Marina Shkerina
Research project “Why is snow white?”
The project was completed jointly with the child.
Introduction
Winter came. It became cold outside. The whole earth, all the trees, were covered with a white fluffy blanket. White snowflakes are falling, lying on the ground, on the roofs of houses, on trees, on people. Snowflakes look like white stars. They fall quietly to the ground.
I really love looking at snowflakes. They are very beautiful. Like lace, all different. Sometimes they stick together and fall to the ground in large flakes. Sometimes cold wind breaks the white stars, turning them into fine snow dust, and then it is very difficult to see them.
One morning I woke up and looked out the window. I saw that everything around: the ground, trees, roofs of houses, became white. It was the first snow. I thought: “Why is snow white?” And I decided to investigate this problem.
This problem allowed us to formulate the research topic: “Why is snow white?”
Having decided on the topic, I set a goal: to study and conduct experiments to answer the question “Why is snow white?”
To achieve this goal, the following tasks need to be solved:
1. Study literature that talks about snow.
2. Prove experimentally “Why is snow white?”
3. Summarize the knowledge gained.
Object of study: snow.
Subject of study: snow composition
Hypothesis: Let's pretend that White color snow is associated with the reflection of light.
Research methods:
1. Studying literature on the topic
2. Observation of the research object
3. Conducting experiments
4. Analysis of the results and conclusions from the study
Chapter I. Theoretical justification of experimental work.
1.1 What is snow?
What is snow? That's a lot, a lot of beautiful snowflakes; they fall and fall from a height onto the ground, onto trees, onto the roofs of houses - clean, fragile, sparkling. And then it fell - this amazing snow. He lay down with “magnificent carpets” and covered the ground with a white shroud. The fallen snow filled up all the holes and ditches, leveled the hillocks - completely transformed the plain. The forest has changed even more. The snow scattered in white clumps along the branches of the trees, covered the leaves and twigs that had fallen to the ground with a white blanket, and settled in high snowdrifts in the bushes. He revealed to an attentive eye many secrets of forest life - everything that happened was imprinted on the snow cover, leaving traces in the snow.
I found the meaning of the word “snow” in “Modern explanatory dictionary" Snow is hard precipitation, consisting of small ice crystals falling from clouds at temperatures below 0C. Snow forms when water vapor in the atmosphere freezes. Tiny crystals appear first. Following air currents, they move in all directions. Gradually, the crystals “stick” to each other until there are a hundred or more of them. When the size of the frozen ice floes turns out to be large enough, they begin to sink to the ground. We call these accumulations of ice floes snowflakes.
1.2 Where do snowflakes come from?
A snowflake is a frozen water crystal shaped like a six-pointed polyhedron.
Water vapor rises high above the ground. It is very cold at the top, and ice crystals form from it. They are very small. These are not snowflakes yet. As they fall down, the crystals quickly increase in size. This happens because there is a lot of water vapor in the air, which settles on their surface and freezes. This is how a crystalline piece of ice becomes a beautiful, delicate snowflake.
There are so many snowflakes and they are all different - not one is the same.
The largest snowflake ever recorded had a diameter of 12 cm. Typically, snowflakes are about 5 mm in diameter and weigh 0.004 g.
The crystals that make up snowflakes have a certain shape. This is either a six-pointed star or a thin plate shaped like a hexagon. The fact is that the main water crystal has the shape of a regular hexagon in the plane.
In 1885, American farmer Wilson Bentley took the first successful photograph of a snowflake under a microscope. He did this for 46 years and took more than 5,000 unique photographs. Based on his work, it was proven that no two snowflakes are alike.
At different temperatures crystals of various shapes are formed
The most beautiful snowflakes fall where the climate is harsher - for example, in the north.
Depending on the weather conditions“Their own” snow falls in different places.
For the formation of large flakes of snowflakes, complete calmness is necessary; the longer the snowflakes travel, the more they collide and adhere to each other.
At low temperatures and strong wind snowflakes collide in the air, crumble and fall to the ground in the form of fragments - “diamond dust”.
1.3 Classification of snowflakes.
Prisms- there are both 6-gonal plates and thin columns with a 6-gonal cross-section. Prisms are tiny in size and almost invisible to the naked eye. The edges of the prism are often decorated with various complex patterns.
Needles- thin and long snow crystals, they form at a temperature of about -5 degrees.
When examined, they look like small light hairs.
Dendrites- or tree-like, have pronounced branching thin rays. Most often these are large crystals and can be seen with the naked eye. Maximum size The dendrite can reach 30 cm in diameter.
12-pointed snowflakes- sometimes columns with tips are formed with the plates rotated relative to each other by 30 degrees. When rays grow from each plate, a crystal with 12 rays is obtained.
Hollow posts- cavities sometimes form inside columns with a hexagonal cross-section. Interestingly, the shape of the cavities is symmetrical relative to the center of the crystal. A high magnification is required to see even the smallest snowflakes.
Fern-like dendrites- this type is one of the largest. The branches of star-shaped dendrites grow thin and very frequent, as a result the snowflake begins to look like a fern.
Irregularly shaped crystals- snow crystals are often small, asymmetrical and fused with each other. To get beautiful symmetrical crystals, you need a successful combination of many weather circumstances.
Triangular crystals- such snowflakes are formed at a temperature of about -2 degrees. In fact, these are hexagonal prisms, some of the sides of which are much shorter than others. But rays can grow on the edges of these.
Bullet sockets- sometimes when crystals form, they can grow together and grow in random directions. Such formations easily break into individual crystals, similar to bullets. Hence the unusual name.
1.4 Why is snow white?
When a Russian person is asked to imagine winter, the first thing he sees in his imagination is snow, a snow-white cover that shrouds everything around. We are so accustomed to the color of snow that we don’t even think about why snow is white. It turns out that all the colors we perceive depend on the sun's rays. Black objects completely absorb sunlight, which is why we perceive them as black. And if an object completely reflects a ray of sun, then the color will appear white to us.
Snow is frozen water, and as we know, ice is colorless. Why is snow white? From the Internet and the children's encyclopedia “Everything about Everything,” I learned that snowflakes are 95% air. The crystals of snowflakes are not smooth, but have edges. The reflection of light from the faces of these crystals makes the snow white. Ice remains colorless because it allows all Sunbeam. And every snowflake would transmit all the light through itself and would also have no color. But snowflakes usually fall on top of each other in random motion. And already together they become opaque, but white. To understand why snow is white, why it reflects the rays of the sun, we need to look at the composition of the snow. Snow is formed from snowflakes, and snowflakes are formed from a huge number of crystals. These crystals are not smooth, but have edges. This is the answer to our question, why is snow white? It is from the edges that sunlight is reflected. Water in the atmosphere is steam, it freezes, and transparent crystals form. Due to the movement of air, the crystals move freely up and down. In this chaotic movement, the crystals connect with each other. And when, finally, too many crystals gather together, then they begin to fall to the ground in the form of snowflakes that are familiar to us. It turns out that the color of snow is white, because the light of the sun that it reflects is white. Think if a ray of sunshine turned green or yellow, then the color of the snow would be the same. Surely, many have noticed that during sunrise or sunset, it seems to us that the rays of the sun turn pinkish, so at this moment the snow appears pink to us.
Interesting Facts:
#1: Did you know that snow is not always white? In many regions of the world, people have seen it in red, green, blue and even black! The reason for this variety of colors is tiny bacteria, fungi, and dust contained in the air and absorbed by snowflakes as they fall to the earth's surface.
Conclusion on Chapter I
1. I learned that snow is solid precipitation consisting of small ice crystals.
2. Each snowflake is a collection of small pieces of ice.
3. Snow is formed from snowflakes, and snowflakes are formed from a huge number of crystals.
Chapter II. Organization of experimental work
on the problem “Why is snow white?”
From my observations while studying literature, I learned that any snowflake has the shape of a six-pointed star. Regardless of the shape of the snowflakes, they are all white. And the snow is white, white, and if the sun is shining, it becomes dazzling white. Why? A snowflake consists of crystals of ice and air; light falling on the rays of a snowflake is reflected from them, scattered and perceived by us as white. And when a ray of sunlight hits the crystals, it is reflected from it and blinds our eyes.
I decided to conduct experiments to prove that snow is really white.
2.1 Conducting experiments to answer the question “Why is snow white?”
How I conducted the experiments
Experience No. 1
I put snow on red cardboard and compared it with a white sheet of paper. Conclusion: Snow is white.
Experience No. 2
I took a transparent plastic bag. I cut it into small pieces. Each piece is a “snowflake”. I put all the pieces in a transparent glass. They were positioned differently.
Result: “snow” in a white glass.
Experience No. 3
I poured water into a glass and put it in the freezer. The water turned into transparent ice. Mom broke the ice into small pieces. He turned white.
Conclusion
Pieces plastic bag and the pieces of ice are individually transparent. Light passes through them and is not reflected. When the pieces of the package lie chaotically (in different ways), they reflect light in different directions.
Conclusion
Snow is white because each snowflake reflects light different sides. In scientific language - “light is scattered.” This makes the snow white.
Shadrina Ekaterina
Goals and objectives of the project, information about the formation of snow and ice, experimental experiments.
Download:
Preview:
To use presentation previews, create an account for yourself ( account) Google and log in: https://accounts.google.com
Slide captions:
Research project on the topic: “Why is snow white.” Completed by a 3rd grade student of the Municipal Educational Institution “VSOSH”: Ekaterina Shadrina Project leader teacher primary classes Municipal educational institution "VSOSH": Mironova Elena Vladimirovna
White fluffy snow swirls in the air and quietly falls to the ground and lies down. And in the morning the Field turned white with snow, as if everything had been covered with a shroud.
Formulation of the problem. Winter came. It became cold outside. One morning I woke up and looked out the window. I saw that everything around: the ground, trees, roofs of houses, became white. It was the first snow. I thought: “Why is snow white?”
Project goal: Study and conduct experiments to answer the question “Why is snow white?”
Project objectives: Study literature that talks about snow. Prove experimentally “Why is snow white?”
Object of study: snow. Hypothesis: Suppose that the white color of snow is due to the reflection of light. Research methods: 1. Study of literature on the topic. 2. Observation of the research object. 3. Conducting experiments. 4. Analysis of the results and conclusions from the study.
Introduction Snow is frozen water. What color is the ice? None. It transmits the entire ray of sunlight through itself and remains colorless. Each individual snowflake would also freely transmit a ray of sun through itself and would also be colorless, like ice. But the snowflakes fall on each other in disarray. Together they become opaque, do not allow rays to pass through them, but, on the contrary, reflect them into the eyes. And that's why snow appears white.
Conclusion: each snowflake is a collection of small pieces of ice; snowflakes lie differently; snowflakes reflect light in different directions.
Experience No. 1. I took a transparent plastic bag. I cut it into small pieces. Each piece is a “snowflake”.
I put all the pieces in a transparent glass. They were positioned differently.
Result: “snow” in a white glass.
Experience No. 2. I poured water into a glass and put it in the freezer. The water turned into transparent ice.
Mom broke the ice into small pieces. He turned white.
Summary and Conclusion Conclusion Pieces of plastic bag and pieces of ice are individually transparent. Light passes through them and is not reflected. When the pieces of the package lie chaotically (in different ways), they reflect light in different directions. Conclusion Snow is white because each snowflake reflects light in different directions. In scientific language - “light is scattered.” This makes the snow white.
Sources of information: Children's Encyclopedia. "I'm exploring the world." – M.: AST Publishing House LLC, 2001.-557 p.: V. A. Markin. Photos from the home archive, taken during the experiments - 2014 http://otvet.mail.ru/question/62950897 - photograph depicting snowy trees. http://www. adobetutorialz. com / articles /2909/1/ We - wish - you - a - Merry - Christmas - illustration - template for presentation computer science teacher Irina Borisovna Kurbanova, GOU Secondary School No. 594, St. Petersburg, website: http://pedsovet.su/
Preview:
Municipal educational institution "Voskinsky secondary school"
Research project on the topic:
"Why is snow white?"
Completed by a student
3rd class
Municipal educational institution "VSOSH":
Shadrina Ekaterina.
Project Manager
primary school teacher
Municipal educational institution "VSOSH":
Mironova Elena Vladimirovna.
year 2014
- Formulation of the problem.
- Objective of the project.
- Project objectives.
- Object of study.
- Hypothesis.
- Research methods.
- Literature.
Formulation of the problem.
White fluffy snow
Spinning in the air
And the ground is quiet
Falls, lies down.
And in the morning there is snow
The field turned white
Like a veil
Everything dressed him.
Winter came. It became cold outside. One morning I woke up and
looked out the window. I saw that everything was around: the earth, trees, roofs of houses,
turned white. It was the first snow.
I thought: “Why is snow white?”
Objective of the project:
Studying and conducting experiments to answer the question “Why is snow white?”
Project objectives:
- Study literature that talks about snow.
- Prove experimentally “Why is snow white?”
Object of study: snow.
Hypothesis: Let's assume that the white color of snow is due to the reflection of light.
Research methods:
1. Studying literature on the topic.
2. Observation of the research object.
3. Conducting experiments.
4. Analysis of the results and conclusions from the study.
Introduction
Snow is frozen water. What color is the ice? None. It transmits the entire ray of sunlight through itself and remains colorless. Each individual snowflake would also freely transmit a ray of sun through itself and would also be colorless, like ice. But the snowflakes fall on each other in disarray. Together they become opaque, do not allow rays to pass through them, but, on the contrary, reflect them into the eyes. And that's why snow appears white.
From my observations while studying literature, I learned that any snowflake has the shape of a six-pointed star. Regardless of the shape of the snowflakes, they are all white. And the snow is white, white, and if the sun is shining, it becomes dazzling white. Why? A snowflake consists of crystals of ice and air; light falling on the rays of a snowflake is reflected from them, scattered and perceived by us as white. And when a ray of sunlight hits the crystals, it is reflected from it and blinds our eyes. I decided to conduct experiments to prove that snow is really white.
Conclusion:
-
each snowflake is a collection of small pieces of ice;
-snowflakes lie in different ways;
-snowflakes reflect light in different directions.
How I conducted the experiments
Experience No. 1.
I took a transparent plastic bag. I cut it into small pieces. Each piece is a “snowflake”.
I put all the pieces in a transparent glass. They were positioned differently. Result: “snow” in a white glass.
Experience No. 2.
I poured water into a glass and put it in the freezer. The water turned into transparent ice.
Mom broke the ice into small pieces. He turned white.
When a Russian person is asked to imagine winter, the first thing he sees in his imagination is snow, a snow-white cover that shrouds everything around. We are so accustomed to the color of snow that we don’t even think about why the snow is white.
Why is snow white
All the colors we perceive depend on the sun's rays. Black objects completely absorb sunlight, which is why we perceive them as black. And if an object completely reflects a ray of sun, then the color will appear white to us.
What is snow, exactly? This is frozen water, hexagonal pieces of ice. And water and ice are colorless. Why is snow white then? Ice remains colorless because it transmits the entire ray of sunlight through it. And every snowflake would transmit all the light through itself and would also have no color. But snowflakes usually fall on top of each other in random motion. And already together they become opaque, but white.
To understand why snow is white, why it reflects the rays of the sun, we need to look at the composition of the snow. Snow is formed from snowflakes, and snowflakes are formed from a huge number of crystals. These crystals are not smooth, but have edges. This is the answer to our question, why is snow white? It is from the edges that sunlight is reflected.
Water in the atmosphere is steam, it freezes, and transparent crystals form. Due to the movement of air, the crystals move freely up and down. In this chaotic movement, the crystals are connected to each other. And when too many crystals finally gather together, then they begin to fall to the ground in the form of snowflakes that are familiar to us.
It turns out that the color of snow is white, because the light of the sun that it reflects is white. Think if a ray of sunshine turned green or yellow, then the color of the snow would be the same. Surely, many have noticed that during sunrise or sunset, it seems to us that the rays of the sun turn pinkish, so at this moment the snow appears pink to us.
Does snow come in a different color?
Who can give an affirmative answer to this absurd question?! Don't dismiss this idea right away. In fact, it also happened that colored snow fell. For example, Charles Darwin once described one similar case. It happened during one of his expeditions. Looking at the hooves of the mules, Charles Darwin saw that they were covered with red spots. This happened when the mules walked through the fallen snow. It turned out that the red snow was formed from the presence of red pollen in the air at the time the snow began to fall.
When you study an individual snowflake closely, you can see that it is transparent. But snow, which consists of thousands and thousands of transparent snowflakes, is white. How does this happen?
The fact is that light has different wavelengths. Each wavelength has its own color. The distribution of colors by wavelength can be seen in the picture below.
Some materials can absorb certain wavelengths, while others reflect them. This is why objects have various colors. For example, some materials reflect short wavelengths of blue color, and longer waves are absorbed, so we see a blue object. Other materials are red because they reflect only the wavelength characteristic of red. A material that reflects all waves falling on it will appear white, and a material that absorbs all waves will appear black.
Snow, as you know, is frozen water. If you look at water, you can see that it is transparent, which means that light waves pass through it. Therefore, it is not surprising that the snowflake is transparent. If you pass a ray of light through one snowflake, it will not be reflected, but, passing through the smallest ice crystals, it will refract at an angle. It’s not for nothing that they say: “no two snowflakes are alike,” because they all have a varied and unique shape. When a ray hits another snowflake, it will again refract at some angle, then again and again, and so on until it hits our retina, and our brain interprets the information received as white color.
Newly fallen and free snow refracts light waves until they are reflected back, which is why it appears completely white. But sometimes even on pure snow you can notice some bluish tint. In this case, everything depends on the density of the fallen snow (if we exclude the presence of impurities). If it is loose enough, then long light waves penetrate it a little deeper, while short ones, predominantly blue, remain on the surface. This is exactly what we are observing.
Illustration: depositphotos.com
If you find an error, please highlight a piece of text and click Ctrl+Enter.
Irina Senotrusova
Research project “Why is snow white?”
Research on the topic: « Why is snow white?»
Introduction
Winter came. It became cold outside. White The whole earth, all the trees, were covered with a fluffy blanket. Are falling white snowflakes, lie on the ground, on the roofs of houses, on trees, on people. Snowflakes look like white stars. They fall silently to the ground
I really love looking at snowflakes. They are very beautiful. Like lace, all different. Sometimes they stick together and fall to the ground in large flakes. Sometimes the cold wind breaks white stars, turning them into fine snow dust, and then it is very difficult to see them.
One morning I woke up and looked out the window. I saw that everything around: earth, trees, roofs of houses, became white. It fell out snow. I thought about it: "A why is snow white?» And I decided investigate this problem.
This problem allowed us to formulate the topic research: « Why is snow white?»
Target: studying and conducting experiments to answer a question « Why is snow white?»
Tasks:
1. Study literature that talks about snow, study the information presented on the Internet
2. Prove experimentally « Why is snow white?»
3. Summarize the acquired knowledge by presenting it at a competition
Methods research:
1. Studying literature on the topic
2. Observation of the object research
3. Conducting experiments
4. Analysis of the results and conclusions based on the conducted research
Hypothesis: Let's pretend that white color of snow associated with the reflection of light.
Conclusion: snow white, because each snowflake reflects light in different directions. Scientific language - "light scatters". From this snow white.
What's happened snow?
What's happened snow? That's a lot, a lot of beautiful snowflakes; they fall and fall from a height onto the ground, onto trees, onto the roofs of houses - clean, fragile, sparkling.
Meaning of the word « snow» I found in "Modern Explanatory Dictionary". Snow- This is solid atmospheric precipitation, consisting of small ice crystals, falling from clouds at temperatures below 0C. Snow formed when water vapor contained in the atmosphere freezes. Tiny crystals appear first. Following air currents, they move in all directions. Gradually the crystals "stick" to each other until there are a hundred or more of them. When the size of the frozen ice floes turns out to be large enough, they begin to sink to the ground. We call these accumulations of ice floes snowflakes.
Where do snowflakes come from?
A snowflake is a frozen water crystal shaped like a six-pointed polyhedron.
Water vapor rises high above the ground. It is very cold at the top, and ice crystals form from it. They are very small. These are not snowflakes yet. As they fall down, the crystals quickly increase in size. This happens because there is a lot of water vapor in the air, which settles on their surface and freezes. This is how a crystalline piece of ice becomes a beautiful, delicate snowflake.
There are so many snowflakes and they are all different - not one is the same.
The largest snowflake ever recorded had a diameter of 12 cm. Typically, snowflakes are about 5 mm in diameter and weigh 0.004 g.
The crystals that make up snowflakes have a certain shape. This is either a six-pointed star or a thin plate shaped like a hexagon. The fact is that the main water crystal has the shape of a regular hexagon in the plane.
In 1885, American farmer Wilson Bentley took the first successful photograph of a snowflake under a microscope. He did this for 46 years and took more than 5,000 unique photographs. Based on his work, it was proven that no two snowflakes are alike.
Crystals of different shapes are formed at different temperatures
The most beautiful snowflakes fall where the climate is harsher - for example, in the north.
For the formation of large flakes of snowflakes, complete calmness is necessary; the longer the snowflakes travel, the more they collide and adhere to each other.
At low temperatures and strong winds, snowflakes collide in the air, crumble and fall to the ground in the form of debris - "diamond dust".
Why is snow white?
We are so used to color snow that we don’t even think about it, why is snow white. It turns out that all the colors we perceive depend on the sun's rays. Black objects completely absorb sunlight, which is why we perceive them as black. And if an object completely reflects a ray of sun, then the color will seem to us white.
Snow– this is frozen water, and as we know, ice is colorless. Why is snow white?? From the Internet and children's encyclopedia "Everything about everything" I learned that snowflakes are 95% air. The crystals of snowflakes are not smooth, but have edges. The reflection of light from the faces of these crystals makes snow white. Ice remains colorless because it transmits the entire ray of sunlight through it. And every snowflake would transmit all the light through itself and would also have no color. But snowflakes usually fall on top of each other in random motion. And already together they become opaque, and white. To figure it out why is snow white, Why it reflects the sun's rays, we need to look at the composition snow. Snow is formed from snowflakes, and snowflakes are formed from a huge number of crystals. These crystals are not smooth, but have edges. This is where the answer to our question lies, why is snow white. It is from the edges that sunlight is reflected. Water in the atmosphere is steam, it freezes, and transparent crystals form. Due to the movement of air, the crystals move freely up and down. In this chaotic movement, the crystals connect with each other. And when too many crystals gather together, then they begin to fall to the ground in the form of snowflakes that are familiar to us. It turns out the color snow white, because the light of the sun that it reflects is white.
Interesting Facts:
№1 : Do you know that snow is not always white? In many regions of the world, people have seen it in red, green, blue and even black! The reason for this variety of colors is tiny bacteria, fungi, and dust contained in the air and absorbed by snowflakes as they fall to the earth's surface.
Conclusion:
1. Snow- This is solid atmospheric precipitation consisting of small ice crystals.
2. Each snowflake is a collection of small pieces of ice.
3. Snow is formed from snowflakes, and snowflakes are formed from a huge number of crystals.
Experimental work
I put snow on red cardboard, compared it with white sheet of paper.
Conclusion: Snow is white.
I took a transparent plastic bag. I cut it into small pieces. Every piece is "snowflake". Placed all the pieces in a transparent glass. They were positioned differently.
Result: « snow» in a white glass.
I poured water into a glass and put it in the freezer. The water turned into transparent ice. Mom broke the ice into small pieces. He became white.
The plastic bag pieces and the ice pieces are individually transparent. Light passes through them and is not reflected. When pieces of the bag and pieces of ice lie chaotically (differently) they reflect light in different directions and we see them white.