What are natural phenomena? What are they? You will find answers to these questions in this article. The material can be useful both for preparing for a lesson on the world around us and for general development.
Everything that surrounds us and is not created by human hands is nature.
All changes that occur in nature are called natural phenomena or natural phenomena. The rotation of the Earth, its movement in orbit, the change of day and night, the change of seasons are examples of natural phenomena.
Seasons are also called seasons. Therefore, natural phenomena associated with the changing seasons are called seasonal phenomena.
Nature, as you know, can be inanimate and living.
Inanimate nature includes: the Sun, stars, celestial bodies, air, water, clouds, stones, minerals, soil, precipitation, mountains.
Living nature includes plants (trees), mushrooms, animals (animals, fish, birds, insects), microbes, bacteria, and humans.
In this article we will look at winter, spring, summer and autumn natural phenomena in animate and inanimate nature.
Winter natural phenomena
| Examples of winter phenomena in inanimate nature | Examples of winter phenomena in wildlife |
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Spring natural phenomena
| Names of spring phenomena in inanimate nature | Names of spring phenomena in wildlife |
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Summer natural phenomena
| Summer natural phenomena in inanimate nature | Summer natural phenomena in wildlife |
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Autumn natural phenomena
| Autumn phenomena in inanimate nature | Autumn phenomena in wildlife |
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Unusual natural phenomena
What natural phenomena still exist? In addition to those described above seasonal phenomena There are several more types of nature that are not associated with any time of year.
- Flood called a short-term sudden rise in water level in a river. This sharp rise may be a consequence of heavy rains, the melting of large amounts of snow, the release of an impressive volume of water from the reservoir, or the collapse of glaciers.
- Northern lights- glow upper layers atmospheres of planets with magnetospheres due to their interaction with charged particles of the solar wind.
- Ball lightning- a rare natural phenomenon that looks like a luminous formation floating in the air.
- Mirage- an optical phenomenon in the atmosphere: refraction of light streams at the boundary between layers of air that are sharply different in density and temperature.
- « Falling star" - an atmospheric phenomenon that occurs when meteoroids enter the Earth's atmosphere
- Hurricane- extremely fast and strong air movement, often of great destructive power and considerable duration
- Tornado- an ascending vortex of extremely quickly rotating air in the form of a funnel of enormous destructive power, in which moisture, sand and other suspended matter are present.
- Ebbs and flows- These are changes in the water level of the sea elements and the World Ocean.
- Tsunami- long and high waves generated by a powerful impact on the entire thickness of water in the ocean or other body of water.
- Earthquake- represent tremors and vibrations of the earth's surface. The most dangerous of them arise due to tectonic displacements and ruptures in the earth's crust or upper part of the earth's mantle
- Tornado — atmospheric vortex, arising in a cumulonimbus (thunderstorm) cloud and spreading down, often to the very surface of the earth, in the form of a cloud arm or trunk with a diameter of tens and hundreds of meters
- Eruption- the process of a volcano throwing hot debris, ash onto the earth's surface, an outpouring of magma, which, pouring onto the surface, becomes lava.
- Floods- flooding of land with water, which is a natural disaster.
Natural phenomena are usually characteristic of a certain time of year or climate zone. But the world also contains unusual natural phenomena that are difficult to believe or explain.
Video about unusual natural phenomena
Natural phenomena. What is it, what are they?
In addition to the expected phenomena, such as snow, rain, thunderstorms or heat waves, the world is full of other less familiar natural phenomena that scientists cannot explain. They are often impossible to repeat in laboratory conditions, and recording rare outbreaks of unexplained phenomena in nature is always a success.
Dangerous and rare natural phenomena
Rare natural phenomena can be absolutely harmless or pose a danger to human life.
Voice of the Frozen Sea
In February 2012, as a result of severe frosts, the shores of the Black Sea near Odessa froze. This time everyone was especially surprised by the roaring sound, comparable only to a bear roar.
It was formed due to the pressure of the underwater current on the resulting block of ice, which cracked, creaked and froze again, creating sounds and a terrifying sheet of ice.
Asperatus
In 2010, the atlas of the International Classification of Clouds included the new kind clouds - asperatus. Their first photographs appeared on the Internet in 2006. Asperatus is recognized by external characteristics– heavy and terrifying stratus clouds that appear all over the planet, regardless of the time of year.
St. Elmo's Fire
Due to the voltage of the electric field in a certain place during a thunderstorm, a corona discharge occurs in the atmosphere - St. Elmo's fire. The sailors named the phenomenon in honor of the sea patron, Elmo. In order for the lights to appear, there must be a high string of wired objects - the tops of rocks, trees, the masts of ships or multi-story buildings.
Blood Tide
Bloody tides are common off the east coast of Australia. In 2018, the ocean water turned red twice over several kilometers.
According to scientific explanations, such an anomaly is the result:
- High population of single-celled red organisms Alexandrium tamarense in water. In 1 liter of water alone their number exceeds 130 thousand individuals.
- A huge number of flagellated algae from dinoflagellates.
- Release of toxins during algae blooms.
Red tides occur in all oceans: for the first time in 1799, it was recorded near Alaska. In the XX century. these tides formed near Eastern Kamchatka several times: in Pavel Bay (1945), in Avacha Bay (1973).
The last red tide occurred in 2018 off the coast of Florida.
Hot flashes are not dangerous for humans and animals - except for drinking large quantities of this water. But birds suffer from them - it is difficult to protect them from easy prey - dead fish that float away over time.
whirlpool
A whirlpool can appear anywhere on open water- in a river, sea or ocean. Its occurrence is the result of a collision of the current with a depression that blocks the free linear movement of the current.
Whirlpools can be hopeless and catastrophic, so they are divided into several types:
| Types of whirlpools | Characteristics |
| Suvod | occurs on a river, forming near banks, dams and dams. Due to the calm current, such whirlpools are safe. |
| Mountain | strong swirling water can drag a person or a small boat to the bottom. |
| Marine | occur during high and low tides. Quite dangerous to human life. |
| Permanent | occur with frequent regularity in the same place. |
| Seasonal | happen when there is a sudden change in water level. |
| Rings | whirlpools in the ocean. In the XX century. a whirlpool measuring 100 km was recorded. Whirlpools in the ocean exist for a long time, from a matter of days to several years. |
Killer waves
Rogue waves are a phenomenon similar to a tsunami, but exceeding it several times: tsunamis cannot be higher than 20 m, while cases of recorded rogue waves have reached different sizes.
For example:
- 34th wave off the coast of California in 1933;
- A 21 m wave in the Atlantic in 1966;
- A 27 m rogue wave was recorded in the North Atlantic in 1995.
Unusual natural phenomena, such as killer waves, are not fiction. The main differences between these waves and tsunamis are that they are much higher, have a small width - up to 1 km, and most often are a single shock. The cause of rogue waves is considered to be a violation of the linearity of waves in the ocean.
Spider web in Pakistan
A web in Pakistan is a network of spiders that appears on trees due to prolonged flooding in the country. Then millions of spiders, limited in movement, begin to twine around the trees, which melt like a white cocoon. In 2014, its length was 183 m.
Lake of volcanic ash
Lake Nahuel Huapi in Argentina is also called a lake of volcanic ash. It received this nickname in 2011, after a strong eruption of the Puehue volcano in Chile. The volcanic ash that fell into the lake has not yet dissolved in the water.
Fire tornado
A fire tornado occurs as a result of the simultaneous accumulation of high temperatures, fires and cold air currents. The ideal conditions for a fire tornado were the winter heating seasons in the 19th century. V big cities, in Moscow, Kyiv, Chicago, Dresden and London.
Sandstorm
The phenomenon of sandstorms has been known since ancient times. This is a strong wind that carries countless small particles of soil and sand over long distances, creating a cloud of dust and impairing visibility.
Sandstorms are typical for desert and semi-desert regions - in the Sahara, on the Arabian Peninsula and also in Mongolia and Kazakhstan.
Geysers
Geysers are natural sources of hot water that are ejected by pressure from the soil into the atmosphere as a fountain. Geologists consider them to be similar to a volcano.
There are permanent and irregular geysers in nature.
Geysers are found in areas of volcanic activity in countries such as Iceland, New Zealand, Chile and Japan. They can also be found in Kamchatka in Russia and in the northern states of the United States.
Ball lightning
Ball lightning - rare view lightning, has the shape of a ball with a diameter of up to 20 cm. They occur regardless of the time of year, and even in clear weather. This lightning has a completely different nature of origin than ordinary lightning. It bursts when its temperature starts to go off scale and scatters into sparks.
Ball lightning comes in red, orange, white and blue.
Tornado
A tornado (or tornado) occurs during hot weather or a summer thunderstorm and forms an atmospheric vortex. The phenomenon has the shape of an inverted cone, which touches the ground at one end and the clouds at the other.
For a tornado to occur, conditions must be warm at the time wet air comes into contact with cold, dry air in the clouds. Typically, tornadoes occur in the USA, Argentina, South Africa, Australia and European coastal countries.
Sound anomalies or abnormal sound phenomena in nature
The phenomenon of sound anomalies is associated with low-frequency stationary noise, often heard by the human ear. Since it is rarely possible to record them on a voice recorder or establish the source of origin, it is not always possible to establish their nature and causes of occurrence.
Typically, each such anomalous sound has its own name and sound characteristics: like a diesel engine idling, heavy equipment driving, or ordinary background sounds. This is all due to the fact that it has not yet been scientifically established general characteristics the occurrence of these noises.
Unusual and interesting natural phenomena
Natural phenomena, unusual and unpredictable, can occur anywhere - on land, in water or in the air. They are unique, rarely repeated, or often difficult to detect. But these phenomena always capture the attention of not only witnesses, but also scientists, skeptics and simply interested readers.
Solar corona
The paradoxical phenomenon of the Sun is its heating. The Sun has a complex structure of different layers, and the usual visible round part of the Sun is thousands of times cooler than the next ball invisible under ordinary circumstances - the solar corona.
You can see the solar corona only with special instruments during full solar eclipse. Its shape is constantly changing, it all depends on the activity of the Sun itself.
Animal migration
An inexplicable fact of wildlife is why animals, mainly birds and fish, migrate from one region to another and back.
Migrations can have seasonal and life cycles. Each animal species has its own unique way of moving from one region to another. Scientists explain that the phenomenon of migration is the result of evolution and adaptation of the animal world to natural conditions.
Jellyfish have disappeared from Jellyfish Lake
In the archipelago of the Rocky Islands of Palau, in Pacific Ocean near Australia, there is an ideal microclimate for the breeding of jellyfish - Jellyfish Lake. According to research, he is about 12 thousand years old. Throughout this time, a million-strong population of individuals of specific species of jellyfish – golden and moon jellyfish – has developed here.
Today there is a tendency to reduce their reproduction by about 600 thousand. Scientists explain this by changes in the salinity of the lake and the deprivation of the region of necessary precipitation, and are trying to maintain the necessary conditions technologically so that the jellyfish do not become extinct.
Ice circles
Usually, if a slow-moving river freezes, its surface resembles a perfectly smooth surface. But if the river has a vortex current, which does not happen so often, then you get symmetrical ice circles.
This phenomenon is more typical for the rivers of Scandinavia, North America and England, but sometimes it can also occur on Lake Baikal.
Big Foot
Bigfoot is a mythical phenomenon of mountain and forest areas. Many mountain hikers search for Bigfoot or its remains all over the world, especially in the Himalayas. According to the scientific hypothesis, Bigfoot is the result of an alternative evolution of man, in whom this process had other forms.
Hurricane on Saturn
A Saturn hurricane is a "Hyxagon" phenomenon in the planet's atmosphere, recorded by a space station that has been observing Saturn since 2004. A Hexagon is a hexagon-shaped stream above North Pole Saturn, which resembles a hurricane. Its area is 30 thousand km.
This unique phenomenon of our solar planet. Scientists hypothetically believe that the cause of such a hurricane is the very nature of Saturn - an accumulation of gases, without a solid surface.
Monarch Butterfly Migration
It is easy to recognize Danaid butterflies - they have red wings with black stripes, a wingspan of up to 11 cm. The most common place for the population of these butterflies is North America.
The uniqueness of the migration of Danaid butterflies lies in the distance and duration.
The migration is so long that it takes 4 generations of the butterflies themselves, where new individuals return to the place of their ancestors. Scientists have not yet understood how they do this. But it has already been established that monarch butterflies fly across the Atlantic. But these same monarch butterflies from Bermuda never migrate because of the climate that is ideal for them.
Rain of animals
Animal rain is a thunderstorm, storm or tornado of unique strength, during which a strong wind lifts the air of animals - most often fish, frogs and snakes. According to eyewitnesses, sometimes animals fell frozen to the surface of the earth - a sign that the wind lifted them to the higher layers of the atmosphere, where the temperature is below zero.
Naga fireballs
Naga fireballs are an unexplained phenomenon that occurs in October along the Mekong River in Thailand and Laos. These small balls rise from the depths of the river to a height of up to 20 m and then disappear. While scientists are figuring out how this is possible, local residents believe in the mythical nature of this phenomenon and organize an annual festival in their honor.
Silence zone
The anomalous area in Mexico is called the Zone of Silence. Electrical and radio equipment and often clocks do not work here. Even airplanes' transmitters stop working when they fly here. A huge number of meteorites also fall here.
Recent research has shown that the uniqueness of this area is evident in the huge amount of magnetite and uranium, which have the ability to suppress electromagnetic waves.
Flashes of light during an earthquake
In 2017, an earthquake in Mexico was accompanied by flashes of light. This happens here regularly - once every few years. Scientists have found that the cause of this heavenly glow is rocks in which negatively charged oxygen atoms accumulate. During an earthquake, they are released through the cracks in the form of a current, which ionizes the air and forms flashes.
Volcanic light
Volcanic light, a natural phenomenon that occurs only on the island of Java in Indonesia. This is the successful entry of the first rays of the sun into the existing volcanic smoke and gives it a glowing effect around the top of the volcanoes.
Moon illusion
The natural optical phenomenon of the moon illusion visually increases its size as the moon approaches the earth. Although it is always at the same distance, when the Moon is high in the sky, it appears 2 times smaller than when it descends to the horizon. Until now, scientists cannot understand how this illusion is possible.
Synchronized flashing of fireflies
A natural phenomenon - the unusual synchronous blinking of fireflies - is when in the forest in the evening these beetles alternately flicker on different trees. Such a spectacle cannot be seen in every forest - out of 2 thousand species of fireflies, only a few flicker synchronously.
It is interesting that only male beetles perceive this illumination. Such fireflies are found in the forests of India, Thailand, Indonesia, Malaysia and Papua New Guinea.
Emergence of the Universe
The very phenomenon of the existence of the Earth, solar system and the entire Galaxy is not known at all. There are several dozen ideas about how the world, or “Universe,” came into being.
In addition to the most famous religious hypotheses of Christianity, Buddhism and Judaism, great physicists and philosophers such as A. Einstein, I. Kant and A. Friedman also developed ideas. So far, no model of the origin of the Universe has become the most plausible.
Bermuda Triangle
The Bermuda Triangle is an unexplored natural phenomenon in the Atlantic Ocean, where ships regularly disappear. It got its name from the line of a conventional triangle between Puerto Rico, San Juan and Bermuda, where thunderstorms, storms and cyclones often occur, or equipment stops working for no reason.
Loch Ness monster
The Loch Ness monster is a mythical creature in which the Scots stubbornly believe. It got its name from Loch Ness Lake, where it is said to live. According to the latest satellite imagery, a huge sea animal was spotted in the lake, which had 2 pairs of flippers and a tail.
Together with Bigfoot, this natural phenomenon is actively discussed by scientists who are trying to find traces of its existence.
Witch circles
Natural phenomena, unusual and inexplicable, can be found among the desert in African country Namibia. There, out of nowhere, round bald spots, “Witches’ Circles,” appeared on an area of 2.5 thousand km. Their size in some places reaches 15 m in diameter. Instead of any vegetation in the desert, the entire surface is symmetrically covered with circles of unknown origin.
Scientists have a hypothesis about their occurrence - that this is a reaction of the soil to high level radiation in the region, and also the constant release of plant toxins, and the huge presence of sand termites.
Moving stones
You can understand that stones in a California national park move along an elongated trail of several tens and hundreds of meters that they leave behind them. The weight of such moving cobblestones can be at least 300 kg. While the stones are moving different sides.
There are several hypotheses about how this could be. For example, due to magnetic fields or sand tornadoes.
Whales are broke
A famous case in 2017 in the Khabarovsk Territory, when a bowhead whale got stuck in shallow water while being rescued from killer whales. He lay in the open air for almost a day, and in the evening he was able to sail at high tide. What saved the whale’s life was that rescuers poured water on it from time to time so that its skin would not dry out and crack.
Lights of Hessdalen Valley
Residents of the Hessdalen valley in southern Norway have regularly seen unusual lights in the sky since World War II. different color, which appear in different places. They look like a luminous ball that slowly floats in the air. Scientists explain this phenomenon as a result of the huge amount of minerals in the valley, such as sulfur, zinc and copper.
Moroccan goats grazing on trees
In Morocco, goats in trees are a common sight. They always graze here like this because of the lack of pastures in the country. This phenomenon can be seen in the Atlas Mountains. At the same time, goats in Morocco are not some special species that can balance well in the air.
These are the most common goats that adapt well to survive.
Most often, they eat argon trees, spreading the seeds and thereby contributing to the greening of the country.
Black sun of Denmark
The unusual phenomenon “Black Sun” of Denmark is a cluster of songbirds in a close circle. You can see the phenomenon of birds creating a circle in a dance in the spring at sunset, in southwestern Denmark in the swamps. They spend 1.5 months in these swamps. These birds belong to the common starling family and live in North America, South Africa, New Zealand and Australia and are similar in many ways to blackbirds.
Moon Rainbow
A lunar or night rainbow is a color transfusion of the usual rainbow, only at night, and under the conditions of the required phase of the moon in the sky, the presence of rain near a high waterfall at night.
This rainbow is found in all areas where there are waterfalls and heavy rainfall - in Kentucky (USA), Hawaii and the Caucasus, in southern Australia and Zimbabwe.
Lenticular clouds
Lenticular clouds are a recently recorded natural phenomenon where many cumulus clouds create several-story clouds in space.
They are divided into 2 types:
- Inflorescence, resemble a dense cluster of round clouds next to each other, which create a continuous cloud cover.
- Lenticular- these are oblong and huge clouds that rise symmetrically above each other.
These harmless but voluminous lenticular clouds are often the harbinger of hurricanes or tornadoes. Also, such clouds can provoke the appearance of ball lightning, which is why the plane must avoid getting into such a cloud.
star Rain
A star shower or meteor shower is a breathtaking spectacle that occurs during the invasion of the Earth's atmosphere by a huge number of meteorites (more than 1 thousand per hour). These shooting stars do not reach the ground; they burn up as they fly through the atmosphere. This is possible due to the small size of the meteorite itself, which is strongly abraded by the air during flight.
Halo
A halo is an optical illusion that occurs around luminous objects - the Sun, Moon, ice crystals, light bulbs or lanterns.
This vision has a simple physical and optical explanation - it is the result of broken light from a source.
Depending on the source itself, the halo can be round or oblong; symmetrical and asymmetrical. Although halos are a harmless natural phenomenon, if they occur in the sun, their bright light can harm the eyes.
Northern lights
The northern lights are the glow of the upper layer of the earth's atmosphere from a collision with plasma. This occurs as a result of interaction with charged particles in the solar wind. The northern lights are the radiation of atoms, each color refers to a specific substance
They arise in the magnetosphere - the space between the planet and other magnetized bodies. Therefore, the phenomenon of northern lights is observed mainly in high latitudes Earth. Spring and autumn are more suitable for auroras, when they accumulate a large number of energy.
Such glows usually appear in violet, green and ultraviolet colors, in the form of moving rays and stripes. The duration of the Northern Lights varies - from a few minutes to several hours.
Brocken Ghosts
Brocken's ghost is the optical effect of one's own shadow being magnified due to broken light from behind the clouds. This phenomenon gets its name from the German Brocken Mountain, where such optical illusions are always easy to contemplate.
Red waves
The natural phenomenon of red waves occurs on the southeast coast of India. Unusual waves are the result of hurricanes, during which a red flash effect is formed above the waves. Scientists explain the appearance of red waves by the disintegration of water molecules into hydrogen and oxygen atoms under the influence of wind speeds of 200 km/h. In this case, the waves produce a sound similar to a growl.
Catatumbo Lightning
Catatumbo lightning - a long and continuous occurrence of countless lightning in Venezuela, at the intersection of a river and a lake. These lightning strikes occur between May and September at night.
Research has proven that this area has the highest incidence of lightning in the world.
According to meteorological data, thunderstorms occur here 200 days a year. Catatumbo lightning has a very high charge and is usually visible at a distance of 400 km.
Penitentes
A natural phenomenon, unusual in the form of ice figures, is found in the mountain peaks of the Andes. There exist ideal conditions, in which blade-shaped snow figures are formed. The appearance of these meter-long ice figures is facilitated by dry wind and very dry snow, along with direct cold sunlight.
Mirages
A mirage is an optical phenomenon of a break in light on the verge of a collision between two or more layers of air, which have different temperatures and densities. The result of such a change is the actual vision of real and imaginary distant objects.
Mirages are divided into several types - they are classified according to different physical conditions of occurrence. Although everyone knows about desert mirages, they also occur when very low temperatures oh in Alaska.
Blue lava
In Indonesia, on the island of Java, the volcanic eruption is unique - it has lava of blue color, the blue flame of which can rise up to 5 m. Scientists explain this phenomenon by the high concentration of sulfur dioxide in the bowels of the earth (the temperature of which exceeds 600 degrees Celsius).
This gas obtains its liquid form from interaction with liquid sulfur.
Cloud break zone
A natural phenomenon from a continuous cirrocumulus cloud layer may have an oval-shaped “hole” in it. This is called the cloud break zone. An unusual hole occurs when the temperature of a cloud drops sharply below zero. Because of this, the formed crystals evaporate, and a hole appears in their place.
Article format: Lozinsky Oleg
Video about unusual natural phenomena
13 most incredible natural phenomena:
Everything that surrounds us and that is not created by human hands is called nature. All changes that we can observe in the world around us are natural phenomena. Let's consider what natural phenomena there are depending on the time of year.
Phenomena of living nature
As you know, nature can be living and non-living. Let's get acquainted with examples of living nature phenomena.
All living beings inhabiting our planet - humans, animals, birds, insects, fish, all types of plants, bacteria and various microbes - belong to the world of living nature.
In winter, nature seems to fall into sleep, and all living things prepare for this state:
- Trees and bushes shed their leaves . This is because winter is very cold and there is little light, and normal leaves cannot grow in such conditions. But at coniferous species trees have leaves in the form of thin needles, which are not afraid of any frost. They fall off gradually, and new needles grow in their place.
- In winter in conditions wildlife very little food . For this reason, some animals - bears, hedgehogs, chipmunks, badgers - hibernate in order to survive inclement weather. winter times. They dig themselves warm, cozy holes and sleep there until spring comes. Those animals that continue to live an active life in winter acquire a thick coat that prevents them from freezing.
Rice. 1. Bear in a den
- With the onset of the first cold weather, many birds go to warmer climes to spend the winter there with greater comfort. Only those species of birds that have learned to eat different foods remain in their homeland.
In winter, even those birds that live in the city have a very hard time. There are almost no insects, berries and grains too. To help your feathered friends wait for the gentle spring sun, you can make feeders and feed them during the cold season.
In spring, nature awakens, and plants are the first to react: buds bloom on the trees, new leaves appear, and young green grass sprouts.
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Rice. 2. Spring forest
The animals are very happy about the long-awaited warmth. Now you can leave your dens and minks and return to an active life. Animals and birds have offspring in the spring, and their worries increase.
In summer and early autumn, nature pleases warm weather, an abundance of fruits, vegetables, berries. Animals raise their babies, teach them how to get food for themselves and how to defend themselves from enemies. In the fall, many animals make provisions for the winter, preparing for the upcoming cold weather.
Phenomena of inanimate nature
Inanimate nature includes all celestial bodies, water, air, soil, minerals, and stones.
In winter, natural phenomena are very harsh. It's good when it snows softly and the world around us turns into winter's tale. It is much worse when there is a fierce snowstorm, blizzard or blizzard outside.
In the steppe, open area A blizzard is terrible in its strength - a strong blizzard, which makes it difficult to see anything even close up. Finding themselves in the center of a snowstorm, many travelers lost their bearings in space and froze.
Rice. 3. Blizzard
In spring, nature throws off its snowy shackles:
- Ice drift begins on the rivers - melting and movement of ice downstream.
- The snow is melting, the first thawed patches appear - small areas thawed snow.
- Warm winds begin to blow, winter precipitation changes to rain and spring showers.
- Daylight hours are becoming longer and nights are becoming shorter.
All summer phenomena inanimate nature directly related to warming. Dry, hot weather sets in, with variable precipitation. Rains may begin suddenly, with thunder and lightning. But within half an hour after heavy rain, the sun will shine brightly in the sky again.
And only in summer you can admire such a wonderful natural phenomenon as a rainbow!
With the onset of autumn, the daylight hours shorten again, the air temperature drops, and it often rains for a long time. In the morning, at the first frost, a thin layer of ice - frost - may appear on the surface of the earth and objects.
What have we learned?
In 2nd grade, the world around us studies such interesting topic as "Natural Phenomena". We learned that nature can be living and non-living, and its phenomena largely depend on the time of year.
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Subject: General concepts about dangerous and emergency situations natural character.
Lesson topic: Natural phenomena and their classification.
The purpose of the lesson: To introduce students to natural phenomena and their diversity.
Lesson objectives:
I. Educational objectives:
- Recall and consolidate knowledge about the shells of the Earth.
- To develop students’ knowledge that the formation of any natural phenomenon is associated with processes occurring in the Earth’s shells.
- Give general idea, students about the types of natural phenomena at the place of their occurrence.
II. Developmental tasks.
- To develop in students the ability and ability to foresee natural phenomena in their area that can lead to serious consequences, as well as ways to protect against them.
III. Educational tasks.
- To instill in students the belief that any natural phenomenon of destructive force brings enormous damage to the state various types, primarily material and loss of life. Therefore, the state needs to allocate funds to scientific institutions so that they can deal with this problem and be able to predict them in the future.
During the classes
Teacher: Today, children, we will talk about natural phenomena and their diversity. Some you know, of course, some you learned from a course in natural history and geography, and if someone is interested in the media, then from there. If you turn on the TV, radio or use the Internet, you can say with confidence that natural phenomena of destructive force are occurring more and more often, and their strength is becoming greater. Therefore, we need to know what natural phenomena occur, where they most often occur and how to protect ourselves from them.
Teacher: And so let's remember from the geography course what shells of the Earth exist.
In total, there are 4 shells of the Earth:
- Lithosphere - it includes the earth's crust and the upper part of the mantle.
- The hydrosphere is a shell of water that contains all the water in different states.
- Atmosphere - gas envelope, the lightest and most mobile.
- The biosphere is the sphere of life, this is the area of existence of all living organisms.
Teacher: All these shells have their own specific processes, as a result of which natural phenomena arise. Therefore, various natural phenomena can be divided according to the place of their occurrence:
Teacher: From this diagram we see how many natural phenomena there are. Now let's look at each of them and find out what they are. (Children must take an active part in this part.)
Geological.
1. An earthquake is a natural phenomenon associated with geological processes occurring in the Earth’s lithosphere; it manifests itself in the form of tremors and vibrations of the earth’s surface, resulting from sudden displacements and ruptures in the earth’s crust or in the upper part of the mantle.
Picture 1.
2. A volcano is a conical mountain from which hot material – magma – erupts from time to time.
A volcanic eruption is the release of molten matter from the Earth's crust and mantle, called magma, onto the surface of the planet.
Figure 2.
3. A landslide is a sliding downward displacement of soil masses under the influence of gravity, which occurs on slopes when the stability of the soil or rocks is disrupted.
The formation of landslides depends on various factors, such as:
- what rocks make up this slope;
- slope steepness;
- groundwater, etc.
Landslides can occur either naturally (for example, earthquakes, heavy rainfall) or artificially (for example, human activities: deforestation, soil excavation).
Figure 3.
4. A landslide is the separation and fall of large masses of rocks, their overturning, crushing and rolling down on steep and steep slopes.
Causes of landslides in mountains can be:
- the rocks that make up the mountains are layered or broken by cracks;
- water activity;
- geological processes (earthquake), etc.
The causes of landslides on the coasts of seas and rivers are the erosion and dissolution of underlying rocks.
Figure 4.
5. A snow avalanche is a collapse of a mass of snow on mountain slopes; the angle of inclination must be at least 15°.
The causes of an avalanche are:
- earthquake;
- intense snow melting;
- prolonged snowfall;
- human activity.
Figure 5.
Meteorological.
1. A hurricane is a wind whose speed exceeds 30 m/s, leading to enormous destruction.
Figure 6.
2. A storm is wind, but at a lower speed than in a hurricane and is no more than 20 m/s.
Figure 7.
3. A tornado is an atmospheric vortex that forms in a thundercloud and descends downwards; it has the shape of a funnel or sleeve.
A tornado consists of a core and a wall. There is an upward movement of air around the core, the speed of which can reach 200 m/s.
Figure 8.
Hydrological.
1. Flood is a significant inundation of an area as a result of rising water levels in a lake, river, etc.
Causes of flooding:
- intensive snow melting in spring;
- heavy rainfall;
- obstruction of river beds with rocks during an earthquake, landslide, etc., as well as with ice during congestion;
- wind activity (water surge from the sea, bay to the mouth of the river).
Types of floods:
Figure 9.
2. A mudflow is a stormy stream in the mountains that is temporary in nature, consisting of water and a large amount of rock fragments.
The formation of mudflows is associated with heavy precipitation in the form of rain or intense snow melting. As a result, loose rocks are washed away and move along the river bed at high speed, which picks up everything in its path: boulders, trees, etc.
Figure 10.
3. Tsunamis are a type of sea waves that arise as a result of vertical displacement of large sections of the seabed.
A tsunami occurs as a result of:
- earthquakes;
- underwater volcanic eruptions;
- landslides, etc.
Figure 11.
Biological.
1. A forest fire is an uncontrolled burning of vegetation that spontaneously spreads through a forest area.
A forest fire can be ground fire or crown fire.
An underground fire is the burning of peat in marshy and swampy soils.
Figure 12.
2. An epidemic is the spread of an infectious disease among a large population and significantly exceeds the incidence rate usually recorded in a given area.
Figure 13.
3. Epizootic is a widespread infectious disease among animals (for example: foot and mouth disease, swine fever, cattle brucellosis).
Figure 14.
4. Epiphytoty is a mass distribution infectious disease among plants (for example: late blight, wheat rust).
Figure 15.
Teacher: As you can see, in the world there are a huge number of phenomena that surround us. So let's remember them and be extremely careful when they occur.
Some of you may say: “Why do we need to know all of them if most of them are not typical for our area?” From one point of view you are right, but from another you are wrong. Each of you tomorrow, the day after tomorrow or in the future will probably be going on a trip to other parts of the Motherland and the country. And there, as we know, there may be completely different phenomena that are not typical for our area. And then your knowledge will help you survive in a critical situation and avoid negative consequences. As they say: “God protects those who are careful.”
Literature.
- Smirnov A.T. Fundamentals of life safety. 7th grade.
- Shemanaev V.A. Pedagogical practice in the system of training a modern teacher.
- Smirnov A.T. Program of general education institutions basics of life safety for grades 5-11.
Summer is the most favorite time of the year for schoolchildren and their parents. This is the long-awaited time of holidays and holidays. Summer is characterized by an increase in temperature indicators to a possible maximum, as well as distinctive features and natural phenomena. This time of year lasts three months. in different geographical latitudes it occurs in different ways. IN Southern Hemisphere The summer months are December, January and February. North of the equator, this season extends to June, July and August. In cold countries, the warm season can last no more than one month.
Natural phenomena in summer
Each season is characterized by certain climatic features. In winter, snow falls and frost sets in; In the spring, trees begin to bloom, birds fly in, and there is a flood; In autumn we notice leaf fall and constant rains. But what phenomenon observed in nature characterizes summer? This time of year is determined by several meteorological changes.
All summer natural phenomena (examples: thunderstorm, dew, rainbow, etc.) are associated with significant warming. At this time of year the weather is hot and dry, but nevertheless it is considered favorable for humans. It is worth noting that meteorological summer natural phenomena are highly variable. Examples: rain, hail, wind. On days when the sun shines brightly and clear sky, in a matter of minutes, cumulus clouds can gather and a real thunderstorm with thunder and lightning can begin. In the case of a short shower, after half an hour the temperature will rise again and the sun will continue to shine brightly.
Precipitation in summer always occurs within a short interval, but it is characterized by high intensity. Along with thunderstorms, strong winds often arise with sharp gusts. After precipitation, you can often see a phenomenon called a rainbow. There is often dew in the morning.
Wind
This natural anomaly is an air flow that is predominantly directed relative to the horizontal surface of the earth. Wind is classified by power, speed, scale, and level of distribution. To determine the category of an anomaly, its strength, duration and direction should be taken into account.
On land in summer time winds are strong only during or before a severe thunderstorm. This is due to the collision of two air masses that are opposite in temperature and direction in different layers of the atmosphere. On the American continent, powerful hurricanes often occur at this time of year. What phenomenon observed in nature in summer occurs in the sea or ocean? Most often there are short-term storms, which are characterized by intensity and strong gusts of wind. They often raise waves up to several meters high.
It is noteworthy that global monsoons play an important role in changes in seasonal wind temperature patterns. Their duration varies within several months. Monsoons have different circulation and temperature, strength and direction. It depends on them what the season will be: warm or cold.
Clouds
As a result of condensation, it rises to the upper layers of the atmosphere. Particles crystallize under the influence of low temperatures and combine to form clouds. This is how clouds form in the sky (see photo of a natural phenomenon below).
Each cloud consists of particles of water and has a unique shape that changes under the influence of air flow and temperature. If the upper layers of the atmosphere are -100 degrees Celsius, then the clouds will consist of droplet elements. Otherwise, their composition will be dominated by ice crystals.
Summer clouds are usually divided into thunderclouds, rain clouds, cumulus clouds, cirrus clouds, stratus clouds and others. If the air elements have combined into clouds, then there is a high probability of precipitation. The heaviest showers come from stratus and cumulus clouds. If air masses have a homogeneous composition, then precipitation will be insignificant and short-term.
Rain
In the hot season, precipitation is considered a rather rare climatic anomaly. Rain itself represents a continuous vertical fall of water. The starting point of movement is the clouds. Rain is a cumulative natural phenomenon. Until the clouds collect a large amount of moisture, precipitation will not begin to fall.
Today it is customary to distinguish between five types of summer rains:
1. Ordinary. It falls out without such pronounced features as power or duration.
2. Short term. Its main characteristic is transience. Such summer natural phenomena begin and end unexpectedly.
3. Mushroom. Precipitation is characterized by low intensity and transience. When it rains, the sun continues to shine.
4. Shower. Defined by suddenness. In a short period of time, a large amount of water falls onto the ground with special force. Showers are often accompanied by strong winds, lightning and thunder. In summer, these rains are usually called thunderstorms.
5. City-shaped. Along with droplets of water, ice pieces of different sizes fall to the ground. Such precipitation is characterized by rapidity and intensity, and has a negative impact on agriculture.
hail
Mixed rain and ice require special attention due to its danger to property, and sometimes to people’s lives. Hail is a type of precipitation where frozen water falls on the ground. Not to be confused with mixed rain and snow. Here, the connected ice particles can reach sizes of up to several centimeters. Hail is highly durable and transparent (you can see a photo of a natural phenomenon below). This makes it dangerous both for small animals and birds, and for larger individuals.
This type of precipitation falls during thunderstorms from large cumulus clouds. In turn, clouds are distinguished by their black or ashen color and white tops. Hail forms in ordinary rain clouds as a result of supercooling of moisture droplets. The ice particles gradually increase in size, sticking together. Precipitation with hail can last from a couple of minutes to half an hour. Large pieces of ice can completely destroy entire crops.
Storm
This meteorological phenomenon is one of the most powerful in above-zero temperatures. Rain with hail and thunderstorms are summer natural phenomena, which are assigned Such precipitation is accompanied by strong sharp gusts of wind, sometimes squalls.
The distinctive climatic features of thunderstorms are lightning and thunder. A powerful charge of electricity is ejected from the clouds to the surface of the earth. Lightning is formed in the atmosphere due to the collision of negative and positive charges. The result is electromagnetic induction of hundreds of millions of volts. When the charge intensity reaches its maximum, a lightning strike is formed.
Thunder results from the rapid expansion of air resulting from the sudden heating of particles around an electromagnetic arc. Sound waves reflected from the clouds and cause a strong echo.
Rainbow
Today, this is one of the most amazing and amazing natural anomalies associated with precipitation. A rainbow is a phenomenon that can occur after, during, or before rain. The time of formation of the phenomenon directly depends on the movement of rain clouds.
The colors of the rainbow are reflected at an angle of 42 degrees. The arc is visible through the curtain of rain on the opposite side of the sun's rays. The spectrum of the rainbow is represented by seven colors. That's exactly how many components sunlight has. This phenomenon mainly occurs as a result of short-term precipitation in the summer.
The human eye detects the colors of the rainbow through raindrops, which act as prisms. This is a kind of large spectrum of natural origin.
Dew
In calm weather, as a result of cooling at night and warming in the morning with the first rays of the sun, droplets of water form on the surface of the earth, grass, flowers and other plants and objects. This meteorological phenomenon is called dew.
At night time earth's surface cools down. As a result of this, steam in the air begins to condense and turn into water, settling on objects. It is generally accepted that dew forms only when the sky is clear and the wind is light. It is worth noting that the lower the temperature, the larger the droplets will be.
Most often, this phenomenon occurs in the tropics, where it is accompanied by humid climate and long cold nights.
Summer 2nd grade
In the school curriculum, the introductory basics of climate anomalies are studied using the textbooks “The World Around us.” The first lessons are conducted with second graders. In such classes they talk about what summer natural phenomena are, what their signs and characteristics are.
Introduction to the seasons should include accessible examples in the program. In summer it becomes warmer, the days are longer, the nights are shorter, birds begin to sing, mushroom rains begin to fall, the water in rivers and lakes warms up, the grass turns green, etc.
For eight-year-old children, summer natural phenomena are a mystery. Therefore, it is imperative to support theory with practice. For this purpose, various excursions are organized. In June you can introduce children to trees, insects, and birds. July is a good time to take a walk through an arboretum or forest, where you can listen to the sounds of nature. In August, it would be a good idea to get acquainted with berries, mushrooms, and tree fruits.
Signs about summer phenomena
- If the wind blows from the south, then you should expect bad weather; if it is from the west, then it will soon become colder.
- To quickly stop a strong thunderstorm, you need to throw a broom out of the window in the direction of the rain.
- An object that has caught fire after a lightning strike cannot be extinguished, because the devil is burning there.
- Continuous wind with constant gusts - to a drowned person.
- If thunder comes from the north, the summer is expected to be cold; if the thunder is heard in the south, it means it will be hot.
- If large rain bubbles form on the puddles, this is a sign of a strong storm.
There are signs about natural phenomena concerning the rainbow:
- If the arc is full and high, warming is worth waiting for.
- A green rainbow means a long downpour, a red one means a heavy wind, a yellow one means calm.