Home Vitamins and dietary supplements Dates in Russian history. Key dates in Russian history

Dates in Russian history. Key dates in Russian history

In the 11th grade, it is not necessary to know by heart all the dates from the textbook. Enough to master mandatory minimum, which, believe me, will be useful not only in the exam, but also in life.

So, your preparation for the OGE and Unified State Examination in History must necessarily include memorizing several of the most important dates in Russian history. Stay informed major events V national history- and to make it easier to master them, you can, for example, write the entire minimum on cards and divide them by century. This simple step will allow you to begin to navigate history by period, and when you write everything on pieces of paper, you will unconsciously remember everything. Your parents and grandparents used a similar method when there was no trace of any Unified State Exam or State Examination.

We can also advise you to say the most important dates in the history of Russia out loud and record it on a voice recorder. Listen to the resulting recordings several times a day, and best of all, in the morning, when the brain has just woken up and has not yet absorbed the usual daily dose of information.

But under no circumstances do we recommend that you try to memorize everything at once. Have pity on yourself, no one has ever managed to master the whole school curriculum on the history of Russia. The Unified State Examination and the State Examination Test are designed to test how well you know full course subject. So don’t even think about somehow deceiving the system or hoping for the students’ favorite “night before the exam,” as well as various cheat sheets and “answers to the State Examination and Unified State Examination in History 2015,” of which there are so many on the Internet.

With leaflets, the last hope of careless schoolchildren, state exams have always been strict, and every year the situation becomes even more difficult. Exams in the 9th and 11th grades are held not only under the strict supervision of experienced teachers, but also under the supervision of video cameras, and you know, it is almost impossible to outsmart the technology.

So get enough sleep, don’t be nervous, develop your memory and memorize 35 important dates in the history of Russia. Relying on yourself is the best thing that can help you pass the Unified State Exam and State Examination.

862 Beginning of the reign of Rurik
988 Baptism of Rus'
1147 First mention of Moscow
1237–1480 Mongol-Tatar yoke
1240 Battle of the Neva
1380 Battle of Kulikovo
1480 Standing on the Ugra River. Fall of the Mongol yoke
1547 Ivan the Terrible crowned king
1589 Establishment of the Patriarchate in Russia
1598-1613 Time of Troubles
1613 Election of Mikhail Fedorovich Romanov to the kingdom
1654 Pereyaslav Rada.
1670–1671 Revolt of Stepan Razin
1682–1725 Reign of Peter I
1700–1721 Northern War
1703 Founding of St. Petersburg
1709 Battle of Poltava
1755 Foundation of Moscow University
1762– 1796 Reign of Catherine II
1773– 1775 Peasant War led by E. Pugachev
1812– 1813 Patriotic War
1812 Battle of Borodino
1825 Decembrist Revolt
1861 Abolition of serfdom
1905– 1907 First Russian Revolution
1914 Russia's entry into the First World War
1917 February Revolution. Overthrow of the autocracy
1917 October Revolution
1918– 1920 Civil War
1922 Formation of the USSR
1941– 1945 Great Patriotic War
1957 Launch of the first artificial Earth satellite
1961 Flight of Yu.A. Gagarin into space
1986 Accident on Chernobyl nuclear power plant
1991 Collapse of the USSR

In the 11th grade, it is not necessary to know by heart all the dates from the textbook. It is enough to master the mandatory minimum, which, believe me, will be useful not only in the exam, but also in life.

So, your preparation for the OGE and Unified State Examination in History must necessarily include memorizing several of the most important dates in Russian history. Stay up to date with the most important events in Russian history - and to make it easier to master them, you can, for example, write the entire minimum on cards and divide them by century. This simple step will allow you to begin to navigate history by period, and when you write everything on pieces of paper, you will unconsciously remember everything. Your parents and grandparents used a similar method when there was no trace of any Unified State Exam or State Examination.

But under no circumstances do we recommend that you try to memorize everything at once. Have pity on yourself, no one has ever managed to master the entire school curriculum on Russian history in a day. The Unified State Examination and the State Examination Test are designed to test how well you know the full course of the subject. So don’t even think about somehow deceiving the system or hoping for the students’ favorite “night before the exam,” as well as various cheat sheets and “answers to the State Examination and Unified State Examination in History 2015,” of which there are so many on the Internet.

So get enough sleep, don’t be nervous, develop your memory and memorize 35 most important dates in the history of Russia. Relying on yourself is the best thing that can help you pass the Unified State Exam and State Examination.

862 Beginning of the reign of Rurik
988 Baptism of Rus'
1147 First mention of Moscow
1237–1480 Mongol-Tatar yoke
1240 Battle of the Neva
1380 Battle of Kulikovo
1480 Standing on the Ugra River. Fall of the Mongol yoke
1547 Ivan the Terrible crowned king
1589 Establishment of the Patriarchate in Russia
1598-1613 Time of Troubles
1613 Election of Mikhail Fedorovich Romanov to the kingdom
1654 Pereyaslav Rada.
1670–1671 Revolt of Stepan Razin
1682–1725 Reign of Peter I
1700–1721 Northern War
1703 Founding of St. Petersburg
1709 Battle of Poltava
1755 Foundation of Moscow University
1762– 1796 Reign of Catherine II
1773– 1775 Peasant War led by E. Pugachev
1812– 1813 Patriotic War
1812 Battle of Borodino
1825 Decembrist Revolt
1861 Abolition of serfdom
1905– 1907 First Russian Revolution
1914 Russia's entry into the First World War
1917 February Revolution. Overthrow of the autocracy
1917 October Revolution
1918– 1920 Civil War
1922 Formation of the USSR
1941– 1945 Great Patriotic War
1957 Launch of the first artificial Earth satellite
1961 Flight of Yu.A. Gagarin into space
1986 Chernobyl accident
1991 Collapse of the USSR

1097 - First congress of princes in Lyubech

1147 - The first chronicle mention of Moscow

1188 - Approximate date of appearance " Words about Igor's Campaign »

1206 - Proclamation of Temujin as the “Great Khan” of the Mongols and his adoption of the name Genghis Khan

1237-1238 — Invasion of Khan Batu in North-Eastern Rus'

1240 July 15 - Victory of the Novgorod prince Alexander Yaroslavich over the Swedish knights on the river. Neve

1327 - uprising against the Mongol-Tatars in Tver

1382 - Campaign to Moscow by Khan Tokhtamysh

1471 - Ivan III's campaign against Novgorod. Battle on the river Sheloni

1480 - “Standing” on the river. Eel. The end of the Tatar-Mongol yoke.

1510 - Pskov annexed to Moscow

1565-1572 — Oprichnina

1589 - Establishment of the patriarchate in Moscow

1606 - Uprising in Moscow and murder of False Dmitry I

1607 - Beginning of the intervention of False Dmitry II

1609-1618 — Open Polish-Swedish intervention

1611 September-October - Creation of a militia led by Minin and Pozharsky in Nizhny Novgorod

1648 - Uprising in Moscow - " Salt riot »

1649 - “Conciliar Code” of Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich

1649-1652 — Erofey Khabarov’s campaigns to the Daurian land along the Amur

1652 - Nikon’s consecration as patriarch

1670-1671 - Peasant war led by S. Razin

1682 - Abolition of localism

1695-1696 — Azov campaigns of Peter I

1812 - Invasion " Great Army» Napoleon to Russia. Patriotic War

1814 September 19 -1815 May 28 - Congress of Vienna

1839-1843 — Monetary reform of Count E. f. Kankrina

1865 - Military judicial reform

1874 spring - The first mass “going to the people” of revolutionary populists

1875 April 25 - St. Petersburg Treaty between Russia and Japan (on South Sakhalin and the Kuril Islands)

1881 March 1 - Assassination of Alexander II by revolutionary populists

1906 November 9 - Beginning of agrarian reforms P.A. Stolypin

1930 - Beginning of complete collectivization

1939 November 30 - 1940 March 12 - Soviet-Finnish War

1941 June 22 - Attack of Nazi Germany and its allies on the USSR. The beginning of the Great Patriotic Wars s

1945 May 8 - Act of unconditional surrender of Germany. Victory of the USSR in the Great Patriotic War

1975 July 30 - August 1 - Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe (Helsinki). Signing of the Final Act by 33 European countries, the USA and Canada

1990 May 1-June 12 - Congress of People's Deputies of the RSFSR. Declaration of State Sovereignty of Russia

1991 December 8 - Signing in Minsk by the leaders of Russia, Ukraine and Belarus of the agreement on the “Commonwealth of Independent States” and the dissolution of the USSR

4.04.2016

1808 Emperor Alexander I proclaimed the “eternal” annexation of Finland to Russia

In 1807, Russia, under the terms of the Peace of Tilsit, was obliged to force Sweden to join the blockade of the British Isles. Sweden refused, so at the beginning of 1808 Russian troops launched an offensive in southeastern Finland. On April 1, 1808, Emperor Alexander I proclaimed the “eternal” annexation of Finland to Russia. On March 15, 1809, he signed the Manifesto on state structure Finland.

An unpopular process of Russification among the population began on the territory of Finland, which caused a number of protests, and at the beginning of the 20th century contributed to the intensification of the struggle for independence.

On December 18, 1917, by a resolution of the Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR, it was proposed to “recognize the state independence of the Finnish Republic.” Winter has begun Soviet-Finnish war, after which Finland lost part of its territory. At the end of 1995, Finland joined the European Union.

1613 Feat Kostroma peasant Ivan Susanin

At the beginning of 1613, a Polish detachment scoured the Kostroma region in search of Mikhail Romanov and his mother, nun Martha. They intended to capture or destroy the real Russian contender for the Moscow throne. Or maybe they wanted to capture him to demand a ransom.

Not far from Domnin, the Poles met the village elder Ivan Susanin and ordered him to show the way to the village. Susanin managed to send his son-in-law, Bogdan Sabinin, to Domnino with instructions to equip Mikhail Romanov to the Ipatiev Monastery. And he himself led the Poles in the opposite direction - to the swamps. He was tortured and executed - but it was Susanin’s feat that allowed Mikhail to reach the Ipatiev Monastery unharmed.

They buried Susanin first in his native village, and a few years later they transferred the ashes to the Ipatiev Monastery - which became a symbol of the salvation of the dynasty.

The letter of grant signed by the tsar (1619) states that B. Sabinin “for the service and for the blood and patience of his father-in-law Ivan Susanin” received the land for eternal use. Susanin's feat was repeated many times by Soviet patriots during the Civil and Great Patriotic Wars. The memory of Susanin's patriotic feat was preserved in oral folk tales and traditions. His feat is reflected in fiction, literature, and M. I. Glinka’s opera “Ivan Susanin.” A monument to Susanin was unveiled in Kostroma (1967). A collective farm and a village in the Kostroma region, a park in Kostroma, a street in Moscow, a school in the village bear Susanin’s name. Domnino, motor ships.

1879 Sofia is declared the capital of Bulgaria

Sofia is a city with a long history. It was founded seven thousand years ago and is the second oldest city in Europe. Sofia is located at one of the oldest and busiest crossroads in Europe, connecting the West with the East. Over the course of history, the city changed its name several times. At the beginning of the 9th century, the city became part of the Bulgarian state and was considered one of the large federal cities. Even then, being a significant military-political and cultural center of the First Bulgarian Kingdom, the city was renamed Sredets. The city received its modern name Sofia in honor of the Basilica of Hagia Sophia, which translated from Greek means “wisdom”. IN official documents under the name Sofia it appears at the end of the 14th century. From the late 14th century to the 1870s, the city, like the entire country, was under Ottoman rule. During the years of Ottoman rule, the city became an important administrative center of the empire. Here was the residence of the beylerbey of Rumelia, who ruled the European territory Ottoman Empire, and thus the city became the second, after Constantinople, Ottoman city in Europe. At the same time, Sofia also became the center of the liberation movement.

As a result Russian-Turkish War 1877-78, Bulgaria was liberated from the Turkish yoke. The state needed a capital. Among the most convincing candidates was Sofia. The strategic advantages of the city's location became decisive in the choice of the capital of the state. On April 3, 1879, the Great People's Assembly (the first national state assembly), which met in the city of Tarnovo, adopted an act by which Sofia was determined to be the main administrative, political and social center of Bulgaria. Thus, this decision made Sofia the capital of the newly liberated Bulgarian state. A period of fairly rapid construction and development of the city and the state as a whole began. In 1900, the city leadership proclaimed the emblem and motto of Sofia:"She grows, but does not age" . Today Sofia is a major economic, academic, historical and cultural center of Bulgaria.

1797 Coronation of Russian Emperor Paul I . Manifesto prohibiting landowners from forcing peasants to work on Sundays. A Manifesto on Succession to the Throne was also published (more details in the next article)

Emperor Paul I, son of Catherine II and Peter III, ascended the throne on November 6, 1796 at the age of 42. On April 5, 1797, on the first day of Easter, the coronation of the new sovereign took place. For the first time in history, the emperor and empress were crowned together.

On the day of his coronation, the emperor signed a Manifesto on a three-day corvee. This document, for the first time since the advent of serfdom in Russia, legally limited the use of peasant labor in favor of the court, the state and landowners to three days each week and prohibited forcing peasants to work on Sundays.

On the same day, Paul I publicly read out the adopted new law about succession to the throne, which drew a line under a century of palace coups and female rule in Russia. From now on, women were actually excluded from inheriting the Russian throne. For the first time, the rules of the regency were established.

1920 The Far Eastern Republic (FER) was formed

On April 6, 1920, the Far Eastern Republic (FER) was formed, which existed until November 1922. The Far Eastern Republic was proclaimed by the Constituent Congress of Workers of the Baikal Region on April 6, 1920. At first, the government of the Far Eastern Republic controlled only the Amur region and the Baikal region. In October 1920, representatives of the Verkhneudinsk, Amur and Primorsky governments, Eastern and Central Transbaikalia, as well as Kamchatka legally formalized the unification of the region at a specially convened conference. It was then that a full-fledged Far Eastern Republic appeared on the political map. It also included the CER along with the “right of way” - adjacent to railway Chinese territory where the Russian population lived. For this, the Chinese are still offended by the Far Eastern Republic, claiming that it illegally annexed the lands of the Celestial Empire.

The capital of the Far Eastern Republic was first Verkhneudinsk (present-day Ulan-Ude), and then Chita.

Soviet Russia officially recognized the republic on May 14, 1920, from the very beginning providing it with financial, diplomatic, personnel, economic and military assistance.

In January 1921, elections were held to the Constituent Assembly of the Far Eastern Republic, which adopted the Constitution. It stated that the republic is an independent democratic state, the supreme state power in which it belongs to the people. The government of the Far Eastern Republic was headed by Alexander Mikhailovich Krasnoshchekov.

The Far Eastern Republic did not last long - only 2.5 years. But it completed its tasks, preventing a military clash between the RSFSR and Japan. And not only - in the Far Eastern Republic, even in such a short, almost insignificant, by historical standards, period, a lot of things were created that would not have hurt Soviet Russia at all. For example, in contrast to Soviet Russia, the Higher Court of Cassation was created in the Far Eastern Republic and prosecutorial supervision appeared several years earlier. Border troops in the Far Eastern Republic, to a greater extent than in the RSFSR, carried out control and customs functions...

On October 25, 1922, the People's Revolutionary Army occupied Vladivostok. The Far Eastern Republic remained in existence for less than a month. On November 14, 1922, the People's Assembly of the Far Eastern Republic announced its self-dissolution and the establishment of all Russian Far East Soviet power. On November 15, 1922, the All-Russian Central Executive Committee issued a decree on the inclusion of the Far Eastern Republic into the RSFSR.

Thus ended the story of the most unusual public education in the Russian Far East.

1946 The Königsberg region was formed as part of the RSFSR, now the Kaliningrad region of the Russian Federation

After the end of World War II, at the Potsdam Conference of the three victorious powers (USSR, USA and Great Britain), held from July 17 to August 2, 1945, it was decided to liquidate East Prussia. One third of its territory - the northern part together with the city of Königsberg - was transferred to the USSR, and the remaining two thirds to the Polish People's Republic.

On April 7, 1946, a decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR “On the formation of the Koenigsberg region as part of the RSFSR” was issued.

July 4, 1946 in honor of the Soviet statesman M.I. Kalinin, the city of Königsberg was renamed Kaliningrad, and the Königsberg region was renamed Kaliningrad.

In July 1946, the Council of Ministers USSR adopted two documents - “On measures for the economic organization of the Koenigsberg region” and “On priority measures for the settlement of areas and development agriculture Kaliningrad region", defining the main direction of activity of the regional authorities, outlining a program for the revival of the city and region. In the summer of 1946, an almost complete renaming of settlements, streets and natural objects was carried out.

Since August 1946, a massive arrival of immigrants to the region from 27 regions of Russia, 8 regions of Belarus, and 4 autonomous republics was organized.

1158 Prince Andrei Bogolyubsky founded the Assumption Cathedral in Vladimir

Assumption Cathedral in Vladimir - main temple The Vladimir-Suzdal principality was founded on April 8, 1158 by Prince Andrei Bogolyubsky, the son of Yuri Dolgoruky. Located on a high bank of the river, built of white limestone, the Temple became the largest building of the new capital, the center of its architectural ensemble. Prince Andrei conceived it not only as the main temple of his principality, its cultural, political and religious center, but also as the main temple of all Rus', a metropolis independent of Kyiv.

Historically, before the rise of Moscow, the Assumption Cathedral was the main shrine - the cathedral church of Vladimir-Suzdal Rus'. Even in height it surpassed the St. Sophia Cathedrals of Kyiv and Novgorod. Important state ceremonies took place there. At the altar of the cathedral they were erected to reign legendary commanders- Alexander Nevsky, Dmitry Donskoy and other Vladimir and Moscow princes before Ivan III.

At the same time, five external gates were erected in Vladimir, which were used as combat and travel towers. Only the most important of the five have survived to this day - the Golden Gate, used for the ceremonial entry into the city.

There was also an unofficial reason for the construction of the gate. With their help, Andrei Bogolyubsky intended to once again show that the capital North-Eastern Rus' not inferior to Kyiv either in wealth or influence. However, the gate also coped well with its main purpose and in 1238 managed to hold back the onslaught Tatar-Mongol horde. The Tatars eventually entered the city through a hole in the wooden wall, but the Golden Gate, despite all their efforts, remained impregnable.

A new fortress was also founded, and Vladimir had its own Church of the Tithes. Having built the Church of the Dormition of the Virgin Mary, the chronicler says, Prince Andrei granted the temple “tithes of his herds and a tenth trade” (a tenth of trade income).

1782 Decree of Catherine II on the creation of “public schools” in all cities of Russia - the first public free schools

The first serious steps towards creating school system The empress did this back in the 1760s: in 1764 the Smolny Institute for Noble Maidens and the Educational Society for Noble Maidens were opened. In 1766, it adopted a new charter of the Land Noble Corps. Developing in 1775 the decree “Institutions for the management of the provinces of the All-Russian Empire,” she assigned the responsibility of opening schools at the provincial and district levels to the orders of public charity.

In 1781, the Empress founded educational institution at St. Isaac's Cathedral, which laid the foundation for a whole network of schools, the development of which was legislatively enshrined in the decree of February 27 of the same year. A year later, on April 8, the system was developed throughout Russia.

According to the “Charter of public schools in Russian Empire”, published in 1786, ordered “in each provincial city there should be one main public school.” These institutions accepted children of all classes, with the exception of serfs. At the head of the school was a director or caretaker, who obeyed the provincial order of public charity. Small schools with a two-year period of study were created in district towns, and “main schools” were opened along with them in provincial towns.

After the school reform of 1804, the main public schools were transformed into gymnasiums.

1966 Election of Leonid Brezhnev Secretary General Central Committee of the CPSU

The course pursued by N. S. Khrushchev, his style and methods of leadership caused growing dissatisfaction among the party and state apparatus, as well as economic managers and the corps of directors. Finally, career officers and generals, as well as many authoritative employees of state security agencies, were in opposition to Khrushchev, as a result of thoughtless and numerous reorganizations and reductions in law enforcement agencies.

In the absence of a clear legislative mechanism for changing the country's leadership, the removal of Khrushchev was secretly prepared by a group of the party and state elite from the very beginning of 1964. The most active role in organizing the conspiracy against the party leader was played by the Secretary of the CPSU Central Committee A. N. Shelepin, the Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Council of the RSFSR N. G. Ignatov, first secretary of the Kharkov regional committee of the CPSU N. V. Podgorny and head of the KGB V. E. Semichastny. L. I. Brezhnev, who became Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR in 1960, and was also the Secretary of the CPSU Central Committee, took a wait-and-see attitude and was directly involved in preparing the conspiracy at the final stage.

On October 12, 1964, at a time when N.S. Khrushchev was on vacation in the Crimea, an extended meeting of the Presidium of the Central Committee took place in the Kremlin, where Suslov and Shelepin raised the issue of removing the country’s leader from all downgraded posts. Khrushchev, who urgently arrived in Moscow for a meeting of the Presidium, was harshly accused of departing from the principles of collective leadership, voluntarism and rough administration. Almost all members of the Presidium, except A.I. Mikoyan, spoke out against Khrushchev. On October 14, a plenum of the CPSU Central Committee was held, at which Khrushchev was relieved of his duties as First Secretary of the CPSU Central Committee, member of the Presidium of the Party Central Committee, Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the USSR “due to his advanced age and deteriorating health.” At the October (1964) plenum of the Central Committee, it was recognized as inappropriate to further combine the responsibilities of the party leader and the head of the government. L. I. Brezhnev became the first secretary of the CPSU Central Committee, and A. N. Kosygin became the Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the USSR.

1961 The world's first human flight into space, carried out by Yuri Gagarin in Soviet spaceship"East"

On April 12, 1961, at 9:07 am Moscow time, the Vostok spacecraft with Yuri Gagarin on board was launched from the Baikonur Cosmodrome. The flight lasted 1 hour and 48 minutes. "Vostok" circled the globe and landed safely in the Saratov region.

19 young fighter pilots were preparing to fly into space. When preparations began, no one could even guess which of them would open the road to the stars.

Four months before the flight, it became clear to almost everyone that Gagarin would be the one to fly. None of the leaders of the Soviet space program ever said that Yuri Alekseevich was better prepared than others. The choice of the first was determined by many factors, and physiological indicators and knowledge of technology were not dominant. Sergei Pavlovich Korolev, who closely monitored the preparations, and the leaders of the Defense Department of the CPSU Central Committee, who oversaw space developments, and the First Secretary of the CPSU Central Committee N. S. Khrushchev understood perfectly well that the first cosmonaut should become the face of our state, worthily representing the Motherland in the international arena. Probably, it was precisely these reasons that forced him to make a choice in favor of Gagarin, whose charm conquered everyone with whom he had to communicate.

The first flight lasted only 108 minutes, but these minutes were destined to become stellar. When the good news spread around the Earth in a matter of hours, Yuri Gagarin was already a Citizen of the World. The courage and fearlessness of a simple Russian guy with a wide smile conquered all of humanity. Soon the whole world saw the newsreel footage, which became history. Preparing for the flight, the calm and concentrated face of Yuri Gagarin before stepping into the unknown, his famous “Let's go!”

1242 The army of the Russian prince Alexander Nevsky defeated the German knights on Lake Peipsi (Battle of the Ice).

The Battle of the Ice or the Battle of Peipus is the battle between the Novgorod-Pskov troops of Prince Alexander Nevsky and the troops of the Livonian knights on the ice of Lake Peipus. In 1240, the knights of the Livonian Order captured Pskov and advanced their conquests to Vodskaya Pyatina; their travels approached 30 versts to Novgorod, where at that time there was no prince, because Alexander Nevsky, having quarreled with the veche, retired to Vladimir. Constrained by the knights and Lithuania, which had raided the southern regions, the Novgorodians sent envoys to ask Alexander to return. Arriving at the beginning of 1241, Alexander cleared the Vodskaya Pyatina of the enemy, but decided to liberate Pskov only after combining the Novgorod detachments with the grassroots troops that arrived in 1242 under the command of his brother, Prince Andrei Yaroslavich. The Germans did not have time to send reinforcements to their small garrison, and Pskov was taken by storm.

However, the campaign could not be ended with this success, since it became known that the knights were preparing for the fight and that they were concentrated in the Dorpat (Tartu) bishopric. Instead of the usual waiting for the enemy in the fortress, Alexander decided to meet the enemy halfway and inflict a decisive blow on him with a surprise attack. Having set out along the well-worn path to Izborsk, Alexander sent a network of advanced reconnaissance detachments. Soon one of them, probably the most significant, under the leadership of the mayor's brother Domash Tverdislavich, came across the Germans and Chud, was defeated and forced to retreat. Further reconnaissance discovered that the enemy, having sent a small part of his forces to the Izborsk road, moved with his main forces straight to the ice-covered Lake Peipsi in order to cut off the Russians from Pskov.

Alexander decided to take the battle near Lake Peipsi on the Uzmen tract, at the “Voroneya Kameni”. At dawn, the knightly army, together with the contingents of the Estonians (Chudi), formed a kind of closed phalanx, known as the “wedge” or “iron pig”. In this battle formation, the knights moved across the ice towards the Russians and, crashing into them, broke through the center. Carried away by their success, the knights did not even notice that both flanks were being encircled by the Russians, who, holding the enemy in pincers, defeated him. The pursuit after the Battle of the Ice was carried out to the opposite Sobolitsky shore of the lake, and the ice began to break under the crowded fugitives. 400 knights fell, 50 were taken prisoner, and the bodies of the lightly armed miracle lay 7 miles away. The astonished master of the order waited with trepidation for Alexander under the walls of Riga and asked the Danish king for help against “cruel Rus'.”

After the Battle of the Ice, the Pskov clergy greeted Alexander Nevsky with crosses, the people called him father and savior.

1547 Moscow was burned by a major fire

In 1547, a terrible fire that broke out from the Church of the Exaltation of the Holy Cross Monastery destroyed the Kremlin, Kitay-Gorod and Posads and led to the Moscow Uprising: the chronicle reports that first “the Church of the Exaltation of the Honorable Cross caught fire behind Neglinnaya on Arbatskaya Street,” and legends say that it was predicted by St. Basil the Blessed.

Karamzin passionately described the disaster that raged in 1547: “All of Moscow presented the spectacle of a huge blazing fire under clouds of thick smoke. The wooden buildings disappeared, the stone ones fell apart, the iron glowed as if in an upper room, the copper flowed... People with singed hair and black faces wandered like shadows among the horrors of the vast ashes.” On that day, 1,700 people died and a third of the city burned down. This fire was far from the first since the beginning of the year. And the fire was followed by a popular uprising against the relatives of the seventeen-year-old Tsar Ivan Vasilyevich, the Glinsky princes. Young Ivan the Terrible perceived the entire chain of events as God's punishment sent to him for all his unrighteous deeds.

1755 Moscow University opened in the building of the Apothecary House at the Resurrection Gate on Red Square

Moscow University could have ended up on the Sparrow Hills back in the 18th century, but in the end it moved into the Apothecary House, which served as a bank and later became the Historical Museum. The University moved to the famous building of Moscow State University on Mokhovaya much later.

In 1754, the search began for buildings needed for Moscow University. In his conversations with Count Shuvalov, Mikhailo Vasilyevich Lomonosov considered Vorobyovy Gory, as well as the Red Gate area, as one of the possible construction sites for the university building. But Empress Elizaveta Petrovna, by her decree, determined that the new educational institution would be located in the Apothecary House on Red Square. The Moscow State University building on Red Square is now the Historical Museum.

Nowadays it is the Historical Museum, but then there was a branch of the State College, which stored in its basements about 80 pounds of copper money - taxes collected from Muscovites. For this reason, the building was completely unsuitable for conducting classes, since it was guarded by a huge number of gendarmes stationed in rooms and halls on the floors. I had to rebuild interior decoration, and the first students arrived there only six months later.

1986 Accident at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant (Chernobyl disaster)

For almost eight centuries, Chernobyl was just a small Ukrainian town, but after April 26, 1986, this name began to mean the most terrible man-made disaster throughout the history of mankind.

On April 26, 1986, an explosion occurred at the fourth power unit of the Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant, the consequence of which was the complete destruction of the station’s nuclear reactor. 2 people died during the disaster, 31 people died in the following months, about 80 in the next 15 years. 134 people developed radiation sickness, which led to death in 28 cases. About 60,000 people (mostly liquidators) received high doses of radiation.

The accident at the fourth power unit of the Chernobyl nuclear power plant occurred so quickly that until the last seconds all control devices remained operational, thanks to which the entire course of the disaster is known literally to a fraction of a second.

In the first months after the accident, the main blame for it was placed on the operators, who made a lot of mistakes that led to the explosion. But since 1991, the situation has changed, and almost all charges against the nuclear power plant personnel were dropped. Yes, people made several mistakes, but all of them complied with the reactor operating regulations in force at that time, and none of them were fatal. So the low quality of regulations and safety requirements was recognized as one of the causes of the accident.

The explosion of the reactor led to radiation contamination of the area on a monstrous scale. At the time of the accident, the reactor contained about 180 tons of nuclear fuel, of which from 9 to 60 tons were released into the atmosphere in the form of aerosols - a huge radioactive cloud rose above the nuclear power plant and settled over a large area. As a result, large areas of Ukraine, Belarus and some regions of Russia were contaminated.

To today The exact number of people evacuated is unknown, but according to rough estimates, about 115,000 people were evacuated from more than a hundred settlements throughout 1986, and in subsequent years, more than 220,000 people were resettled.

Subsequently, around the Chernobyl nuclear power plant, in a 30-kilometer zone, a so-called “exclusion zone” was created, in which a ban on any economic activity, and in order to prevent the return of people, almost all settlements were in literally words are destroyed.

311 Galerius signed an edict allowing the open practice of Christianity

Galerius, whose full name Gaius Galerius Valerius Maximian, who had been the sovereign ruler of the Eastern part of the Roman Empire since 305, signed an edict on April 30, 311, which for the first time allowed the population to openly profess Christianity and promote the spread of this creed. By the way, Galerius for a long time was one of the most convinced and consistent opponents of Christianity in Roman history. He took part in the persecution of Christians, which began in 303 (the first edict against Christians was February 23, 303). According to some sources, the initiator of the persecution was Diocletian himself, according to others, the zealous pagan Galerius personally convinced Diocletian to begin the persecution. One way or another, Galerius took an active part in them and continued them during his own reign. Galerius “changed” his beliefs due to illness, probably hoping for “reciprocal gratitude” from the God of Christians. But his hopes were not justified: a few days after signing the edict, Galerius died.

1881 Manifesto of Alexander III on the inviolability of autocracy

The Manifesto on the Inviolability of Autocracy is the name adopted in historiography for the Supreme Manifesto, given on April 29, 1881 by Emperor Alexander III. In the original, it had the following heading: “On the call of all loyal subjects to serve with faith and truth His Imperial Majesty and the State, to the eradication of vile sedition, to the establishment of faith and morality, the good upbringing of children, to the extermination of untruth and theft, to the establishment of order and truth in the action of Russian institutions."

Upon his accession on March 1, 1881, after the murder of his parent Alexander II, to the All-Russian throne Alexander III showed some hesitation in choosing the political orientation of his reign. He soon chose a conservative course, which was defended by his advisers Konstantin Pobedonostsev and Count Sergei Stroganov.

In a letter from St. Petersburg dated May 4, 1881, K. P. Pobedonostsev, who was the author of the draft manifesto, wrote to the emperor: “Among the local bureaucrats, the manifesto was met with despondency and some kind of irritation: I could not expect such insane blindness. But everyone is healthy and ordinary people they are incredibly happy. There is rejoicing in Moscow - yesterday they read it in the cathedrals and there was a thanksgiving service with triumph. News is coming from the cities about general joy at the appearance of the manifesto.”

1472 The Assumption Cathedral was founded in the Moscow Kremlin

The Patriarchal Assumption Cathedral of the Moscow Kremlin is one of the greatest shrines in all of Russia.

At the end of the 15th century. Grand Duke Ivan III, who united all the Russian principalities under the rule of Moscow, began the creation of his new residence with the reconstruction of the Assumption Cathedral. The temple was dismantled in 1472 to its very foundations, and the relics of St. Petra. Pskov masters Krivtsov and Myshkin erected new cathedral, however, it unexpectedly collapsed. Then Ivan III invited the architect Aristotle Fioravanti from Italy, under whose leadership the building was built (1475-1479), which still adorns the Moscow Kremlin. Fioravanti was instructed to take the Vladimir Assumption Cathedral as a model - thereby emphasizing the continuity of Moscow in relation to one of the ancient centers of Holy Rus'.

On August 20, 1479, Metropolitan Gerontius consecrated the temple. The relics of the saint, which were located in the Church of St. John the Evangelist during construction, were transferred to the cathedral.

The history of Russia is very diverse, ambiguous and fascinating. This country has existed for hundreds of years and has significantly contributed to the development of world history. Russia has experienced a lot of collapses and falls, but always got up from its knees and moved on to a bright future. Countless attempts to capture it have ended in resounding failures; no one will ever be able to conquer this great power. The people stood steadfastly for their independence and freedom and no one bowed their heads to the lords and invaders. Today, Russia is a leading country in the world in many different areas. This includes astronautics, mechanical engineering and much more.

The twentieth century was marked for Russia and a number of other countries by terrible and bloody wars, which unfortunately claimed millions of human lives. After the end of the Second World War, Russia as part of the USSR continued its rapid development in absolutely all sectors, this was the case until the collapse of this great and indestructible power. A decade has passed, a very difficult decade, and now Russia is again zealously striving forward, towards a bright and carefree future. What's next for her? Everything depends on the Russian people, who have always amazed the whole world with their resilience and steadfastness.

1861 February 19 - abolition of serfdom

A significant date for the entire Russian people; from now on the country was free from the shackles of slavery. Started this year new stage Russian history. The internecine wars were over. A truly strong and wise empress ascended the throne, who managed to raise Russia from its knees and achieve its greatness and respect in Europe.

1905-1907 - the first Russian revolution

The bloody revolution ended in failure. The autocracy was not overthrown and the king remained on the throne. The main revolutionaries of nineteen seventeen took part in the period of the first revolution. This young generation of rebels and reformers tried in every possible way to change the political system that had reigned in Russia for many centuries

1914, August 1 - Russia entered World War I

It is impossible not to touch upon this event. The first war of the imperialists in history ended with monstrous human losses in the first place. As a result of this war, the world's leading empires collapsed - Ottoman, German, German. Along with the war, Russia was also experiencing a great revolution. This period was extremely difficult for the country, but in the end we all know that the most powerful state on the planet was formed

1917, February 27 - uprising in Petrograd

1917, February 27 - armed uprising in Petrograd (soldiers of the Petrograd garrison went over to the side of the rebel population).

These years were marked by the formation of the Provisional Committee State Duma and the choice of the Petrograd Soviet. Unanimous victory in the elections to the Petrograd Soviet of the Socialist Revolutionaries and Mensheviks. A new stage in the history of the Great Power.

1918, March 3 - signing of the Brest-Litovsk Peace Treaty

From now on, Russia left the battlefield. There was now an urgent need to end the outbreak of civil war and bring the country's economy to growth. After the signing of the treaty, one of the stones oppressing Russia fell asleep.

The great power found its feet and smoothly began to move towards development. The civil war was completely over. The USSR set a course for a bright future. The economy began to gradually grow, wounds from civil war began to gradually tighten.

1941, June 22 - 1945, May 9 - Great Patriotic War

The most terrible war in the history of mankind began on this wonderful summer and carefree day. For four long years, the people fought fiercely against the Nazi invaders who treacherously invaded the territory of the USSR.

1945, May 8-9 - surrender of Nazi Germany, victory day

May 9 is Victory Day. Victory Day! It is this holiday that is forever imprinted in the memory of absolutely every young and adult resident of this region. great country. At the cost of millions of lives, the country achieved the desired victory over the bloodthirsty enemy. Now the USSR has proven that it is worth something!

1956, February - XX Congress of the CPSU

The congress was marked by the world-famous “dispelling of the personality cult of Stalin.” Nikita Khrushchev literally shocked everyone present with his fiery speech. This is a new stage in the history of Russia and the entire USSR. This so-called thaw period left its mark forever.

1991, December 8 - signing of the Belovezhskaya Agreement

1991, December 8 - signing by B. N. Yeltsin (RSFSR), L. M. Kravchuk (Ukraine), S. S. Shushkevich (Belarus) of the Belovezhskaya Agreement on the dissolution of the USSR.

This is the end of a great and powerful power. Seventy years of existence have not remained without a trace. Russia again became the right successor of the USSR. Again wars, hostility, political and economic crises. All this accompanied the country throughout the difficult nineties against the backdrop of total devastation, the war in Chechnya and much more.

2000

Election of Vladimir Putin as Russian President. A radically new period in the history of Russia. The new head of state was able to lead the country out of a long-term crisis, out of virtual ruin. The country's economy was boosted several times, the armed forces became powerful again. Various space programs, the country has moved forward again! Now everything depends on the people of Russia, their fate belongs to them and no one else!

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