A temple (house) is a building that has a religious purpose; services to God are performed in it, as well as religious ceremonies. In addition to the main religious functions, the temple carries a certain idea of ​​​​people about the universe. Temples also had another purpose (before Christianity), they served as a refuge, or a place for resolving important issues and trade.
A Christian church is considered only a building that has an altar in which the Eucharist (thanksgiving) is celebrated - a great sacrament.

Christian churches have big story. Since the time when Christianity was not one of the main religions, and was subject to persecution by the authorities and other religions. Christians gathered for service only in the catacombs (dungeons where burials were held), where, according to the laws of that time, gatherings of people who professed their religion were not prohibited.
Thus, underground churches, they are called “crypts,” already had an altar (most often a tomb) on which the sacrament of the Eucharist was performed. Since those times, the tradition of placing holy relics on the altar and decorating the walls of temples with images from the holy book has remained.
Only in the 4th century did the construction of above-ground Christian churches begin, when the religion was recognized as dominant (Edict of Milan 313). This happened thanks to Emperor Constantine.

The main types of temples are the basilica and the cross-domed temple.
Basilica- a structure that has a rectangular and elongated shape, divided from the inside by several rows (from 2) of pillars or columns that create naves (an architectural space of a longitudinal shape). Often the central nave was higher than the side ones. It also had a protrusion - an apse (the protruding part where the altar is located), where the presbytery (place for the clergy) was located.
A special feature of the basilica is also that the entrance is located on the western side of the temple, and the altar is on the eastern side. This placement symbolizes the coming of Christians to God (repentance). In Christianity, the west is associated with sinfulness, and the east with divinity. Near the part where the altar is located, the temple is intersected by transverse naves, which gave it the shape of a cross.
The most common are three-nave basilicas. They are created using two internal rows of columns; in the side naves there are often choirs (an oblong-shaped room for the clergy or church choir), as well as “matroneums” (special galleries for women, because it was adopted from the Jews, the separate presence of men and women in temple).
Often, in especially large temples, in front of the main room there were open courtyards with columns placed along the entire perimeter; they are called atriums.

Great importance was given to decorating the interior of the basilica. The temple was decorated mainly from the inside. For this they used marble, beautiful wall frescoes, and mosaics that were laid out both on the walls and on the floor. But Special attention was devoted to decorating the main and sacred part of the temple - the altar. The façade of the basilica was often not decorated.
This model of the temple remained unchanged for a long time.

Starting from the 12th-13th centuries, other types of temples appeared - the Gothic cathedral. They differed from the early Christian ones in that they were covered with stone vaults.

The Gothic temple began to rise high, thanks to the fact that new technologies and architectural elements were used in construction, among them a flying buttress. The weight of the vault was transferred to the walls, this relieved the temple from the internal columns and made it possible to create large windows, which made it spacious and bright.

The altar was also separated from the main volume of the temple by a partition. The restriction on the presence of men and women together in churches has disappeared.

Now not only the internal walls of the temple were decorated, but also its façade. Thus, they tried to convey the “word of God” beyond the walls of the temple.
After the division of the United christian church, the Eastern (Orthodox) Church developed the cross-domed Byzantine type of temple.

Cross-dome

Its characteristic features are that the temple had a cruciform shape (close to a square) and a high dome that housed windows.

The naves (both longitudinal and transverse) now have equal length, and when intersecting they create a Greek (equal-ended) cross. Hence the name itself - Cross-dome. At the same time, rotundas (round temples) appeared.

Orthodox church

Starting from the 15-16th century, iconostases began to appear in Orthodox churches; they separated the altar part of the temple from its middle part. The iconostasis is a wall with rows of icons.
The narthex (a place for people who could not enter the middle of the temple) began to be called the narthex, and its outer part - the porch (a platform with stairs to enter the temple).
In order to be able to conduct simultaneous services by several priests (on major holidays and events), extensions to the temple were introduced.

Baptistery

Separate building, often round shape, near the temple, it is intended for the baptismal ceremony. In its center there is a font that can fit an adult. Nowadays a baptistery is rarely built.

ROMANESCO is commonly called the pan-European style that has developed in architecture and art.
the Middle Ages at the turn of two millennia. Traditional dating - X-XII centuries,
but at present, the origin of the style is sometimes attributed much earlier - to the 7th - 8th centuries.
Here we will not delve into dating problems, but will try to identify the most common features this style.

When we talk about Romanesque architecture, we primarily mean temples. Already from the first years of Christianity, the basilica became the predominant type of religious building.

Church of Sant'Apollinare in Classe, Ravenna, 6th century. Facade and interior. This is a typical early Christian basilica without a transept.

Basilica is a type of building, rectangular in plan, consisting of an odd number (3 or 5) of naves - longitudinal halls separated by pillars or columns. The central nave is higher and wider than the side ones, illuminated by windows of the second tier and ends with an apse. Basilica in Ancient Rome was a building for trade and court. With the development of Christianity, the basilica type began to be widely used for the construction of temples. Open wooden structures were used in the ceilings of the basilicas of Ancient Rome.

Plan and section of an early Christian basilica.
In front of the entrance there is a square courtyard - an atrium. In Christian architecture, apses are always oriented to the east.

Romanesque architecture in Italy generally preserved the basic principles of the early Christian basilica.

This is clearly seen in the example of the Church of San Sisto in Pisa, XI century.

Even the atrium has been preserved in the Church of Sant'Ambrogio in Milan.

Already at the end of the 4th century, a transverse nave - transept - appeared in the eastern part of the basilica.

St. Peter's Basilica. Rome. About 400. Reconstruction.

The basilica takes the form of a Latin cross, in contrast to the equal-pointed Greek cross common in Byzantium.


1 - central NEF; 2 - TRANSEPT; 3 - MIDDLE CROSS; 4 - APSIDE

The middle cross is often crowned with a tower or dome.

Reconstruction of an English temple with two transepts and without an apse.

Wooden floors are replaced with vaults - cylindrical or cross,
(you can find out about the types of vaults in the top post of the community)
Accordingly, the columns separating the naves are replaced by powerful pillars.

Here the central nave is covered with cross vaults.
Above the arches separating the naves, the gallery windows are clearly visible - the triforium (lower photo).

The three-nave basilica with a transept becomes the main, most popular, but not the only, type of Christian European church.

Abbey of Cluny. France. X - XII centuries Reconstruction of a five-nave basilica with two transepts.

Romanesque churches are often built of stone. The exception is Italy, where brick is widely used along with stone.

The rough masonry of thick walls makes the temple look like a fortress.

The arch motif is one of the most common elements of Romanesque architecture.


Decorative arcades decorate the facades of temples in Germany, Italy, France and England.


Cathedral of Pisa.
Another new feature that distinguishes the Romanesque basilica from the early Christian one is the design and appearance of the western façade. In French (but not only) architecture these are often two powerful towers flanking the entrance. They make the temple even more similar to defensive structure.

Abbey of Pare-le-Monial. France. XI century

Facade of the Church of St. Pantaleone in Cologne, 10th century.
A special feature of German churches is the westwork. Westwerk is the monumental western facade of churches, located perpendicular to the main nave. It usually consists of a main tower and one or two adjacent towers.
In the westwork there is main portal and choirs. Usually the westwork has the appearance of a powerful fortress structure.

The austere appearance of Romanesque churches is enlivened by reliefs. This is especially true for French and Italian architecture. Reliefs decorate the western façade of the temple, most often its portals and column capitals.

Notre-Dame-la-Grand in Poitiers, France. This is one of the most ornate Romanesque churches. Its design is somewhat different from the basilica. This is the so-called hall temple, in which the side naves are close in height to the central one.

Perspective portal Cathedral in Genoa

1 - portal tympanum, 2 - portal archivolts

Abbey of Saint Fortunat in Charlieu, France.
“The Last Judgment” is the most popular theme of the tympanum of the main western portal.

Decor of the portal of the Cathedral in Lincoln, England

The second most popular location for reliefs is capitals.

The capitals are inhabited by numerous animals and fantastic creatures.


But biblical scenes are also not uncommon.


A Romanesque capital can also be without relief. It has a rather characteristic shape.

In Italian architecture, early Christian traditions were preserved until the Renaissance.The basilica here is often part of a complex that also includes a baptistery and a campanile - a bell tower.

Pisa. In the foreground is the baptistery, its top part already belongs to the Gothic style;
The baptistery is followed by the basilica and then the famous Leaning Tower of Pisa - the Campanile.

Abse (apse)– an altar ledge, as if attached to the temple, most often semicircular, but also polygonal; covered with a semi-dome (conch). An altar was placed inside the apse.

Altar(from Latin “alta ara” - high altar) - the main part of the Christian temple in its eastern part. In an Orthodox church it is separated by an altar partition or iconostasis. The altar housed a throne - an elevation for the celebration of the main Christian sacrament - the Eucharist. Door altar– an icon consisting of several folding boards covered with picturesque images on both sides (diptych, triptych, polyptych).

Altar barrier- a low wall or colonnade enclosing the altar part of the temple in Orthodox churches (from the 4th century).

Pulpit- (from Greek) - an elevation in the center of the temple, from which sermons were delivered and the Gospel was read. As a rule, it was surrounded by columns carrying a roof (ciborium).

Arcature belt– wall decoration in the form of a series of decorative arches.

Flying buttress- an open semi-arch that serves to transfer pressure to the buttresses of the temple.

Atrium– a closed courtyard into which the rest of the rooms open.

Atticus- (from the Greek Attikos - Attic) - a wall erected above the cornice crowning the architectural structure. Often decorated with reliefs or inscriptions. IN ancient architecture usually completes a triumphal arch.

Basilica- a rectangular building in plan, divided by columns (pillars) into several longitudinal galleries (naves).

Drum- a cylindrical or multifaceted upper part of the temple, over which a dome is built, ending with a cross.

Light drum- a drum, the edges or cylindrical surface of which is cut through by window openings. Head - a dome with a drum and a cross, crowning a temple building.

Baptistery- baptismal. A small centric building, round or octagonal in plan.

Stained glass– a picture on glass, an ornament made of colored glass or other material that transmits light.

Gem- a carved stone with a recessed (intaglio) or convex (cameo) image.

Donjon– the main tower of a medieval castle.

Deaconnik- a room in the altar part of an Orthodox church to the south of the altar.

Altar- a room in the altar part of an Orthodox church to the north of the altar.

Belfry- a structure built on the wall of a temple or installed next to it with openings for hanging bells. Types of belfries: wall-shaped - in the form of a wall with openings; pillar-shaped - tower structures with a multi-faceted (usually in Russian architecture, octagonal, less often nine-sided) base with openings for bells in the upper tier. In the lower tiers there is often a chamber type - a rectangular volume with a covered vaulted arcade, the supports of which are located along the perimeter of the walls.

Zakomara– (from other Russian. mosquito- vault) - a semicircular or keel-shaped completion of a section of a wall, covering the adjacent internal cylindrical (box, cross) vault.

Keystone- a stone that ends a vault or arched opening.

Campanile- in Western European architecture, a free-standing tetrahedral or round bell tower.

Canon– the totality is strictly established rules, defining the basic set of subjects, proportions, compositions, designs, and colors for works of art of a given type.

Counterforce- a vertical massive protrusion of the wall that strengthens the main supporting structure.

Conha– a semi-dome over the apse, niche. Often made in the form of a shell.

Cross-domed temple- canonical type of Byzantine Orthodox church. It was a shortened basilica, topped with a dome, and, according to the Apostolic decrees, with the altar facing east.

Cube– the main volume of the temple.

Dome– a covering in the form of a hemisphere, an overturned bowl, etc.

ploughshare- wooden tiles used to cover domes, barrels and other tops of the temple.

Bulb- a church dome resembling an onion in shape.

Spatula- a vertical flat and narrow projection of a wall, similar to a pilaster, but without a base and capital.

Luminarium- a hole in the ceiling of an early Christian temple.

Martyrium- a type of early Christian memorial temple over the grave of a martyr.

Mosaic- a favorite variety in the Middle Ages monumental painting. The image is made from pieces of colored glass - smalt, natural stones. Pieces of smalt and stone have irregular shape, the light on them is refracted many times and reflected at different angles, creating a magical flickering glow that flutters in the semi-darkness of the temple.

Naos – central part Byzantine cross-domed church, crowned with the main dome.

Narthex– an extension on the western side of the temple, giving the building a more elongated rectangular shape. It was separated from the central part of the temple - the naos - by a wall with arched openings leading to each of the naves.

Rib- an arched rib in Gothic vaults.

Nave– (from the Greek “neus” - ship) - an elongated room, part of the interior of a church building, limited on one or both longitudinal sides by a number of columns or pillars.

Porch– a porch and a small platform (usually covered) in front of the entrance to an Orthodox church.

Pilaster(blade) - a constructive or decorative flat vertical protrusion on the surface of a wall, having a base and a capital.

Podklet- lower floor of the building.

Curb- a decorative strip of bricks placed on edge at an angle to the surface of the facade. Has the shape of a saw.

Sail– an element of a dome structure in the shape of a spherical triangle. The main dome rests on the sails.

Plintha– flat brick (usually 40x30x3 cm), building material and element of external decorative decoration of temples.

Portal– a decoratively designed doorway of a building.

Portico- a gallery on columns or pillars, usually in front of the entrance to a building.

Side chapel- a small temple attached to the main building of the church, having its own altar in the altar and dedicated to a saint or holiday.

Narthex- West Side Orthodox churches at the entrance, where, according to the Charter, some parts of the service and services (betrothal, lithium, etc.) are performed. This part of the temple corresponds to the courtyard of the Old Testament tabernacle. The entrance to the narthex from the street is arranged in the form of a porch - a platform in front entrance doors, which is reached by several steps.

Sacristy- a place in the altar or a separate room at a Christian church for storing the liturgical vestments of priests.

Rust- hewn stone, the front side of which is left roughly trimmed. Rustication imitates the natural texture of stone, creating the impression of special strength and heaviness of the wall.

Rustication– decorative treatment of the plaster surface of a wall, imitating masonry made of large stones.

Sredokrestie– the intersection of the central nave of the cross-domed church with the transept.

Travea- the space of the nave under the vault.

Transept– transverse nave of the cross-domed church.

Refectory- part of the temple, a low extension on the western side of the church, which served as a place for preaching and public meetings.

Fresco– (“fresco” – fresh) – a technique of monumental painting with water paints on damp, fresh plaster. The primer and the fixing (binder) substance are one whole (lime), so the paints do not crumble.

The fresco technique has been known since ancient times. However, the surface of the antique fresco was polished with hot wax (a mixture of fresco with painting with wax paints - encaustic). The main difficulty of fresco painting is that the artist must begin and finish the work on the same day, before the wet lime dries. If corrections are necessary, you need to cut out the corresponding part of the lime layer and apply a new one. The fresco technique requires a steady hand, fast work and a completely clear idea of ​​the entire composition in each of its parts.

Gable- the completion (triangular or semicircular) of the facade of a building, portico, colonnade, limited by two roof slopes on the sides and a cornice at the base.

Choirs– an open gallery, a balcony in the second tier of the temple on the western side (or on all sides except the eastern). The choristers were housed here, as well as (in Catholic churches) the organ.

Tent- a high four-, six- or octagonal pyramidal covering of a tower, temple or bell tower, widespread in the temple architecture of Rus' until the 17th century.

Fly- a rectangular cavity in the wall.

Apple– a ball at the end of the dome under the cross.

Basilica in Paestum. Ser. 6th century BC e.

Basilica

Plan of the basilica in Pompeii.

It is also an oblong building, the length of which is almost three times greater than its width, but inside it there are not four, but two rows of columns that divide it into only three naves. On one of the narrow sides of its colonnade there are five entrances, and on the opposite there is a raised platform, or platform, for judges, which replaces the apse. There is very good reason to believe that the middle nave of this basilica was higher than the side ones. It was founded in the 1st century BC and was soon rebuilt after a fire by the architect M. Artorius.

These two basilicas without any doubt had a horizontal, beamed, so-called architrave covering, that is, a flat ceiling, like in our current houses.

Plan of the basilica with transept (indicated by arrows).

It remains to make a brief sketch of the Basilica of Constantine, which is located in Rome opposite the Palatine Hill, near the Forum, approximately on the line of buildings located on its northern side. Its plan is a rectangle, quite similar in shape to a square, the length of which is 43 fathoms, and the width is 33 fathoms. Its long side faces the Palatine and has an entrance in the middle on this side. By four huge pylons (pillars supporting the vaults) it is divided into three very wide naves; the lateral two are lower and covered with barrel vaults; medium, having about 10 soot. width, was covered with three colossal cross vaults; it was illuminated by triple windows located above the roof of the side naves. Opposite the main entrance from the Palatine Hill, in the opposite wall, there is a semicircular apse; in the same way, on the short right side (counting from the main entrance) the entrance is located opposite the central nave, and opposite it, at the end of the same nave, there is also an apse. Quite a lot of evidence suggests that this battle was started by Maxentius and ended after his defeat by Constantine the Great in the 3rd-4th centuries. after R. X. and named Konstantinova. The skeleton of its northern part is still quite well preserved and its colossal size still makes an overwhelming impression.

Basilica. On the left is a cross section, on the right is a plan.

Now summarizing the various data obtained by examining the remains of Roman buildings that have come down to us, we can come to the following conclusions: 1) that these were large oblong buildings that were located near city squares, 2) that they were divided by several rows of columns into an odd number of spans , or naves, of which the middle one was the widest and highest, 3) that the side naves were two-story galleries, and that they were covered in the early era with beams, and later with vaults, 4) that an apse, or platform for the court, was always built in them. For greater clarity, we add that the internal structure of the B. is very reminiscent of the main halls of the St. Petersburg and Moscow noble assembly, well known to the residents of our capitals: the hall itself is the middle nave; the passages behind the columns and choirs are two-tiered galleries of the side naves, and the platform for musicians is a judge's stand; The hall is illuminated by the upper windows, that is, the windows located at the top of the middle nave, in the wall above the columns.

Let us now move on to the purpose of all these parts: in basilicas consul or praetor orally dealt with the litigation of Roman citizens, and the middle usually served as the place of trial, and the side parts were occupied by locals lawyers(legal advisers) to whom they turned for advice during court hearings. There, those preparing for the legal profession tested their strength and speaking skills. In the apse, usually covered with a hemispherical vault, a judge's office was placed tribunal(a raised platform with several steps for ascending and a curule chair), where the consul or praetor sat. There was ample space in front of the tribunal for the public who came to judge. Secretaries ( scribae) sat at a distance, on the sides of the tribunal, and it was possible to reach them along the side naves without crowding the crowd into B. As for inner life ancient Roman B., then Boissier gives an excellent picture of it in his “Promenades archèologiques” (Par., g.) when describing Yulieva B. “What remains from her,” he says, “is a marble platform that rises above the level of the adjacent streets and occupies the area in 4500 sq. meter. (about 2100 sq. fathoms). Following the traces of columns and pillars that supported the vaults of the building, it is possible to reconstruct its plan. It consisted of a large middle hall intended for judicial proceedings; it was so large that it housed four courts, which sat either together or separately. The most important civil matters in the state were decided there, and Quintilian, Pliny the Younger and other famous defenders of that time won brilliant laurels for themselves here. A double row of porticoes surrounded this large hall; they were then a favorite place for walks and entertainment for men and women. It’s not for nothing that Ovid advises young people to take refuge there from the scorching midday heat: there was such a crowded and heterogeneous crowd there! But it was not only dandies and frivolous adventurers who filled the porticoes of Yulieva B.; a lot of common people, idle people, and idle people came there, of whom there were so many in this great city, where sovereigns and rich people took care of feeding and entertaining the poor. These people left their traces on the floor of B.: its marble lining was scratched by many circles and squares, intersected mostly by straight lines that divided them into separate parts. They served for the Romans as something like checker boards for a game, the passion for which was incredibly developed among these idle people. Not only ordinary citizens played here: Cicero in his “Philippics” speaks of one very important person, who, without blushing, played in front of the entire forum. IN last times The republics tried to suppress this passion by law, but it remained unenforced, the game continued throughout the existence of the empire, and the fresh features that furrow the floor of Yulieva B. indicate that the game went on until last minutes ancient Rome. The basilica was quite high: above the first floor of the porticoes there was a second, where a staircase led, traces of which are still visible. From this floor you can see the entire area; from here Caligula threw money into the crowd, amused by the fact that the people were crushing each other. From here it was clear what was happening inside B., and it was possible to follow the speeches of the defenders. Pliny says that when he was conducting one important matter, defending the interests of his daughter, deprived of her inheritance by her father, who was carried away by an intriguer for eighty years, the crowd was so large that not only filled the entire hall, but even the upper galleries were crowded with men and women who had come listen to him."

Vitruvius gives very interesting instructions regarding the construction of basilicas, adding to them detailed description the basilica he built at Fanum. According to his testimony, basilicas were divided into public and private. The first ones were located in squares (hence their very name forenses, that is, areal), and the second - in houses. In addition, some modern archaeologists distinguish different types of basilicas: for walks, for wine and fur trade, court and money changers, although there are certain signs of them different devices, usually, no one indicates. The commercial significance of basilicas is beyond any doubt: setting out his rules for the construction of basilicas, Vitruvius directly demands the greatest convenience for merchants: “Places for basilicas,” he says, “should be adjacent to the forums and be located in a warm (that is, southern, sunny) position.” side, so that those trading in them can easily endure bad weather in winter.” And that at the same time they served as a place for walking is quite understandable: in this case, they are very reminiscent of our arcades, which in the same way consist entirely of shops and are often crowded with a walking crowd. Other divisions of bisiliks indicate only the variety of goods sold in them, and not at all their different structure. This is the purpose of public basilicas. Let's now move on to private ones.

Basilica of St. Sofia in Ohrid. OK. 1037 50, vestibule with galleries 1317.

There were private basilicas in the homes of the noblest citizens and in palaces. “Noble people,” says Vitruvius, “holding important government positions, need to arrange luxurious reception rooms, high atriums, the most magnificent peristyles (see this next), gardens, extensive places for walks, in accordance with their greatness; in addition, libraries, art galleries and basilicas, as magnificently decorated as public buildings, because their houses often host public meetings and private arbitration courts”; As for the palace basilicas, firstly, their remains were found in Hadrian's Villa near Tivoli, and secondly, in the Palace of Domitian on the Palatine Hill in Rome, where the basilica occupies the right, front corner of the palace and has an entrance from the outside, and represents a rectangular hall with an apse at the end opposite the entrance; it was probably illuminated by the windows located above. All its components are still very easy to distinguish: even a fragment of marble has survived from the apse.

- (Greek basilike, from basileus king). 1) among the Romans, covered public buildings intended for court and trade and, in general, served as a meeting place for citizens for meetings on public affairs. 2) now the temple, built in the form of an oblong ... Dictionary of foreign words of the Russian language

Basilica. Basilicas in ancient pagan Rome were called public buildings intended for court and trade, and in the Christian period churches. The word B. is Latin in its form and Greek in its origin: from basileuV, basilikoV king, ... ... Encyclopedia of Brockhaus and Efron

- (from the Greek basilika, royal house; in Athens, the portico where the archon basil sat), an elongated, rectangular building, divided inside by longitudinal rows of columns or pillars into several (mostly an odd number) parts... ... Art encyclopedia

Basilica- (Kazan, Russia) Hotel category: 3 star hotel Address: Sary Sadykova Street 49, Kazan ... Hotel catalog

basilica- and, f. basilique f., lat. basilica gr. basilke royal house. A rectangular (public, religious, etc.) building divided by rows of columns. Byzantine basilicas. BAS 2. Having nothing to do, we wandered around the neighborhood, looked at three... ... Historical Dictionary of Gallicisms of the Russian Language

- (from the Greek basilike royal house) a building rectangular in plan, divided inside by rows of columns or pillars into longitudinal parts (naves); the middle nave, higher, is illuminated through windows above the roofs of the side naves. In Dr. Rome judicial basilicas and... ... Big Encyclopedic Dictionary

Dictionary Ozhegova

BASILICA, and, and BASILICA, and, female. (specialist.). An ancient and medieval building (usually a temple) in the form of an elongated rectangle with two longitudinal rows of columns inside. | adj. basil, aya, oh and basil, aya, oh. Ozhegov's explanatory dictionary.... ... Ozhegov's Explanatory Dictionary

Martyrius, temple Dictionary of Russian synonyms. basilica noun, number of synonyms: 2 martyria (5) temple ... Synonym dictionary

- (Greek basilike - royal house) - a rectangular building in plan, divided by rows of columns or pillars into longitudinal parts (naves). In ancient Rome, basilicas were judicial or commercial buildings; later - one of the main types of Christian temple... ... Encyclopedia of Cultural Studies

basilica- and the outdated basilica... Dictionary of difficulties of pronunciation and stress in modern Russian language

Books

• Basilica of San Marco (set of 15 postcards), The set of postcards includes lithographs of fragments of the façade and interiors of the cathedral, which are part of the monumental work “Basilica of San Marco in Venice” by the editor and publisher of illustrated books… Category: Sets of postcards and reproductions Publisher: Pechatnaya Sloboda, Sunday Day,
• Basilica, Montalbano William, In Rome - a new pope, a young, energetic native of Latin America, in the past - a tireless fighter against the drug mafia, the "Cocaine Cardinal" ... A priest dies in St. Peter's Cathedral. Then… Category: Thriller Series: Publisher: