Sergei Pavlovich Korolev is an academician whose name is known, as a rule, to all educated people on the planet. What is the reason for such popularity? What did this undoubtedly talented man manage to create that stories about him have been retold for several decades?

Like all Soviet scientists, he made a significant contribution to the development of world science. But that's not all. He was the first. The first who managed to conquer outer space. Of course, after him there were and will be the most talented specialists who dedicated and are devoting their work to the exploration of the galaxy. But it is Sergei Pavlovich Korolev who is considered a pioneer.

In fact, you can talk about this person endlessly, each time being surprised by his talent, perseverance and determination.

Section 1. Childhood and adolescence

Sergei Korolev, whose biography is quite rich, was born in the Ukrainian city of Zhitomir on January 12, 1907. His parents separated early, the boy did not remember his own father at all, as he was brought up in his mother’s family in the city of Nizhyn. It was there in 1911 that Sergei saw the pilot Utochkin flying in an airplane. To say that this event simply impressed him is to say nothing. The teenager was indescribably delighted.

In 1917, Korolev and his mother moved to Odessa to live with his stepfather. A detachment of seaplanes was then located in South Palmyra. And pure chance brought the teenager together with mechanic V. Dolganov, who subsequently began to teach him all the intricacies. The boy spent the whole summer with the crew, helping prepare the planes for flights, and for a very a short time was able to become an indispensable and trouble-free assistant to local mechanics and pilots.

Sergei Korolev was unable to immediately obtain a certificate of general secondary education; as a result, he graduated from a two-year construction school, where he studied very diligently. Throughout his studies, Korolev continued to participate in the life of the hydroaviation detachment. And the guy’s reputation as a brilliant mechanic was firmly established.

Sergei Pavlovich Korolev was a member of the Aviation Society of Ukraine, gave lectures on gliding, and took part in the construction of a glider designed by the famous pilot K. A. Artseulov. After a while, he entered the Kyiv Polytechnic Institute, where he was considered one of the most educated fur students. faculty.

In 1926, after two years of study in Kyiv, the talented young man transferred to Moscow to major in aeromechanics (MVTU). In March 1927, Korolev graduated from gliding school with honors.

Section 2. Arrest and work for the KGB

In his autobiography chief designer recalled that he was arrested very unexpectedly (it happened on June 27, 1938) on charges of sabotage. Like many famous people at that time, he was subjected to torture. There is also evidence that both jaws were broken.

On September 25, 1938, the scientist was included in the list of special persons whose cases were considered by the Military Collegium of the Supreme Court of the USSR. In that list he was listed in the first (execution) category. But the court on September 27, 1938 sentenced him to only 10 years in labor camp. A few years later, the term was reduced, and he was released in 1944. During this time, Sergei went through Butyrka in Moscow, a prison in Novocherkassk and Kolyma, where he was engaged in “general work” at a gold mine.

The future chief designer returned to Moscow on March 2, 1940, where just 4 months later he was convicted a second time. In the NKVD prison TsKB-29, he participated in the construction of Pe-2 and Tu-2 bombers. Such talents were the reason for Korolev’s transfer to another design bureau at aircraft plant No. 16 in Kazan. In 1943 he was appointed to a responsible position in production rocket launchers. In July 1944, the scientist was released early on the personal orders of I.V. Stalin.

Section 3. Sergei Korolev - academician. Scientific works

Achievements in the field deserve special attention. So, this talented Soviet specialist took part in the following projects aimed at:

• Development In 1956, under his strict leadership, a two-stage ballistic missile R-7 was created, its modification was in service with the USSR Strategic Missile Forces. In 1957, he created the first rockets powered by stable fuel components.
• Creation of the first artificial satellite of our planet. S.P. Korolev developed it on the basis of a combat rocket with a three- and four-stage carrier. As a result, this one was launched on October 4, 1957.
• Construction of various satellites and launching vehicles to the Moon. Among other things, he managed to develop a geophysical satellite, paired Electron satellites and automatic stations to the Moon.
• The assembly of the Vostok-1 manned spacecraft, which made possible the world's first human flight - Yu. A. Gagarin - in low-Earth orbit. For this, the Queen was awarded the title of Hero of Socialist Labor for the second time.

Section 4. Love and space of a scientist

Korolev’s first kiss with the girl of his dreams, oddly enough, happened on the roof. He lived in Odessa and fell in love with Ksenia Vincentini, sought her favor for a long time, and only before leaving for the Kiev Polytechnic Institute did he propose to her. Ksenia replied that she would wait until Sergei finished his studies. It so happened that she studied to become a doctor in Kharkov, and he studied in Kyiv, and then in Moscow. Korolev constantly tried to get Ksenia’s consent to the marriage; she resisted for several more years, but in the end she became his wife, and Sergei took his beloved to Moscow.

However, unfortunately, soon after this, Korolev quickly loses interest in his wife and becomes interested in other women. As a result, such adventures of the husband brought the woman to this point and she decides to leave him. Their daughter Natasha found out about her father’s “infidelities” at the age of 12, and as a result, the rift between daughter and father remained for the rest of his life.

It turns out that the famous Academician Korolev was never able to become loving and caring husband and father.

Section 5. Exhausting inner loneliness

His second wife, Nina, had no easier time with his adventures. Sergei Pavlovich continued to disappear on endless business trips, suffering from loneliness.

He often turns to his wife for advice, writes letters to her, talks about his difficulties and experiences, eternal problems in his soul and But soon she begins to get tired of his eternal torment and confessions, she stops responding to them, and he feels even more lonely.

Section 6: Medical History and Death

Everything happened too suddenly. A man lived, worked for the good of his Motherland, glorified his country, when suddenly he was gone. There were no solemn speeches, no magnificent funerals, or even articles on the topic “S.P. Korolev, a world-famous academician, has passed away.”

Citizens of the USSR learned about what happened from the press. On January 16, 1966, a medical report on the cause of Korolev’s death was published in the Pravda newspaper. It turned out that he for a long time was sick, and several pestered him at once serious illnesses: sarcoma of the rectum, sclerosis of the arteries of the brain and Just on this day, Sergei Pavlovich underwent surgery to remove the tumor, but he died due to heart failure right on the operating table, without regaining consciousness.

Sergei Pavlovich Korolev was the first who managed to conquer outer space.

Sergei Pavlovich Korolev - outstanding Soviet designer and a scientist of the 20th century, academician of the USSR Academy of Sciences, founder of cosmonautics, creator of programs and a leading specialist in the field of rocketry and shipbuilding.

Sergei Pavlovich Korolev, born in Zhitomir, December 30, 1906. In 1917, his mother and stepfather, a mechanical engineer, moved to Odessa, a port on the Black Sea. Sergei began to be interested in aviation technology from his school years, showed exceptional abilities and ingenuity in classes, and in 1921 he participated in the life of the Odessa hydraulic squad. At the age of seventeen, he designed and defended before a state commission the K-5 non-motorized aircraft, which was subsequently recommended for construction.

Birth of a dream

After graduating from the Odessa Construction Vocational School, in 1924 he was admitted to the Kiev Polytechnic Institute, where he joined the glider club and developed the first airplane. Two years later, Korolev transferred to the Moscow Higher Technical School (MVTU) named after N.E. Bauman, the best engineering institute in Russia. He became a student of Andrei Nikolaevich Tupolev, a famous aircraft manufacturer, and in December 1929, under the leadership of Tupolev, defended thesis- a project of a light aircraft SK-4 designed to achieve a record flight range. The aircraft designed during his studies at the institute—the Koktebel and Krasnaya Zvezda gliders and the graduation project for the SK-4 aircraft—showed Korolev’s abilities as a competent engineer and aircraft designer.

In 1929, he met with K.E. Tsiolkovsky, who advised him to take up space flight, gave him the book “Space Rocket Trains” and recommended contacting Friedrich Arturovich Zander, an engineer at TsAGI (Central Aerohydrodynamic Institute).

1931 Sergei Korolev and Friedrich Zander founded the Moscow public organization"Study Group" jet propulsion"(GIRD). Already in April 1932, the group became a state research and development laboratory for rocket aircraft. Sergei Korolev's leadership of flight tests contributed to the successful launch of a liquid-fuel rocket - GIRD-09, August 17, 1933.

The Soviet leadership, understanding the military potential in the research and development of rocketry for the defense capability of the Soviet Union, decided to merge the GIRD and the Leningrad Gas Dynamics Laboratory (GDL). In 1933, the Jet Research Institute (RNII) was created, led by I.T. Kleymenov. Korolev was appointed deputy with the rank of division engineer (the abbreviated title for the position of division engineer and military rank senior command staff in the Red Army).

1935 Korolev - head of the rocket aircraft department; within a year, tests of cruise missiles were being carried out: long-range - with a liquid rocket engine and anti-aircraft - with a powder rocket engine. The department is busy working on cruise and ballistic missiles long range, air-launched missiles, for firing at air and ground targets and anti-aircraft solid-fuel missiles.
However, the views of Korolev and the institute’s management did not coincide with the prospects for the development of rocketry. Sergey Pavlovich leaves the post of deputy director of the RNII and goes to work as a senior engineer.

S.P. Korolev continued to work on the design of the first manned jet rocket plane by upgrading the basic two-seat glider SK-9. Fuel tanks were designed behind the cockpit and a RDA-1-150 hp liquid-propellant jet engine was installed. The start of flights of the first Soviet rocket plane was convincingly proven— Soviet Union reached such a level in rocket engine construction when the production of rocket planes with liquid propellant engines for industry became commonplace.

The significance of this project is not that it was the first step in the era of jet aviation, but the beginning in the conquest of outer space.

Arrest. Closed KBs

Repression in the Soviet Union, which gained momentum in the late thirties of the twentieth century, also reached the rocket scientists. Fate was predicted at the moment when Mikhail Tukhachevsky was arrested and destroyed - whose patronage and attention was manifested in solving the problems of GIRD and RNII.

The head of the RNII, Ivan Kleimenov, and the chief engineer of the RNII, Georgy Langemak, were arrested and disappeared into the dungeons. In March 1938, engine designer Valentin Glushko was arrested on a false denunciation.

Sergei Korolev was taken into custody on June 27, 1938. Why was he convicted and imprisoned? Korolev Sergey Pvlovich is in prison. The indictment stated: “since 1935, he was a member of a Trotskyist sabotage organization, on whose instructions he carried out criminal work at NII-3 to disrupt the development and delivery of new types of weapons to the Red Army,” in particular:

...- in 1936 he led the development of a gunpowder winged torpedo; Knowing in advance that the main parts of this torpedo - devices with photocells - for controlling the torpedo and pointing it at the target, cannot be manufactured by the central laboratory of wired communications, Korolev, in order to load the institute unnecessary work intensively led the development of the missile part of this torpedo in 2 versions;

...- As a result of this, tests of four torpedoes built by Korolev showed their complete unsuitability, which caused damage to the state in the amount of 120,000 rubles
and the development of other, more relevant topics has been delayed;

...- in 1937, when developing the side compartment of a torpedo (winged), he made a wrecking calculation, as a result of which research papers upon creation, the torpedoes were disrupted;

...- artificially delayed the production and testing of defense facilities. They accused him of developing a solid-fuel rocket in order to delay the development of more important areas. Prevented the creation of an effective power system for the on-board autopilot of the rocket. He developed obviously unusable engines.

He pleaded guilty, but subsequently recanted his testimony.

The Collegium of the Supreme Court of the USSR, chaired by Ulrich, sentenced Korolev to 10 years in prison with disqualification for five years and confiscation of personal property. After a long stage of railway and by sea on April 21, 1939, Sergei Pavlovich arrived in Kolyma, and since August he has been working at the Maldyak gold mine.

The leadership of the Soviet Union recognized the need for engineering developments by aircraft manufacturers to prepare for a possible war with Nazi Germany. The country has created a system of “sharashkas” (prison design bureaus) to exploit imprisoned “talent” capable of creating new weapons for the Red Army.

For reviewing the case of S.P. Korolev’s mother, M.N., fought. Balanin, with the support of the famous pilots M.M. Gromov and V.S. Grizodubova. On March 2, 1940, by a special meeting, he was sentenced to 8 years in prison and sent to the Moscow NKVD special prison TsKB-29, where he was headed by A.N. Tupolev, also a prisoner, participated in the creation of the Pe-2 and Tu-2 bombers and at the same time proactively developed projects for a guided aerial torpedo and a new version of a missile interceptor.

After the end of World War II, Korolev was sent to Germany to study the Nazi V-2 rockets and other rocket technologies. In August 1946 he was appointed chief designer for the project ballistic missile long range.

After Stalin's death in 1953, Korolev joined the Communist Party and received the support of leader and compatriot Nikita Khrushchev, who understood the prospects for development and improvement military program missile potential for the USSR. On April 1, 1953, Korolev received approval from the Council of Ministers to create the first two-stage intercontinental ballistic missile (ICBM), the R-7. The following year, a proposal to launch artificial satellites into Earth orbit was also approved.

​Artificial Earth satellite (AES)

The Korolev R-7 launch vehicle launched the first artificial Earth satellite into orbit on October 4, 1957.

“It was small, this very first artificial satellite of our old planet, but its ringing call signs spread across all continents and among all peoples as the embodiment of the daring dream of mankind,” S.P. later said. Korolev.

Sputnik launch raised US concerns that the Soviet Union was poised to attack the United States nuclear weapons using ballistic missiles, thus began the “Space Race” between the USSR and the USA.

In 1959, Korolev participated in the preparation and launch of lunar probes to the Moon. Based on the results of these missions, preparations began for sending a Soviet cosmonaut to the Moon. Korolev identified three tasks, the solution of which would yield a result - the conquest of the Moon.

First goal was achieved when the Vostok 1 spacecraft launched the first cosmonaut Yuri Gagarin into space on April 12, 1961, proving that human space flight was possible.
August 1961. G.S. Titov made his second space flight on the Vostok-2 spacecraft, which lasted a day.
August 1962. Joint flight of the Vostok-3 and Vostok-4 spacecraft, piloted by cosmonauts A.G. Nikolaev and P.R. Popovich; direct radio communication was established between the astronauts.
June 1963. Joint flight of cosmonauts V.F. Bykovsky and V.V. Tereshkova on the Vostok-5 and Vostok-6 spacecraft
The world's first spacewalk took place on March 18, 1965 during the flight of the Voskhod 2 spacecraft with a crew of two. Astronaut A.A. Leonov, wearing a spacesuit, went out through the airlock and was outside the ship for about 20 minutes.

Second goal was to create lunar vehicles that could land softly on the surface of the Moon.

Third task was to create a powerful launch vehicle to send astronauts and cargo to the Moon.
Sergei Korolev began work on the N-1 launch vehicle, comparable to the American Saturn V launch vehicle, in 1962. This rocket was supposed to launch up to 90 tons into low-Earth orbit, but four test launches of the N-1 were unsuccessful.

In July 1969, American ship Apollo 11 landed on the Moon, with the first astronauts on board.

In 1974, the Soviet manned lunar landing program was closed, and in 1976, work on the N-1 was also officially closed.

Personal life of S.P. Queen

Sergei Korolev was married twice. He first married in August 1931 to classmate Ksenia Vincentini, and in 1935 she gave birth to his daughter. Natalia Sergeevna (1935), Doctor of Medical Sciences, professor, State Prize laureate, wrote the book " Father".

Sergei Korolev with his wife Ksenia and daughter

In 1948, the family broke up.

He met his second wife, Nina Ivanovna Kotenkova, who was a translator at NII-88, at work.

Health S.P. Korolev's condition began to deteriorate in 1960 and on January 14, 1966, he died after a minor operation. Perhaps the cause of Korolev’s death was weakening immune system, which never recovered after imprisonment and torture during the years of repression.

The death was a blow to the Soviet space program: a loss that is irreplaceable.

During his lifetime, Academician Korolev was awarded two orders of Hero of Socialist Labor. Recognition of his enormous services to humanity were monuments erected in his homeland, in the Moscow region, where the great designer built ships and at the cosmodrome, where the road to the Universe began.

Urn with the ashes of S.P. The queen is buried in the Kremlin wall.

Quotes from Sergei Pavlovich Korolev

• People will fly into space on trade union vouchers.
• The time will come when a spaceship with people will leave the Earth and go on a journey. A reliable bridge from Earth to space has already been built by the launch of Soviet artificial satellites, and the road to the stars is open!
• Order frees thought.
• If you criticize someone else's, offer your own. If you suggest, do it.
• A rocket underwater is absurd. But that's why I'm going to do this.
• You can do it quickly, but poorly, or you can do it slowly, but well. After a while, everyone will forget that it was fast, but they will remember that it was bad. And vice versa.

Memory of the designer S.P. Korolev

By Presidential Decree Russian Federation No. 1020 of July 8, 1996
"Supporting the appeal of collectives of enterprises and organizations of the city of Kaliningrad, Moscow region, as well as the city administration" city of Kaliningrad
Moscow region was renamed the city of Korolev.

Monuments to S.P. Korolev was installed in many cities in Russia and the world: Moscow, Korolev (Moscow region) on Korolev Avenue, Taganrog, a bust in Samara near the Korolev National Research University, Cheboksary, on Korolev Avenue in St. Petersburg, Omsk, on Baikonur (Kazakhstan) , Kyiv (Ukraine), Zhitomir (Ukraine).

Airbus Airbus A321 (VQ-BEI) “S. Korolev" Aeroflot airline.

Films about Sergei Pavlovich Korolev

Feature and television

• I'm going to look, 1966.
• Taming of Fire, 1972.
• Running start - about the youth of S.P. Koroleva, 1982.
• Gagarin. First in space, 2013.
• Main, 2015.
• Time of the First, 2017.

Documentary

• Empire Korolev
• Sergey Korolev. Destiny - creative workshop “Studio A”, “Channel One”, 2004.
• Liberation of the designer - TV company "Civilization", series "Korolev's Empire". Film 1st. TV channel Culture, 2006.
• Trophy space - TV company "Civilization", cycle "Empire of Korolev". Film 2. TV channel Culture, 2006.
• Inaccessible Moon - TV company "Civilization", cycle "Empire of Korolev". Film 3. TV channel Culture, 2006.
• Tsar Rocket. Interrupted flight - Roscosmos TV studio, TV Center, 2006.

Sergei Pavlovich Korolev (December 30, 1906 (January 12, 1907), Zhitomir - January 14, 1966, Moscow) - Soviet scientist, designer and organizer of the production of rocket and space technology and missile weapons THE USSR. Founder of practical astronautics.

The largest figure of the 20th century in the field of space rocketry and shipbuilding, together with the German designer Wernher von Braun. With the launch of the first artificial Earth satellite into orbit in 1957, a new era in human history, the space age, began.

Those who want to work look for means, those who don’t want to look for reasons.

Korolev Sergey Pavlovich

Sergei Korolev is the creator of Soviet strategic missile weapons of medium and intercontinental range. His design developments in the field of rocket technology were of exceptional value for the development of the Soviet missile weapons, and the contribution to the organization and development of practical astronautics is of global importance.

S.P. Korolev is the creator of Soviet rocket and space technology, which ensured strategic parity and made the USSR an advanced rocket and space power.

Twice Hero of Socialist Labor, laureate of the Lenin Prize, academician of the USSR Academy of Sciences. Member of the CPSU since 1953.

Order frees thought.

Korolev Sergey Pavlovich

S. P. Korolev was born on January 12, 1907 in the city of Zhitomir (Ukraine) in the family of a teacher of Russian literature, Pavel Yakovlevich Korolev (1877–1929). He was about three years old when his parents divorced. By decision of his mother, little Seryozha was sent to Nizhyn to live with his grandparents.

In 1915 he entered the preparatory classes of the gymnasium in Kyiv, in 1917 he went to the first grade of the gymnasium in Odessa, where his mother, Maria Nikolaevna, and stepfather, Georgy Mikhailovich Balanin, moved.

I didn’t study at the gymnasium for long - it was closed, then there were four months of a unified labor school. Then he received his education at home - his mother and stepfather were teachers, and his stepfather, in addition to teaching, had an engineering education.

A rocket underwater is absurd. But that's why I'm going to do this.

Korolev Sergey Pavlovich

Also in school years Sergei was distinguished by exceptional abilities and an indomitable desire for the then new aviation technology. In 1922–24 he studied at a construction vocational school, participating in many clubs and taking various courses.

In 1921, he met the pilots of the Odessa hydraulic squad and actively participated in aviation public life: from the age of 16 as a lecturer on eliminating aviation illiteracy, and from the age of 17 - as the author of the project for the K-5 non-motorized aircraft, which was officially defended before the competent commission and recommended for construction.

Having entered the Kiev Polytechnic Institute in 1924 with a specialization in aviation technology, Korolev mastered general engineering disciplines there in two years and became a glider athlete. In the fall of 1926, he was transferred to the Moscow Higher Technical School (MVTU) named after N. E. Bauman.

The moon is hard.
(In the group designing the lunar landing module, there was a long discussion about what kind of surface the Moon has. Equally reliable arguments were put forward in favor of multi-meter dust, sandy desert, hard surface... The lack of a solution began to slow down further work, significantly affecting the design of the landing module. Sergei Pavlovich, who was present at the next fruitless meeting, took a piece of paper and wrote this statement)

Korolev Sergey Pavlovich

During his studies at the Moscow Higher Technical School, S.P. Korolev already gained fame as a young, capable aircraft designer and an experienced glider pilot. The aircraft he designed and built: the Koktebel and Krasnaya Zvezda gliders and the SK-4 light aircraft, designed to achieve a record flight range, showed Korolev’s extraordinary abilities as an aircraft designer.

However, he was especially fascinated by flights in the stratosphere and the principles of jet propulsion. In September 1931, S.P. Korolev and a talented enthusiast in the field of rocket engines F.A. Tsander sought to create in Moscow, with the help of Osoaviakhim, a public organization - the Group for the Study of Jet Propulsion (GIRD): In April 1932, it became essentially a state scientific- design laboratory for the development of rocket aircraft, in which the first domestic liquid-ballistic missiles (BR) GIRD-09 and GIRD-10 are created and launched.

On August 17, 1933, the first successful launch of a GIRD rocket took place. In 1936, S.P. Korolev managed to bring cruise missiles to testing: anti-aircraft-217 with a powder rocket engine and long-range-212 with a liquid rocket engine.

Arrested on June 27, 1938. On September 25, 1938, he was included in the list of persons subject to trial by the Military Collegium of the Supreme Court of the USSR. He was in the first category on the list, which means that the punishment recommended by the NKVD authorities was execution. The list was personally endorsed by Stalin, thereby practically confirming the death sentence.

This was a time of change in the leadership of the NKVD and repressions had already reduced their scope. Therefore, court decisions did not so blindly follow the recommendations of the NKVD. Korolev was convicted by the Military Collegium Supreme Court USSR September 27, 1938, charge: art. 58–7, 11. Sentence: 10 years of labor camp, 5 years of disqualification. On June 10, 1940, the sentence was reduced to 8 years in the ITL, released in 1944. Completely rehabilitated on April 18, 1957.

He spent a year in Butyrka prison. During interrogations, he was subjected to severe torture and beatings, as a result of which Korolev’s jaws were broken (he also received a concussion). On April 21, 1939, he arrived in Kolyma, where he was located at the Maldyak gold mine of the Western Mining Administration and was engaged in so-called “general work.”

On December 23, 1939, he was sent to the disposal of Vladlag. He arrived in Moscow on March 2, 1940, where four months later he was tried a second time and sent to a new place of imprisonment - the Moscow NKVD special prison TsKB-29, where, under the leadership of A. N. Tupolev, also a prisoner, he took an active part in the creation of Pe-bombers. 2 and Tu-2 and at the same time proactively developed projects for a guided aerial torpedo and a new version of a missile interceptor.

This was the reason for Korolev’s transfer in 1942 to another prison-type design bureau - OKB-16 at Kazan Aviation Plant No. 16, where work was carried out on new types of rocket engines for use in aviation.

S.P. Korolev, with his characteristic enthusiasm, devotes himself to the idea of ​​​​the practical use of rocket engines to improve aviation: reducing the length of an aircraft's takeoff run during takeoff and increasing the speed and dynamic characteristics of aircraft during air combat.

The arrest and stay in the Gulag forever infected Korolev with a pessimistic attitude towards the surrounding reality. According to the recollections of people who knew him closely, Sergei Pavlovich’s favorite saying was the phrase “They’ll slap you without an obituary...”.

Speaking about the design of Soviet missiles that followed the R-1, it is difficult to distinguish between the time periods for their creation. So Korolev was thinking about the R-2 back in Germany, when the R-1 project had not yet been discussed, he was developing the R-5 even before the delivery of the R-2, and even earlier, work began on the small mobile rocket R-11, and the first calculations for the intercontinental R-7 rocket.

In August 1946, S.P. Korolev began working in Kaliningrad near Moscow (then renamed Korolev in 1996), where he was appointed chief designer of long-range ballistic missiles and head of department No. 3 of NII-88 for their development.

The first task set by the government to S.P. Korolev as the chief designer and all organizations involved in missile weapons was to create an analogue of the V-2 rocket from domestic materials. But already in 1947, a decree was issued on the development of new ballistic missiles with a greater flight range than the V-2: up to 3000 km.

In 1948, S.P. Korolev began flight design tests of the R-1 ballistic missile (analogous to the V-2) and in 1950 successfully put it into service.

During 1954 alone, Korolev simultaneously worked on various modifications of the R-1 rocket (R-1A, R-1B, R-1B, R-1D, R-1E), completed work on the R-5 and outlined five different modifications of it. , completes complex and responsible work on the R-5 M missile - with a nuclear warhead. They're coming full swing work on R-11 and its marine version R-11FM, and the intercontinental R-7 is acquiring increasingly clear features.

In 1956, under the leadership of S.P. Korolev, the first domestic strategic missile, which became the basis of the country’s nuclear missile shield.

In 1957, Sergei Pavlovich created the first ballistic missiles (mobile land-based and sea-based) using stable fuel components; he became a pioneer in these new and important areas of missile development.

In 1960, the first intercontinental missile R-7, which had two missile stages, entered service. This was also a victory for S.P. Korolev and his employees.

In 1955 (long before the flight tests of the R-7 rocket), S. P. Korolev, M. V. Keldysh, M. K. Tikhonravov came to the government with a proposal to launch an artificial Earth satellite into space using the R-7 rocket ).

The government supported this initiative. In August 1956, OKB-1 left NII-88 and became an independent organization, the chief designer and director of which was appointed S.P. Korolev.

To implement manned flights and launch automatic space stations S.P. Korolev developed a family of perfect three-stage and four-stage launch vehicles based on a combat rocket.

On October 4, 1957, the first satellite in human history was launched into low-Earth orbit. His flight was a stunning success and created high international authority for the Soviet Union.

“He was small, this very first artificial satellite of our old planet, but his sonorous call signs spread across all continents and among all peoples as the embodiment of the daring dream of mankind.” - S.P. Korolev said later.

In parallel with the rapid development of manned space exploration, work is underway on satellites for scientific, economic and defense purposes. In 1958, a geophysical satellite was developed and launched into space, and then paired Electron satellites to study the Earth's radiation belts.

In 1959, three automatic spacecraft were created and launched to the Moon. The first and second are for delivering the pennant of the Soviet Union to the Moon, the third is for the purpose of photographing the far (invisible) side of the Moon.

Subsequently, S.P. Korolev began developing a more advanced lunar apparatus for its soft landing on the surface of the Moon, photographing and transmitting a lunar panorama to Earth (object E-6).

April 12, 1961 S.P. Korolev again amazes the world community. Having created the first manned spacecraft "Vostok-1", he realized the world's first human flight - USSR citizen Yuri Alekseevich Gagarin in low-Earth orbit. Sergei Pavlovich is in no hurry to solve the problem of human exploration of outer space.

The first spacecraft made only one orbit: no one knew how a person would feel in such a prolonged weightlessness, what psychological stress would affect him during an unusual and unexplored space journey.

Following the first flight of Yu. A. Gagarin, on August 6, 1961, German Stepanovich Titov made a second space flight on the Vostok-2 spacecraft, which lasted one day.

Again - a scrupulous analysis of the influence of flight conditions on the functioning of the body. Then the joint flight of the Vostok-3 and Vostok-4 spacecraft, piloted by cosmonauts A.G. Nikolaev and P.R. Popovich, from August 11 to 12, 1962; Direct radio communication was established between the astronauts.

The following year - a joint flight of cosmonauts V.F. Bykovsky and V.V. Tereshkova on the Vostok-5 and Vostok-6 spacecraft from June 14 to 16, 1963 - the possibility of a woman flying into space is being studied.

Behind them - from October 12 to 13, 1964 - in space was a crew of three people of various specialties: a ship commander, a flight engineer and a doctor on a more complex Voskhod spacecraft.

On March 18, 1965, during a flight on the Voskhod-2 spacecraft with a crew of two, cosmonaut A. A. Leonov makes the world's first spacewalk in a spacesuit through the airlock chamber.

Continuing to develop the program of manned near-Earth flights, Sergei Pavlovich begins to implement his ideas about the development of a manned DOS (long-term orbital station). Its prototype was a fundamentally new, more advanced than previous ones, Soyuz spacecraft.

This ship included a living compartment where cosmonauts could stay for a long time without spacesuits and conduct scientific research. During the flight, automatic docking in orbit of two Soyuz spacecraft and the transfer of cosmonauts from one spacecraft to another through outer space in spacesuits were also envisaged. Unfortunately, Sergei Pavlovich did not live to see his ideas implemented in the Soyuz spacecraft.

Back in the mid-50s, Korolev hatched the idea of ​​launching a man to the Moon. Corresponding space program was developed with the support of N. S. Khrushchev.

However, this program was never implemented during Sergei Pavlovich’s lifetime due to the lack of unity of command (the program was developed under the leadership of the USSR Ministry of Defense, in which Korolev did not work), disagreements with the chief designer of rocket engines V.P. Glushko, as well as a change in the leadership of the CPSU - L.I. Brezhnev did not attach the same importance to the lunar program as Khrushchev.

After the death of Sergei Pavlovich, the program for launching astronauts to the Moon was gradually curtailed. The Soviet lunar exploration program was subsequently carried out using unmanned spacecraft.

Medical history and death
* The official medical report was published on January 16, 1966. Is it true. 1966. No. 16 (17333).

“Medical report on the illness and cause of death of Comrade Sergei Pavlovich Korolev.”
Comrade S.P. Korolev was sick with sarcoma of the rectum. In addition, he had: atherosclerotic cardiosclerosis, sclerosis of the cerebral arteries, pulmonary emphysema and metabolic disorders.

S.P. Korolev underwent surgery to remove the tumor with extirpation of the rectum and part of the sigmoid colon. Death of Comrade S.P. Koroleva suffered from heart failure (acute myocardial ischemia).

Minister of Health of the USSR, full member of the USSR Academy of Medical Sciences, Professor B.V. Petrovsky; full member of the USSR Academy of Medical Sciences, Professor A. A. Vishnevsky; head of the surgical department of the hospital, associate professor, candidate of medical sciences D. F. Blagovidov; Corresponding Member of the USSR Academy of Medical Sciences, Professor A. I. Strukov; Head of the Fourth Main Directorate under the USSR Ministry of Health, Honored Scientist, Professor A. M. Markov.

Details from memoirs
* Sergei Pavlovich was operated on by the USSR Minister of Health, full member of the USSR Academy of Medical Sciences, Professor B.V. Petrovsky, and Petrovsky was assisted by the head of the surgical department, associate professor, candidate of medical sciences D.F. Blagovidov.
* It was not possible to stop the bleeding by removing the polyps. They decided to open the abdominal cavity. When they began to get to the site of the bleeding, they discovered a tumor the size of a fist. It was a sarcoma - a malignant tumor.

Petrovsky decided to remove the sarcoma. At the same time, part of the rectum was removed. It was necessary to remove the remaining part through the peritoneum.
* Due to the injury received in exile (the investigator hit Sergei Pavlovich on the cheekbone with a decanter), they could not insert a breathing tube into his throat.

Funeral
* The coffin with the body of the late S.P. Korolev was installed in the Hall of Columns of the House of Unions. Access to farewell to the deceased was opened on January 17, 1966 from 12 noon to 8 pm.
* The funeral took place on Red Square in Moscow on January 18 at 13:00. The urn with the ashes of S.P. Korolev is buried in the Kremlin wall.

S.P. Korolev was the generator of many extraordinary ideas and the progenitor of outstanding design teams working in the field of rocket and space technology; his contribution to the development of domestic and world manned astronautics is decisive.

One can only be amazed at the versatility of Sergei Pavlovich’s talent and his inexhaustible creative energy.

He is a pioneer in many main areas of development of domestic missile weapons and rocket and space technology. It is difficult to even imagine what level she would have reached if the premature death of Sergei Pavlovich had not interrupted the creative flight of his thoughts.

In 1966, the USSR Academy of Sciences established gold medal named after S.P. Korolev “For outstanding achievements in the field of rocket and space technology.” Scholarships named after S.P. Korolev were established for students of higher educational institutions.

Monuments to the scientist were built in Zhitomir, Moscow, Baikonur, and other cities, and memorial house-museums were created. The Samara State Aerospace University, a city in the Moscow region, the streets of many cities, two research vessels, a high mountain peak in the Pamirs, a pass in the Tien Shan, an asteroid, a thalassoid on the Moon bear his name.

S.P. Korolev - Academician of the USSR Academy of Sciences, laureate of the Lenin Prize, twice Hero of Socialist Labor. Awarded 3 Orders of Lenin, the Order of the Badge of Honor and medals. Honorary citizen of the city of Korolev.

Named in honor of Korolev and bear his name
Monument in the city of Baikonur
Research vessel "Akademik Sergey Korolev"
* Naukograd Korolev, Moscow region (renamed in 1996 from “Kaliningrad”). The central avenue of this city also bears the name of Korolev.
* Crater on Mars.
* Crater on the far side of the Moon.
* Asteroid 1855 Korolev.
* SSAU - Samara State Aerospace University named after. Academician S.P. Korolev.
* Rocket and Space Corporation (RSC) Energia named after. S. P. Koroleva.
* Research vessel "Akademik Sergei Korolev".
* Military Institute in Zhitomir.
* Korolev Avenue in the city of Baikonur.
* Academician Korolev Avenue in Kyiv.
* Academician Korolev Street in Moscow.
* Academician Korolev Street in Perm.
* Academician Korolev Street in Odessa.
* Academician Korolev Street in Kazan.
* Academician Korolev Street in Chelyabinsk.
* Academician Korolev Street in Ternopil.

If you criticize someone else's, offer your own. When you propose, do it.

> Sergey Korolev

Biography of Sergei Korolev (1906 -1966)

Short biography:

Place of Birth: Zhitomir, Volyn province, Russian Empire

A place of death: Moscow, RSFSR, USSR

– Soviet scientist and design engineer: biography with photos, rocket designer, launch of the first rocket of the USSR, the first Earth satellite, Yuri Gagarin.

His whole life is filled with curious events that ultimately helped the scientist stay alive. For my short life he managed to avoid death many times, for example, when he was flying on an airplane, a malfunction occurred and the device crashed, but the Soviet scientist miraculously remained alive. Then absurd accusations were brought against the outstanding designer, and he became an “enemy of the people,” after which he was to be shot, but he was lucky and in the end the scientist ended up in a camp, from which he left after a while. He always said that he was protected by a guardian angel, because he saved him from death on a ship in Pacific Ocean, which he was late for. He remained intact after many curious situations, because he had to complete one important mission, and thanks to his abilities he would introduce humanity to the cosmic world. And this man's name Sergei Pavlovich Korolev, who was born on January 19, 1907 in Zhitomir. His whole life was connected with space, and that’s why he simply loved the vastness of the sky, and, of course, beautiful women - another of his weaknesses.

Korolev loved the expanses of the sky so much that when he fell in love with his first, he kissed the charming lady on the roof of his house in Odessa. This girl was Ksenia Vincentina or simply Lyalya, but, unfortunately, for this temptress Seryozha was just another fan who joined her numerous list. In order to somehow attract attention to himself, Korolev had to use not only his logic, but also his athletic skills, because he walked upside down and stood on his hands on the edge of the roof in the morgue. And in the end, a miracle happened, the girl melted, after much effort the Queen finally allowed herself to be kissed, and this happened on the roof.

When Serezha graduated from school, he firmly decided to join the Kiev Polytechnic Institute, choosing the aviation department. But before leaving, the guy proposed to Lyalya, but the girl refused, citing the fact that she loves him very much, but will marry him only if he learns and starts earning money on his own to support his family.

But after the Kyiv institute, he continued his education at the Moscow Higher Technical School in Moscow, and the young charmer received her education in Kharkov at the medical institute, and after graduation she was assigned to the Donbass. And so the young scientist ends up in this city and again tries to woo the girl, offering her his hand and heart, but Lyalya does not want to give her consent to the marriage again. And now she argues that the young people are in completely different cities and they will have to live like this for a long time, then why get married? But Korolev was a very decisive person and is trying to get Lyalya’s authorities to let her go early and after that she agreed to connect her life with his and in 1931 they got married and after that the young family moved to Moscow for permanent residence.

But the most unexpected thing happens: the Queen, after 7 long years of effort, ceases to be interested in his wife, and he begins to look at other handsome men. His friends even told one story that when Lyalya was cleaning his jacket, she accidentally found two tickets to the Bolshoi Theater, which her husband tactfully kept silent about, but the girl was not at a loss and decided to play a most interesting game. She asked her old admirer to take her to this performance, and when she entered the hall with her boyfriend in uniform, she seemed to accidentally run into her husband and his beautiful companion at the door. Of course, Korolev’s reaction was predictable; he quickly began to make excuses and say that it happened at the last moment. He offered to meet after the performance and go home together, but his wife did not want to and hinted that she had someone to go with. What ultimately happened is not known, but in the end the young people still went home together.

Similar stories happened over the years and eventually Ksenia’s patience ran out, and she poured out all her grievances in a letter to his mother in 1948, writing to her that she had endured all his grievances for a long time and had experienced a lot of grief and grief throughout their life together. She was freed from them only when Seryozha was sent to prison in 1938. Now she firmly decided that she wanted to give him the opportunity to live as he wanted, despite the fact that she still had feelings for her husband, because only in this way would she free herself from this heavy burden.

Although Korolev and his wife were together for a total of 25 years, they still lived for about 8, and all these years they lived as if they were strangers and saw each other for moments. A little daughter named Natasha loved her mother very much and blindly obeyed her. Ksenia did not hide from the little girl the reason why her parents separated, and therefore the girl already at the age of 12 knew that her father very often offended her mother with his constant infidelities. Therefore, Natasha decided to tear all the surviving photographs of her father into small pieces and told him that she no longer wanted to have anything in common with him. The tense relationship between daughter and father lasted throughout their lives, and those fleeting meetings that they had were dry and tense. Even when she got married, the young girl didn’t even want to call her father. There are references that when Sergei Korolev was in Baikonur, he had the opportunity to congratulate his daughter on her birthday by calling her, but the girl, not wanting to talk to him, hung up the phone all the time, which brought tears to her father.

The second wife of Sergei Korolev also experienced the same suffering as the first. Because a man could very easily start a relationship with any representative of the fairer sex. Even with his second wife, he began a relationship simply and without constraint, because he conquered her with his simplicity and sociability. They met when a young translator came to his office to simply translate the required article, but the girl did not cope with the task the first time, because she was overwhelmed with a huge number of incomprehensible terms and she had to come to him more than once . Then the man invited her to reap and dance, and in the end Nina spent the night with him.

After a while, the girl married him and was not at all afraid of the big age difference. But the newly-made husband, although he had new wife, but still spent his time on constant business trips and was not at home at all. But Korolev writes to his wife all the time and pours out his soul to her, thereby as if asking her for an apology for everything he has done. He tells her all the time that she is his closest friend, but not his wife. And as a result, the girl begins to get tired of this state of affairs.

Let's take a little look at the biography of the scientist and designer.

Sergei Korolev was born on January 12, 1907 in Zhitomir. He was an outstanding man and a brilliant designer Thanks to his efforts and excellent leadership, the group that studied jet propulsion launched the first rocket in the Soviet Union on August 17, 1933. After these events in 1938, Korolev was arrested because it was believed that he was causing harm while being part of an anti-Soviet organization. At first he was given a preventive measure in the form of imprisonment for a period of 10 years, but then they decided that this was too much and reduced it by 2 years. When he was sitting, he was working on new developments, being behind barbed wire. In 1944, Beria sent a letter to Stalin, in which he asked to urgently release the designer. And already in September 1945 he was sent to Germany so that Korolev would gain experience and engineers. Two years later he returned and began very quickly to design rockets in the USSR, thereby increasing combat power countries.

And ten years later, in 1957, the first rocket called R-7 was launched, which launched the first satellite of planet Earth into space. And on April 12, 1961, a flight into space took place, under the leadership of Gagarin, and the first woman, Valentina Tereshkova, was also on board as part of the crew. And four years later the first spacewalk took place. The great designer did not participate in launches anymore, because he died in 1966. His body was cremated and, according to legend, part of the ashes were sent in a special container to the moon. But is this really still a mystery?

This material discusses short biography Sergei Pavlovich Korolev- outstanding designer of the rocket and space industry. Influenced Sergei Koroleva There was a technological breakthrough for all of humanity. Under his leadership, the first artificial satellite entered Earth's orbit, the first manned flight into space took place, and the first man walked into outer space.

The childhood and youth of the great designer.

Sergei Pavlovich Korolev was born on January 12, 1907 in the city of Zhitomir in the North-West of Ukraine. Father (Pavel Yakovlevich Korolev) and mother (Maria Nikolaevna Balanina (Moskalenko)) were teachers. The father left the family when Sergei Korolev was 3 years old. For a long time the child lived with his grandparents. In 1917 he went to the first grade of a gymnasium in Odessa, where his mother and his stepfather (Grigory Mikhailovich Balanin) moved. The gymnasium was soon closed, and the child received home education. His stepfather, like his mother, Korolev, was a teacher and also had an education as an engineer. Sergei showed exceptional interest in aviation technology. In 1921 Having met the Odessa pilots, he began to show active position in the aviation community. Already at the age of 16, Korolev gave lectures on eliminating aviation illiteracy.

Student years

In 1924 he entered the Kiev Polytechnic Institute majoring in aviation technology. During his 2 years of study there, he mastered basic engineering disciplines and became a glider athlete. In the fall of 1926, Korolev is transferred to the Moscow Higher Technical School (Moscow Higher Technical School) named after Bauman. While studying at Moscow Higher Technical School, he actively developed as an aircraft designer and glider pilot. On November 2, 1929, he passed the exam for the title of soaring pilot. In the same year, he defended his diploma on the SK-4 aircraft under the guidance of Tupolev.

Korolev's interest in jet propulsion and career

In 1929 after becoming acquainted with Tsiolkovsky and his works, he begins to take an active interest in the topic of jet propulsion. In 1931 Korolev and a group of enthusiasts led by the inventor Friedrich Zander create the public organization “Group for the Study of Jet Propulsion” (GIRD). As a joke, the acronym GIRD was deciphered as a group of engineers working for nothing, since the group members did not receive money for their work for a long time. The work was based on enthusiasm and love for the job. In 1932 GIRD essentially becomes a research and development laboratory for the development and production of rocket aircraft. August 17, 1933 their first rocket was successfully launched. After that, in the same year, on the basis of the GIRD operating in Moscow, in which Korolev worked, and the Leningrad Gas Dynamics Laboratory (GDL), with the support of Marshal Tukhachesky, a jet research institute was formed. While working there, Korolev became the head of the rocket aircraft department in 1935 and was the deputy director of the research institute. He worked on the development of rocket aircraft, but in 1938, due to disagreements with his superiors, Korolev was transferred to the ordinary position of senior engineer. Subsequently, this event saves him from execution.

Arrest and serving sentence

Active repressions began in the highest military ranks. Marshal Tukhachesky was arrested and shot. Everyone associated with this case came under suspicion. Korolev was arrested on June 27, 1938 on suspicion of sabotage. According to the verdict of guilty by the Military Collegium of the Supreme Court of the USSR in the fall of 1938, Korolev was sentenced to 10 years in a forced labor camp.
Korolev ended up in Kolyma, where he worked at the Maldyak gold mine. Later in 1940 he was sent to Moscow, where the case was reviewed and the sentence was reduced to 8 years in correctional camps. However, on the instructions of Tupolev, Korolev was not sent to the camps, but continued to work, fulfilling a military order for the design of missiles. First in a Moscow special prison, then during the war in the Kazan prison-type design bureau. Korolev noted significant achievements during his work. Summer 1944 Sergei Pavlovich Korolev was released early from prison with his criminal record expunged on the personal orders of Stalin. After that, he worked for another year in Kazan as a designer of rocket launchers. .

Development of missile weapons.

After the war, the country needed weapons of a new level. Summer 1946 Sergei Pavlovich Korolev was appointed Chief Designer of the specially created “Special Design Bureau No. 1”. The bureau was engaged in the development of long-range ballistic missiles. The first task set before Korolev was to create a copy of the German V-2 rocket. Reality showed that the Soviet industry of that time was not capable of producing weapons of the required level of quality. The process of formation of the newest space industry took place gradually. Under Korolev’s leadership, the R-1, R-2, R-5 missiles and the intercontinental ballistic R-7 were developed, which became the mainstay of the USSR’s missile armament for the coming years. September 16, 1955 The world's first ballistic missile was launched from a Soviet submarine.

Space exploration under the leadership of chief designer Sergei Korolev

In 1955 S.P. Korolev and his associates came to the government with a proposal to launch an artificial Earth satellite into orbit using the R-7 rocket. The government approved the initiative and October 4, 1957 The world's first artificial Earth satellite was launched and put into orbit. " He was small, this very first artificial satellite of our old planet, but his sonorous call signs spread across all continents and among all peoples as the embodiment of the daring dream of mankind", Korolev said later about the launched satellite. Afterwards, active space exploration began under the leadership of the chief designer. Korolev led and organized the work of people in the previously non-existent space industry. November 3, 1957 The dog Laika was launched into space. October 4, 1959 was launched to the moon spacecraft who allowed me to photograph reverse side The moon, which no one had ever seen on Earth before. April 12, 1961 The first human flight into space takes place. On the Vostok-1 spacecraft, designed by Korolev, cosmonaut Yuri Gagarin flew in orbit around the Earth.
On March 18, 1965, the Voskhod-2 spacecraft took off with cosmonauts Leonov and Belyaev on board. During this flight, a person left the territory for the first time spaceship and went into outer space. Korolev also hatched projects to create the world’s first orbital station and the landing of man on the moon.

Death of a great designer

January 14, 1966 Korolev had to undergo a simple operation to remove polyps in the intestines. They operated on him best doctors USSR of that time. After the polyps were removed, Korolev began to bleed heavily and doctors were forced to open the abdominal cavity. As a result, it was discovered malignant tumor. The decision was made to remove it. The tumor was removed, but Korolev’s heart could not withstand such high loads from the operation and stopped. It was decided to bury the ashes of Sergei Pavlovich Korolev near the Kremlin wall along with other great figures of our page. There he remains to this day. To summarize briefly all Queen's biography, we can say that a person worked hard and enthusiastically all his life and was able to contribute tangible contribution to history.
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