Vyatichi - a union of East Slavic tribes who lived in the second half of the first millennium AD. e. in the upper and middle reaches of the Oka. The name Vyatichi supposedly came from the name of the ancestor of the tribe, Vyatko. However, some associate the origin of this name with the morpheme “ven” and the Veneds (or Veneti/Venti) (the name “Vyatichi” was pronounced “ventichi”).

In the middle of the 10th century, Svyatoslav annexed the lands of the Vyatichi to Kievan Rus, but until the end of the 11th century these tribes retained a certain political independence; campaigns against the Vyatichi princes of this time are mentioned.

Since the 12th century, the territory of the Vyatichi became part of the Chernigov, Rostov-Suzdal and Ryazan principalities. Until the end of the 13th century, the Vyatichi preserved many pagan rituals and traditions, in particular, they cremated the dead, erecting small mounds over the burial site. After Christianity took root among the Vyatichi, the ritual of cremation gradually fell out of use.

The Vyatichi retained their tribal name longer than other Slavs. They lived without princes, the social structure was characterized by self-government and democracy. The last time the Vyatichi were mentioned in the chronicle under such a tribal name was in 1197.

Buzhans (Volynians) are a tribe of Eastern Slavs who lived in the basin of the upper reaches of the Western Bug (from which they got their name); Since the end of the 11th century, the Buzhans have been called Volynians (from the area of ​​Volyn).

Volynians -eastern- Slavic tribe or a tribal union mentioned in the Tale of Bygone Years and in the Bavarian chronicles. According to the latter, the Volynians owned seventy fortresses at the end of the 10th century. Some historians believe that the Volynians and Buzhans are descendants of the Dulebs. Their main cities were Volyn and Vladimir-Volynsky. Archaeological research indicates that the Volynians developed agriculture and numerous crafts, including forging, casting and pottery.

In 981, the Volynians were subjugated by the Kyiv prince Vladimir I and became part of Kievan Rus. Later, the Galician-Volyn principality was formed on the territory of the Volynians.

The Drevlyans are one of the tribes of the Russian Slavs, they lived in Pripyat, Goryn, Sluch and Teterev.
The name Drevlyans, according to the chronicler's explanation, was given to them because they lived in forests.

From archaeological excavations in the country of the Drevlians, we can conclude that they had a well-known culture. A well-established burial ritual testifies to the existence of certain religious ideas about afterlife: the absence of weapons in the graves indicates the peaceful nature of the tribe; finds of sickles, shards and vessels, iron products, remains of fabrics and leather indicate the existence of arable farming, pottery, blacksmithing, weaving and tanning among the Drevlyans; many bones of domestic animals and spurs indicate cattle breeding and horse breeding; many items made of silver, bronze, glass and carnelian, of foreign origin, indicate the existence of trade, and the absence of coins gives reason to conclude that trade was barter.

The political center of the Drevlyans in the era of their independence was the city of Iskorosten; in later times, this center, apparently, moved to the city of Vruchy (Ovruch)

Dregovichi - an East Slavic tribal union that lived between Pripyat and the Western Dvina.

Most likely the name comes from the Old Russian word dregva or dryagva, which means “swamp”.

Under the name of the Druguvites (Greek δρονγονβίται), the Dregovichi were already known to Constantine the Porphyrogenitus as a tribe subordinate to Rus'. Being away from the “Road from the Varangians to the Greeks,” the Dregovichi did not play a prominent role in history Ancient Rus'. The chronicle only mentions that the Dregovichi once had their own reign. The capital of the principality was the city of Turov. The subordination of the Dregovichi to the Kyiv princes probably occurred very early. The Principality of Turov was subsequently formed on the territory of the Dregovichi, and the northwestern lands became part of the Principality of Polotsk.

Duleby (not Duleby) - a union of East Slavic tribes on the territory of Western Volyn in the 6th - early 10th centuries. In the 7th century they were subjected to an Avar invasion (obry). In 907 they took part in Oleg’s campaign against Constantinople. They split into tribes of Volynians and Buzhanians and in the middle of the 10th century they finally lost their independence, becoming part of Kievan Rus.

The Krivichi are a large East Slavic tribe (tribal association), which in the 6th-10th centuries occupied the upper reaches of the Volga, Dnieper and Western Dvina, the southern part of the Lake Peipsi basin and part of the Neman basin. Sometimes the Ilmen Slavs are also considered to be Krivichi.

The Krivichi were probably the first Slavic tribe to move from the Carpathian region to the northeast. Limited in their distribution to the northwest and west, where they met stable Lithuanian and Finnish tribes, the Krivichi spread to the northeast, assimilating with the living Tamfinns.

Having settled on the great waterway from Scandinavia to Byzantium (the route from the Varangians to the Greeks), the Krivichi took part in trade with Greece; Konstantin Porphyrogenitus says that the Krivichi make boats on which the Rus go to Constantinople. They took part in Oleg and Igor’s campaigns against the Greeks as a tribe subordinate to the Kyiv prince; Oleg's agreement mentions their city of Polotsk.

Already in the era of the formation of the Russian state, the Krivichi had political centers: Izborsk, Polotsk and Smolensk.

It is believed that the last tribal prince of the Krivichs, Rogvolod, together with his sons, was killed in 980 by the Novgorod prince Vladimir Svyatoslavich. In the Ipatiev list, the Krivichi were mentioned for the last time in 1128, and the Polotsk princes were called Krivichi in 1140 and 1162. After this, the Krivichi were no longer mentioned in the East Slavic chronicles. However, the tribal name Krivichi was used in foreign sources for quite a long time (until the end of the 17th century). The word krievs entered the Latvian language to designate Russians in general, and the word Krievija to designate Russia.

The southwestern, Polotsk branch of the Krivichi is also called Polotsk. Together with the Dregovichi, Radimichi and some Baltic tribes, this branch of the Krivichi formed the basis of the Belarusian ethnic group.
The northeastern branch of the Krivichi, settled mainly in the territory of modern Tver, Yaroslavl and Kostroma regions, was in close contact with Finno-Ugric tribes.
The border between the settlement territory of the Krivichi and the Novgorod Slovenes is determined archaeologically by the types of burials: long mounds among the Krivichi and hills among the Slovenes.

The Polochans are an East Slavic tribe that inhabited the lands in the middle reaches of the Western Dvina in today's Belarus in the 9th century.

Polotsk residents are mentioned in the Tale of Bygone Years, which explains their name as living near the Polota River, one of the tributaries of the Western Dvina. In addition, the chronicle claims that the Krivichi were descendants of the Polotsk people. The lands of the Polotsk people extended from Svisloch along the Berezina to the lands of the Dregovichi. The Polotsk people were one of the tribes from which the Principality of Polotsk was later formed. They are one of the founders of the modern Belarusian people.

Polyane (Poly) is the name of a Slavic tribe, during the era of the settlement of the Eastern Slavs, who settled along the middle reaches of the Dnieper, on its right bank.

Judging by the chronicles and the latest archaeological research, the territory of the land of the glades before the Christian era was limited by the flow of the Dnieper, Ros and Irpen; in the north-east it was adjacent to the village land, in the west - to the southern settlements of the Dregovichi, in the south-west - to the Tivertsy, in the south - to the streets.

Calling the Slavs who settled here the Polans, the chronicler adds: “Sedyahu was in the field.” The Polyans differed sharply from the neighboring Slavic tribes both in moral properties and in the forms of social life: “The Polans, for their father’s customs, are quiet and meek, and are ashamed of their daughters-in-law and to sisters and to their mothers... I have marriage customs.”

History finds the Polans already at a rather late stage of political development: the social system is composed of two elements - communal and princely-retinue, and the first is greatly suppressed by the latter. With the usual and most ancient occupations of the Slavs - hunting, fishing and beekeeping - cattle breeding, farming, "timbering" and trade were more common among the Polyans than other Slavs. The latter was quite extensive not only with its Slavic neighbors, but also with foreigners in the West and East: from the coin hoards it is clear that trade with the East began in the 8th century, but ceased during the strife of the appanage princes.

At first, around the middle of the 8th century, the glades who paid tribute to the Khazars, thanks to their cultural and economic superiority, soon moved from a defensive position in relation to their neighbors to an offensive one; The Drevlyans, Dregovichs, northerners and others by the end of the 9th century were already subject to the glades. Christianity was established among them earlier than others. The center of the Polish (“Polish”) land was Kyiv; its other settlements are Vyshgorod, Belgorod on the Irpen River (now the village of Belogorodka), Zvenigorod, Trepol (now the village of Tripolye), Vasilyev (now Vasilkov) and others.

Zemlyapolyan with the city of Kiev became the center of the Rurikovich possessions in 882. The name of the polyans was mentioned for the last time in the chronicle in 944, on the occasion of Igor’s campaign against the Greeks, and was replaced, probably already at the end of the 10th century, by the name Rus (Ros) and Kiyane. The chronicler also calls the Slavic tribe on the Vistula, mentioned for the last time in the Ipatiev Chronicle in 1208, Polyana.

Radimichi is the name of the population that was part of the union of East Slavic tribes that lived in the area between the upper reaches of the Dnieper and Desna.
Around 885 the Radimichi became part of the Old Russian state, and in the 12th century they mastered most of the Chernigov and southern part of the Smolensk lands. The name comes from the name of the ancestor of the tribe, Radim.

The Northerners (more correctly, the North) are a tribe or tribal union of Eastern Slavs who inhabited the territories east of the middle reaches of the Dnieper, along the Desna and Seimi Sula rivers.

The origin of the name of the north is not fully understood. Most authors associate it with the name of the Savir tribe, which was part of the Hunnic association. According to another version, the name goes back to an obsolete ancient Slavic word meaning “relative”. The explanation from the Slavic siver, north, despite the similarity of sound, is considered extremely controversial, since the north has never been the most northern of the Slavic tribes.

Slovenes (Ilmen Slavs) are an East Slavic tribe that lived in the second half of the first millennium in the basin of Lake Ilmen and the upper reaches of Mologa and made up the bulk of the population of Novgorod land.

Tivertsi are an East Slavic tribe that lived between the Dniester and Danube near the Black Sea coast. They were first mentioned in the Tale of Bygone Years along with other East Slavic tribes of the 9th century. The main occupation of the Tiverts was agriculture. The Tiverts took part in the campaigns of Oleg against Constantinople in 907 and Igor in 944. In the middle of the 10th century, the lands of the Tiverts became part of Kievan Rus.
The descendants of the Tiverts became part of the Ukrainian people, and their western part underwent Romanization.

Ulichi is an East Slavic tribe that inhabited the lands along the lower reaches of the Dnieper, Southern Bug and the Black Sea coast during the 8th-10th centuries.
The capital of the streets was the city of Peresechen. In the first half of the 10th century, the Ulichi fought for independence from Kievan Rus, but were nevertheless forced to recognize its supremacy and become part of it. Later, the Ulichi and neighboring Tivertsy were pushed north by the arriving Pecheneg nomads, where they merged with the Volynians. The last mention of the streets dates back to the chronicle of the 970s.

Croats are an East Slavic tribe that lived in the vicinity of the city of Przemysl on the San River. They called themselves White Croats, in contrast to the tribe of the same name who lived in the Balkans. The name of the tribe is derived from the ancient Iranian word “shepherd, guardian of livestock,” which may indicate its main occupation - cattle breeding.

Bodrichi (Obodrity, Rarogi) - Polabian Slavs (lower Elbe) in the 8th-12th centuries. - union of Vagrs, Polabs, Glinyaks, Smolyans. Rarog (from the Danes Rerik) is the main city of the Bodrichis. Mecklenburg State in East Germany.
According to one version, Rurik is a Slav from the Bodrichi tribe, the grandson of Gostomysl, the son of his daughter Umila and the Bodrichi prince Godoslav (Godlav).

The Vistula are a Western Slavic tribe that lived at least since the 7th century in Lesser Poland. In the 9th century, the Vistula formed a tribal state with centers in Krakow, Sandomierz and Stradow. At the end of the century they were conquered by the king of Great Moravia Svyatopolk I and were forced to accept baptism. In the 10th century, the lands of the Vistula were conquered by the Polans and included in Poland.

The Zlicans (Czech Zličane, Polish Zliczanie) are one of the ancient Czech tribes. They inhabited the territory adjacent to the modern city of Kourzhim (Czech Republic). They served as the center of the formation of the Zlican Principality, which covered the beginning of the 10th century. Eastern and Southern Bohemia and the region of the Duleb tribe. The main city of the principality was Libice. The Libice princes Slavniki competed with Prague in the struggle for the unification of the Czech Republic. In 995, Zlicany was subordinated to the Přemyslids.

Lusatians, Lusatian Serbs, Sorbs (German Sorben), Vends are the indigenous Slavic population living in the territory of Lower and Upper Lusatia - regions that are part of modern Germany. The first settlements of Lusatian Serbs in these places were recorded in the 6th century AD. e.

The Lusatian language is divided into Upper Lusatian and Lower Lusatian.

The Brockhaus and Euphron Dictionary gives the definition: “Sorbs are the name of the Wends and the Polabian Slavs in general.” Slavic people inhabiting a number of regions in Germany, in the federal states of Brandenburg and Saxony.

The Lusatian Serbs are one of Germany's four officially recognized national minorities (along with the Gypsies, Frisians and Danes). It is believed that about 60 thousand German citizens now have Serbian roots, of which 20,000 live in Lower Lusatia (Brandenburg) and 40 thousand in Upper Lusatia (Saxony).

Lyutich (Viltsy, Velety) - a union of Western Slavic tribes who lived in the early Middle Ages in the territory of what is now eastern Germany. The center of the Lutich union was the “Radogost” sanctuary, in which the god Svarozhich was revered. All decisions were made at a large tribal meeting, and there was no central authority.

The Lutici led the Slavic uprising of 983 against German colonization of the lands east of the Elbe, as a result of which colonization was suspended for almost two hundred years. Even before this, they were ardent opponents of the German king Otto I. It is known about his heir, Henry II, that he did not try to enslave them, but rather lured them with money and gifts to his side in the fight against Boleslaw the Brave Poland.

Military and political successes strengthened the Lutichi's commitment to paganism and pagan customs, which also applied to the related Bodrichi. However, in the 1050s, an internecine war broke out among the Lutichs and changed their position. The union quickly lost power and influence, and after the central sanctuary was destroyed by the Saxon Duke Lothair in 1125, the union finally disintegrated. Over the next decades, the Saxon dukes gradually expanded their possessions to the east and conquered the lands of the Luticians.

Pomeranians, Pomeranians - Western Slavic tribes who lived from the 6th century in the lower reaches of the Odryna coast of the Baltic Sea. It remains unclear whether there was a residual Germanic population before their arrival, which they assimilated. In 900, the border of the Pomeranian range ran along the Odra in the west, the Vistula in the east and Notech in the south. They gave the name to the historical area of ​​Pomerania.

In the 10th century, the Polish prince Mieszko I included the Pomeranian lands into the Polish state. In the 11th century, the Pomeranians rebelled and regained independence from Poland. During this period, their territory expanded west from the Odra into the lands of the Lutich. On the initiative of Prince Wartislaw I, the Pomeranians adopted Christianity.

From the 1180s, German influence began to increase and German settlers began to arrive on the Pomeranian lands. Due to the devastating wars with the Danes, the Pomeranian feudal lords welcomed the settlement of the devastated lands by the Germans. Over time, the process of Germanization of the Pomeranian population began.

The remnant of the ancient Pomeranians who escaped assimilation today are the Kashubians, numbering 300 thousand people.

, internal and external gender rights.docx and 26 more file(s).
Show all linked files
Topic 1. Eastern Slavs in the second half of the first millennium

East Slavic tribes and their neighbors.

In the VI–VIII centuries. The Eastern Slavs were divided into tribal unions and inhabited vast areas of the East European Plain.

The formation of large tribal associations of the Slavs is indicated by a legend contained in the Russian chronicle, which tells about the reign of Prince Kiy with his brothers Shchek, Khoriv and sister Lybid in the Middle Dnieper region. The city of Kyiv, founded by the brothers, was allegedly named after his older brother Kiy.

The Eastern Slavs occupied the territory from the Carpathian Mountains in the west to the Middle Oka and the upper reaches of the Dnieper in the east, from the Neva and Lake Ladoga in the north to the Middle Dnieper in the south. Tribal unions of the Eastern Slavs: Polyans, Novgorod (Ilmen) Slovenes, Drevlyans, Dregovichi, Vyatichi, Krivichi, Polochans, Northerners, Radimichi, Buzhans, Volynians, Ulichs, Tivertsy.

The Slavs, developing the East European Plain, came into contact with a few Finno-Ugric and Baltic tribes. The neighbors of the Slavic tribes in the north were the peoples of the Finno-Ugric group: Ves, Merya, Muroma, Chud, Mordovians, Mari. In the lower reaches of the Volga in the VI–VIII centuries. settled by a nomadic people of Turkic origin - the Khazars. A significant part of the Khazars converted to Judaism. The Slavs paid tribute to the Khazar Khaganate. Slavic trade passed through Khazaria along the Volga trade route.

Occupations, social system, beliefs of the Eastern Slavs. The main occupation of the Slavs was agriculture. Arable farming developed on black soil lands. The slash-and-burn farming system was widespread in the forest zone. In the first year, trees were cut down. In the second year, the dried trees were burned and grain was sown using the ash as fertilizer. For two or three years the plot produced a high harvest for that time, then the land was depleted and it was necessary to move to a new plot. The main tools of labor were an axe, as well as a hoe, plow, harrow and spade, which were used to loosen the soil. They reaped (harvested) the harvest with sickles. They threshed with flails. The grain was ground with stone grain grinders and hand millstones. Arable farming, called fallow farming, developed on the black soil lands. IN southern regions There was a lot of fertile land, and plots of land were sown for two, three or more years. As the soil became depleted, they moved (transferred) to new areas. The main tools used here were a plow, a ralo, a wooden plow with an iron ploughshare, i.e., tools adapted for horizontal plowing.

The main producer was the free community peasant (smerd) with his own tools. The Slavs were also engaged in animal husbandry, horse breeding, iron mining and processing and other crafts, beekeeping (beekeeping), fishing, hunting, and trade.

In the VI-VII centuries. among the Slavs there was a process of disintegration of clan relations, inequality arose, and the place of the clan community was replaced by a neighboring community. The Slavs retained remnants of the primitive communal system: veche, blood feud, paganism, peasant militia, consisting of warriors.

By the time the state was formed among the Eastern Slavs, the clan community was replaced by a territorial, or neighborhood, community. The community members were now united primarily not by kinship, but by a common territory and economic life. Each such community owned certain territory where several families lived. There were two forms of property in the community - personal and public. House, personal land - personal, meadows, forests, ponds, fishing grounds - public. Arable land and meadows were to be divided between families.

At the head of the East Slavic tribal unions were princes from the tribal nobility and the former clan elite. The most important issues of life were decided at public meetings - veche gatherings. There was a militia (“regiment”, “thousand”, divided into “hundreds”). A special military organization was the squad, which appeared, according to archaeological data, in the 6th–7th centuries.

Trade routes passed mainly along rivers. In the VIII–IX centuries. the famous trade route “from the Varangians to the Greeks” was born, connecting the Northern and Southern Europe. It arose in the 9th century. From the Baltic Sea along the Neva River, merchant caravans reached Lake Ladoga (Nevo), from there along the Volkhov River to Lake Ilmen and further along the Lovat River to the upper reaches of the Dnieper. From Lovat to the Dnieper in the area of ​​Smolensk and on the Dnieper rapids they crossed by “portage routes”. The western shore of the Black Sea reached Constantinople (Constantinople). The most developed lands of the Slavic world – Novgorod and Kyiv – controlled the northern and southern sections of the route “from the Varangians to the Greeks.”

The Eastern Slavs were pagans. At an early stage of their development, they believed in evil and good spirits. Gradually, a pantheon of Slavic gods emerged, each of which personified various forces of nature or reflected the social and public relations of that time. At the head of the pantheon of Slavic gods was the great Svarog - the god of the Universe, reminiscent of the ancient Greek Zeus. The Slavs revered the sun god Dazhdbog, the god and goddesses of fertility Rod and women in labor, and the patron god of cattle breeding, the god Veles. In the VIII–IX centuries. Iranian and Finno-Ugric gods “migrated” to the Slavic pantheon: Horse, Simargl, Makosh. As the communal system decomposes, the god of lightning and thunder, Perun, comes to the fore among the Eastern Slavs. The pagan Slavs erected idols in honor of their gods. The priests, the Magi, served the gods.

Training tasks No. 1 on the topic: “Eastern Slavs in the second half of the first millennium”

Part I(A)
Territory of settlement of the Eastern Slavs:
East Asia; 3) East European Plain
Western Europe 4) Baltics

The people's assembly of the Eastern Slavs, which decided all issues of war and peace, was called:
Gathering; 2) militia; 3) veche; 4) Duma

A military formation of all the men of a community or tribe, created in the event of hostilities, was called:
Veche; 2) army; 3) militia; 4) squad

4. The word fallow, zhito, ploughshare are associated with the occupation of the Eastern Slavs:

5. The spread of the slash-and-burn farming system among the Eastern Slavs was explained:
1) a large number of forest-free fields
2) using a plow with an iron share
3) soil fertility
4) forested area
6. Neighbors of the Eastern Slavs:
1) Germans; 2) galls; 3) Romans; 4) Khazars

7. The trade route “from the Varangians to the Greeks” led from the sea:
1) White - to Caspian
2) Baltic - to Black
3) White - to Black
4) Baltic - to Ladoga

8. In the pre-state period, the Eastern Slavs developed two centers in:
1) Novgorod and the Dnieper region
2) Volga region and Baltic states
3) Baltics and Black Sea region
4) Volga region and Don

9. Read an excerpt from the work of the Byzantine historian and indicate what it indicates:
“These tribes, the Slavs and the Antes, are not ruled by one person, but since ancient times they have lived in the rule of people (democracy), and therefore they consider happiness and unhappiness in life to be a common matter.”
The Eastern Slavs established feudal relations
The Eastern Slavs maintained a tribal system
The Eastern Slavs developed a state
The Eastern Slavs did not have a division of labor between men and women

10. What was the name of the community among the Eastern Slavs?
1) polyudye; 2) rope; 3) elderly; 4) camp

11. The Eastern Slavs include:
1) clearing; 2) Khazars; 3) Cumans; 4) Varangians.
12. What were the names of free peasants in Ancient Rus' - community members who had their own farm?
1) ordinary people; 2) procurement; 3) slaves; 4) people

13. The Slavs called the activity of breeding bees and producing honey:
1) beekeeping; 2) architecture; 3) cooperage; 4) pottery

14. The transition from a tribal community to a neighboring one among the Eastern Slavs occurred as a result of:
1) formation of tribal unions
2) development of arable farming
3) the emergence of feudal estates
4) the need to defend against nomads

15. Khazar Kaganate in the 9th – 10th centuries. was located in the lower reaches of the river:
1) Dnieper; 2) Danube; 3) Volga; 4) Vistula

16. Information from the work of the Byzantine historian:
“They believe that only God, the creator of lightning, is the ruler over all, and bulls are sacrificed to him and other sacred rites are performed. They venerate rivers and nymphs and all sorts of other deities, make sacrifices to all of them and, with the help of these sacrifices, perform fortune telling,” indicate that among the Eastern Slavs
Christianity established itself;
The main occupation was fishing and sea swimming:
Pagan beliefs were common
No contacts with other countries

17. Read an excerpt from the document and indicate what it is about we're talking about:
“In those days, the Glades lived separately and were governed by their own clans. And there were three brothers: one named Kiy, the other - Shchek and the third - Khoriv, ​​and their sister - Lybid. Kiy sat on the mountain where Borichev now rises, and Shchek sat on the mountain that is now called Shchekovina, and Khoriv on the third mountain, which was nicknamed Khorivitsa after his name.”
The calling of the Varangians
The beginning of feudal fragmentation
Founding of the main city of the Polyan tribe
The emergence of princely dynasties in Moscow, Novgorod, Kyiv.

18. The neighbors of the Eastern Slavs were:
1) clearing; 2) Khazars; 3) Arabs; 4) Drevlyans

19. The farming system used by the Eastern Slavs in the 6th – 8th centuries. in the steppe zone:
1) three-field; 2) two-field; 3) slash-fire; 4) transverse

20. The words cutting, plow, harrow are associated with the occupation of the Eastern Slavs
1) fishing; 2) beekeeping; 3) cattle breeding; 4) agriculture

21. The Eastern Slavs include:
1) Tivertsy; 2) Khazars; 3) Cumans; 4) Varangians

22. The name has something to do with the craft:
1) pottery wheel; 2) two-toothed plow; 3) harrow; 4) board

23. The name relates to farming:
1) hryvnia; 2) opener; 3) reed; 4) blast furnace

24. The name is related to military affairs:
1) club; 2) scepter; 3) opener; 4) Ralo

25. The name is related to beekeeping:
1) fireman; 2) winter; 3) funeral feast; 4) board

26. The name is related to farming:
1) winter; 2) servants; 3) fresco; 4) scan

27. The words Horse, Rod, Veles are associated with:
1) religious beliefs of the Slavs;
2) trade route “from the Varangians to the Greeks”;
3) archaeological sites;
4) the territory of settlement of Slavic tribal unions.

Part II(B)

The tasks in this part of the work require an answer in the form of one or two words, a sequence of letters or numbers, which are transferred to answer form No. 1 without spaces or punctuation marks. Write each letter or number in a separate box in accordance with the samples given in the form.

Definition

A
Serf
1
Ruler of the Khazar state

B
Veche
2
Pagan priest among the Eastern Slavs

IN
Kagan
3
A prisoner captured in war

G
Magus
4
Peasant expelled from the community

5
People's Assembly of the Slavs

A
B
IN
G

Slavic deity

A
Perun
1
God of thunder and lightning

B
Yarilo
2
Sun God

IN
Stribog
3
The birth of all living things

G
Makosh
4
Lord of the Wind

5
Patron of cattle breeding

A
B
IN
G

Transfer the resulting sequence of numbers to form No. 1 (without spaces or any symbols).

Establish the correct correspondence between the Slavic deity and the personification of the forces of nature and life. For each position in the first column, select the corresponding position in the second and write down the selected numbers in the table under the corresponding letters.

Slavic deity

The personification of the forces of nature and life

A
Makosh
1
Patron of cattle breeding

B
Veles
2
Fertility deity

IN
Shchur
3
Patron of the house

G
Svarog
4
God of the Universe

5
Lord of the Wind

A
B
IN
G

Transfer the resulting sequence of numbers to form No. 1 (without spaces or any symbols).

Establish the correct correspondence between concept and definition. For each position in the first column, select the corresponding position in the second and write down the selected numbers in the table under the corresponding letters.

Definition

A
Sokha
1
Craftsmen's Settlement

B
beekeeping
2
Priest among the Eastern Slavs

IN
Sloboda
3
Tool

G
Magus
4
Land plot

5
Type of fishing

A
B
IN
G

Transfer the resulting sequence of numbers to form No. 1 (without spaces or any symbols).

Establish the correct correspondence between the tribes and their places of settlement. For each position in the first column, select the corresponding position in the second and write down the selected numbers in the table under the corresponding letters.

Place of settlement

A
Glade
1
Belarus

B
Dregovichi
2
Middle Dnieper

IN
Slovenia
3
Northern Black Sea coast

G
Ulichi, Tivertsy
4
Interfluve of Volga and Oka

5
Lake Ilmen

A
B
IN
G

Transfer the resulting sequence of numbers to form No. 1 (without spaces or any symbols).

Establish the correct correspondence between concept and definition. For each position in the first column, select the corresponding position in the second and write down the selected numbers in the table under the corresponding letters.

Definition

A
beekeeping
1
Collecting tribute

B
Undercut
2
Farmer's tools

IN
Polyudye
3
Farming system

G
Ralo
4
Type of weapon

5
fishing

A
B
IN
G

Transfer the resulting sequence of numbers to form No. 1 (without spaces or any symbols).

Place in the correct sequence from north to south the rivers and lakes that were part of the trade route “from the Varangians to the Greeks”
A) Lake Ladoga; B) Dnieper; B) Lovat; D) Ilmen

Arrange the tribal unions of the Eastern Slavs in the correct sequence from north to south, depending on the territory of their residence.
A) Tivertsy
B) Slovenian Ilmenskie
B) Drevlyans
D) Vyatichi

Transfer the resulting sequence of letters to form No. 1 (without spaces or any symbols)

Answer key:
Training tasks No. 1

A complete guide to preparing for the Unified State Exam

Series: Unified State Exam

Publishers: AST, Astrel, VKT, 2009

Hardcover, 320 pp.

The reference book, addressed to graduates and applicants, provides in full the material of the “History of Russia” course, which is tested on the unified state exam.

The structure of the book corresponds to the codifier of content elements in the subject, on the basis of which examination tasks - test and measurement materials of the Unified State Examination - are compiled.

The reference book presents the following sections of the course: “History of Russia from antiquity to the beginning of the 17th century,” “History of Russia in the 17th-18th centuries,” “Russia in the 19th century,” “Russia in the 20th - early 21st centuries.”

A brief form of presentation ensures maximum efficiency in self-preparation for the exam. Sample assignments and answers to them, completing each topic, will help to objectively assess the level of knowledge.

At the end of the book there is a reference chronological table and a dictionary of historical terms and concepts to the extent necessary for successfully passing the Unified State Exam.

Preface

Topic 1. Eastern Slavs in the second half of the first millennium

Topic 2. Old Russian state (9th – first half of the 12th century)

Topic 3. Russian lands and principalities in the 12th – mid-15th centuries.

Topic 4. Russian state in the second half of the 15th – early 17th centuries.

Section 2. History of Russia in the 17th–18th centuries.

Topic 1. Russia in the 17th century.

Topic 2. Russia in the first half of the 18th century.

Topic 3. Russia in the second half of the 18th century. Domestic policy Catherine II

Section 3. Russia in the 19th century.

Topic 1. Russia in 1801–1860. Internal and foreign policy Alexandra I

Topic 2. Russia in the 1860-1890s. Domestic policy of Alexander II. Reforms of the 1860–1870s

Section 4. Russia in the 20th – early 21st centuries.

Topic 1. Russia in 1900–1916. Socio-economic and political development of the country at the beginning of the twentieth century.

Topic 2. Russia in 1917–1920. Revolution of 1917. From February to October. Dual power

Topic 3. Soviet Russia, USSR in the 1920-1930s. Transition to a new economic policy

Topic 4. Great Patriotic War 1941–1945 Main stages and battles of the Great Patriotic War

Topic 5. USSR in 1945–1991. USSR in the first post-war decade

Topic 6. Russia in 1992–2008. The formation of a new Russian statehood

Reference chronological table

Dictionary of historical terms and concepts
Preface
This guide is addressed to schoolchildren and applicants. It will allow you to repeat the main content of the school course on the history of Russia and qualitatively prepare for a single state exam on history.

The structure of the book corresponds to the codifier of content elements in the subject, on the basis of which examination tasks are compiled - test materials for the Unified State Examination.

The reference book presents the following sections of the course: “History of Russia from antiquity to the beginning of the 17th century,” “History of Russia in the 17th–18th centuries,” “Russia in the 19th century,” “Russia in the 20th – early 21st centuries.”

Each topic in the book contains a brief historical information, presented in a concise and accessible form, as well as samples of tasks used in the testing and measuring materials of the Unified State Exam. These are closed tasks with the choice of only one correct answer out of four possible (part 1 (A); tasks to establish the correct correspondence and establish the correct sequence of letters or numbers, open-type tasks with a short answer in the form of one or two words (part 2 (B) ; essay assignments that require writing a detailed answer (part 3 (C). All sample assignments are compiled in accordance with the content and structure of the Unified State Exam test materials in history.

Answers to assignments will help you objectively assess your level of knowledge.

At the end of the book there is a chronological reference table and a dictionary of concepts and terms to the extent necessary for successfully passing the Unified State Exam.

The book will also allow history teachers to organize final revision in graduating classes. educational material, which is necessary for successfully passing the Unified State Exam in Russian history.

Long answer tasks (Part C) involve writing a short written work. They allow graduates to demonstrate in-depth knowledge of a subject, often beyond basic training. During the exam, the results of this part of the work are assessed by a special expert commission. Based on pre-developed criteria, experts make a decision on evaluating the work.

The tasks of part C are different in their form and focus. The first three tasks are based on any historical source and test the ability to analyze a historical document (determine the time, place, circumstances, reasons for creating the source, the position of the author, etc.). For each correct answer to tasks on a historical source, 1–2 points are given. The maximum score is 6 points.

Part C tasks are aimed at checking various types educational activities: 1) characterize, systematize, 2) analyze and argue various historical versions and assessments, 3) the ability to compare historical events, phenomena, processes. It is important to remember that when assessing the answer to the task of analyzing historical versions and assessments, experts pay attention to their own attitude to the proposed controversial issue. The maximum score for each of the tasks in Part C is up to 4 points. Thus, the total maximum score for completing tasks in part C is 22 points.

When assessing answers to tasks with a detailed, complete answer, the validity of ideas with facts and arguments or generalization of facts with concepts is taken into account. It is necessary to present only the most essential facts related only to this specific issue, without going beyond its scope. If a historical term appears in a question, be sure to explain its meaning in a clear and concise manner. In this case, the student answer can be written concisely, in free form or in the form of abstracts, in a proposed or other sequence of tasks.

It is important to remember that answers should not be verbose. As a rule, the answer to each task should not exceed a few sentences. You should not write down lightweight formulations that do not reflect the content of the educational material being asked - this will take time, but will not add points to the answer. The work must be built in a certain logic. If there is not enough time, you need to indicate the main thing in a brief form, but in such a way that the experts understand the logic of the person answering. It is better not to allow abbreviations of words other than generally accepted ones (RF, USSR, Sovnarkom).

When assigning points, experts take into account only correctly presented facts, arguments, concepts, etc. For incorrectly specified elements of the answer (errors) 0 points are given, i.e. incorrect answers are not taken into account when assigning the final score (they are not subtracted from the total score) . Grammatical errors are also not taken into account, but even in conditions of lack of time we must strive to avoid them.
^ Section 1. History of Russia from antiquity to the beginning of the 17th century.
Topic 1. Eastern Slavs in the second half of the first millennium

East Slavic tribes and their neighbors.

In the VI–VIII centuries. The Eastern Slavs were divided into tribal unions and inhabited vast areas of the East European Plain.

The formation of large tribal associations of the Slavs is indicated by a legend contained in the Russian chronicle, which tells about the reign of Prince Kiy with his brothers Shchek, Khoriv and sister Lybid in the Middle Dnieper region. The city of Kyiv, founded by the brothers, was allegedly named after his older brother Kiy.

The Eastern Slavs occupied the territory from the Carpathian Mountains in the west to the Middle Oka and the upper reaches of the Dnieper in the east, from the Neva and Lake Ladoga in the north to the Middle Dnieper in the south. Tribal unions of the Eastern Slavs: Polyans, Novgorod (Ilmen) Slovenes, Drevlyans, Dregovichi, Vyatichi, Krivichi, Polochans, Northerners, Radimichi, Buzhans, Volynians, Ulichs, Tivertsy.

The Slavs, developing the East European Plain, came into contact with a few Finno-Ugric and Baltic tribes. The neighbors of the Slavic tribes in the north were the peoples of the Finno-Ugric group: Ves, Merya, Muroma, Chud, Mordovians, Mari. In the lower reaches of the Volga in the VI–VIII centuries. settled by a nomadic people of Turkic origin - the Khazars. A significant part of the Khazars converted to Judaism. The Slavs paid tribute to the Khazar Khaganate. Slavic trade passed through Khazaria along the Volga trade route.

Occupations, social system, beliefs of the Eastern Slavs. The main occupation of the Slavs was agriculture. Arable farming developed on black soil lands. The slash-and-burn farming system was widespread in the forest zone. In the first year, trees were cut down. In the second year, the dried trees were burned and grain was sown using the ash as fertilizer. For two or three years the plot produced a high harvest for that time, then the land was depleted and it was necessary to move to a new plot. The main tools of labor were an axe, as well as a hoe, plow, harrow and spade, which were used to loosen the soil. They reaped (harvested) the harvest with sickles. They threshed with flails. The grain was ground with stone grain grinders and hand millstones. Arable farming, called fallow farming, developed on the black soil lands. In the southern regions there was a lot of fertile land, and plots of land were sown for two to three or more years. As the soil became depleted, they moved (transferred) to new areas. The main tools used here were a plow, a ralo, a wooden plow with an iron ploughshare, i.e., tools adapted for horizontal plowing.

The main producer was the free community peasant (smerd) with his own tools. The Slavs were also engaged in animal husbandry, horse breeding, iron mining and processing and other crafts, beekeeping (beekeeping), fishing, hunting, and trade.

In the VI-VII centuries. among the Slavs there was a process of disintegration of clan relations, inequality arose, and the place of the clan community was replaced by a neighboring community. The Slavs retained remnants of the primitive communal system: veche, blood feud, paganism, peasant militia consisting of warriors.

By the time the state was formed among the Eastern Slavs, the clan community was replaced by a territorial, or neighborhood, community. The community members were now united primarily not by kinship, but by a common territory and economic life. Each such community owned a certain territory on which several families lived. There were two forms of property in the community - personal and public. House, personal land - personal, meadows, forests, ponds, fishing grounds - public. Arable land and meadows were to be divided between families.

At the head of the East Slavic tribal unions were princes from the tribal nobility and the former clan elite. The most important issues of life were decided at public meetings - veche gatherings. There was a militia (“regiment”, “thousand”, divided into “hundreds”). A special military organization was the squad, which appeared, according to archaeological data, in the 6th–7th centuries.

Trade routes passed mainly along rivers. In the VIII–IX centuries. the famous trade route “from the Varangians to the Greeks” was born, connecting Northern and Southern Europe. It arose in the 9th century. From the Baltic Sea along the Neva River, merchant caravans reached Lake Ladoga (Nevo), from there along the Volkhov River to Lake Ilmen and further along the Lovat River to the upper reaches of the Dnieper. From Lovat to the Dnieper in the area of ​​Smolensk and on the Dnieper rapids they crossed by “portage routes”. The western shore of the Black Sea reached Constantinople (Constantinople). The most developed lands of the Slavic world – Novgorod and Kyiv – controlled the northern and southern sections of the route “from the Varangians to the Greeks.”

The Eastern Slavs were pagans. At an early stage of their development, they believed in evil and good spirits. Gradually, a pantheon of Slavic gods emerged, each of which personified various forces of nature or reflected the social and public relations of that time. At the head of the pantheon of Slavic gods was the great Svarog - the god of the Universe, reminiscent of the ancient Greek Zeus. The Slavs revered the sun god Dazhdbog, the god and goddesses of fertility Rod and women in labor, and the patron god of cattle breeding, the god Veles. In the VIII–IX centuries. Iranian and Finno-Ugric gods “migrated” to the Slavic pantheon: Horse, Simargl, Makosh. As the communal system decomposes, the god of lightning and thunder, Perun, comes to the fore among the Eastern Slavs. The pagan Slavs erected idols in honor of their gods. The priests, the Magi, served the gods.
^ Sample assignments

A1. In the pre-state period, the Eastern Slavs developed two centers in

1) Novgorod and the Dnieper region

2) Volga region and Baltic states

3) Baltics and Black Sea region

4) Volga region and Don
Answer: 1.
A2. Neighbors of the Eastern Slavs

1) Germans

3) Romans

4) Khazars
Answer: 4.
A3. The transition from a tribal community to a neighboring one among the Eastern Slavs occurred as a result

1) formation of tribal unions

2) development of arable farming

3) the emergence of feudal estates

4) the need to defend against nomads

Answer: 2.
A4. The Slavs called the activity of breeding bees and producing honey

1) beekeeping

2) architecture

3) cooperage

4) pottery
Answer: 1.

A5. Read an excerpt from the work of a Byzantine historian and indicate what this evidence indicates.

“They believe that only God, the creator of lightning, is the ruler over all, and they sacrifice bulls to him and perform other sacred rites. They worship rivers and nymphs and all sorts of other deities, make sacrifices to all of them and, with the help of these sacrifices, perform fortune-telling.”

1) Christianity became established among the Eastern Slavs

2) among the Eastern Slavs the main occupations were fishing and navigation

3) pagan beliefs were widespread among the Eastern Slavs

4) the Eastern Slavs had no contacts with other countries
Answer: 3.

IN 1. Establish the correct correspondence between concept and definition.

Answer: 3512.
Place in the correct sequence from north to south the rivers and lakes that were part of the trade route “from the Varangians to the Greeks.”
A) Lake Ladoga

B) Lovat

D) Ilmen

Answer: AGVB.
^ Topic 2. Old Russian state (9th – first half of the 12th century)
The emergence of statehood among the Eastern Slavs. In the IX - first half of the XII century. The process of formation of the early feudal state among the Slavs is taking place.

The history of the Old Russian state (Kievan Rus) can be conditionally divided into three large periods:

1) IX – mid-X century. - the time of the first Kyiv princes;

2) second half of the X - first half of the XI century. – the time of the principality of Vladimir I the Saint and Yaroslav the Wise, the era of the heyday of the Kyiv state;

3) second half of the 11th – second half of the 12th century. – transition to territorial and political fragmentation, or to appanage orders.

Norman theory. One of the sources of knowledge about the origin of the Old Russian state is the “Tale of Bygone Years,” created by the monk Nestor at the beginning of the 12th century. According to its legend, in 862 the Varangian prince Rurik was invited to rule in Rus'. Many historians believe that the Varangians were Norman (Scandinavian) warriors who were hired into service and swore an oath of allegiance to the ruler. A number of historians, on the contrary, consider the Varangians to be a Russian tribe that lived on the southern shore of the Baltic Sea and the island of Rügen.

According to this legend, on the eve of the formation of Kievan Rus, the northern tribes of the Slavs and their neighbors (Ilmen Slovenes, Chud, Vse) paid tribute to the Varangians, and the southern tribes (Polyans and their neighbors) were dependent on the Khazars. In 859, the Novgorodians “expelled the Varangians overseas,” which led to civil strife. Under these conditions, the Novgorodians who gathered for the council sent for the Varangian princes: “Our land is great and abundant, but there is no order (order) in it. Come to us and rule over us." Power over Novgorod and the surrounding Slavic lands passed into the hands of the Varangian princes, the eldest of whom Rurik, as the chronicler believed, laid the foundation of the Rurik dynasty.

In 882, another Varangian prince Oleg (there is information that he was a relative of Rurik) captured Kyiv and united the territory of the Eastern Slavs, creating the state of Kievan Rus. This is how the state of Rus' (also called Kievan Rus by historians) came to be, according to the chronicler. Thus, the centers of unification of Slavic tribes in single state the cities of Kyiv and Novgorod the Great become.

The legendary chronicle story about the calling of the Varangians served as the basis for the appearance in the 18th century. the so-called Norman theory of the emergence of the Old Russian state. Its authors were German scientists Miller and Bayer. M.V. Lomonosov opposed this theory. The dispute over the origin of the Russian state between historians continues to this day.

Rus' under the first princes. In 907 and 911 Oleg made campaigns against Byzantium and concluded profitable trade agreements with it. According to the agreements, Russian merchants had the right to live at the expense of the Greeks in Constantinople, but were obliged to walk around the city without weapons. At the same time, merchants had to have written documents with them and warn the Byzantine emperor about their arrival in advance. Oleg's agreement with the Greeks provided the possibility of exporting the tribute collected in Rus' and selling it in the markets of Byzantium.

Under Oleg, the Drevlyans, northerners, and Radimichi were included in his state and began to pay tribute to Kyiv. However, the process of incorporating various tribal unions into Kievan Rus was not a one-time event.

Under Rurik's son, Prince Igor (912–945), Rus' expanded even more, but in 945, during the collection of tribute - Polyudye - Igor was killed by the Drevlyans. Power passed to his wife Olga. She brutally took revenge for the death of her husband. But she also went for a kind of reform, establishing the order and size of the polyudye. “Lessons” were introduced, that is, clearly established amounts of tribute, and the places where the tribute was taken were established - “cemeteries”. The consequences of this simple measure were significant: under Olga, an orderly and organized taxation system began to take shape, without which the state could not function. "Pogosts" then became strongholds of princely power.

During the reign of Igor and Olga, the lands of the Tivertsy, Ulichs and finally the Drevlyans were annexed to Kyiv. Olga was the first of the Russian rulers to be baptized.

The son of Igor and Olga, Svyatoslav (964–972), during numerous campaigns, annexed the lands of the Vyatichi along the Oka River, defeated the Volga Bulgars and Khazaria. He tried to bring the borders of Rus' closer to Byzantium and went on a campaign to the Balkan Peninsula. However, the fight with Byzantium ended unsuccessfully. On the way to Kyiv in 972, Svyatoslav was ambushed and killed by the Pechenegs.

After the struggle for power, Prince Vladimir Svyatoslavich ascended to the Kiev throne, who later received the nickname Saint. During his reign (980–1015), a defensive system was created for the southeastern borders of Rus' from the Pechenegs (zaseks and watchtowers), and in 988 Rus' was baptized according to the Byzantine model. The spread of Christianity often met resistance from the population, who revered their pagan gods. Christianity took hold slowly. In the outlying lands of Kievan Rus it was established much later than in Kyiv and Novgorod. The adoption of Christianity had great importance for the further development of Rus':

1) Christianity affirmed the idea of ​​equality of people before God, which helped soften the cruel morals of the former pagans;

2) the adoption of Christianity strengthened state power and territorial unity of Kievan Rus;

4) the adoption of Christianity played a big role in the development of Russian culture, serving as a bridge for the penetration of Byzantine, and through it, ancient culture into Rus'.

A metropolitan appointed by the Patriarch of Constantinople was installed at the head of the Russian Orthodox Church; The church in certain regions was headed by bishops, to whom priests in cities and villages were subordinate.

In general, the policy of Vladimir the Saint contributed to the development of statehood and culture of Rus', and the growth of its international authority.

After the death of Vladimir I, one of his sons, Yaroslav, who later received the nickname the Wise (1019–1054), defeated Svyatopolk the Accursed in the civil strife, who killed the brothers Boris and Gleb. Under the leadership of Yaroslav, the Pechenegs were finally defeated, St. Sophia Cathedral was erected in Kyiv, schools and a library were opened. At this time, the Kiev-Pechersk Monastery arose, chronicle writing and the compilation of the first written code of laws “Russian Truth” began. Dynastic marriages ties were strengthened with European countries. The growth of power and authority of Rus' allowed Yaroslav for the first time to appoint a statesman and writer Hilarion, Russian by origin, as Metropolitan of Kyiv.

With the death of the last of the sons of Yaroslav the Wise, strife began again. The most popular in Rus' at that time was Yaroslav’s grandson Vladimir Monomakh (1113–1125), who in 1097 took the initiative to convene a congress of princes in the city of Lyubech. It was decided to stop the strife and the principle “let everyone keep his fatherland” was proclaimed. However, strife continued after the Lyubech Congress. In 1113, Vladimir Monomakh was invited to the Kiev throne, temporarily restored the weakened power of the Grand Duke, and pacified the Polovtsians. Vladimir II was an enlightened ruler, the author of Instructions for Children. In 1132, under the sons and grandsons of Vladimir Monomakh, Rus' finally broke up into separate principalities.

A common form of land ownership became patrimony, that is, paternal ownership, passed from father to son by inheritance. The owner of the estate was a prince or boyar. The entire free population of Kievan Rus was called “people”. The bulk of the rural population were called smerds. “Russian Truth” reflected the beginning of the process of enslavement of the peasants. The code of laws talks about “purchases” and “rank and file”. The impoverished peasants borrowed “kupa” from the master - grain, livestock, money. The purchase was supposed to work off the debt to its creditor, but was often unable to do this and became dependent forever. In other cases, peasants (ryadovichi) entered into an agreement - a “row” - according to which the prince or boyar undertook to protect them and help if necessary, and the peasants - to work. There were also serfs - a category of dependent population, close in position to slaves.

Culture of Ancient Rus'. Writing and enlightenment. Writing and the alphabet were known in Rus' even before the adoption of monotheism, and Christianization contributed to the further development of literacy and the spread of writing. This fact is confirmed by a large number of finds of birch bark letters with texts in various cities of Rus', especially in Novgorod the Great.

Literature. The chronicle genre is widespread in literature. The most famous is “The Tale of Bygone Years,” written by the monk of the Kiev-Pechersk Monastery Nestor at the beginning of the 12th century. Metropolitan Hilarion in the middle of the 11th century. a work of a religious and journalistic nature, “The Word on Law and Grace,” was created. During the campaigns, epics were formed - solemn epic works telling about the fight against the steppe inhabitants, the courage and resourcefulness of merchants, and the courage of heroes.

Architecture. IN church architecture There was a strong influence of Byzantium. Ancient Rus' adopted the Byzantine type of cross-domed church. Such buildings include the St. Sophia Cathedral in Kyiv. Soon after the construction of the Kyiv cathedral St. Sophia Cathedral appeared in Novgorod the Great, in the architecture of which original features are already evident.

Painting. Painting also developed under significant Byzantine influence. The techniques of mosaic, fresco and icon painting came to Rus' from its powerful southern neighbor.

Applied arts. Jewelry art, using the techniques of granulation, filigree and enamel, reached a significant flourishing in Ancient Rus'. The grains were intricate patterns created from thousands of tiny soldered gold or silver balls. The filigree technique required the master to create patterns from thin gold or silver wire. Sometimes the spaces between these wire partitions were filled with multi-colored enamel - an opaque glassy mass.
^ Sample assignments
When completing tasks in Part 1 (A), in answer form No. 1, under the number of the task you are performing, put an “x” in the box whose number corresponds to the number of the answer you have chosen.

A1. The activities of Metropolitan Hilarion, Prince Yaroslav the Wise are connected with

Answer: 3.
A2. The main trading partner of the Old Russian state was

1) Byzantium

3) Tmutarakan

4) Scythia
Answer: 1.
A3. Picturesque piece of art small forms are called

2) screensaver

3) filigree

4) miniature
Answer: 4.

A4. The congress of princes in Lyubech in 1097 was convened with the purpose

1) organize a campaign against the Polovtsians

2) stop internecine wars

3) agree on the size of the tribute

4) accept the new Code of Laws
Answer: 2.
A5. The establishment of polyudye testified to

1) the beginning of the political fragmentation of Rus'

2) the existence of the custom of blood feud among the Slavs

3) the emergence of tribal unions of the Eastern Slavs

4) the emergence of the early feudal state of the Eastern Slavs
Answer: 4.
A6. Read an excerpt from the document and indicate during which event the treaty contained in the document was adopted.

“Why are we destroying the Russian land, creating enmity against ourselves... From now on, let us unite into one heart and protect the Russian lands. Let everyone keep his homeland... and on this they kissed the cross.”

1) concluding an alliance against Batu Khan

2) congress of princes in Lyubech

3) adoption of Christianity

4) adoption of “Russian Truth”

Answer: 2.
A7. Of the listed features characterize the Old Russian state

A) the process of turning vigilantes into landowners

B) gradual development of written legislation

C) the existence of the Zemsky Sobor

D) growth of cities, development of crafts and trade

D) vassalage of the Pechenegs

E) the increasing decline of culture
Please indicate the correct answer.
1) ABG

Answer: 1.
A8. Which of the following concepts denoted the categories of the dependent population of Ancient Rus'?

A) Cossacks

B) procurement

B) stinkers

D) slaves

Answer: 3.
The tasks of Part 2 (B) require an answer in the form of one or two words, a sequence of letters or numbers, which should first be written down in the text of the examination paper, and then transferred to answer form No. 1 without spaces or punctuation marks. Write each letter or number in a separate box in accordance with the samples given in the form.

IN 1. Establish a correspondence between the names of the princes and the events associated with their activities.

For each position in the first column, select the corresponding position in the second and write down the selected numbers in the table under the corresponding letters.


Transfer the resulting sequence of numbers to answer form No. 1 (without spaces or any symbols).
Answer: 1453.
AT 2. Place the events in chronological order.

Write down the letters that represent the events in the correct sequence in the table.

A) the unification of Kyiv and Novgorod under the rule of Oleg

B) the establishment of “lessons” and “cemeteries” by Princess Olga

B) the defeat of the Khazar Kaganate by Prince Svyatoslav

D) the murder of Prince Igor by the Drevlyans

Transfer the resulting sequence of letters to answer form No. 1 (without spaces or any symbols).
Answer: AGGB.
AT 3. Which three events, listed below, characterized the reign of the great Prince of Kyiv Vladimir Svyatoslavich?

1) defeat of the Khazar Kaganate

2) creation of a serif line on the southern borders of Rus'

3) the formation of a military-political union between Rus' and Byzantium

4) organization of the congress of princes in Lyubech

5) adoption of Christianity

6) defeat of the Pechenegs

Transfer the resulting sequence of numbers to answer form No. 1 (without spaces or any symbols).
Answer: 256.
To answer the tasks of Part 3 (C), use answer form No. 2. First write down the task number (C1, etc.), and then the detailed answer to it.

Tasks C4-C7 involve different types of activities: presentation of a generalized description of historical events and phenomena (C4), consideration of historical versions and assessments (C5), analysis of the historical situation (C6), comparison (C7). As you complete these tasks, pay attention to the wording of each question.

C5. Historians who put forward and supported “ Norman theory» the origin of the Old Russian state, they believed that statehood was brought to Rus' from the outside, by the Varangians.

What other points of view on the issue of the origin of the Russian state do you know? Which point of view do you find more convincing? Name facts and provisions that can serve as arguments confirming your chosen point of view.
Answer: