SYNTAX. Definition of S. The definitions of S. reflect three main directions in the study of grammar (see), in general the directions are logical, psychological and formal. Thus, the most common definitions of S. are: 1) its definition... ... Literary encyclopedia

- (Greek, from syn together, and taxis order). A part of grammar that sets out the rules for combining words and sentences themselves to express thoughts. Dictionary of foreign words included in the Russian language. Chudinov A.N., 1910. SYNTAX [gr. syntax... ... Dictionary of foreign words of the Russian language

Syntax- SYNTAX is a department of grammar, which includes the “study of sentences” for some, the “study of phrases” for others, and the “study of the meaning of word forms and classes of words” for others. Determining syntax is hampered by the difficulty of defining a sentence (see ... Dictionary of literary terms

- (from the Greek syntaxis construction, order) a section of semiotics that studies the structural properties of sign systems, the rules of their formation and transformation, abstracting from their interpretation (which is studied by semantics). S. formalized language is called... ... Philosophical Encyclopedia

A set of rules for constructing phrases in an algorithmic language that allows one to determine meaningful sentences in this language. See also: Syntax of programming languages ​​Programming languages ​​Financial dictionary Finam ... Financial Dictionary

- (from the Greek syntaxis construction, order), 1) ways of combining words (and their forms) into phrases and sentences, combining sentences into complex sentences, ways of generating statements as part of a text; types, meanings of phrases,... ... Modern encyclopedia

- (from the Greek syntaxis construction order), 1) ways of combining words (and their forms) into phrases and sentences, connecting sentences into complex sentences; types, meanings, etc. of phrases and sentences.2) The section of grammar that studies this... ... Big Encyclopedic Dictionary

SYNTAX, syntax, plural. no, husband (Greek syntaxis composition) (ling.). The grammar department studies sentences and phrases. Dictionary Ushakova. D.N. Ushakov. 1935 1940 … Ushakov's Explanatory Dictionary

SYNTAX, ah, husband. 1. Section of grammar is the science of the laws of combining words and the structure of sentences. 2. A system of linguistic categories related to word compounds and sentence structure. C. phrases. C. proposals. S. text. S. colloquial... ... Ozhegov's Explanatory Dictionary

Male, Greek, grammatical, word composition. Syntax rules. Synthesis, log. analysis from beginning to consequences, from particulars to general. Synthetic method of research, opposite. analytical, decomposing the whole into its parts, reaching from phenomena to... Dahl's Explanatory Dictionary

- (Greek suntaxiV system, system, in grammar construction, grammatical structure speech) in Europe In grammar, this term denoted that part of it that examines the laws of combining individual words into whole sentences. Modern... ... Encyclopedia of Brockhaus and Efron

Books

• Syntax of the Russian language, Shakhmatov A., Syntax of the Russian language academician A. A. Shakhmatov - Scientific research, in which, along with the formulation of broad theoretical questions, a wealth of material of syntactic constructions is given... Category: Russian language
• Syntax and punctuation of the Russian language in tables and diagrams, grades 5-9, Stronskaya I., "Syntax and punctuation of the Russian language in tables and diagrams. Grades 5-9" contains all types of simple and complex sentences, plans and examples of parsing sentences. Will teach you how to use it correctly... Category:

SYNTAX(from Greek SYNTAX(from the Greek “structure, order”), in the traditional sense, a set of grammatical rules of a language related to the construction of units longer than a word: phrases and sentences.

There are also more expansive understandings of syntax, which go back to the terminological tradition of semiotics. In accordance with the first of them, the concept of syntax includes the rules for constructing any more complex language units from simpler ones; At the same time, it becomes possible to talk about intraword syntax or the syntax of the text. In an even more broad sense, syntax refers to the rules for constructing expressions of any sign systems, and not just verbal (verbal) language. With all existing understandings of the subject of syntax, the section of the corresponding theory (linguistics, semiotics) that deals with the study of syntactic units and rules is also called syntax. Below we consider mainly syntax in the traditional sense; regarding broad understandings cm. DISCOURSE; WORD FORMATION; TEXT.

Like grammar in general, syntax deals with the expression in language of some of the most frequently occurring meanings, such as “subject”, “feature”, “question”, “negation”, etc., and the way in which these meanings are expressed in syntax are hierarchically organized structures.

The boundaries of syntax and morphology cannot always be outlined with sufficient confidence: a word (subject of morphology), like a sentence, has a certain hierarchical structure, and morphological categories, like syntactic ones, are associated with the expression of some of the most frequent meanings. This explains the appearance of the general term “morphosyntax”. However, the structure of the word is much simpler than the structure of syntactic units in the proper sense. In addition, a sentence is capable of theoretically infinite complication: as a rule, a certain number of units can be included in its composition, and at the same time the sentence will not lose grammatical correctness, while words capable of potentially infinite complication are rare and far from common. all languages ​​(such as, for example, compound nouns in German).

The peculiarity of syntax also lies in the fact that in the process of speech the speaker constantly creates new sentences, but extremely rarely new words. Thus, the syntax clearly shows creative aspect language, and therefore syntax is often defined as a section of grammar that studies the generation of speech - the formation of a theoretically unlimited set of sentences and texts from a limited set of words.

The study of syntax includes two large groups of problems: descriptive and theoretical. The purpose of a syntactic description is to formulate with the greatest completeness and accuracy the rules that distinguish correctly constructed sentences of a certain language from incorrect ones. The theoretical syntax is part general theory grammar; its task is to highlight the universal, i.e. a component of syntactic rules inherent in all languages ​​and to establish the limits of the diversity that languages ​​exhibit in the field of syntax.

Descriptive syntax includes techniques and methods of syntactic analysis, which matches a sentence to its grammatical structure, as well as the rules by which grammatically correct sentences of a language can be distinguished from incorrect ones. These rules can be recognition rules, i.e. allowing to answer the question of whether some arbitrary expression is a correct or incorrect expression of a given language, or generative, i.e. carrying out the synthesis of correct sentences of a given language based on elementary units and the rules for their connection. A special class consists of interpretive rules that establish a correspondence between a syntactic unit and its meaning; these rules, strictly speaking, are as much syntactic as semantic. In theoretical syntax, recognition rules are practically not used, and the relationship between generating and interpreting rules can be characterized as follows: generating rules are responsible for the formal (grammatical) correctness of a sentence, and interpretive rules are responsible for its correctness with respect to some meaning (in other words, for the meaningfulness of the sentence). These two properties do not necessarily coincide: the sentence *I do not understand you is not a correct sentence of the Russian language, although it is perfectly comprehended, and the famous example of N. Chomsky Colorless green ideas sleep furiously grammatically correct, but the meaning expressed in it is anomalous.

As a result of syntactic analysis, the structure of a sentence is established, which can be represented using the concept of sentence members (subject, predicate, definition, etc.) or using the more abstract concept of syntactic dependence. For example, in the sentence I see a beautiful house addition house depends on the predicate verb I see in the same sense as the definition Beautiful depends on the noun being defined house. Syntactic dependence relationships between words in a sentence can be indicated by arrows; The diagram reflects the structure of syntactic dependencies in a sentence:

Of the two words directly related by syntactic dependence, one is called the main one, or vertex (in the diagram, an arrow comes out of it), and the other is called dependent (an arrow enters it).

Another way of syntactic analysis is to sequentially divide a sentence into smaller and smaller units consisting of words that are most closely related to each other. Such grammatically united segments are called components. The structure of the components can be depicted, for example, using brackets: [ I see [Beautiful [house [With [high porch]]]]]. The use of brackets indicates the fact that the entire sentence as a whole, as well as its parts such as [ house with high porch], [with a high porch], [high porch], are components.

Both the structure of dependencies and the structure of components are determined on the basis of analytical criteria, the main of which is the contextual distribution, or distribution of syntactic units. So, for example, the fact that I see is the top relative to house, is clear from the fact that the contexts in which the phrase can be used I see a house, coincide with the contexts in which one can use I see, but not with contexts in which it might appear house(cf. grammatically correct sentences I can see the house well, I can see well And Jack built a house with a grammatically incorrect expression, as indicated by an asterisk at the beginning, * Jack built a house I see). That, for example, [ Beautiful House with high porch] is a grammatically continuous unit (component), which can be seen, in particular, from the fact that it can be entirely replaced by a pronoun: I see him.

The basic theoretical assumption underlying syntactic analysis is that the connections between the elements of a sentence (whether its structure is described by the concept of syntactic dependence or by the concept of syntactic constituents) are strictly limited. When graphically depicted on a plane (Fig. 1, 2) in the form of a set of point-nodes corresponding to words or components, the structure of dependencies and the structure of components for most sentences form tree– a directed graph in which each node, except the single root one, contains exactly one arrow (the principle of unique vertex) and in which there are no closed paths (the principle of no contour):

In order to more fully depict the grammatical structure of a sentence, various types of syntactic dependence and various classes of components are postulated. For example, they say that words I see And house are connected by a predicative connection, and the words high And porch– attributive.

Constituents form syntactic classes called phrasal categories, with the grammatical properties of a phrasal category determined by the part of speech to which the (main) node of the constituent belongs. Phrasal categories are, for example, a noun group (= noun phrase) in which the vertex is a noun: big house ,textbook in English ,assassination of Caesar by Brutus; adjective group: very beautiful,much more unpleasant; adverb group: surprisingly easy,unpleasant to say the least; prepositional group: from this city,with his mother etc. The sentence itself is also a phrasal category. Characteristic feature phrasal categories is their recursiveness, i.e. the ability to include units of the same class: for example, a noun group can be embedded in another noun group, and a subordinate clause is embedded in the main one and be part of it: [ P Here[ HS wheat, [ P which V[ HS dark closet] stored V[ HS home, [ P which Jack built]]]]], where P denotes the left border of the sentence, and GS - the left border of the noun group.

A sentence is a universal (i.e. present in all languages) phrasal category. The syntactic structure of a sentence is determined mainly by the grammatical properties of the words included in it, primarily by their combinability features. The combinability features of a word include its semantic and syntactic valences. The semantic valence of a word is the blank part (variable) of its semantic description; for example, verb chop has three valencies - WHO (doer), WHAT (object of application of action) and WHAT (tool) chops, semantic valences of the verb catching up– WHO (catching up) and WHOM (catching up). The syntactic valencies of a word form those linguistic units that can enter into a relationship of direct syntactic dependence with it. There are syntactic valencies that correspond to some semantic valence of a word (its actants), and syntactic valences that do not correspond to any semantic valency (circonstants). For example, in the sentence Now I want,for you to leave,because it's already late subject I and additional clause for you to leave- these are the actants of the verb want, since they fill out parts of its semantic description (WHO wants WHAT), and the circumstance Now and subordinate reasons because it's already late– these are constants, since they are not related to the lexical meaning of the verb want. It should, however, be borne in mind that the boundary between actants and circonstants is not always clearly visible.

According to the French syntaxist L. Tenier, a sentence is a “little drama”, which includes an action (the situation denoted by the predicate), characters (actants) and circumstances (circonstants). In addition to the fact that each actant in each situation has some inherent role, there are also “roles” - certain standard semantic roles that appear in different situations. Such roles include an agent - an animate initiator of an action who controls it ( boy runs; boy breaks the table); patient is a participant who is more strongly involved in the situation than others and undergoes the most significant changes in it ( boy falls;father beats boy ); beneficiary - a participant in a situation whose interests are affected by it ( I give you the book boy ;I praise boy ); experiencer - a carrier of an involuntary feeling or a recipient of information with verbs of perception ( boy sees; boy like); tool - an inanimate object with the help of which an action is carried out ( write pencil ) and some others. The most important property of predicate words (i.e., words for which it is natural to act as a predicate) is that among them there are almost none in which two actants would perform the same semantic role.

A sentence that contains at least one other sentence is called complex. The inclusion of sentences into each other can be done in two ways - composition and subordination. A sentence that is part of another sentence is called a non-independent sentence. In English grammatical terminology, to denote a non-independent sentence, there is a widely used term clause, which plays such an important role in the conceptual apparatus of syntactic theory that in some concepts this concept is considered primary and it is through it that the very concept of a sentence is defined. Some authors try to compensate for the lack of an acceptable analogue of this term in the Russian-language conceptual system of syntactic theory by borrowing - the term “clause” (or “clause”) is obtained. A non-independent sentence that has a predicate in personal form is called a subordinate clause. Subordinate clauses can be unconjunct or, more often, introduced using subordinating conjunctions. Some subordinating conjunctions ( What,as if,How,to) are used mainly with sentential actants (expressed explanatory subordinate clauses), for example Think,that it's already late; There were rumors,like he's selling an apartment; In Russian syntactic science, such sentences are called explanatory clauses. Other unions ( How,When,Bye,If) are used with sentential constants. A subordinate clause that acts as a definition to a noun is called relative. It uses allied words that perform the functions of both a conjunction and a member of a sentence: Here's the house,where I live; This skipper was that nice skipper,Who moved our earth(A.S. Pushkin).

A non-independent sentence headed by an imfinite form of a verb is called a dependent clause. Such impersonal forms can be infinitives, gerunds, participles, verbal nouns, etc.

Different morphological forms of words can have different syntactic valences. Voice constructions are sets (in particular, pairs, if there are only two voices in the language) of sentences that have the same basic meaning, but differ in which participant in the situation corresponds to which member of the sentence. Thus, in the active voice the agent corresponds to the subject, and in the passive (= passive) voice it corresponds to the object, and the patient becomes the subject: Workers are building a house - The house is being built by workers.

The main ways of expressing the syntactic structure of a sentence are: the dependence of the grammatical forms of words on each other (coordination and control) and the expression of syntactic relationships using word order alone (adjacent). When coordinating, the meaning of one or another grammatical category of a certain word must coincide with the meaning of a similar grammatical category of another syntactically related word; for example, in Russian the definition expressed by an adjective agrees with the defined noun in gender, number and case. In control, the grammatical form (usually case) of the dependent word is dictated by the morphological properties of the main word. Contiguity means a syntactic connection, which is expressed by word order (the location of the dependent word “not too far” from the main word, cf. They declared together that they were unable to work. And They declared it impossible to work together, where is the circumstance together adjoins the predicate stated or to the predicate work respectively).

The concept of sentence members is determined for syntactic groups of words on the basis of the function that these groups perform as part of the including syntactic unit, and internal structure groups may be different. For example, subjects can be groups belonging to a variety of phrasal categories: noun group ( The tall boy has arrived), prepositional phrase ( Not far from Moscow to Tula), infinitive phrase ( Walking on the roadway is dangerous), subordinate clause (That he was scared,not surprising). The subject is distinguished by a high degree of syntactic priority, which is manifested in the presence of a number of more or less universal properties: it most often expresses the topic of the message, is expressed in the nominative case (in those languages ​​where this is not the case, there are disputes: what is considered the subject and which is the nominative case), agrees with the predicate verb, occupies a certain place in the linear structure of the sentence (in languages ​​with a rigid word order), determines the meaning reflexive pronouns, in Russian it must necessarily coincide in the main clause and in the participial phrase, etc. Similar sets of typical properties are also possessed by different kinds additions.

The communicative meanings conveyed in a sentence form the area of ​​actual division of the sentence (this range of phenomena has other names - thematic-rhematic division, communicative organization of meaning, communicative sentence structure, communicative syntax, etc., see also FUNCTIONALISM IN LINGUISTICS). These meanings are associated with the method of presentation, with the “packaging” of the transmitted information. By expressing communicative meanings, the speaker strives to make his message as convenient as possible for the recipient to perceive. The topic represents the starting point of the message, “what” the sentence is talking about. The rhema includes the main content of the message, “what” it says. For example, sentences Father went to work And Father went to work when pronounced with neutral intonation, they are used in speech for different purposes - the first to convey information about the father, and the second, for example, to answer a question Who went to work? The topic usually corresponds to the given one, i.e. to some knowledge activated in the consciousness of the speaker and listener at the moment of utterance of the utterance, and the rheme is new, i.e. some knowledge not known to the hearer or of which he is in this moment doesn't think. However, there are cases when the topic (= starting point) is new, for example at the beginning of a narrative text: The hungry wolf stood up,to go hunting(A.P. Chekhov). Contrast is a communicative meaning that implies a choice from several elements of a set, the composition of which is known to the speaker and the addressee. For example, in the sentence It's Ivan who came it implies that someone else could have come or something else could have happened. There are other aspects of the communicative structure, the interpretation of which is not completely agreed upon among researchers; in general, communicative syntax, which attracted serious attention from scientists only in the mid-20th century, is significantly inferior in the degree of study to formal syntax.

The word "syntax" was first used by Stoic philosophers in the 3rd century. BC. to indicate the logical structure of statements. In Apollonius Discolus (3rd century), the subject of syntax is linguistic phenomena proper - the connections between words and word forms in a sentence. Non-discrimination between syntactic, logical and psychological concepts lasted until the beginning of the 20th century. At the end of the 19th century. F.F. Fortunatov proposed a formal approach to the study of syntax (later developed by A.M. Peshkovsky), in which the properties of phrases and sentences are derived from the characteristics of the parts of speech of the words included in them. Representatives of various structuralist schools (the first half of the 20th century) tried to transfer to grammar, including syntax, concepts and research procedures that had previously proven themselves in phonology. Important progress in the study of syntax was achieved in Prague functionalism (the ideas of W. Mathesius on combinations) and in American descriptive linguistics (the development of distributive methods of syntactic analysis and the concept of transformation). L. Tenier proposed a view of the sentence as a realization of the syntactic valencies of words and established the central position of the predicate verb in its structure.

The publication in 1957 of the first draft of the theory of grammar proposed by N. Chomsky was of revolutionary significance for the development of syntactic research. The name of Chomsky is associated not only with one specific linguistic theory - generative grammar, but also with a whole revolution in views on the study of language - the transition from descriptive tasks to a certain way of understanding explanatory (theoretical) attempts to explain linguistic and, first of all, syntactic facts with the help of a theory based on on a mathematical formal apparatus, just as physical theories explain natural phenomena. This revolution decisively determined not only the development of generative grammar itself, but also the nature of all theoretical directions opposing it. The emergence of generative grammar resulted in unprecedented advances in expanding the empirical base and level of understanding of syntax.

Generative grammar is based on the idea that the most important features of grammar, and primarily syntax, of natural language are generated by innate, genetically inherited knowledge. Observable differences between languages ​​are strictly limited by the innate knowledge of language, which is the same in all people. The fundamental properties of units and rules of syntax - the structure of components, types of phrasal categories, rules connecting units of different components - form the most important component of innate knowledge of language - universal grammar.

The syntactic theory in generative grammar is based on the idea of ​​an autonomously operating grammatical component of language knowledge, which functions independently of the goals and conditions of the processes of understanding and producing speech. All grammatically correct phrasal categories are formed according to a single pattern from vocabulary units, and the observed differences between them are attributed entirely to dictionary features; for example, differences between groups starts working And Beginning of work ultimately comes down to the fact that start off- verb, and Start– a noun, since the properties of any syntactic group are determined by the properties of its main element – ​​the vertex. Syntactic structures can then undergo the only permissible transformation (transformation) of movement - some components can be transferred to “free” syntactic positions. This explains the facts of interaction of syntactic units “at a distance”, cf. English John saw Mary"John saw Mary" and Whom did John see? "Who did John see?" Direct object whom“whom” is moved to the beginning of the sentence, and in its place a “void” is formed that cannot be filled by any other element. The grammatical correctness of a sentence is ensured by the joint action of several autonomous sections, or “modules,” of syntactic theory, thereby achieving its main goal - to explain why some types of sentences are grammatically correct and others are not.

Syntactic theories opposing Chomsky are either based on the initial assumption of functionalism, which boils down to the fact that the structure of a language is determined by the conditions of its use and the nature of the meanings conveyed by syntactic structures (G.A. Zolotova, S. Dick, T. Givon, A.E. Kibrik, R. Van Valin), or offer alternative versions of formal grammar to describe and explain the phenomena of syntax. The latter include, for example, the lexical-functional grammar of J. Bresnan and R. Kaplan, which introduces a special autonomous level, different from the syntactic one, to represent grammatical functions; “the vertex grammar of phrasal structure” by K. Pollard and I. Saga, which does not use the concept of transformation, etc. Some formal theories reject the postulate about the autonomy of syntax (and, more broadly, grammar), but attempts to create interpretive components connecting the levels of semantics and syntax (generative semantics, syntax in the domestic model “Meaning and Text”) seem unsuccessful - they led to the creation of many rules that are not amenable to either generalization or theoretical understanding.

Since the 1970s, in connection with the development of descriptive linguistics, hundreds of syntactic descriptions of languages ​​of different structure, genetic origin and place of distribution have come into scientific use, which has led to the rapid development of syntactic typology, which is focused mainly on functional theories. A special subject is historical syntax, which studies the patterns of changes in the syntactic structure of a language over time. see also OFFER; LINGUISTIC TYPOLOGY; MEMBERS OF THE PROPOSAL.

Literature:

Chomsky N. Aspects of syntax theory. M., 1972
Beloshapkova V.A. Modern Russian language. Syntax. M., 1977
Dolinina I.B. System analysis of the offer. M., 1977
Zolotova G.A. Communicative aspects of Russian syntax. M., 1982
Chafe W.L. Given,contrast,certainty,subject,topics and point of view. – In: New in foreign linguistics. Vol. XI. M., 1982
Fundamental directions of modern American linguistics. Collection of reviews. M., 1997



SYNTAX

SYNTAX

(Greek, from syn - together, and taxis - order). A part of grammar that sets out the rules for combining words and sentences themselves to express thoughts.

Dictionary of foreign words included in the Russian language. - Chudinov A.N., 1910 .

SYNTAX

[gr. syntaxis - composition] - linguistic. 1) ways of combining words (and forms) into phrases and sentences, connecting sentences into complex structures; 2) a section of grammar (GRAMMAR), which studies these methods.

Dictionary of foreign words. - Komlev N.G., 2006 .

SYNTAX

Greek syntaxis, from syntasso, to compose. Rules for combining words to express thoughts.

Explanation of 25,000 foreign words that have come into use in the Russian language, with the meaning of their roots. - Mikhelson A.D., 1865 .

SYNTAX

a department of grammar that deals with the rules for constructing sentences and connecting sentences.

A complete dictionary of foreign words that have come into use in the Russian language. - Popov M., 1907 .

SYNTAX

part of grammar, the study of combining words into sentences and sentences into speech.

Dictionary of foreign words included in the Russian language. - Pavlenkov F., 1907 .

Syntax

(gr. syntaxis composition) part of grammar that studies the structure of sentences and combinations of words in a sentence.

New dictionary of foreign words. - by EdwART,, 2009 .

Syntax

syntax, plural No m. [ Greek syntaxis - composition] (lingual). The part of grammar that studies sentence structure and combinations of words in a sentence.

Big dictionary foreign words.- Publishing house "IDDK", 2007 .

Syntax

A, pl. No, m. ( Greek syntaxis compilation).
1. Chapter grammar: the science of the rules for combining words and constructing sentences. Syntax Tutorial.
Syntaxist- scientist, syntax specialist.
|| Wed. morphology.
2. A system of linguistic categories related to the rules for combining words and constructing sentences. WITH. complex sentence . WITH. colloquial speech.
Syntactic - related to syntax 1, 2.
|| Wed. morphology.

Explanatory dictionary of foreign words by L. P. Krysin. - M: Russian language, 1998 .

• SYNTAGMATRACH
• SYNTACTIC

See what "SYNTAX" is in other dictionaries:

Syntax- SYNTAX. Definition of S. The definitions of S. reflect three main directions in the study of grammar (see), in general the directions are logical, psychological and formal. Thus, the most common definitions of S. are: 1) its definition... ... Literary encyclopedia

Syntax- SYNTAX is a department of grammar, which includes the “study of sentences” for some, the “study of phrases” for others, and the “study of the meaning of word forms and classes of words” for others. Determining syntax is hampered by the difficulty of defining a sentence (see ... Dictionary of literary terms

SYNTAX- (from the Greek syntaxis construction, order) a section of semiotics that studies the structural properties of sign systems, the rules of their formation and transformation, abstracting from their interpretation (which is studied by semantics). S. formalized language is called... ... Philosophical Encyclopedia

Syntax- a set of rules for constructing phrases of an algorithmic language, allowing one to determine meaningful sentences in this language. See also: Syntax of programming languages ​​Programming languages ​​Financial dictionary Finam ... Financial Dictionary

SYNTAX- (from the Greek syntaxis construction, order), 1) ways of combining words (and their forms) into phrases and sentences, combining sentences into complex sentences, ways of generating statements as part of a text; types, meanings of phrases,... ... Modern encyclopedia

SYNTAX- (from the Greek syntaxis construction order), 1) ways of combining words (and their forms) into phrases and sentences, connecting sentences into complex sentences; types, meanings, etc. of phrases and sentences.2) The section of grammar that studies this... ... Big Encyclopedic Dictionary

SYNTAX- SYNTAX, syntax, plural. no, husband (Greek syntaxis composition) (ling.). The grammar department studies sentences and phrases. Ushakov's explanatory dictionary. D.N. Ushakov. 1935 1940 … Ushakov's Explanatory Dictionary

SYNTAX- SYNTAX, ah, husband. 1. Section of grammar is the science of the laws of combining words and the structure of sentences. 2. A system of linguistic categories related to word compounds and sentence structure. C. phrases. C. proposals. S. text. S. colloquial... ... Ozhegov's Explanatory Dictionary

SYNTAX- male, Greek, grammatical, word composition. Syntax rules. Synthesis, log. analysis from beginning to consequences, from particulars to general. Synthetic method of research, opposite. analytical, decomposing the whole into its parts, reaching from phenomena to... Dahl's Explanatory Dictionary

Syntax- (Greek suntaxiV structure, system, construction in grammar, grammatical structure of speech) in European. In grammar, this term denoted that part of it that examines the laws of combining individual words into whole sentences. Modern... ... Encyclopedia of Brockhaus and Efron

Books

• Syntax of the Russian language, Shakhmatov A., Syntax of the Russian language by academician A. A. Shakhmatov is a scientific study in which, along with the formulation of broad theoretical questions, a wealth of material of syntactic constructions is given... Category:

This entry is a quick reference to Wiki syntax. Roughly speaking, Wiki is a way of converting plain text into HTML. This information may be useful for everyone who uses this markup engine.
It is also useful for those who decided to leave a comment to read this information.

Introduction

The syntax according to the rules of Text_Wiki is briefly presented here.
Text input occurs as normal text, HTML tags are generated according to Wiki markup. , & , are converted to regular characters.

An empty line converts text to paragraphs. One line feed is interpreted as a new line in the generated code. If lines need to be concatenated as a continuation of a line, the \ character is used at the end of the first line.

Text formatting

Text without markup

This //text// will be **marked up**.
``This //text Will not be **marked** ``

This text // will marked.
This //text// Will not be **marked up**

Headings

Level 3 heading
++++Level 4 header
+++++ Level 5 heading
++++++ Level 6 heading

Level 3 heading

Level 4 header

Level 5 heading

Level 6 heading

Horizontal line

Keyword (----).

Lists

Unordered lists

* Vegetables
* Fruits
* Apple

• Vegetables
• Fruits
  • Apple

Numbered lists

# Vegetables
# Fruits
# Apple

1. Vegetables
2. Fruits
   1. Apple

Mixed lists

# Vegetables
* Potato
* Cabbage
# Fruits
* Apple
* Krusha
* Bones
# Small bone
# Big bone
# Mushrooms
* Fly agaric
* Boletus

1. Vegetables
   • Potato
   • Cabbage
2. Fruits
   • Apple
   • Krusha
     • Bones
       1. small bone
       2. Big bone
3. Mushrooms
   • fly agaric
   • boletus

Lists with definition

: HTTP: WWW protocol
: FTP: File Transfer Protocol

HTTP WWW protocol FTP File Transfer Protocol

Block comments

Plain text

> Comment text \
first level
>
>
>> Comment text \
second level,\
located inside the first

Regular text again

Plain text

First level comment text

The text of the second level comment located inside the first

Regular text again

Text color

##red|Red##
##green|Green##
##0000ff|Blue##

Red
Green
Blue

Links and pictures

Wiki links (Doesn't work because it's not a Wiki)

MeatBall:RecentChanges Advogato:proj/WikkiTikkiTavi * Wiki:WorseIsBetter

Link URL.

Images

Picture with alternative text

Code Blocks (Does not work with Cyrillic)

Code blocks... . Everyone is on a new line!

Plain text without transformations.

Highlighting for PHP code... Each on a new line! These tags are added automatically.

// Set up the wiki options $options = array(); $options["view_url"] = "index.php?page="; // load the text for the requested page $text = implode("", file($page . ".wiki.txt")); // create a Wiki objext with the loaded options $wiki = new Text_Wiki($options); // transform the wiki text. echo $wiki->transform($text); // Set up the wiki options $options = array(); $options [ "view_url" ] = "index.php?page=" ; // load the text for the requested page$text = implode ("" , file ($page . ".wiki.txt" )); // create a Wiki object with the loaded options$wiki = new Text_Wiki ($options); // transform the wiki text. echo $wiki -> transform ($text ); ?>

Tables

|| cell 1 || cell 2 ||
|||| cell in the entire row ||
|| cell 3 || and a very long cell ||

The request is redirected here " " This topic needs .

Syntax is static

The object of study of static syntax are structures that are not related to the context and situation of speech: a sentence (as a predicative unit) and a phrase.

Communicative syntax

The object of study of which is such problems as the actual and syntagmatic division of a sentence, the functioning of phrases in a sentence, the communicative paradigm of sentences, the typology of utterances, etc.

Text syntax

The objects of studying the syntax of a text are the structural diagrams of a phrase, a simple and complex sentence, a complex syntactic whole, and various kinds of statements associated with the speech situation, as well as the structure of a text that goes beyond the boundaries of a complex syntactic whole. The study of these phenomena is of great importance for linguistic-stylistic and psycholinguistic analysis of the text. This is its functional dependence.

see also

Write a review about the article "Syntax"

Notes

Links

• Arutyunova N. D. // Linguistic encyclopedic dictionary / Ed. V. N. Yartseva. - M.: Soviet Encyclopedia, 1990. - 685 p. - ISBN 5-85270-031-2.
• Testelets Ya. G.. - M.: RGGU, 2001. - 800 p. - ISBN 5-7281-0343-X.

View this template Syntax Basic Concepts Personalities Syntactic theories Related concepts

View this template Basic Concepts Personalities Related Topics Grammatical categories

Excerpt characterizing Syntax

“You’re absolutely right, Madonna,” Caraffa nodded. – Peoples do not submit voluntarily – they must be subjugated! But I'm not a warrior, and I don't like to fight. This creates great and unnecessary inconvenience... Therefore, in order to subjugate peacefully, I use a very simple and reliable method - I destroy their past... For without a past a person is vulnerable... He loses his ancestral roots if he does not have a past. And just then, confused and unprotected, he becomes a “blank canvas” on which I can write any story!.. And would you believe it, dear Isidora, people are only happy about this... because, I repeat, they cannot live without the past (even if they don’t want to admit it to themselves). And when there is none, they accept anything, so as not to “hang” in the unknown, which for them is much more terrible than any stranger’s, made-up “story.”
– And do you really think that no one sees what is really happening?.. After all, there are so many smart, gifted people on Earth! – I exclaimed indignantly.
- Why don’t they see it? The chosen ones see it and even try to show it to others. But from time to time we “clean up” them... And everything falls into place again.
– Just as you once “cleaned up” the family of Christ and Magdalene? Or today – the gifted?.. What is this “god” to whom you pray, Your Holiness? What kind of monster needs all these sacrifices?!
– If we speak frankly, I don’t pray to the gods, Isidora... I live BY THE MIND. Well, God is needed only by the helpless and poor in spirit. For those who are used to asking for help... for benefits... and for everything in the world! Just don’t fight yourself!.. These are little people, Isidora! And they are worth managing! And the rest is a matter of time. That is why I ask you to help me live until the day when I gain complete power in this insignificant world!.. Then you will see that I was not joking, and that the Earth will completely obey me! I will make my empire out of it... Oh, I only need time!.. And you will give it to me, Isidora. You just don't know about it yet.
I looked at Caraffa in shock, Once again realizing that in fact he is much more dangerous than I previously imagined. And I knew for sure that he had no right to continue to exist. Caraffa was a Pope who did not believe in his God!!! He was worse than I could have imagined!.. After all, you can try to somehow understand when a person commits some kind of evil in the name of his ideals. This could not be forgiven, but somehow it could be understood... But Caraffa lied about this too!.. He lied about everything. And this made it scary...