home Vitamins and dietary supplements What does not apply to facial expressions? Pictures from videos of the Canadian channel Just For Laughs Gags: they create various situations and film the reactions of random passers-by

What does not apply to facial expressions? Pictures from videos of the Canadian channel Just For Laughs Gags: they create various situations and film the reactions of random passers-by

Under the influence of different emotions, facial muscles give the face a certain expression - facial expressions. The ability to distinguish basic facial expressions is acquired in children from an early age. Although small children cannot tell, they definitely feel the mood and facial expressions of the person who approaches them, and react accordingly - laugh cheerfully or cry.

In communication between teenagers and adults, more diverse facial expressions are used. Sometimes she is deliberately minimal to hide her emotions, but this is very difficult to do. Managing facial expressions to hide feelings is much more difficult than using gestures. But it’s very easy to emphasize emotions with facial expressions - smile wider or raise your eyebrows even more in surprise. Some people overexpress their emotions, which attracts undue attention to themselves. It tires those around you.

Each person experiences different emotions in life, they flow into one another and, when spontaneously expressed, are expressed naturally. There is no need to emphasize them at all. The predominance of certain emotions in a certain person is a constituent trait of his character.

During communication, the interlocutor’s face involuntarily attracts attention. It allows us to receive feedback - whether we were understood, how they reacted to our message, etc. Universal emotions that can be displayed facially are joy, surprise, fear, sadness, disgust, anger, contempt. They appear on the face as follows:

1) surprise- an instant facial reaction to something unexpected or new. It is very difficult to capture surprise on your face, however, there are people whose faces seem to be smiling all the time. Facial expressions of surprise: raised eyebrows, horizontal wrinkles on the forehead, eyes wide open but without tension, mouth slightly open;

2) fear- anticipation of imminent pain or trouble that cannot be prevented. In a state of fear, a person's eyebrows are raised, but differently than when surprised. They are stretched and brought together at the bridge of the nose. Short wrinkles appear on the forehead. The eyes are tense and wide open, the lips are tensely stretched;

3) anger— arises as a physical threat. It may be an intention to cause some harm. Anger makes a person feel high arterial pressure, so the face turns red, veins swell on the temples and neck with strong anger. Breathing becomes more frequent, the face is distorted with a tense grimace. The eyebrows move at the bridge of the nose. There are vertical wrinkles between the eyebrows. The outer ends of the eyebrows rise upward. Tense lips are compressed or can depict a grin - teeth are visible through the tensely open lips;

4) disgust- response facial reaction to bad smell, taste, sound, touch, etc. The eyebrows are lowered, and no special wrinkles appear. The eye slits narrow, the eyelids almost close. The corners of the mouth droop, and the mouth itself may be slightly open. The lips are tense. The tongue may stick out a little. Wrinkles appear on the nose;

5) joy- a pleasant feeling, corresponding to high spirits. Often combined with surprise, but not fixed on the face. Joy can be a mask that hides negative emotions(anger, fear). But false emotions are always quite easy to recognize by other signs (voice, breathing, gestures). When there is joy, there is no excessive tension on the face, eyebrows are almost not involved in facial expressions. The palpebral slits narrow slightly, the eyes shine. The corners of the lips are raised upward, stretched into a half-smile. It's a pleasant expression;

6) sadness- a facial reaction that is often associated with losses and failures. Normally, it does not appear for long and then a person’s usual facial expression appears. In a saddened person, the outer ends of the eyebrows are lowered down. Vertical wrinkles appear between the knitted eyebrows. Short wrinkles form in the middle of the forehead. The eyes are slightly open. The upper and lower eyelids form a triangle. The corners of the mouth are downturned.

Gaze is part of nonverbal communication. Looking at the interlocutor, you can notice all the changes in his face and posture, as well as gestures. During a conversation, people usually make eye contact periodically. Constant or intense eye contact should be avoided, otherwise it will interfere with communication. When rivals or warring people are talking, they will avoid looking each other directly in the eyes. In ordinary communication, periodically glancing at the interlocutor, you maintain contact with each other, make it clear that you are friendly, give the impression of sociability, help you understand what was said, and you yourself better understand the interlocutor.

Facial expressions[Greek mimikós - imitative] - expressive movements of a person’s face, leading to contraction of the facial muscles, occur in accordance with certain states of the person, forming what is called facial expression or facial expression. Most people in the process of communication most often concentrate their attention on the faces of their partners. The face is the most important characteristic of a person’s external appearance, therefore, along with the eyes, it is called the mirror of the soul. M. is analyzed: 1) along the lines of its voluntary and involuntary components; 2) based on physiological parameters (tone, strength, combination of muscle contractions, symmetry - asymmetry, dynamics, 3) in social and socio-psychological terms (cross-cultural types of facial expressions; expressions belonging to a particular culture; expressions accepted in social group; individual style of expression). Using the listed methods of M analysis, you can obtain information about a person’s personality, his gender, age, profession, membership in a certain ethnic group, and psychological state. Characteristic feature"facial pictures" of emotional states is that each symptom complex of M. includes signs that are at the same time universal, specific for the expression of some states and nonspecific for the expression of others. For a correct interpretation of M., it is important to remember that integrity, dynamism, and variability are its main characteristics, therefore, a change in any component of the facial structure leads to a change in its entire psychological meaning.

Based on the relationship between individual zones of the face, the harmoniousness and disharmony of M are judged. Mismatch of facial movements (the upper and lower parts of the face - a disharmonious “mask”) indicates the insincerity of a person’s feelings and his relationships with other people. Facial expression is associated with other components of expression, especially with physiognomic parameters and movement, and the expression of the eyes—the human gaze. K.S. Stanislavsky wrote that the gaze is “direct, immediate communication in its purest form, from soul to soul...” The dynamic aspects of the gaze (direction towards or away from the partner, the time of fixation of the gaze on the partner, the pace of changes in directions and intensity of the gaze) carry information about ways of making contact and expressing an attitude towards a partner: “shoot with your eyes”, “make eyes”, “play with your eyes”, “measure from head to toe”, “look down”, “look out of the corner of your eye”, “catch a glance” ", "fix your eyes", "beckon with your gaze", "follow with your gaze". Eye movements, gaze direction, facial expressions are associated in everyday consciousness with the moral and ethical characteristics of a person (a shifting gaze is a thief). To diagnose relationships between people, it is important not so much how often the interlocutors look into each other’s eyes, but rather the fact that they stop or, conversely, resume eye contact. If the relationship develops normally, then people look at each other from 30% to 60% of the time of the total communication time. Moreover, if relationships develop in a positive direction, then people look at each other longer and more often when they listen to their partner, and not when they speak. If the relationship becomes aggressive, then the frequency and intensity of glances increases sharply, and the formula of “eye contact” at the moment of speaking and listening is disrupted. If people have a positive attitude towards each other, then they look at each other significantly less during "negative" statements than when they are unfriendly towards each other.

Increased eye contact during “negative” statements can be considered an indicator of a desire for dominance, for escalation of aggression, and for control of the situation. Ellison proposed a visual dominance index, VID, which corresponds to the result obtained by dividing the frequency of eye contact during listening by the frequency of eye contact during speaking. The lower the index, the higher the desire for dominance and competition in a particular subject. The duration of the gaze and the frequency of the gaze also indicate the status inequality of the partners. If one partner is of higher status than the other, then the lower status partner looks longer and more often. If the views of the participants in the interaction are directed towards one person, then this indicates his clear leadership position in this group. Eye contact, mutual gaze represent a special social event, a unique union of two people, the inclusion of each in the personal space of the other. Cessation of eye contact is considered as “leaving” the interaction situation, displacing the surrounding people from personal space.

As criteria for analyzing the gaze, allowing one to judge a personality, one should consider the temporal parameters of “looking” at each other (frequency, duration of contact), the spatial characteristics of the gaze (directions of eye movement: “look into the eyes,” “look to the side,” “look up-down”, “right-left”), degree of intensity of eye contact (gaze, “glance”, “glance”), psychophysiological characteristics of gaze (brilliance-dullness). Compared to the gaze and other elements of human expressive behavior, M. is the most controlled phenomenon on the part of the subject. This fact was taken into account by P. Ekman and W. Friesen in the process of developing the concept of “non-verbal information leakage”. Within the framework of this concept, various parts of the body are ranked based on the criterion - “the ability to transmit information.” This “ability” of elements of expressive behavior is determined on the basis of three parameters: average transmission time, the number of non-verbal, expressive patterns that can be represented by a given part of the body; the degree of accessibility for observation of this part of the body, “visibility, presentation to another.” From these positions, the human face is the most powerful transmitter of information. Therefore, people most often control their facial expressions and do not pay attention to other components of their expressive repertoire. Attempts at deception are difficult to detect based on facial expression. But they can still be recorded, for example, if you know that when a person praises another undeservedly, his mouth curls much more often and the number of smiles decreases, or if you know that anxious people in a situation of “deception”, concealment information make their facial expression more pleasant than in the situation of transmitting truthful information. The qualitative and dynamic parameters of the gaze are difficult to control and regulate, so the eyes are not just a mirror of the soul, but precisely those corners of it that a person tries to hide both from himself and from others.

The expression of the eyes communicates the person's true feelings, while the well-controlled muscles of the face remain motionless. Dynamic and qualitative (eye expression) characteristics of the gaze complete the facial picture. The look, included in the facial expression, is an indicator of the basic states of a person (a joyful look, surprised, frightened, suffering, attentive, contemptuous look, admiring), his relationships (friendly - hostile, aggressive; trusting - distrustful; confident - uncertain; accepting - hostile ; submissive - dominant; understanding - not understanding; alienated - included; repulsive - attracting). The constant characteristics of M. and the gaze are indicators of the integral qualities of the personality and in accordance with them it is interpreted as: ruthless, indifferent noble, arrogant, cruel, naive, impudent, embittered, modest, smart, stupid, cunning, honest, direct (direct gaze) , a glance from under his brow, combined with a wary expression on his face, indicates a person’s distrust of other people, fear of getting into trouble, etc.

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Facial expressions and its varieties

Introduction

1. Development of facial expressions

2. Types of facial expressions

3. Analysis parameters

3.1 Typical facial expressions

5. A person’s face is sculpted by his conscience and life.

Introduction

Facial expressions (Greek mimychpzh - imitator) are expressive movements of the facial muscles, which are one of the forms of manifestation of certain human feelings - joy, sadness, disappointment, satisfaction, etc. Also, animals in biocommunication, for example primates, often use facial expressions to express certain feelings.

Facial expressions are one of the auxiliary ways of communication between people. Accompanying speech, it contributes to its expressiveness.

1. Development of facial expressions

For a long time, humanity has been familiar with physiognomy. The art of reading faces was especially developed in Japan and China during the Middle Ages. In these countries, huge treatises on physiognomy were written, schools were created where it was patiently and carefully studied. In schools where they studied physiognomy, the human face was studied literally millimeter by millimeter, giving significance to every bump, every redness or pallor of the skin. Based on the accumulated material, physiognomists tried to determine the character and interpret his fate. The first correct explanation of the connection between stable facial expression and repeated movements of the facial muscles was made by Leonardo da Vinci. For his research in the field of physiognomy, he chose old people, since their wrinkles and changes in facial features spoke of the suffering and feelings they had experienced.

2. Types of facial expressions

There are:

· involuntary (reflex) everyday facial expressions;

· voluntary (conscious) facial expressions as an element of acting, which consists of conveying the character’s state of mind through expressive movements of the facial muscles. She helps the actor in creating a stage image, in determining psychological characteristics, physical and mental state of the character.

Facial expressions, just like speech, can be used by a person to convey false information (that is, in order to show emotions that are not those that a person actually feels at one time or another).

3. Analysis Options

The face is the most important characteristic of a person’s physical appearance. “Thanks to cortical control, a person can control every single muscle in his face. Cortical control of external components of emotions has developed especially intensively in relation to facial expressions. This is determined, as noted by P.K. Anokhin, its adaptive features and role in human communication. Social imitation, as one of the conditions for the development of facial expressions, is possible precisely due to its voluntary regulation. In general, the socialization of facial expressions is carried out as the use of organic manifestations to influence a partner and as the transformation of emotional reactions adequate to the situation. Society can encourage the expression of some emotions and condemn others, and can create a “language” of facial expressions that enriches spontaneous expressive movements. In this regard, we are talking about universal or specific facial signs, conventional or spontaneous facial expressions. Usually facial expressions are analyzed:

· along the line of its voluntary and involuntary components;

· based on its physiological parameters (tone, strength, combination of muscle contractions, symmetry - asymmetry, dynamics, amplitude);

· in social and socio-psychological terms (intercultural types of expressions, expressions belonging to a particular culture, expressions accepted in a social group, individual style of expression);

· in phenomenological terms (“topography of the facial field”): fragmentary, differential and holistic analysis of facial expressions;

· in terms of those mental phenomena to which these facial signs correspond.

You can also analyze facial expressions based on those impressions-standards that are formed in the process of a person’s perception of facial pictures surrounding people. Actual standard images include features that not only characterize the model, but are sufficient for its identification.”

3.1 Typical facial expressions

Typical Expressions faces, reporting about experienced emotions, are:

Joy: are roughly twisted and their corners are pulled back around fine wrinkles have formed in the eyes;

Interest: The eyebrows are slightly raised or lowered, while the eyelids slightly widened or narrowed;

Happiness: outer corners of lips raised And usually allocated back, eyes calm;

Astonishment: raised eyebrows form wrinkles on the forehead, eyes with this is expanded, and the slightly open mouth has a rounded shape;

Disgust: eyebrows lowered, nose wrinkled, lower lip protruded or raised and closed with the upper lip, the eyes seem to be squinting; Human, as if choking or spitting;

P vision , eyebrow raised, face elongated, head elevated, as if a person is looking down at someone; he seems to be moving away from the interlocutor;

Fear: eyebrows raised slightly But have direct shape, their internal the corners are shifted and horizontal wrinkles run across the forehead, eyes widened, and lower eyelid tense, A top slightly raised, mouth Maybe be open, A corners he's pulled back, stretching and straightening the lips over the teeth (the latter just speaks of intensity emotions ); When only the position mentioned is available eyebrows, then this is controlled fear;

Anger: muscles forehead shifted inside And down, organizing a threatening or frowning expression in the eyes, nostrils expanded, And wings the nose is raised, the lips are either tightly compressed or pulled back, accepting rectangular in shape and revealing clenched teeth, the face often turns red;

Shame: head down, face averted, gaze averted, eyes directed downward or “running” from side to side, eyelids covered, A Sometimes And closed; face enough flushed, pulse rapid, breathing intermittently;

Sorrow: the eyebrows are drawn together, the eyes are dull, and the outer corners of the lips are different several times omitted.

Know expressions faces with different emotions are useful not only for Togo, to understand others, but also to carefully practice (usually in front of a mirror) their working imitations.

4. National characteristics of non-verbal communication etiquette of foreigners

It is interesting to know about the meaning of gestures of foreigners with whom you have to communicate, national characteristics foreign gestures and facial expressions.

Even though we know the language perfectly, we still run the risk of not understanding our foreign interlocutor if we are not familiar with the rules of conduct and symbols of communication accepted in his country.

So, for example, if we knock or ring the bell at the door we are about to enter, the Congolese do not allow themselves to do this; they use their voices to imitate the sound: “kokorroko.”

To say “no”, Turks do not move their heads from shoulder to shoulder, but raise their heads and click their tongues. In case of a decisive denial, it is permissible among the Arabs to bite the thumbnail and throw the hand forward. And Malay blacks simply lower their eyes (we would take this gesture as agreement).

When talking about himself, a European will point to his chest, and a Japanese will point to his nose.

If an American makes a “get out of here” gesture with his hand, then in a restaurant in Buenos Aires a waiter will immediately approach him: this is the gesture that is usually used to beckon in his country. And when an American is about to call someone over with a gesture in Europe, he will not wait for it, since for most Europeans this gesture means “goodbye.”

The gesture of an Englishman covering his eyes, mouth and ears with his hands (which means: “I don’t know anything”) will remain incomprehensible to us. But few people will understand a Russian who, instead of saying the word “money,” rubs his thumb against his middle and index fingers.

Moving a finger from side to side in the US and Italy means slight judgment or threat; in Holland, refusal.

In England, a woman on the street is usually the first to greet a man. This means that they want to give her the right - and it is in England that this is the norm of politeness - to decide whether she wants to personally confirm her acquaintance with this man or not.

Expressing friendliness, the Indonesian slouches, nodding his head almost continuously. The European sees this as self-deprecation.

When a Frenchman or Italian knocks himself on the head, it means that he considers some idea stupid. If a Briton or Spaniard hits himself on the forehead with his palm, he will thereby show others that he is pleased with himself. With the same gesture, a German expresses his extreme indignation towards someone. The Dutchman, tapping his forehead and extending his index finger, says that he liked the idea, but he considers it a little crazy.

If the middle finger is raised instead of the thumb, it has the offensive meaning of “sit on this.” In Greece, the thumbs up sign means "shut up." For Italians, this means the number “1”. In Holland, turning the index finger at the temple means that someone has said a witty phrase.

The clasped index fingers of an Arab indicate that he is offering you friendship, but do not forget, in order to avoid misunderstandings, that in Morocco this gesture warns of enmity.

Raised eyebrows in Germany indicate admiration; in England an expression of skepticism.

An American, connecting his thumb and index finger in the shape of the letter “O”, says with this gesture: “Everything is okay.” The Japanese, based on the symbolism adopted in their country, decides that the American is asking for money, and in France this gesture means “zero” or “nothing.” Americans despise Japanese receptionists, mistaking them for shameless extortionists, since they constantly raise their palms when inviting them to enter. They do not take tips and have no idea that they are compromising themselves with a gesture that American beggars use.

Accustomed to freedom in communication, the American is distrustful of the tense posture and low bows of the Japanese, who also constantly nods his head at him. Although the Japanese does not express agreement by this, he simply shows that he listens and perceives. But the Japanese think that the habit of Americans putting their feet on the table in front of strangers is the height of indecency.

The Italian expresses disbelief when he taps his index finger on his nose. The same gesture in Holland means that the speaker or who is being spoken about is intoxicated.

When a Frenchman is delighted with something, he connects the tips of three fingers, brings them to his lips and, raising his chin high, sends them into the air tender kiss. If he rubs the base of his nose with his index finger, this means that he does not trust the person they are talking about.

The Miskito people of Honduras kiss their small children with their noses and call it "smell them." One researcher who lived among this tribe for a long time notes that “our manner of kissing disgusts them and is considered a milder form of cannibalism.” In Algeria or Egypt, the Arabic gesture of calling is similar to the Russian gesture of farewell.

Among some tribes, when they see a stranger, it is customary to sit on their haunches until he approaches and notices this peaceful posture. Sometimes “headgear, shoes and other items of clothing are removed to greet people.”

5. A man's face is sculpted by his conscience and life

facial expressions non-verbal etiquette foreigner

In schools where they studied physiognomy, the human face was studied literally millimeter by millimeter, giving significance to every bump, every redness or pallor of the skin. Based on the accumulated material, physiognomists tried to determine the character of a person and interpret his fate. The first correct explanation of the connection between stable facial expression and repeated movements of the facial muscles was made by Leonardo da Vinci. For his research in the field of physiognomy, he chose old people, since their wrinkles and changes in facial features spoke of the suffering and feelings they had experienced. Many scientists tried to prove the need to study physiognomy, for example, Charles Darwin, answering the question: “What is scientific in the so-called science of physiognomy?”, wrote “Each individual primarily contracts only certain muscles of the face, following his personal inclinations. These muscles can be more developed, and therefore the lines and wrinkles of the face, formed by their usual contraction, can become deeper and more visible,” the matter did not go beyond words; to this day, physiognomy is not considered a serious science. However, studying the connections between character traits and a person's thoughts and facial expressions is necessary, first of all, for actors, artists, those who work with people, as well as investigators, psychologists, teachers, salespeople, and many others.

Four of the five senses are located in the face, with their help we receive information about the world around us. Eyes, nose, ears, mouth, these unique antennas tell you what is happening around you twenty-four hours a day. Typically, a person perceives this information most intensely before the age of five or six years. This is clearly visible on the face of a child under seven years old, he has large, open eyes that seem to want to see everything in the world, an upturned nose that tries to feel even the most subtle odors, a mouth where everything that can enter goes, ears that hear the quietest sounds, in a word, during this period a person learns about the world, and his senses help him in this. But over time, the acuity of feelings passes, and a person no longer notices everything that previously brought him so much surprise and joy, which means that his brain has become accustomed to the influence of the surrounding world, and such sensitive antennas are no longer needed. The human psyche begins to have difficulty accepting changes, that is, it gradually becomes rigid, and this is immediately reflected on the human face. The process of reduction begins, which means that little by little the eyes sink and lose their shine, they are no longer so interested in everything that happens around them, the mouth shrinks into a narrow and stubborn slit, and the face loses its mobility.

The character becomes more withdrawn, the person slowly withdraws into himself. Such changes occur for everyone with at different speeds, this does not depend on age, for some at eighty years old the face is just beginning to change, for others by eighteen the changes are already complete.

A person whose face has quickly lost its liveliness is distinguished by pessimism and fears the new; inevitable changes in life are perceived very painfully by him; he frantically clings to the old. His character is dominated by introverted traits. It is very difficult to persuade such a person to do something that will somehow change his life. These people often believe that at forty everything is over, and they just have to wait in the wings. Fortunately, this type of person in its pure form, that is, with such a character by nature, is not often found. More often, people with similar behavior suffer from some kind of illness, or experience great troubles, but when the illness passes and all the bad things end, the person transforms literally before the eyes of others, he becomes younger, his antennas come out, receiving signals. outside world, he is again interested in everything new and receptive to change.

Sometimes we meet people who, being at a fairly advanced age, even despite wrinkles and gray hair, look very young. Often their energy and optimism are envied by those much younger in age. In such people, their faces are not subject to reduction processes and their antennae do not close until old age, which means that their desire for knowledge and craving for everything new remains for a long time. Extroverted by nature, these people always remain big children. They easily make acquaintances, it is quite easy to drag them into any adventure. But they just as easily give up what they started to do something newer and more interesting. Their sparkling eyes and open faces make such people very popular in society.

Sometimes, when we see a person’s face, we involuntarily find in it a resemblance to the face of an old sea wolf, and sometimes it even seems that this face was sculpted by a not very diligent sculptor, the work is so rough. It is very uneven, protruding cheekbones, sunken cheeks, in general there are a lot of depressions and protrusions left on it strong emotions, which occur quite often. The owner of such a face easily enters a state of passion, that is, when strong emotional arousal occurs, and for such a person this happens quite often, he is not able to control his behavior. The affective face can belong to both an extrovert and an introvert, equally. Extroverts, with open faces, and introverts, with reduced ones, naturally have different affects; if for an extrovert, anger, anger, resentment immediately splashes out violently, then for an introvert, negative emotions bubble inside, for a long time, corroding him soul.

Tightness or, conversely, relaxation of the facial muscles will tell a lot to an attentive observer. A person who has hypertonicity of facial expressions, that is, excessive muscle tension, which can manifest itself in various twitches and tics, as a rule, has a lot of problems that worry him, they can be real or far-fetched, this is not so important, the main thing is that these problems are not They don’t let you forget about yourself for a minute, often even at night such a person wakes up with the thought: “Am I doing everything right? Will my competitors get ahead of me?”, etc. and so on. Often, fears of this kind do not allow a person to make new decisions that radically change the situation; he is too afraid that everything that was built with such difficulty will collapse, and he will need to start everything over again. But, nevertheless, such people are energetic, easy-going, and if they are confident in the success of a new enterprise, they will engage in it with great enthusiasm; in addition, they have a stronger ability to make decisions, and a more pronounced need for communication.

A person with relaxed muscles (hypotonia) of the face behaves completely differently; he has a more or less pronounced sagging of the cheeks, half-closed, sleepy eyes, a slightly open mouth, and on his face, often, an expression of complete indifference. Their thoughts flow slowly, and their actions are devoid of energy and enthusiasm, they do something only because it is necessary, if it were their will, they would not do anything at all. Such people are too lazy to solve any problems, and they don’t actually have any problems. They all resolve on their own. It should be noted that muscle hypertonicity and hypotonicity only reflect the state of the nervous system, its excitability and stability. The higher the muscle tone, the easier it is to be aroused nervous system, and the sooner hypertonicity is replaced by hypotonicity, the less stable it is. The latter is most often observed in those with affective faces.

Physognomists divide a person’s face into three parts, mentally, of course, the first of which is called vital, from the word “vita”, which means “life” in Latin, it shows how strongly a person defends his right to exist. The chin included in this part makes it clear to what extent a person uses his strong-willed qualities to achieve his goal. It has been noticed that in those moments when you need to defend your point of view, a person unconsciously begins to tense the muscles of the lower part of his face; the more often and the more successfully he defends his rights, thus achieving his goals, the better his chin develops. A harmoniously developed chin indicates that the one to whom it belongs, in most cases, achieves what is intended, although he is able to abandon the goal if he sees that achieving it, for one reason or another, is impractical. A person whose chin is too developed, often it has a square shape, goes straight to the goal, sweeping away everything in its path like a tank, he does not care at all what will happen after the goal is achieved. He will go to storm new heights. The owner of a small, seemingly soft chin is able to retreat from his plans only by imagining possible obstacles. But all of the above loses its meaning if a person is owned by desire, or unwillingness, to achieve something.

The second zone, which includes the cheeks, cheekbones, nose, mouth, is called emotional. The mouth, as the most mobile part of the human face, is the first to react to changes in the emotional background, reflecting, even for a split second, those emotions that are in this moment a person experiences. Anger, joy, sadness, resentment, contempt, all this is expressed by the bend of the lips, even if their owner has excellent self-control and wants to hide his mood, the emotion will still be reflected on the face for a moment, mostly in the mouth area, it’s just important not to miss this moment. If you notice that your interlocutor is slightly biting his lips, know that at the moment he is intensely thinking about something; it’s up to you to interrupt his thoughts or not. When a person finds himself in a critical situation that poses a challenge for him, he often bites not only his lips, but also his tongue. This habit originates from the very early childhood when the baby, having had enough of the mother's milk, pushes out the breast with a movement of the tongue. Psychologists filmed billiard players with a hidden camera. The masters practically did not “use” their tongue, but the beginners stuck it out with each more complex technique. The nose also very well conveys the feelings that a person is experiencing at the moment. When excited, of any origin, the wings of the nose begin to swell. If a person sees something that makes him feel disgusted, his nose will immediately wrinkle.

Zone including top part face, forehead, eyebrows and eyes is called intellectual. Are clearly reflected in the eyes thought processes, their speed and direction. A lively look, sparkling eyes will tell even an inexperienced observer that their owner is passionate about some idea and is full of enthusiasm. Conversely, a dull gaze, half-closed eyes clearly indicate a person’s depressed state, or, even worse, his depression. American scientists have discovered that people look in six different directions - depending on what is happening in their brain. Those who are right-handed from birth, remembering what they saw, will look to the right - up, but if they imagine something, for example, what a shaved porcupine would look like, then their gaze will immediately move to the left - up. When remembering the sound of, say, a guitar, a right-handed person will look to the right, and when imagining some sound, he will look to the left. A person with a right-hand orientation looks down to the left when he wants to remember a taste, smell, sensation, and in the opposite direction, conducting an internal dialogue. As for a left-handed person, he still has the same thing, but in a mirror image; it is not difficult to check who is in front of you, right-handed or left-handed, just ask the person to remember a sound or image and look at the movements of his eyes. In Chinese physiognomy, wrinkles that appear in the corners of the eyes when laughing are called “goldfish tail.” So, the larger and more magnificent this “tail” is, the kinder and more sympathetic the one to whom it belongs. On human faces, above the eyes, you can often see two small arches, they are especially noticeable in people with high powers of observation. As a rule, they mean increased attentiveness and a desire to help.

Not always, although very often, a large forehead is a sign of a great mind; sometimes circumstances develop so that a person cannot develop his intellectual potential. And it happens that a person who is very smart in one area of knowledge is a complete ignoramus in another. So you need to be extremely careful when assessing the intelligence of others.

Many adults have a visible furrow in the middle of their forehead, which indicates introversion and a high degree of introspection. If a person often concentrates or focuses on something, several vertical folds form above the bridge of his nose.

Significant significance for evolutionary and social psychology represent the study of facial expressions as a way of strengthening, weakening, complementing or masking what is expressed in words. The use of facial expressions as a means of regulating emotions has practical significance both for psychotherapy and for improving interpersonal relationships.

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The meaning of facial expressions in human life

Nonverbal communication does not involve the use of speech, only sensory or bodily contacts: facial expressions, touch, gestures, gaze. They are the ones who help people achieve mutual understanding at the emotional level. Research has found that we transmit only 35% of information to each other through speech. The remaining 65% comes from non-verbal signals: body movements, gestures, gaze, facial expressions. They complement spoken phrases, enhancing their significance.

In fact, non-verbal means of communication are quite capable of replacing. This is what happens to deaf-mute people. For them, nonverbal communication through gestures and facial expressions is a common way of communicating with others. The same can be said about children who have not yet learned to speak. People use nonverbal communication techniques to establish communication connections with representatives of the animal world.

The importance of facial expressions in the communication process cannot be underestimated. After all, sometimes a facial expression, coupled with other nonverbal signals, carries more information about the feelings or mood of the interlocutor than words. People are used to controlling what they say. However nonverbal manifestations difficult to hide. Many movements occur reflexively, before the emotion is evaluated by the brain. By learning to capture and interpret facial expressions and other nonverbal signals, you can understand not only what the interlocutor wants to say, but also what he is trying to hide.

Expressions of feelings and emotions through nonverbal signals

Gestures, pantomime and facial expressions are means of communication that are classified as optical-kinetic. This system of nonverbal signals includes appearance, voice timbre, hand or head movements, and body position in space. Successful establishment of contact depends not only on what the interlocutor says, but also on how confident his facial expressions, voice, and gaze are. This is what explains the interest in studying the meaning of nonverbal signals on the part of psychologists, businessmen and people who want to build a career.

What will facial expressions tell you?

The most important element of nonverbal communication is facial expressions. American psychologist Paul Ekman developed Facial Affect Scoring Technique or FAST for short, which allows you to determine the emotional state of the patient visually. The professor suggested conditionally dividing a person’s face into three zones:

forehead and eyes,
nose and area around it,
mouth and chin.

According to the FAST method, the meaning of nonverbal facial expressions is considered only in the totality of changes in at least two of these areas. Such a simple analysis of a non-verbal signal allows, for example, to distinguish a feigned smile from sincere joy.

There are six basic emotions, most clearly expressed through facial expressions:

joy,
anger,
astonishment,
disgust,
horror,
sadness.

Involuntary or reflexive facial expressions These are nonverbal manifestations that the person himself does not control. It is she who reflects the true emotional state.

We propose to consider the most significant non-verbal manifestations of feelings reflected in facial expressions, which are schematically depicted in the picture:

Emotion joy reflected on the forehead and mouth area. The corners of the lips are raised, the teeth are slightly open. Light wrinkles appear around the eyes. The eyebrows also rise slightly in relation to the bridge of the nose.
The face of a man who is experiencing happiness, relaxed. This is expressed by half-closed upper eyelids, slightly raised eyebrows, and a radiant gaze. The corners of the lips are drawn towards the ears.
For surprise Characteristic features are raised eyebrows, rounded eyes, and a slightly open mouth.
Doubt expressed in a person’s gaze shifted to the left. Exactly left hemisphere The brain is responsible for analyzing the situation. The position of the lips resembles a sarcastic grin, that is, only one edge of the lips is raised.
Sullenness or despondency expressed by lowered eyebrows and corners of the mouth. The look is dull, indifferent.
The face of a frightened man is tense. Fear expressed in raised eyebrows, wide open eyes. Teeth are partially visible through parted lips.
Rounded eyes, slightly open mouth, raised eyebrows - this is how facial expressions express shock.
A one-sided grin, a sideways gaze, squinted eyes and a raised eyebrow - this is what it looks like mistrust.
The look of a person thinking about a problem, directed upwards. The corners of the lips are slightly lowered.
Wide-open, excitedly shining eyes, raised eyebrows and a slightly open mouth express joy about a brilliant idea came to mind.
Human, pleased with himself, looks relaxed. His eyebrows and eyelids are lowered, and his lips are folded into a half-smile.
ABOUT insidious plans tells the story with a squinted look, raised outer corners of the eyebrows, lips compressed into a string, forming a tight smile.
Sly squints his eyes and looks away. The left or right corner of his mouth rises.
Demonstrating determination, the man purses his lips, clenches his jaw tightly, looks from under his brows. His pupils may narrow sharply, his gaze becomes threatening.
Embarrassed, people look down, smile with closed lips so that one corner of the mouth rises. The inner tips of the eyebrows creep up.
Resentment expressed in pursed lips, low eyebrows and eyelids. The gaze is directed away from the interlocutor.
Concentrated When thinking, most people move their eyebrows so that a crease forms on the bridge of their nose. At the same time, the gaze seems to be directed inwards, the chin is tense, the mouth is motionless.
Uncertainty is expressed in a slightly confused, wandering gaze, raised eyebrows. At the same time, the corners of the lips are lowered.
Expression daydreaming on the face is characterized by highly raised inner corners of the eyebrows. The gaze is directed upward, the corners of the mouth are located asymmetrically.
Fatigue expressed in complete relaxation facial muscles, including eyelids. The lips take on a horseshoe shape, with the tips pointing downwards.

For precise definition emotional state by facial expressions or in aggregate non-verbal signs, it is necessary to take into account such details as the direction of gaze, the state of the pupils. If a person experiences strong antipathy towards the interlocutor, he involuntarily squints. A liar averts his eyes to the side; he is betrayed by frequent blinking or, on the contrary, by an unblinking gaze. Insincerity is evidenced by facial asymmetry and too mobile facial expressions.

Conclusion

Interpretation of people's nonverbal behavior through facial expressions or gestures depends on many factors. These are the cultural traditions of the country, gender, age of the interlocutor, the situation in which it occurs. It is worth remembering that nonverbal gestures and facial expressions differ between European and Asian residents. In addition, most adults have good control over their nonverbal reactions. To capture genuine emotions from the facial expressions that flash on the face in a matter of seconds, a certain skill and observation is required.

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What does not apply to facial expressions? Pictures from videos of the Canadian channel Just For Laughs Gags: they create various situations and film the reactions of random passers-by

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1. Development of facial expressions

2. Types of facial expressions

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The meaning of facial expressions in human life

Expressions of feelings and emotions through nonverbal signals

What will facial expressions tell you?

We propose to consider the most significant non-verbal manifestations of feelings reflected in facial expressions, which are schematically depicted in the picture:

Conclusion