at the Institute of Applied Economic Research (IPEI) of the RANEPA, told the website correspondent.

“For all its difficulties, the Unified State Exam has no more shortcomings than traditional exams had. And from the point of view of the fact that children from the outback can now come and enroll in educational institutions in large cities, and we see from the results of our research that the mobility of school graduates has indeed increased sharply, I think this is a good start,” Tatiana Klyachko emphasized.

The principled opponents of the Unified State Exam also admit this. For example, Oleg Smolin, deputy chairman of the State Duma Committee on Education, noted that it has become easier for children from the regions to enter universities in the capital. However, in his opinion, there is more harm from the Unified State Exam.

That is, the Unified State Exam is enough for admission to any university?

Not really. The most prestigious universities received the right to conduct additional tests. First of all, this is Lomonosov Moscow State University, which retains the title of the most prestigious university in the country.

As the rector of Moscow State University Viktor Sadovnichy recently said, exams for admission to Moscow State University turn out to be insurmountable for every tenth of the applicants.

However, there are not very many such universities. Basically, good results obtained on the Unified State Exam are enough to enter a higher educational institution.

What if the exam is bad?

If the results are not so good, you can retake the exam. There is an opportunity to do this next year and even immediately after failure.

“And the issue is being explored that you can retake the Unified State Exam in the same year in which you take it. And it was exactly the same before, people didn’t get into university and that’s it, go ahead next year. There is no deterioration compared to traditional exams. The only thing is that previously several universities like Moscow State University or Leningrad State University where you could take exams in July, and exams for all other universities took place in August, so those who did not enter MSU could enter another university in August,” said the director Center for Economics of Continuous Education of the Institute of Applied Economic Research (IPEI) RANEPA Tatyana Klyachko.

As for the psychological aspects, according to experts, little has changed. Just as schoolchildren were nervous before exams, they will continue to be nervous. But the influence of the human factor on the results has decreased.

“At school it was still possible to say that the student, when taking the exam, was not very worried, because all the teachers were familiar to him and, in principle, he believed that he would pass one way or another, although this was not always the case. And if the relationship with some teacher did not work out, then on the contrary, this could lead to extremely unpleasant results. Now the person is at least freed from those troubles. And when the applicant entered the university, he was faced with a completely unfamiliar situation. Yes, at a time when bribes were widespread, some of the people who paid money for education considered themselves more protected. But this is again to the detriment of everyone else. Now the situation is better than 10-12 years ago,” says Tatyana Klyachko.

Why is the Unified State Examination being criticized?

The main object of criticism is the form in which the exam is administered. From the very beginning, doubts were raised about the ability to correctly assess the level of knowledge of students using tests. Exams in this form in the humanities were especially embarrassing. In addition, it was noted that the goal of education is precisely passing exams, and not knowledge as such. Many teachers admitted that they literally coach students to take tests.

Unified State Examination tasks are called test materials, and initially in many disciplines the form “choose one of the answer options” was meant. The tasks were constantly improved, and eventually this form disappeared altogether. Students must give either a short answer to the question or a detailed one. As Minister of Education Olga Vasilyeva noted, the tasks are being improved every year.

Nevertheless, the Unified State Exam still has many opponents, including among education specialists, deputies, and parents.

Once again, in early April, the President of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Alexander Sergeev, called for the cancellation of the Unified State Exam, linking this problem with “brain drain.”

“For some reason we are afraid of the leakage of dollars, we count every month - how much goes there, how much comes here. For some reason, no one considers how our intelligence is leaking out of the country... I believe that we should abandon the Unified State Exam. We must ultimately, after two years of talking about graduate school, return to normal graduate school, which is the first step in scientific activity,” the head of the RAS emphasized.

Scandals

Theoretically, the Unified State Exam should equalize the chances of Russian schoolchildren, no matter where they live - in large cities or in some remote village. In practice, things turned out differently, and scandals broke out almost every year. For example, there was a case when schoolchildren in the Far East, after passing an exam, posted assignments online (they are the same for the whole country). Children living to the west were extremely grateful to them, officials - on the contrary.

Violations such as opening assignments before tests, using smartphones and tablets, and even taking the exam in another region were recorded. They are fighting against violations - the chairmen of the commissions are now approved exclusively by Rosobrnadzor, its representative is included in each regional commission. Online surveillance has been introduced, and schoolchildren are allowed to pass through metal detectors. The number of options has been increased to avoid information leakage to the Internet.

This year, new data protection technology is being used for the first time. All disks are delivered to the Unified State Exam point in encrypted form, and the assignment and answer forms are printed directly in front of the participants. It is believed that this will help completely eliminate the influence of the human factor.

They don’t seek good from goodness

So far, the arguments of opponents of the Unified State Exam have had no effect. Recently, Deputy Prime Minister Tatyana Golikova said during the St. Petersburg International Economic Forum that the structure of the Unified State Exam may change after analyzing the results of this year. As the director of the Center for Economics of Continuing Education at the Institute of Applied Economic Research (IPEI) of RANEPA noted in an interview with the website

Tatyana Klyachko, we are unlikely to talk about canceling the Unified State Exam. And from her point of view, that's good.

“If any changes are made to the Unified State Exam, the procedure may be clarified, the content may change, but the exam itself, I think, will remain. And I don’t think there’s a need to change anything again now. This exam is already more or less established, and I think they don’t look for good from good,” she emphasized.

The main stages and goals of the Unified State Exam in the country.

1. 1997 Some schools began conducting experiments on voluntary testing of graduates. The author of the idea was the Minister of Education Vladimir Filippov.

2. 2001-2003 resolutions of the Government of the Russian Federation:
“On the organization of an experiment and the introduction of a unified state exam” dated February 16, 2001. “On the participation of educational institutions of secondary vocational education in the experiment on the introduction of a unified state exam” dated April 5, 2002.
In 2003, the experiment covered 47 constituent entities of the Russian Federation.

3. 2004-2006
The task was set: over the course of three years, to solve the main problem of the Unified State Examination - reducing the burden on graduates by completely combining final and credential exams. To achieve this, the number of universities accepting applicants based on the results of the Unified State Exam was significantly increased.
In 2006, about 950 thousand schoolchildren in 79 regions of Russia already took the Unified State Exam.

4. 2007-2009
Until 2009, the “+1” system was in effect, when not a single graduate was left without a certificate due to failure to pass the Unified State Exam. At that time, there was still an official translation of Unified State Examination points into grades ().
In 2007, the Federal Law “On Amendments to the Law of the Russian Federation “On Education” was adopted. Since 2009, the exam has become mandatory and uniform for all graduates in the country.

Official goals of the Unified State Exam:

eliminate corruption in schools and universities and ensure effective testing of graduates’ knowledge.
In addition, the state exam was supposed to make higher education truly accessible to children from the regions.

Arguments in favor of the Unified State Exam:

1. The Unified State Exam helps to avoid corruption and cronyism when entering universities.
2. The Unified State Exam evaluates a student’s knowledge and abilities more objectively than traditional types of exams.
3. The Unified State Exam stimulates students to prepare for the exam, including independent preparation.
4. The Unified State Exam allows you to compare the quality of education in different schools and regions.
5. The Unified State Exam allows graduates to enroll in universities located at a considerable distance from their place of residence, without spending money on travel, but simply by sending information about passing the Unified State Exam by mail. It makes it easier to submit documents to several universities at once, without having to take exams in each of them.
6. The Unified State Exam allows you to identify worthy applicants in the provinces who previously did not have the opportunity to take entrance exams in large cities.
7. The verification of the result is partially computerized, which saves time and money, since there is no need to spend money on the services of hired inspectors.
8. Increasing the requirements for the Unified State Examination, it is argued, leads to an increase in the quality of education, the qualifications of teachers and the quality of educational literature.
9. The Unified State Examination is similar to the final exam systems in developed countries (USA, Israel and others), which over time may lead to the recognition of Russian school certificates in other countries.
10. The Unified State Exam is assessed on a wider scale of points (100) than standard exams (actually 4), which makes it possible to identify the best of the best.
11. Statements about “suffering of logical and thinking skills in general, as well as the creative and rational principle” have no basis, since all subjects have part C, which (in the cases of Russian, history, social studies and some other subjects) requires precisely reasoned evidence of your position

Arguments against the Unified State Exam:

1. As a result of the transition from a full-fledged exam to tests, the development of the ability to prove and formulate the correct answer is excluded, logical and thinking skills in general, as well as creativity and rationality, suffer.
2. Testing and measuring materials are unusual for the Russian education system.
3. The Unified State Examination in social studies contains incorrectly set tasks and controversial answer options.
4. The Unified State Exam does not help to completely avoid corruption.
5. It is impossible to qualitatively check the level of preparedness of poorly and well prepared school graduates with one control and measuring material.
6. The specialization of the school is not taken into account: students from both schools with a humanitarian and natural science orientation take the same version of the mandatory final exam.
7. The Unified State Exam leads to a new type of tutoring associated with increasing the level of knowledge in the Unified State Exam specifications.
8. When computerized testing parts A and B, errors in recognizing student answers are possible, which are counted as incorrect answers.
9. The Unified State Examination in non-linguistic subjects cannot be taken in the languages ​​of the peoples of the Russian Federation other than Russian.

“The Unified State Examination is a mirror reflecting the level of preparation of applicants. You can, of course, split it, because you haven’t shaved this morning and your face is swollen. But it’s better to go shave, and your relationship with the mirror will be much better.

The deep reason for public rejection of the Unified State Exam is not in the methodology, but in its social effect. The interests of significant groups - namely the population of the country's largest cities - were infringed. Residents of Moscow, St. Petersburg, Yekaterinburg, Novosibirsk, Nizhny Novgorod after the collapse of the USSR for 15 years had the opportunity to almost monopolize an important social benefit - free higher education for their children in the best universities. They simply turned out to be closer to them and had average incomes that allowed them to pay for preparation courses for university exams. Residents of other regions, small towns, and villages found themselves outside the training system for the best universities - both in their place of residence and in their income, which is 2-3 times lower than that of those living in megacities.

But leading universities at one time were built for the entire country, and under Soviet rule, 75% of Moscow students were from other cities. In the early 2000s, when the Unified State Exam was first conceived, only 25% of students from other regions remained in Moscow, and a third in St. Petersburg. Now in HSE, for example, there are almost 60% of them. For example, if earlier it was possible to enter the Higher School of Economics or Moscow State University on a budget with 70-75 points (our exams, “recalculated” in the Unified State Exam), today - with 80-85. Five years ago, a Muscovite who had a “B” (according to the Unified State Examination is 55-70 points) in a core subject could enter a normal good Moscow university; today, the passing limit has shifted upward - this is no less than 62-65 points. The situation has changed, and the interests of people who cannot pay for their children’s education in the best universities, but can spend money on, say, university tutors, turned out to be against the Unified State Exam. For 15 years, they built their children’s happiness on denying the rest of the country’s population the opportunity to develop. It was not the Muscovites who arranged this, but they are accustomed to these circumstances, and the restoration of justice does not cause their support.”