IN State Museum history of Russian literature named after V.I. Dahl opened an exhibition dedicated to the 125th anniversary of his birth, “The Soul That Knows No Measures...”. The main motive of the exhibition is the movement from a habitable space arranged at the will of the poet to the loss of home, solitude, and, finally, a place on earth. The curators of the project lead visitors from Tsvetaeva’s childhood to parental home in Trekhprudny Lane to youth, sanctified by the warmth of Voloshin’s house in Koktebel. Then - the beginning of family life in Borisoglebsky Lane, with its stairs, attic cabin. Afterwards - leaving for emigration, Prague, Paris, searching for oneself in a new world, but, in the end, returning to the USSR following her husband and daughter, loss of family and her own corner, death.
The exhibition opens with a model of the Tsvetaevs’ house in Trekhprudny Lane. In the windows: miniature rooms of Marina Tsvetaeva, in the attic on a high staircase, and her sisters. According to Tsvetaeva, from childhood she tried on the masks of tragic heroines. Therefore, on the walls of her room hung portraits of Sarah Bernhardt, two Napoleons (her lifelong passion) and Maria Bashkirtseva. Bashkirtseva published a diary, which became a breakthrough in revealing inner essence women, which was very close to Tsvetaeva. These were not love, personal experiences, but discussions about creativity, philosophy, and so on.
When Marina was born, her mother was upset that her first child was not a son. “But he will be a musician,” she decided.
“Evening Album” is Marina’s first book, which she published in secret from her father.
Soon after this, an obese man, choking from asthma, walked up into the narrow girl’s room - a poet. He asked: “Have you read my review of your book?” Marina replied: “No, I haven’t read it.” And a little later these verses appeared:
Marina Tsvetaeva
My soul is so joyfully attracted to you!
Oh, what grace blows
From the pages of the “Evening Album”!
(Why “album” and not “notebook”?)
Why does the black cap hide
Clean forehead and glasses on your eyes?
I only noticed a submissive look
And the baby oval of the cheek,
Children's mouth and ease of movement,
The connection of calmly modest poses...
There are so many achievements in your book...
Who are you?
Forgive my question.
I'm lying here today - neuralgia,
Pain is like a quiet cello...
Your words are good touches
And in verse the winged swing of a swing
Lull the pain... Wanderers,
We live for the thrill of longing...
(Whose cool, gentle fingers
Do they touch my temples in the dark?)
Your book strangely moved me -
What is hidden in her is revealed,
In it is the country where all paths begin,
But where there is no return.
I remember everything: the dawn, shining sternly,
I thirst for all earthly roads at once,
All the ways... And there was everything... so many!
How long ago I crossed the threshold!
Who gave you such clarity of colors?
Who gave you such precision of words?
The courage to say everything: from children's caresses
Until spring new moon dreams?
Your book is news “from there”,
Morning good news.
I have not accepted a miracle for a long time,
But how sweet it is to hear:
“There is a miracle!”
Friendship with Voloshin was friendship forever, although Marina’s fate took her far. Nevertheless, in 1911 she came to Koktebel for the first time.
The exhibition shows the life of Voloshin’s house and his guests. In many photographs there is Marina Ivanovna. Koktebel played an amazing role in her life. One day she was digging the sand next to Max on the seashore, looking for pebbles and said that she would marry the first one who found a stone that she liked. Soon, Sergei Efron, who was 17 years old at the time, gave her the found carnelian bead.
At the exhibition you can see wedding ring Sergei Efron. In 1912, when he turned 18, he and Marina got married. Inside the ring there is an engraving: “Marina”. A towel embroidered for the couple by Elena Ottobaldovna, Voloshin’s mother, and Marina’s famous bracelets.
From Marina's personal belongings: beads that were hung on a donkey - her father brought them to her from the expedition. And Marina’s ring with carnelian. But this is not the stone that Efron gave her. She wore that bead without taking it off, but it was not preserved.
The house in Borisoglebsky Lane was rented by Marina and Sergei. It was assumed that their first daughter Ariadne, Ali, would have a happy childhood in it. But life decreed otherwise: happiness lasted only three years.
Poet Sofya Parnok will be the first crack in the marriage of Marina Tsvetaeva and Sergei Efron.
Since the beginning of the Civil War, Sergei Efron has gone to the front as a nurse. Marina is left alone. Being without a livelihood, she is forced to give her children to an orphanage, where she was told that the children were being fed with American humanitarian aid. Irina died at the shelter, and Marina took Alya.
Tsvetaeva was considered indifferent to the fate of her youngest daughter, but this is not so. She has very frank notes in which she says that this is her cross and that she is to blame.
Despite all the severity, this is a very busy period in Tsvetaeva’s life. During these same years, her meeting with Mandelstam took place. In St. Petersburg, in Kuzmin’s apartment. It was a short love affair - love was the breeding ground for Tsvetaeva’s creativity.
As Marina writes in her notebooks, Alya lived in her own little world, in Serezha’s attic room, among her drawings. Drawings from 1917-1922 are being exhibited for the first time. Ariadne will continue to paint in exile.
Marina's personal belongings. Cup from the Czech period. Meat skewer. View from a house in Borisoglebsky.
Sergei Efron leaves Russia. Marina is left alone. She has been looking for him for several years: she does not know whether he is alive or dead. Her poignant notes remained that if he was gone, then her life was over.
Despite the fact that all this time she had some short novels, her connection with Efron was inextricable. At the same time, Marina did not hide her love interests from anyone.
Marina instructs Ehrenburg, who lives here and now in Berlin, to look for Efron. Two years later he finds him in Prague. He entered the University of Prague, knew nothing about Marina’s fate, became interested in Eurasianism, and the connection with Russia was lost for him.
Ali has preserved memories of how his mother and father met at the train station in Berlin. Suddenly a voice: “Marina, Marinochka!” And some A tall man, gasping for breath, with his arms outstretched, he runs towards him. Alya only guesses that it is dad, because she hasn’t seen him for many years.
Marina will spend a short time in Berlin. Here he will meet and write a memoir, “The Captive Spirit.”
Marina Tsvetaeva's emigration lasted 17 years. Life is hard: she said that in Russia she has no books, and in exile she has no readers. Emigration did not accept her because she was the wife of a man who begins to collaborate with the NKVD
But at this time she writes extremely a lot.
Then she fell in love with Pasternak’s poems and fell in love with their author in absentia. She corresponds with Rilke.
Life in Prague is very expensive - family lives in different suburbs.
An amazing document remains, it is not on display, this is a letter from Sergei to Max Voloshin, who was a kind of confessor for both Marina and Sergei. He immediately realized that something had happened. And what happened in Marina’s life was Konstantin Rodzevich, Sergei’s friend in Eurasianism. Marina left amazing notes about these meetings, saying that he was the lover of lovers, that this is what she lives by. In a letter to Voloshin, Sergei says that a breakup is inevitable, that Marina is exhausted by lies and nightly departures. He tried to leave, but Marina said that she would not survive without him.
The relationship with Rodzevich ended quite quickly, and Marina gives birth to her third child - the son of George, Moore, as he was called in the family.
They live hard: they collect pine cones and mushrooms. Marina is without a table, she cleans, cooks potatoes, does laundry, the four of them live in one room.
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This portrait of Tsvetaeva by Boris Fedorovich Chaliapin, son, is being exhibited for the second time. On the back is a pencil portrait of Efron. If Marina looks quite attractive, then Efron in the pencil sketch looks like an old man.
Knight of Marina
Geniuses recognized by humanity, great poets, writers, generals and peacemakers in their earthly, physical life, as a rule, are in close contact with “ordinary” people. Geniuses often draw inspiration from the reality around them, from close people, without whom, perhaps, not a single brilliant creation, scientific discovery or decisive battle would have taken place.
These people sometimes play too important and sometimes a tragic role in the personal fate of the “chosen ones of humanity”...
When Napoleon Bonaparte is mentioned, the name of Empress Josephine immediately comes to mind, Rembrandt - Saskia, I. S. Turgenev - his tragic passion for Pauline Viardot. Talking about the work of A.S. Pushkin, it is impossible to ignore Natalya Nikolaevna Goncharova. Many Pushkin scholars to this day tend to blame his beautiful wife for the death of the great national Poet.
Sergei Efron and Marina Tsvetaeva
Sergei Yakovlevich Efron forever went down in history as the husband of another, perhaps equivalent to Pushkin, great Russian Poet - Marina Ivanovna Tsvetaeva, a genius of the poetic “silver” age...
S. Ya. Efron was born on September 26, 1893 in Moscow, in the family of Narodnaya Volya members Elizaveta Petrovna Durnovo (1855-1910), from a famous noble family, and Yakov Konstantinovich (Kalmanovich) Efron (1854-1909), who came from a baptized Jewish family. Seryozha Efron lost his parents early. His older sisters and his father’s relatives, who were close to the revolutionary movement, were involved in his upbringing. Nevertheless, the guardians tried to give the boy a good education. He successfully graduated from the famous Polivanovsky gymnasium, studied at the philological faculty of Moscow University, wrote stories, tried to play in the theater with Tairov, published student magazines, and was also involved in underground activities.
Sergei met Marina Ivanovna Tsvetaeva, the daughter of a famous Moscow professor and a still little-known Great Poet, in 1911.
The young people first met in Koktebel, at the famous dacha of the artist and poet Maximilian Voloshin, where almost all St. Petersburg and Moscow bohemia visited. Until the end of his life, Max remained the closest friend to Sergei and Marina, and sometimes acted as a large and comfortable “vest” into which the young spouses would alternately “cry” during frequent family conflicts.
On Koktebel beach, Marina Ivanovna once jokingly told Voloshin that she would marry the man who could guess what her favorite stone was.
"Marina! – Max told her to this. – Lovers, as you know, become stupid. And when the one you love brings you a cobblestone, you will believe that it is your favorite stone!
"Max! I'm getting smarter from everything! Even out of love!” – answered Marina.
On the same day, Sergei found and brought her a Genoese carnelian bead. Marina Tsvetaeva always carried this stone with her.
Sergei Yakovlevich was a year younger than Marina. Just like Tsvetaeva herself, he lost his mother in early childhood, and besides, he did not have excellent health. The families of Marina and Sergei were not similar and close to each other either in spirit or in beliefs, but Tsvetaeva, at the first stage of their acquaintance, sincerely admired Efron.
“If you only knew what a fiery, generous, deep young man he is! – she wrote in a letter to the famous critic and philosopher V.V. Rozanov. - We will never part. Our meeting is a miracle!”
He seemed to her an ideal, a phenomenon from another century, an impeccable knight. Contemporaries spoke of his nobility, undoubted decency, human dignity and impeccable upbringing. However, many researchers of the life and work of M.I. Tsvetaeva, on the contrary, considered Efron weak, weak-willed, not very smart and a mediocre amateur, an early orphaned boy who was simply flattered by the attention of a girl like Marina. Such a person could never become her husband and support in the traditional sense of the word. Another thing is that the Great Poet, since he was born a woman, in principle could not have anything “ordinary” and “traditional”! She expected miracles from him. Not to deceive this expectation became the main motto and goal of Sergei Efron’s life for many years.
Efron immediately becomes the romantic hero of Tsvetaeva’s poetry. More than twenty poems are associated with him and dedicated to him, which, in the opinion of literary critics and researchers, are absolutely devoid of eroticism. This is not at all love lyrics, even if not lyrics dedicated by a woman to her beloved man.
“It wasn’t you, oh young one, who cast a spell on her...” – Sophia Parnok ironically tells Efron in one of her works. The “friend” was right: the Tsvetaeva-Efron relationship was always built on the kinship of souls, not bodies.
I wear his ring defiantly! - Yes, in Eternity - a wife, Not on paper! - His face is extremely narrow, like a sword. ...In his person I am faithful to chivalry, - To all of you. Who lived and died without fear! - Such - in fatal times - They compose stanzas - and go to the chopping block.
To be the husband of the Great Poet is not only a feat, but also hard work. Sergei Yakovlevich Efron fully experienced this himself already in the first years of his life with Marina.
Alas! Sergei was not a warrior by vocation, but he had to become one. Poor health did not allow Efron to immediately take part in the First World War. Due to a lung disease, he was considered only "limitedly fit" for work. military service. In 1915, student Efron voluntarily entered the hospital train as a brother of mercy, then completed the “accelerated course” of the cadet school. On February 11, 1917, he was sent to the Peterhof Warrant Officer School for service. Six months later he was enrolled in the 56th Infantry Reserve Regiment, whose training team was located in Nizhny Novgorod.
In the fall of 1917, Ensign Efron arrived in Moscow. Marina Ivanovna Tsvetaeva, already pregnant with her second daughter, Irina, inspired him to take part in the October battles with the Bolsheviks. Since the “fateful times” had already arrived, her lyrical hero had no moral right to sit at home!
In exile, again at the suggestion of his wife, Sergei wrote brief memories about these events. To this day, his “Notes of a Volunteer” are perhaps the only true story about the Moscow Uprising of 1917.
Ilya Erenburg, who knew Marina and Sergei from their youth and helped them find each other after the Civil War, in his conversations with biographers and researchers of Tsvetaeva’s work, more than once said that it was Marina who “sculpted” her husband as a person. She built his life, made decisions for him, guided and supported him, like loving mother supports his teenage son through difficult times life path. For her it was an urgent need, for him it was a serious responsibility.
After the defeat of the white action in Moscow, Sergei Yakovlevich again had to live up to the heroic image created in the imagination of the Poet. The wife herself gathered and escorted her “hero” to Novocherkassk, where the White movement was born under the command of generals Kornilov and Alekseev.
The thought involuntarily comes to mind that, if not for Marina Tsvetaeva, S.Ya.’s place. Efron would most likely be on the other side of the barricades in the civil struggle that broke out. Based on his upbringing, origin, and established family traditions, he was in no way suitable for the role of the White Warrior and White Swan from “Swan Camp,” “Separation,” “Craft”...
Nevertheless, Sergei was one of the first two hundred people who arrived on Don. He took part in the 1st and 2nd Kuban campaigns of the Volunteer Army. As part of the famous Markov regiment, and then the division, he went through the entire Civil War: from the capture of Yekaterinodar by the Whites to the last, tragic battle for the Perekop fortifications in Crimea. During the entire Volunteer Service (from December 1917 to November 1920), Officer Efron was continuously in service and never served in rear units or at headquarters. He was wounded twice, but did not bow to bullets and did not hide behind the soldiers’ backs.
“In Volunteering he saw the salvation of Russia and the truth,” Marina Tsvetaeva wrote for Efron twenty years later. And it was true.
The “Way of the Cross” for the White Cause, performed by a man who by nature did not have good health or combat experience, and did not see in himself any qualities corresponding to the rank of a warrior or fighter, cannot but arouse respect. Marina and her blessing on the path of the “volunteer” made Sergei a White Knight and became everything to him.
On your dagger: Marina - You wrote it, standing up for the Fatherland. I was the first and only one in your magnificent life. I remember the night and the bright face In the hell of a soldier's carriage. I blow my hair in the wind, I keep my shoulder straps in a chest...
In the fall of 1920, as part of his unit, Efron was evacuated to Gallipoli, then moved to Constantinople, and from there to Prague. In 1921 he became a student at the University of Prague. Like many young soldiers of the White armies, Sergei Yakovlevich needed to complete his education. But even here, in difficult conditions of emigration, he remains true to himself. Instead of choosing some profession more compatible with life, Efron enters the Faculty of Philosophy, becomes a member of the Russian student organization, then the Union of Russian Writers and Journalists in Prague.
Marina Tsvetaeva, remaining in Moscow, knew nothing about the fate of her husband for more than two years. She considered Sergei dead, and she herself was on the verge of despair due to the loss of their youngest daughter Irina, who died in 1920. Only in the summer of 1921, a mutual friend of Tsvetaeva and Efron, I. Erenburg, found a way to inform Marina that her husband was alive and in Constantinople. In May 1922, Tsvetaeva and her daughter Ariadna went to see him.
Ariadne and Irina Efron, 1919
Biographical studies of the life of Marina Tsvetaeva often include the version that the meeting of the spouses after a long separation was not so joyful and happy. It had an effect that the “young veteran” now had behind him the experience of defeat, disappointment, loss of his homeland and his usual way of life. In addition, Sergei was again a dropout student and could not devote much time to his family. Marina and her daughter settled in the suburbs of Prague (they couldn’t afford to live in the city). Efron lived in a student dormitory and visited his wife only on short visits. When Tsvetaeva passed through Berlin, which at that time had become the capital of Russian publishing, she stayed there for more than a month. On the way to her husband, the famous Poet began and quickly burned out a very scandalous affair with the editor of the Helikon publishing house A.G. Cherry. Rumors spread quickly in exile, and the husband could not help but know about it.
However, according to the recollections of the Poet's daughter Ariadna Efron, several years in the Czech Republic were the happiest time for their reunited family. Living conditions in the Czech village, of course, left much to be desired. I had to do almost everything with my own hands: cut wood, light the stove, carry water from the well, clean the house...
Under the influence of Marina, S.Ya. Efron started writing again. In Prague, he organizes the Democratic Union of Russian Students and becomes co-editor of the journal “In My Own Ways” published by the Union, participates in the development of the Eurasian movement, which has become widespread among Russian emigration as an alternative to communism. Over time, politics became the main interest in the life of the “young veteran.” S. Ya. Efron joined the left side of the Eurasian movement, which, as the split in Eurasianism deepened, was increasingly loyal to the Soviet system.
In 1923, Tsvetaeva again began a short but stormy romance, now with a close acquaintance S.Ya. Efron on Constantinople, K.B. Rodzevich. The poet needed to draw inspiration from surrounding nature, in the people around you, in your current life. Sergei could no longer give this to her. The time of the “romantic hero” is over. He himself was fully aware of his situation, but getting himself and Marina out of the vicious circle was beyond his mental strength.
In one of his letters to Maximilian Voloshin, Sergei Yakovlevich decided to express everything that had accumulated in his soul:
“Marina is a person of passions. Surrendering headlong to her hurricane became a necessity for her, the air of her life. Who is the causative agent of this hurricane now is not important... Everything is built on self-deception... A huge stove, for heating which requires firewood, firewood and firewood. Unnecessary ash is thrown away, and the quality of the firewood is not so important... Needless to say, I have not been suitable for kindling for a long time..."
In a long and despairing letter of confession, Efron at times appears to a distant addressee in the guise of a selfish boy who demands only attention and participation in himself, accusing Marina of past and present infidelities:
“On the day of my departure (from Moscow to Novocherkassk in 1917 - E.Sh.), when I looked at everything with my last eyes, Marina divided her time between me and another, whom she now calls with a laugh a fool and a scoundrel...”
“Marina is eager to die. Life had long gone from under her feet. She talks about this constantly... I am both a life preserver and a millstone around my neck. It is impossible to free oneself from the millstone without tearing out the last straw to which it holds on...”
Efron says that he would have made a decision and left if he had been sure that Marina would be happy as a woman or at least find a person close to her in spirit in her next “hobby.” But he knew Konstantin Rodzevich much better than Tsvetaeva herself. Unlike her, Efron had no illusions about him. Therefore, when offering his wife a divorce, Sergei, as before, did not undertake real steps for the final break. He again gave Marina, as a loving mother, not so much the right as the responsibility to decide everything for him. And Tsvetaeva decided.
Georgy Efron
In February 1925, she gave birth to another, more beloved son, George, whom the family called Moore. Tsvetaeva was lost in love for her adored child and her creativity. Efron, who did not have the lifeline of poetry, nor the clear confidence that he, too, had become a parent, had to survive alone.
In 1926, the family moved from the Czech Republic to Paris. Sergei Yakovlevich never acquired any necessary profession. To earn money, he becomes a worker at one of the Renault factories. At the same time he works as co-editor of the Parisian magazine “Versty”. In 1927, Efron starred in the French film “Madonna of Sleeping Cars” (directed by Marco de Gastin and Maurice Glaize), where he played the role of a death row prisoner in a Batumi prison. These 12 seconds on the screen, one might say, foreshadowed his own future fate.
In the 30s, Sergei Yakovlevich began working in the Homecoming Union, as well as collaborating with the Soviet intelligence services. Since 1931, he was an employee of the Foreign Department of the OGPU in Paris. Used as a group leader and gunner-recruiter, he personally recruited 24 people from among the Parisian emigrants. Since May 29, 1933 - member of the emigrant Masonic lodge "Gamayun". On January 22, 1934 he was elevated to the 2nd degree, and on November 29, 1934 - to the 3rd degree.
The question still remains open: did Marina Tsvetaeva know that her White Knight and hero of Perekop is a Soviet agent? Most likely, she guessed about it, but was afraid to admit her grave suspicions even to herself.
Sergei, whom she had been “sculpting” and leading through life all her life, suddenly cheated on her. He cheated not with a woman, not with a “body” (Marina would easily forgive such a betrayal). He betrayed the most precious thing that she loved in him: he became an “ideological” and spiritual traitor to everything that was dear to both of them. Everything that connected them for many years.
The psychological breakdown that accompanied Tsvetaeva’s further relationship with her husband was smoothed out only by creative dedication. Perhaps Marina, having resigned herself to the inevitability, simply hid her head in the sand: after all, what does the Poet, celestial being and interlocutor of the Muses care about dirty political intrigues?
But the intrigues affected the most precious thing. A real civil war broke out within the Tsvetaeva-Efron family already in the early 30s. Marina Ivanovna fully tasted the “delights” of life under the Bolsheviks. She never shared her husband’s Eurasian views, and was very skeptical about his political activities and ideas of “returnism”. For many years, Tsvetaeva tried unsuccessfully to counteract Sergei Efron’s attempts to drag their children into politics. The father, an experienced recruiter, very quickly attracted Ariadne to his side, who largely sympathized with his views. The young girl sincerely wanted to return to her homeland, where, it seemed, great prospects could open up for her. Tsvetaeva managed to defend only Moore.
In 1937, agent S.Ya. Efron, together with General Skoblin, also an NKVD agent and a former “pioneer” of the White movement, was involved in the kidnapping of the chairman of the EMRO (Russian All-Military Union), General E.K. Miller.
According to one version, Sergei Yakovlevich Efron was also involved in the murder of Ignatius Reis (Poretsky) - Soviet intelligence officer, who refused to return to the USSR. In October 1937, the “failed” agent Efron was taken to Le Havre, from where by ship to Leningrad. Following him, his family was taken to the USSR.
Ariadna Efron left a little earlier and voluntarily, and Marina Ivanovna and Moore, who at any moment could become victims of both the NKVD and white emigrant “activism,” had no other choice. Of course, Tsvetaeva could turn to the French authorities and ask for their help, but there was no hope for anything real. The emigrant community would happily take back the author of “Swan Camp” and “Perekop”, but would never forgive his wife Soviet spy and a traitor. It was unthinkable for Tsvetaeva to renounce a person who was in trouble. In 1938, Marina Ivanovna decided to follow her husband.
Upon returning to the Soviet Union, Efron and his family were given a state-owned NKVD dacha in Bolshevo, near Moscow. Soon after his return, the daughter of Sergei Yakovlevich Ariadne was arrested. She spent ten years in prison and Kolyma camps, was rehabilitated only in 1955.
Efron himself was arrested on November 10, 1939. He was convicted by the Military Collegium Supreme Court USSR August 6, 1941 under Art. 58-1-a of the Criminal Code, sentenced to capital punishment. He was shot in August 1941.
On August 31, 1941, in Yelabuga, Marina Tsvetaeva, the great Russian national poet, committed suicide.
Her son Georgy Sergeevich Efron (Moore) died during the Great Patriotic War.
S.Ya. Efron, of course, played a fatal role in the fate of Marina Tsvetaeva, as well as in the fate of his entire family. The White Knight forever flew off the high pedestal erected for him by the brilliant verses of the Great Poet. All yesterday’s comrades-in-arms disowned the volunteer and “pioneer” as a traitor to the White Cause. The Soviet intelligence services rewarded their agent with reprisals and execution.
Perhaps only Tsvetaeva could truly understand what motivated her White Swan when he, breaking away from her, tried on someone else’s, so unnecessary to him, role of an OGPU-NKVD agent. She knew that Sergei Yakovlevich, her Seryozha, never did anything for evil, that he was by no means a weak, confused person, as many historians of the White movement and biographers of M. Tsvetaeva are trying to explain today.
Sergei Yakovlevich, like many emigrants, really wanted to return to his homeland. He wanted to be useful to his country again, dreamed of realizing his spiritual and intellectual potential, changing better life his growing children and, perhaps, regain the main thing that was in his life - Marina. And the last thing, against all odds, he succeeded.
In 1941, on the thirtieth anniversary of their first acquaintance, Tsvetaeva literally shouted her 1920 poem to Sergei into eternity:
I wrote on a slate board, And on the leaves of faded fans, And on river and sea sand, With skates on ice, and in a ring on glass, And on trunks that have survived hundreds of winters, And, finally, so that everyone knows! - What you love! love! love! love!– I signed it with a heavenly rainbow. How I wanted everyone to bloom For centuries with me! under my fingers! And how then, bowing her forehead on the table, she crossed out the name crosswise... But you, in the hand of a corrupt scribe, Clamped! You, you sting my heart! Unsold by me! inside the ring! You will survive on the tablets.
She outlived Efron by only a few days. To a loving heart there is no need for notice that part of him is dead. It stops beating and dies...
On May 18, 1911, a fateful meeting took place in the life of the great Russian poetess Marina Tsvetaeva. On this day she came to Koktebel to visit the poet Maximilian Voloshin and for the first time met Sergei Efron, who became her husband early next year.
18-year-old Marina was looking for beautiful stones on the seashore, 17-year-old Sergei came up and began to help her. Huge, “Venetian” eyes. Aquamarine and chrysoprase. Half-face eyes, black Thick hair. Marina looked into those huge eyes with incredibly long eyelashes and thought: “If he finds and gives me a carnelian, I will marry him.”
A large pink carnelian was found and donated. It was love at first sight. They found so much interesting in each other that they did not part for the entire two months they spent in Koktebel, and in January 1912, the wedding of Marina and Sergei Efron took place. Before this, Marina had “joint” loves with her younger sister Asya - first with the symbolist poet Lev Kobylinsky, who wrote under the pseudonym Ellis, whom the sisters nicknamed the Sorcerer, then with the philologist and translator Vladimir Nylender. But it was all childish, unreal, fleeting...
Sergei was a year younger than Marina. Just like Tsvetaeva herself, he lost his mother in early childhood, and besides, he did not have excellent health. The families of Marina and Sergei were not similar and close to each other either in spirit or in beliefs, but Tsvetaeva, at the first stage of their acquaintance, sincerely admired Efron.
“If you only knew what a fiery, generous, deep young man he is! – she wrote in a letter to the famous critic and philosopher V.V. Rozanov. – We will never part. Our meeting is a miracle!».
He seemed to her an ideal, a phenomenon from another century, an impeccable knight. Contemporaries spoke of his nobility, undoubted decency, human dignity and impeccable upbringing. However, many researchers of Tsvetaeva’s life and work, on the contrary, considered Efron a weak, weak-willed, not very smart and untalented amateur, an early orphaned boy who was simply flattered by the attention of a girl like Marina. Such a person could never become her husband and support in the traditional sense of the word. Another thing is that the Great Poet, since he was born a woman, in principle could not have anything “ordinary” and “traditional”! She expected miracles from him. Not to deceive this expectation became the main motto and goal of Sergei Efron’s life for many years.
In the same year, they had a daughter, whom Marina, against her husband’s wishes, named her with the mythological name Ariadne. Alya grew up an extraordinary girl– wrote poetry, kept diaries, striking in their childish depth. “My home genius,” Marina called her. If in childhood the main person for Ali was her mother, then, having matured, already in exile, she will move away from her mother and become closer to her father. She will share his love for Soviet Russia and will be the first of her family to return from France to her homeland - to her own destruction.
The first years together were cloudless. Tsvetaeva surrounded Sergei with some kind of even excessive care. He suffered from consumption, and Marina took care of his health, writing reports to his sister about how many bottles of milk he drank and how many eggs he ate. Marina took care of Sergei like a mother: he was still a high school student, and when they were born eldest daughter, Alya, took exams for the eighth grade as an external student.
What’s interesting is that they have been using “You” all their lives. Through wars, foreign kitchens, poor life, in rags - but with “you”. At a height once taken and held against all odds. In this “You” there was not alienation, but intimacy. Tsvetaeva was on first terms with Pasternak, he was far away. Seryozha was always there, and therefore only “You”.
What kind of relationship it was, letters written to each other at different periods of life eloquently tell:
S. Efron: “The day on which I did not see you, the day that I did not spend with you, I consider lost”.
M. Tsvetaeva: “From today – life. I'm living for the first time. My Serezhenka! If they don’t die from happiness, then, in any case, they turn to stone. I just received your letter. Petrified. I don’t know where to start: this is where I’ll end: my love for you.”.
S. Efron: “My dear friend, Marinochka, today I received a letter from Ilya Erenburg that you are alive and well. After reading the letter, I wandered around the city all day, mad with joy. What should I write to you? Where to begin? I have a lot to tell you, but I have forgotten how not only to write, but also to speak. I live in faith in our meeting. There will be no life for me without you. Live! I won’t demand anything from you - I don’t need anything except for you to be alive. Take care of yourself, I implore you... God bless you. Yours Sergey".
M. Tsvetaeva: “If you are alive, if I am destined to see you again, listen! When I write to you. You exist, since I am writing to you! If God does a miracle and leaves you alive, I will follow you like a dog...”.
Efron immediately becomes the romantic hero of Tsvetaeva’s poetry. More than twenty poems are associated with him and dedicated to him, which, in the opinion of literary critics and researchers, are absolutely devoid of eroticism. This is not love poetry at all, not even, as it were, lyrics dedicated by a woman to her beloved man.
I wear his ring defiantly!
- Yes, in Eternity - a wife,
Not on paper! –
His face is too narrow
Like a sword.
...In his face I am faithful to chivalry,
- To all of you. Who lived and died without fear! –
Such - in fatal times -
They compose stanzas and go to the chopping block.
The war began, and Efron tried to volunteer for the front. He was not accepted: the medical commission sees traces of tuberculosis on his lungs, and then he is sent to the front on a hospital train. Then he managed to enter the cadet school. After the revolution, Sergei fought on the side of the White Army. For two years, Marina did not hear anything about her husband, and did not even know if he was alive.
Marina was tormented by anxiety, heavy thoughts about her husband tormented her. And she had to live with all this, survive in hungry post-revolutionary Moscow.
Another one has passed terrible year, and Ilya Ehrenburg found Efron in Prague. Marina got a foreign passport, took Alya and went to her husband. They lived in the Czech Republic for three years. Sergei studied at Karov University, Marina and Alya rented a room in the suburbs of Prague. And soon they had a son, Moore. The family moved to Paris. Efron began to talk more and more often about his desire to return to his homeland. He began to think that his participation in the White Movement was dictated by a false sense of solidarity, that emigrants were largely to blame for the country they left behind... These reflections led him to cooperation with Soviet authorities. In the Paris Homecoming Union, he became one of the leaders and participated in a number of dubious actions Soviet intelligence services... Children also linked their future with Soviet Union, even Moore was eager to join the USSR.
Then it was Efron’s turn - he was exposed after one unsuccessful operation, and he literally fled to the USSR.
In this family, Marina was the only opponent of returning: “I’m impossible there.” And she would never have returned if not for her husband.
A few months after returning from emigration, Ariadne was arrested, and then Sergei. He was waiting for arrest - this entire short period was accompanied by heart attacks and panic attacks. These days, Marina wrote her last work, dictated by love for her husband - a letter to Beria, in which she begs to “figure everything out”, that she had lived with her husband for 30 years and had not met a person better than him...
The 20th century went down in Russian history as one of the most difficult for the country. Two revolutions, two world wars, repressions, several waves of emigration - all this left its scars not only on the state as a whole, but also on each family individually. The Efrons, the relatives and friends of the great poet Marina Tsvetaeva, suffered a lot from her husband Sergei.
The exhibition “One Hundred Years of Everything” at the Marina Tsvetaeva House-Museum tells the story of several generations of the Efron family. Objects and numerous letters reveal the twists and turns of their destinies, telling deeply personal and tragic stories. About several exhibits from this exhibition - in the material "Mosgortur".
Fan of Elizaveta Durnovo
Sergei Efron's parents, Elizaveta Petrovna Durnovo and Yakov Konstantinovich Efron, came from different walks of life: she was a hereditary noblewoman, he came from a poor Jewish family.
Elizabeth's father and mother were included in high circles societies of both capitals - attended parties, official events, including numerous balls.
Elizaveta Petrovna's first ball took place in the house of the Moscow Governor-General. The debutante spent a long time choosing an outfit and in the end chose lilies of the valley as the leitmotif of her costume - they decorated her hair and dress. The look was completed with an ivory fan.
A few years later, Elizaveta Petrovna joined the revolutionary circle “Land and Freedom” and her views on power and the aristocratic elite of society, of which she herself was a part, changed sharply - now she was ready to plunge a knife into the side of the very governor-general who had recently kindly welcomed her into his home.
Fan of Elizaveta Durnovo. (Anton Usanov. MOSGORTUR)
The meetings of “Land and Freedom” were attended by absolutely different people- from peasants to representatives of the nobility. It was at one of these meetings that Elizaveta Petrovna and Yakov Konstantinovich met. Due to persecution Russian authorities soon they were forced to go abroad. They settled in France and in 1885 in one of Orthodox churches Marcel got married. After the birth of their first daughter Anna that same year, Elizaveta and Yakov withdrew from revolutionary affairs, devoting themselves to their family.
Tablet from the grave of Yakov Efron, Elizaveta Durnovo and Konstantin Efron
After completing their revolutionary career, the Ephrons tried more than once to return to Russian Empire and only in 1886 their petition was accepted. For the first time after returning to their homeland, they kept a quiet family life, raising numerous children - Vera, Gleb, Sergei and Konstantin were added to those born in France, Anna, Peter and Elizabeth in Russia.
But the quiet life did not last long - in 1901, their surname Efron began to appear in police reports again. The grown-up daughters, Anna and Vera, began to take part in student revolutionary circles, and soon their mother again set foot on the path of anti-government activity. Elizaveta Petrovna was detained several times, and after one of the arrests she was placed in Butyrka prison. She was released only 9 months later, after she was given bail. Police persecution forced Elizaveta Petrovna to flee abroad again.
Tablet from the graves of Yakov Efron, Elizaveta Durnovo and Konstantin Efron. (Anton Usanov. MOSGORTUR)
In 1907, she and her son Konstantin left for Geneva, and from there moved to Paris. The period of stay in the capital of France became one of the most tragic in the life of members of the Efron family.
At the beginning of 1909, Yakov Konstantinovich came to his wife, already seriously ill, and died in June of the same year. Six months later, another tragedy awaited the family - in 1910 he committed suicide younger son Efronov is fourteen-year-old Konstantin. The mother, left alone with this tragedy, was unable to cope with grief and the next day she also committed suicide.
The memorial plaque appeared on the tombstone of the parents and son in 1938, it was installed by Marina Tsvetaeva. This item appeared in the museum's collections in 1982.
Portrait of Sergei Efron
The tragedy that shocked the remaining children could not but affect their lives. Wanting to somehow support the orphaned Efrons, the famous poet and artist Maximilian Voloshin invited them to his dacha in Koktebel. The summer of 1911 became the time of the “stupid” - that’s how the representatives of the circle that was formed then among the guests of the writer’s house called themselves. The months spent visiting him gave the Efrons numerous new acquaintances. Sergei was the luckiest of all - here he met Marina Tsvetaeva.
Portrait of Sergei Efron. (Anton Usanov. MOSGORTUR)
The young people really liked each other and spent a lot of time together. Once Marina was collecting beautiful stones on a Crimean beach, and Sergei was helping her. “If he finds and brings me a carnelian, I will definitely marry him,” Tsvetaeva thought then. It was this stone that Efron gave her. Marina romanticized him, seeing the hand of fate in their meeting. Marina found Sergei's surname similar to the name of the hero of her favorite ancient Greek tragedy - Orpheus. In addition, his initials coincided with the initials of Tsvetaeva’s mother’s first lover - his name was also Sergei E.
In 1912, as soon as Sergei Efron turned 18, he and Marina Tsvetaeva got married. Thus began their difficult family life.
The portrait of Sergei Efron, painted from life by Maximilian Voloshin, was provided for the exhibition by the M. A. Voloshin House Museum in Koktebel.
Letter from Nyura Efron
“Dear Lilya and Vera. Merry Christmas. Will you celebrate the New Year? - Anna Efron’s daughter Nyura asks her aunts in a letter dated December 13, 1917. The past year, in which the country was rocked by two revolutions at once, became a turning point in the history of the Efron family. Some of them accepted Soviet power, some did not.
The eldest of the Efron children, Anna, and her husband Alexander Trupchinsky were happy about the establishment of a new order and actively collaborated with the Soviet authorities. Even before the revolution, Anna Efron had a rich party past (since 1907 she was a member of the Bolshevik Central Committee), which helped their family not to be “compacted” and remain in their three-room apartment.
Letter from Nyura Efron. (Anton Usanov. MOSGORTUR)
Sergei Efron took the side of the white officers and participated in battles with the Bolsheviks. In 1921, after the victory of the Red Army in the Civil War, he had to go into exile. Through Constantinople he came to the Czech Republic, to Prague, where he entered the Faculty of Philosophy. He returned to Russia only in 1937, having already become an agent of the OGPU.
Vera Efron and her husband Mikhail Feldstein almost immediately after the Civil War went into silent opposition new government. In 1920, they faced their first oppression from higher authorities.
All her life, Vera Efron aspired to be an actress, but after the revolution she was unable to continue her theatrical career and began teaching dramatization to children. Sister Anna accused her of being “unable to understand the difficulty and tension of modern life” and thinking that “one can live the old fashioned way, admiring nature and one’s own beauty.”
Mikhail Solomonovich was a professor at Moscow State University and studied political systems. Acquaintances described Feldstein as “a statist theorist, inclined to analyze events rather than take part in them.” But still, his activities seemed suspicious to the authorities and in 1920 he was arrested for the first time, accused of creating a counter-revolutionary organization. Despite the severity of the charges, the sentence turned out to be quite lenient - 5 years of probation. However, this arrest was not the only interaction between Mikhail Feldshtein and the NKVD. A few years later, the Soviet repressive system played a role decisive role in his destiny.
Letter from Vera Efron and response from the NKVD
After 1920, Mikhail Feldshtein was arrested several more times, but all the time he managed to avoid serious consequences and remain free. The last arrest was on July 26, 1938.
The likely reason for this arrest was Feldshtein's activities as a legal adviser in an organization that defended the rights of political prisoners. The history of Mikhail Solomonovich’s arrests was reflected in the course of the trial - he was accused of “from 1921 until the day of his arrest, he was one of the leaders of the underground cadet organization in Moscow, and also of being a German agent, conducting intelligence work on the territory of the USSR in favor of Germany."
Letter from Vera Efron and response from the NKVD. (Anton Usanov. MOSGORTUR)
Vera Efron sent money and parcels to her arrested husband, until on March 16, 1939, she received a certificate stating that he was sent to a “distant camp, without time limit, without the right of correspondence.” Knowing that there is no such measure in official Soviet criminal legislation, she wrote a letter to the NKVD, where she asked “to give 1) the exact wording of the sentence, 2) indicate the article of charges and 3) inform which court sentenced him.” To this in April, Vera Yakovlevna received a dry answer: “We have received and verified your application. Your husband is convicted. Your request has been rejected."
In these three lines there was no place for the most important thing - on February 20, 1939, Mikhail Solomonovich Feldshtein was sentenced to death. The sentence was carried out on the same day.
Vera Efron never found out about the fate of her husband - she died in 1945, thinking that Mikhail Solomonovich was still in the camp.
You can learn about the fates of other members of the Efron family at the exhibition “One Hundred Years of Everything,” which is being held at the Marina Tsvetaeva House-Museum until March 29, 2020.
Marina Ivanovna Tsvetaeva is a Russian poetess, translator, author of biographical essays and critical articles. She is considered one of the key figures in world poetry of the 20th century. Today, Marina Tsvetaeva’s poems about love such as “Nailed to the pillory…”, “Not an impostor - I came home…”, “Yesterday I looked into your eyes…” and many others are called textbooks.
Childhood photo of Marina Tsvetaeva | Museum of M. Tsvetaeva
Marina Tsvetaeva's birthday falls on Orthodox holiday in memory of the Apostle John the Theologian. The poetess would later repeatedly reflect this circumstance in her works. A girl was born in Moscow, in the family of a professor at Moscow University, famous philologist and art critic Ivan Vladimirovich Tsvetaev, and his second wife Maria Main, a professional pianist, a student of Nikolai Rubinstein himself. On her father's side, Marina had half-brothers Andrei and sister, as well as her own younger sister Anastasia. The creative professions of her parents left their mark on Tsvetaeva’s childhood. Her mother taught her to play the piano and dreamed of seeing her daughter become a musician, and her father instilled a love for quality literature And foreign languages.
Childhood photos of Marina Tsvetaeva It so happened that Marina and her mother often lived abroad, so she spoke fluently not only Russian, but also French and German languages. Moreover, when little six-year-old Marina Tsvetaeva began to write poetry, she composed in all three, and most of all in French. The future famous poetess began receiving her education at a Moscow private girls' gymnasium, and later studied at boarding schools for girls in Switzerland and Germany. At the age of 16, she tried to attend a course of lectures on Old French literature at the Sorbonne in Paris, but did not complete her studies there.
With sister Anastasia, 1911 | Museum of M. Tsvetaeva When the poetess Tsvetaeva began publishing her poems, she began to communicate closely with the circle of Moscow symbolists and actively participate in the life of literary circles and studios at the Musaget publishing house. Soon the Civil War begins. These years had a very difficult impact on the morale of the young woman. She did not accept and did not approve of the separation of her homeland into white and red components. In the spring of 1922, Marina Olegovna sought permission to emigrate from Russia and go to the Czech Republic, where her husband, Sergei Efron, who had served in the White Army and was now studying at the University of Prague, had fled several years earlier.
Ivan Vladimirovich Tsvetaev with his daughter Marina, 1906 | Museum of M. Tsvetaeva For a long time Marina Tsvetaeva’s life was connected not only with Prague, but also with Berlin, and three years later her family was able to reach the French capital. But the woman did not find happiness there either. She was depressingly affected by people's rumors that her husband was involved in a conspiracy against her son and that he had been recruited by the Soviet government. In addition, Marina realized that in spirit she was not an emigrant, and Russia did not let go of her thoughts and heart.
Poems
Marina Tsvetaeva's first collection, entitled “Evening Album,” was published in 1910. It mainly included her creations written in school years. Quite quickly, the work of the young poetess attracted the attention of famous writers, Maximilian Voloshin, husband Nikolai Gumilyov, and the founder of Russian symbolism Valery Bryusov were especially interested in her. On the wave of success, Marina writes her first prose article, “Magic in Bryusov’s Poems.” By the way, a rather remarkable fact is that she published her first books with her own money.
First edition of "Evening Album" | Feodosia Museum of Marina and Anastasia Tsvetaev Soon Marina Tsvetaeva’s “Magic Lantern”, her second collection of poetry, was published, and then her next work, “From Two Books,” was published. Shortly before the revolution, the biography of Marina Tsvetaeva was connected with the city of Alexandrov, where she came to visit her sister Anastasia and her husband. From the point of view of creativity, this period is important because it is full of dedications to loved ones and favorite places and was later called by specialists “Tsvetaeva’s Alexander Summer.” It was then that the woman created the famous cycles of poems “To Akhmatova” and “Poems about Moscow.”
Akhmatova and Tsvetaeva in the images of Egyptian women. Monument " silver Age", Odessa | Panoramio During civil war Marina was imbued with sympathy for the white movement, although, as mentioned above, she generally did not approve of the division of the country into conventional colors. During that period, she wrote poems for the collection “Swan Camp”, as well as large poems “The Tsar Maiden”, “Egorushka”, “On a Red Horse” and romantic plays. After moving abroad, the poetess composed two large-scale works - “The Poem of the Mountain” and “The Poem of the End,” which will be among her main works. But most of the poems from the emigration period were not published. The last collection to be published was “After Russia,” which included the works of Marina Tsvetaeva until 1925. Although she never stopped writing.
Manuscript by Marina Tsvetaeva | Unofficial site Foreigners appreciated Tsvetaeva's prose much more - her memories of Russian poets Andrei Bely, Maximilian Voloshin, Mikhail Kuzmin, the books “My Pushkin”, “Mother and Music”, “House at Old Pimen” and others. But they didn’t buy poetry, although Marina wrote a wonderful cycle “To Mayakovsky,” for which the “black muse” was the suicide of the Soviet poet. The death of Vladimir Vladimirovich literally shocked the woman, which can be felt many years later when reading these poems by Marina Tsvetaeva.
Personal life
The poetess met her future husband Sergei Efron in 1911 at the house of her friend Maximilian Voloshin in Koktebel. Six months later they became husband and wife, and soon their eldest daughter Ariadne was born. But Marina was a very passionate woman and different time other men captured her heart. For example, the great Russian poet Boris Pasternak, with whom Tsvetaeva had almost 10 years of romantic relationship, which did not stop after her emigration.
Sergei Efron and Tsvetaeva before the wedding | Museum of M. Tsvetaeva In addition, in Prague, the poetess began a whirlwind romance with lawyer and sculptor Konstantin Rodzevich. Their relationship lasted about six months, and then Marina, who dedicated the “Poem of the Mountain” to her lover, full of frantic passion and unearthly love, volunteered to help his bride choose a wedding dress, thereby putting an end to love relationships.
Ariadne Ephron with her mother, 1916 | Museum of M. Tsvetaeva But Marina Tsvetaeva’s personal life was connected not only with men. Even before emigrating, in 1914 she met the poetess and translator Sofia Parnok in a literary circle. The ladies quickly discovered sympathy for each other, which soon grew into something more. Marina dedicated a cycle of poems, “Girlfriend,” to her beloved, after which their relationship came out of the shadows. Efron knew about his wife’s affair, was very jealous, caused scenes, and Tsvetaeva was forced to leave him for Sofia. However, in 1916 she broke up with Parnok, returned to her husband and a year later gave birth to a daughter, Irina. The poetess will later say about her strange relationship that it is wild for a woman to love a woman, but only men are boring. However, Marina described her love for Parnok as “the first disaster in her life.”
Portrait of Sofia Parnok | Wikipedia After the birth of her second daughter, Marina Tsvetaeva faces a dark streak in her life. Revolution, husband's escape abroad, extreme poverty, famine. The eldest daughter Ariadna became very ill, and Tsvetaeva sent the children to an orphanage in the village of Kuntsovo near Moscow. Ariadne recovered, but Irina fell ill and died at the age of three.
Georgy Efron with his mother | Museum of M. Tsvetaeva Later, after reuniting with her husband in Prague, the poetess gave birth to a third child - a son, George, who was called “Moore” in the family. The boy was sickly and fragile, nevertheless, during the Second World War he went to the front, where he died in the summer of 1944. Georgy Efron was buried in a mass grave in the Vitebsk region. Due to the fact that neither Ariadne nor George had children of their own, today there are no direct descendants of the great poetess Tsvetaeva.
Death
In exile, Marina and her family lived almost in poverty. Tsvetaeva’s husband could not work due to illness, Georgy was just a baby, Ariadne tried to help financially by embroidering hats, but in fact their income consisted of meager fees for articles and essays that Marina Tsvetaeva wrote. She called this financial situation slow death from hunger. Therefore, all family members constantly turn to the Soviet embassy with a request to return to their homeland.
Monument by Zurab Tsereteli, Saint-Gilles-Croix-de-Vie, France | Evening Moscow In 1937, Ariadne received this right; six months later, Sergei Efron secretly moved to Moscow, since in France he was threatened with arrest as an accomplice to a political murder. After some time, Marina herself and her son officially cross the border. But the return turned into tragedy. Very soon the NKVD arrests the daughter, and after her Tsvetaeva’s husband. And if Ariadne was rehabilitated after her death, having served over 15 years, then Efron was shot in October 1941.
Monument in the city of Tarusa | Pioneer Tour However, his wife never found out about this. When did the Great Patriotic War, a woman with her teenage son went for evacuation to the town of Elabuga on the Kama River. To obtain temporary registration, the poetess is forced to get a job as a dishwasher. Her statement was dated August 28, 1941, and three days later Tsvetaeva committed suicide by hanging herself in the house where she and Georgy were assigned to stay. Marina left three suicide notes. She addressed one of them to her son and asked for forgiveness, and in the other two she asked people to take care of the boy.
Monument in the village of Usen-Ivanovskoye, Bashkiria | School of Life It is very interesting that when Marina Tsvetaeva was just getting ready to evacuate, her old friend Boris Pasternak helped her in packing her things, who specially bought a rope for tying things up. The man boasted that he had obtained such a strong rope - “at least hang yourself”... It was this that became the instrument of Marina Ivanovna’s suicide. Tsvetaeva was buried in Yelabuga, but since the war was going on, the exact place of burial remains unclear to this day. Orthodox customs do not allow funeral services for suicides, but the ruling bishop can make an exception. And Patriarch Alexy II in 1991, on the 50th anniversary of his death, took advantage of this right. Church rite held in the Moscow Church of the Ascension of the Lord at the Nikitsky Gate.
Stone of Marina Tsvetaeva in Tarusa | Wanderer In memory of the great Russian poetess, the Marina Tsvetaeva Museum was opened, and more than one. There is a similar house of memory in the cities of Tarus, Korolev, Ivanov, Feodosiya and many other places. On the banks of the Oka River there is a monument by Boris Messerer. There are sculptural monuments in other cities of Russia, near and far abroad.
Collections
- 1910 - Evening album
- 1912 - Magic Lantern
- 1913 - From two books
- 1920 - Tsar Maiden
- 1921 - Swan Camp
- 1923 - Psyche. Romance
- 1924 - Poem of the Mountain
- 1924 - Poem of the End
- 1928 - After Russia
- 1930 - Siberia