First write down the number of the task (26, 27, etc.), and then a detailed answer to it. Write down your answers clearly and legibly.
Read the text and complete tasks 26-31.
Many philosophers have wondered: is it possible, by studying the “nature” of man - the structure of his organs of perception, character mental processes etc., - understand the structure and boundaries of human knowledge. Or, perhaps, there is no such “nature”, and everything in a person - from perception to higher forms of thinking - is formed historically, in the socio-cultural process. Shouldn’t we then look for the limiting conditions and dominants of knowledge in them? How to combine the fact of the inevitable finitude of human existence, its cultural and historical specificity with the ideal of the objectivity of knowledge, with the requirement that the knowledge obtained be true, that is, reflect not the structures and characteristics of human consciousness and activity, but the objective state of affairs in the world itself? How is scientific-theoretical knowledge related to those types of thinking on which it relies in practical life and in which man is given the world of his existing existence?
On the other hand, already in last decades- in the era of the scientific and technological revolution - the topic “Cognition and Man” also revealed previously unknown problems associated with the social and humanistic aspects of scientific progress, with the direct influence of the latter on the fate of mankind. The discovery of atomic physics, research in the field of genetics, global human intervention in the biosphere, which made its irreversible change probable - these and many other results modern science and techniques can no longer be assessed unambiguously positively only because of their scientific origin.
(V. Filatov)
Highlight the main semantic parts of the text. Give each of them a title (make a text plan).
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The following semantic fragments can be distinguished:
1. Determination of the structure and boundaries of human knowledge.
2. Source of limiting conditions and dominants of knowledge.
3. The problem of the influence of the scientific and technological revolution on the fate of humanity.
It is possible to formulate other points of the plan without distorting the essence of the main idea of the fragment, and to highlight additional semantic blocks.
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The correct answer must contain the following elements:
1) the meaning of the concept, for example:
cognition is the process of acquiring knowledge;
2) two sentences with information about cognition, for example:
- “The need for knowledge is one of the basic human needs”;
- “The sources and methods of knowledge are human feelings, reason and intuition."
Other proposals may be made.
What two groups of problems of understanding human nature are indicated in the text?
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The following problems must be specified:
1) the difficulty of combining the fact of the inevitable finitude of human existence, its cultural and historical specificity with the ideal of the objectivity of knowledge;
2) the connection between scientific and theoretical knowledge and “practical” types of thinking.
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The answer may include the following manifestations of the mutual connection between scientific and theoretical thinking and practical human activity:
1) every person in the process of practical activity uses the results scientific achievements, embodied in the mass of modern things;
2) scientific ideas determine the consciousness, behavior and worldview of many people;
3) material and production activities contribute to the knowledge of nature and the development of sciences.
Other wording of the answer is allowed that does not distort its meaning.
In this statement, the author raises the problem of man’s relationship to nature. With these words, Khmelinskaya wanted to say that man, a being with a higher mind, is a child of nature, who at the same time is the main destroyer of the living world.
Man is a biosociological being. On the one hand, it belongs to the class of mammals, has circulatory, respiratory, musculoskeletal and other systems. On the other hand, man has a social essence, i.e. he has reason, is able to bear responsibility for his actions, etc. But how does he resist nature? Every year it causes irreparable damage to the world around us. Ecological problem is one of global problems humanity.
An example is the Chernobyl disaster.
Remember the horrific consequences that resulted from the explosion of a nuclear power plant. How many animals and plants underwent mutations and died? Everything that was in the vicinity of the epicenter of the explosion became radioactive. And for radioactive nuclei to decay, many decades and even centuries must pass. But this is all human hands!
Another example is the extinction of animals due to human fault. So, several years ago, a quaga lived on Earth, which was exterminated by hunters for its skin and meat. There are many similar examples today. Man deliberately destroys nature.
Thus, I consider S. Khmelinskaya’s statement fair.
As a result, having analyzed the quote offered to us by this great man, without the slightest exaggeration, I want to say that his phrase certainly carries a deep meaning, because it would be stupid to assume. that such a person as the author of this aphorism would begin to throw words to the wind. I hope that I correctly identified the idea that the author wanted to convey to us.
Updated: 2018-03-11
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Useful material on the topic
- “A person is the more free the more fully the choice he makes corresponds to his nature” (M. Malherbe)
Natalya Dyuzhikova
Ecological Development Lesson
Tasks:
Expand and generalize children’s ideas about plant and natural world, enrich knowledge about the world of discoveries and inventions.
To form in children confidence in the inextricable connection between man and nature (man is part of nature).
Learn to experimentally obtain vegetable dyes and dye white cotton fabric.
Develop ability to use speech - evidence, observation, sustained attention.
Educate children careful attitude to everything that surrounds them, the desire to take care of nature.
Materials for occupation: environmental signs; pictures depicting objects of nature and "not nature"; models of relationships between man and nature; chain table with image cards “What this item was before”; cotton fabric; colored things; cotton white shreds; a picture of cotton; containers with natural dyes; grater; gauze; clothespins; wet wipes; plasticine boards; vegetables: carrots, onions; dry nettle.
Move classes.
There is a huge house on earth with a blue roof.
The sun, rain and thunder live in it,
Forest and sea surf.
Birds and flowers live in it,
The cheerful sound of the stream.
You live in that bright house and all your friends.
Wherever the roads lead,
You will always be in it.
by nature native land This house is called.
Guys, what do you think nature is?
Sun, air, water, plants, animals. Human.
Of course, you are right and man is a part of Nature, and what "alive" or "non-living"?
Man is part of living nature.
Prove it.
Man, like other living beings, is born, grows, develops, eats, moves, dies - that means he is part of living nature.
Okay, but I want to say that Man is a thinking, intelligent creature, so he learned a lot from nature and came up with things that are similar "on nature", and nature became the first teacher for man.
Didactic game "Nature as a teacher".
Look at the pictures of wildlife on the easel (birds, dragonflies, dandelion, bell, fish, hedgehog). What inventions do you think man made by looking at them? Find the picture and explain the similarities.
Children: Looking at flying birds, man always wanted to fly, and he came up with a miracle bird - an airplane. (Explains the similarities).
The helicopter looks like a dragonfly (the dragonfly has wings on top, and the helicopter has a propeller on top, the tail is extended on both the dragonfly and the helicopter.).
What kind of plant is this?
Dandelion.
If you blow on such a fluffy flower, what happens?
The fluffs will fly like parachutes.
It’s so good when a person is observant and attentive. What can you say about this flower and human invention?
Looking at the bell, man came up with the idea of a musical bell that rings in churches.
And while watching the fish, what did man come up with?
Fish is a submarine. Similarity.
Tell me about the last picture.
Watching the hedgehog and its needles, the man came up with the idea of a needle.
That's how interesting it is! And there are many such examples when we see that Nature is the first wise teacher for a person.
Now let's think about how the life of the ancient and modern man depended and still depends on nature, and models will help you. (Exhibit models).
1. Ancient man went hunting to eat and make clothes from animal skins.
2. In ancient times, people caught fish for food and now they go fishing.
3. Previously, ancient people collected herbs and berries for food, treatment, and now they go to the forest for berries and medicinal herbs.
4. In the past, ancient people lived in caves, built huts from branches, and now they are building multi-story brick houses and cottages from tree logs.
5. Ancient people looked for water to drink, reservoirs to wash themselves, but now they take water from taps and wells.
So, draw a conclusion about how man was connected with nature before and now.
Both before and now, human life is connected with nature and depends on nature.
Yes, without nature, a person is doomed to death, because without air, water, soil, animals, plants, and all this is nature, a person cannot live!
- Now let's rest: physical education minute.
We quickly went down to the river, bent down and washed up: one two three four.
That's how nicely refreshed we were.
And now we swam together,
Together - once, this is breaststroke,
With one hand it's a crawl.
We all swim as one, like a dolphin.
We went ashore to the steep shore,
Looked at the sun
They waved to him,
They dried off, smiled and went home.
Sit down, let's play a game "Make a chain", fill in the blanks with picture cards and explain what the item used to be.
1. children: cutlery - made from steel, steel is obtained from ore, and ore is mined from the earth.
2. Apple juice is prepared from apples, the apples are on the tree, the tree is on the ground.
3. A book is made from paper, paper is made from wood, and trees grow on the ground.
4. The dress is made from fabric, the fabric is made from cotton, cotton grows on the earth.
Well done, the chains are made, and what are we we see: everything that a person uses, he receives from nature.
And pay attention, all chains lead to one big link called "Earth".
How do people in nature speak about the earth affectionately, with love?
Earth-mother, earth-nurse, earth-nurse.
And on our mother earth various interesting things grow plants: Here is one of them, name it.
This is cotton.
Tell us what you know about cotton.
Cotton grows in the south of our country, in warm regions. It grows as a bush, with boxes growing on the branches, inside of which there are seeds covered with fine white fluff. We see this fluff, it looks like cotton wool. This fluff is used to make fabric.
Look at this fabric (show) made of cotton. What is it called? (Cotton fabric). We see that the cotton fluff is white, and our cotton fabric is also white. Snow-white tablecloths, napkins, and bed linen are sewn from this fabric. But these things (display, sewn from cotton fabrics are bright and multi-colored. Why do you think?
This fabric has been dyed.
How can you dye fabrics? (children's answers). I want to tell you that modern paints are made from oil and minerals, and these are also gifts of nature. And a long time ago, people began to dye fabrics using vegetable dyes. These containers contain vegetable paints different colors, and on a tray are the plants from which they are obtained. Guess which plant produced which color.
Dark red - from beets, orange - from carrots, brown - from onion peels, green - from nettles.
That's right, you're right. How can you get liquid paint from hard vegetables? Using a grater, you can grate both beets and carrots, and then squeeze out the juice through cheesecloth. Now the paint is ready. To get brown paint, remove the husk from the onion, pour boiling water over it, boil it for a while, then filter it and the paint is ready. You also pour in dry nettle, boil it, strain it and get green paint.
Now I suggest you dye scraps of white cotton fabric in any of these colors, but first look at how to do it.
Experience: I hook a piece of white fabric with a clothespin, lower it into a container with vegetable paint, keep it in it to get better color, then carefully lift the fabric and let the paint drain. I put it on the board, unhook the clothespin, straighten the dyed fabric with chopsticks and leave it to dry.
Can anyone tell me about the fabric dyeing process? (Child's story).
Now go to the tables and get to work. (Music sounds). Look how beautiful it is! White fabric became colored, and this transformation also became possible thanks to plants and nature.
So let's take care and love nature, because man is part of it and our life largely depends on nature.
Guys, what does it mean to protect and love nature? Tell us using these environmental signs.
1. To protect and love nature means not to throw garbage or litter nature.
2. Do not wash cars near a river, near a forest, or pollute nature.
3. Plant young trees and flowers.
And I also want to make a new one environmental sign(show) look how he is looks: our planet "Earth" in the hands of a person. This means that each of us must protect and love our Earth, and therefore its nature, because
We live under one blue common roof.
The house under a blue roof is spacious and big.
So let's live in the world without being afraid, without threatening,
Like good neighbors or good friends!
Initially, like all living things, man is a part of nature. But at a certain stage he separated himself from it. Didn't this happen when he picked up a stick to get food for himself? But monkeys also use simple tools, thanks to the structure of their limbs and the rudiments of thinking, but it cannot be said that they modify nature. Apparently, he once behaved this way. While ordinary monkeys are a dead-end branch, so you shouldn’t expect that he will ever appear in the same way the new kind Homo Sapiens. Today's primates in human eyes are also only part natural environment.
In general, we can talk about nature in two aspects. In a broad sense, it is a philosophical phenomenon, the essence of something. Narrow concept nature defines it and all the processes taking place in it as natural. Whether the wind blows, whether it rains, whether a plant blooms, whether a baby animal is born - all these are natural phenomena, both living and inanimate. When the question arises about the relationship between “society and nature”, it is understood in the narrow sense
By opposing himself to it, a person thus seems to deny his biological essence. Perhaps there is a rational grain in this. Animals act on instinct, whereas a member of a civilized society cannot afford such a “luxury.” There is an authoritative opinion that a person, suppressing natural desires, acquires neuroses and other mental disorders. Many are explained by the call of nature. So how far has man really separated from nature? Does he have the right to oppose himself to the natural environment? Society has taken on too much in relation to nature, forgetting how dependent it is on it.
The capacious phrase “Nature is not a temple, but a workshop” reflects humanity’s consumer attitude towards the natural environment. Society and nature will be able to coexist harmoniously only if there is a rethinking of values at the level of both the entire society and each individual. At the global level, water bodies are also being destroyed, a huge number of animals are being exterminated, and resources are being depleted. At the level specific person- these are landfills after picnics, dumping waste into rivers and lakes, and prohibited hunting.
Someone will object that society also brings benefits to nature. and plants listed in the Red Book are carefully protected from extinction; dry and old trees are cut down to give life to young ones; assistance is provided to whales that have washed ashore. But is this really such a help? Firstly, many problems are caused precisely by human activity, and secondly, nature itself knows what will be best for it, since it has reason (not in the sense familiar to humans, but in a different, intuitive one). Naturally, without human intervention, new species of living organisms died out and appeared, the number of animals was regulated, and strong and healthy individuals remained. Society and nature will never be able to harmonize as perfectly as nature itself is ideal.
Civilization does not stand still; development is proceeding at a tremendous pace. It is difficult to say what awaits humanity in the coming centuries and even decades. If we assume the most optimistic option, that a global catastrophe will pass the Earth, that people will come to their senses and stop destroying the world, there will be problems of a different kind. Residents of big cities are moving away from their natural habitat. They buy country houses and relax behind high fences. They go out into the forest and fishing, but get there and back by car. Gradually, nature in a person’s life will become just a decoration, like a 3D film or a computer game.
Nature cannot be understood only as the world of animals and plants. Nature is everything that surrounds us from birth. Every bit of nature is important. Man and nature are in a constant and complex relationship. Nature gives man the opportunity to live, satisfying his physical needs, enriches him inner world its beauty and activates his mind, demonstrating examples of the most beautiful, the most perfect in the world. When a person begins to harm nature, he also harms himself, because man is also an integral part of nature, and extremely dependent on everyone else. The difference between a person and other living beings is that he has a mind, which means he is able to think, create, and communicate with other people.
Unfortunately, today there is every reason to assert that a person most often uses his mind to satisfy his own needs, almost completely destroying the environment in which he lives and on which he is entirely dependent. They say that today we live on a planet that belongs to our great-grandchildren: after all, the consequences of how we treat nature now will be felt in the distant future. And it is often impossible to correct even one serious mistake, if it is made.
And the fact that humanity has already made many mistakes is clear today, if not to everyone, then, in any case, to many inhabitants of the Earth.
Historian Lev Gumilyov noted that the depletion and destruction of nature as a result of activity should be considered as “a crime against the descendants who will have to live on an impoverished Planet.”
The saddest conclusion made recently by scientists is that the Earth as a planet, as environment short-lived. It does not have time to heal the wounds caused by human activity, especially as a result of the development of technology and production. Thus, in order for the Earth not to perish, it is necessary to radically change man’s attitude towards nature.
Live nature - animals, people, microorganisms, plants. They feed, grow, give birth (reproduce) and die.Material from the site
Inanimate nature - this is air, water, mountains, Earth, Sun, stars, Moon. TO inanimate nature include objects made by man.
Environment - the environment in which a person, plant or animal lives.
Nature - that which surrounds a person and is the object of his activity and knowledge.
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