Climatic zones. The cycle of heat, moisture and general circulation of the atmosphere form the weather and climate in the geographic envelope. The types of air masses and the characteristics of their circulation at different latitudes create the conditions for the formation of the Earth's climate. The dominance of one air mass throughout the year determines the boundaries climatic zones.
Climate zones- these are territories that encircle the Earth in a continuous or intermittent strip; they differ from each other in temperature, atmospheric pressure, amount and regime of precipitation, prevailing air masses and winds. The symmetrical distribution of climate zones relative to the equator is a manifestation of the law geographical zoning. Highlight basic And transitional climatic zones. The names of the main climatic zones are given according to the dominant air masses and the latitudes in which they are formed.
There are 13 climatic zones: seven main and six transitional. The boundaries of each zone are determined by the summer and winter positions of climate fronts.
There are seven main climatic zones: equatorial, two tropical, two temperate and two polar (Arctic and Antarctic). In each of the climatic zones, one air mass dominates throughout the year - equatorial, tropical, temperate, arctic (Antarctic), respectively.
Between the main zones in each hemisphere, transitional climate zones are formed: two subequatorial, two subtropical and two subpolar (subarctic and subantarctic). In transition zones, seasonal changes in air masses occur. They come from neighboring main belts: in summer the air mass is from the southern main belt, and in winter from the northern one. The proximity of oceans, warm and cold currents, and topography influence climatic differences within zones: stand out climatic regions With different types climate.
Characteristics of climatic zones. Equatorial belt formed in the region of the equator in an intermittent strip, where equatorial air masses. Average monthly temperatures range from +26 to +28 sС. Precipitation falls 1500-3000 mm evenly throughout the year. The equatorial belt is the most humidified part earth's surface(Congo River basin, coast of the Gulf of Guinea in Africa, Amazon River basin in South America, Sunda Islands). There are continental and oceanic climate types, but the difference between them is small.
For subequatorial belts , encircling the equatorial belt from the north and south, is characterized by monsoon air circulation. A feature of the belts is the seasonal change of air masses. In summer, equatorial air dominates, in winter - tropical. There are two seasons: wet summer and dry winter. In summer, the climate differs slightly from the equatorial one: high humidity, abundance atmospheric precipitation. During the winter season, hot, dry weather sets in, grasses burn out, and trees shed their leaves. The average air temperature in all months ranges from +20 to +30 °C. The annual precipitation is 1000-2000 mm, with maximum precipitation falling in summer.
Tropical zones are between 20¨ and 30¨s. and Yu. w. on both sides of the tropics, where trade winds prevail. (Remember why in tropical latitudes the air sinks and high pressure prevails.) Throughout the year, tropical air masses dominate here with high temperatures. Average temperature warm month+30…+35 ¨С, the coldest - not lower than +10 ¨С. In the center of the continents the climate is tropical continental (desert). Cloud cover is insignificant, precipitation in most parts is less than 250 mm per year. Low rainfall causes the formation of the greatest deserts in the world - the Sahara and Kalahari in Africa, the deserts of the Arabian Peninsula, and Australia.
In the eastern parts of the continents, which are influenced warm currents and trade winds blowing from the ocean, intensified by monsoons in summer season, tropical is forming humid climate. Average monthly temperature in summer +26 ¨С, in winter +22 ¨С. Average annual precipitation is 1500 mm.
Subtropical zones (25-40¨ N and S) are formed under the influence of tropical air masses in summer and moderate ones in winter. The western parts of the continents have a Mediterranean climate: summers are dry, hot, average temperature the warmest month is +30 ¨C, and winter is humid and warm (up to +5...+10 ¨C), but short-term frosts are possible. On the eastern coasts of the continents, a subtropical monsoon climate is formed with hot (+25 ¨C) rainy summers and cool (+8 ¨C) dry winters. The amount of precipitation is 1000-1500 mm. Snow rarely falls. In the central parts of the continents, the climate is subtropical continental, with hot (+30 ¨C) and dry summers and relatively cold winters (+6...+8 ¨C) with little precipitation (300 mm). The subtropical humid climate is characterized by more uniform temperatures and precipitation. In summer +20 ¨С, in winter +12 ¨С, precipitation falls 800-1000 mm. (Use the climate map to determine the differences in the climates of the subtropical zones.)
Temperate zones stretched in temperate latitudes from 40¨ n. and Yu. w. almost to the polar circles. Temperate air masses dominate here throughout the year, but arctic and tropical air masses can penetrate. In the Northern Hemisphere in the western continents, westerly winds and cyclonic activity predominate; in the east there are monsoons. As you move deeper into the territory, the annual amplitude of air temperature increases (the coldest month is from +4...+6 °C to –48 °C, and the warmest month is from +12 °C to +30 °C). IN Southern Hemisphere The climate is mainly oceanic. There are 5 types of climate in the Northern Hemisphere: maritime, moderate continental, continental, sharply continental, and monsoon.
The maritime climate is formed under the influence of westerly winds blowing from the ocean (Northern and Central Europe, west North America, Patagonian Andes of South America). In summer temperatures are about +15…+17 °C, in winter - +5 °C. Precipitation falls throughout the year and reaches 1000-2000 mm per year. In the Southern Hemisphere, the temperate zone is dominated by an oceanic climate with mild summers, mild winters, heavy rainfall, westerly winds, and unstable weather (“roaring” forties latitudes).
Continental climate is characteristic of the interior regions of large continents. In Eurasia, a moderate continental, continental, sharply continental climate is formed, in North America - moderate continental and continental. On average, July temperatures vary from +10 °C in the north to +24 °C in the south. In a temperate continental climate, the January temperature drops from west to east from –5° to –10 °C, in a sharply continental climate - to –35…–40 °C, and in Yakutia below –40 °C. The annual precipitation in a temperate continental climate is approximately 500-600 mm, in a sharply continental climate - about 300-400 mm. In winter, as you move eastward, the duration of stable snow cover increases from 4 to 9 months, and the annual temperature range also increases.
The monsoon climate is best expressed in Eurasia. In summer, a stable monsoon from the ocean prevails, the temperature is +18...+22 °C, in winter - –25 °C. At the end of summer - beginning of autumn, typhoons from the sea with gusty winds and heavy precipitation are frequent. Winters are relatively dry as the winter monsoon blows inland. Precipitation in the form of rain predominates in summer (800-1200 mm).
Subpolar belts (subarctic and subantarctic) located north and south of the temperate zone. They are characterized by seasonal changes in air masses: moderate air masses dominate in summer, and arctic (Antarctic) air masses dominate in winter. Continental subarctic climate is characteristic of the northern margins of North America and Eurasia. Summer is relatively warm (+5…+10 °C) and short. Winter is harsh (up to –55 °C). Here is the pole of cold in Oymyakon and Verkhoyansk (–71 °C). Not a large number of precipitation - 200 mm. Permafrost and excessive moisture are widespread, and large areas are swamped. The oceanic climate in the Northern Hemisphere is formed in the Greenland and Norwegian Seas, in the Southern Hemisphere - around Antarctica. Cyclonic activity is widespread throughout the year. Cool summers (+3…+5 °C), floating sea and continental ice, relatively mild winters (–10…–15 °C). Winter precipitation is up to 500 mm, fog is constant.
Rice. 16. Characteristic types of annual
Polar belts (Arctic and course of air temperatures of different Antarctic) located around the climatic zones of the poles. Continental climate prevails in Antarctica, Greenland, and the islands of the Canadian Arctic archipelago. There are negative temperatures all year round.
Oceanic climate is observed mainly in the Arctic. Temperatures here are negative, but during the polar day they can reach +2 °C. Precipitation - 100-150 mm (Fig. 16).
Bibliography
1. Geography 8th grade. Tutorial for 8th grade institutions of general secondary education with Russian as the language of instruction / Edited by Professor P. S. Lopukh - Minsk “People's Asveta” 2014
On the climate (and, therefore, climate zone) influence and shape it, depending on geographical conditions, climate-forming factors. These include: the amount of radiation from the sun reaching a certain surface of the Earth; atmospheric circulation processes; volumes of biomass. These factors that determine climate can vary significantly depending on the latitude of the area. It is latitude that determines at what angle sunlight falls on the surface of the globe and, accordingly, how intensely the surface located at different distances from the equator will warm up.
The thermal regime of a particular area depends to a large extent on its proximity to the oceans, which act as heat accumulators. On land surfaces bordering the oceans, more mild climate climate zone, compared to the climate in the interior of the continents. Daily and seasonal temperature changes near large volumes of water are more gradual than in a continental climate closer to the center of the continents. There is more rainfall here and the sky is often covered with clouds. In contrast, continental climates are characterized by sharp temperature changes and less rainfall.
A phenomenon associated with the oceans, sea currents are also the most important factor determining the weather on Earth. Carrying warm masses of water around the continents, they warm the atmospheric air and bring cyclones with large amounts of precipitation. How radically a current can influence nature can be seen using the example of the North Atlantic Current. In those areas that fall within the zone of its influence, dense forests grow. And in Greenland, located in the same latitudes, there is only a thick layer of ice.
It has no less influence on the climate and topography (which also affects the formation of the climate zone). Everyone knows the footage of climbers climbing mountains, who, starting from green meadows at the foot of the mountain, a few days later stand on snow-capped peaks. This happens due to the fact that with every kilometer above sea level, the ambient temperature drops by 5-6 °C. In addition, mountain systems prevent the movement of both warm and cold air masses. Often the climate on one side and the other of a mountain range can differ significantly. A striking example of this is the difference in air temperature and humidity in Sochi and Stavropol, which are located across different sides Caucasus mountains.
To correctly define the concept " climate zone“We need to distinguish between terms such as weather and climate.
Weather is the state of the troposphere at a certain period of time in a specific area. Climate is considered to be the average established weather pattern. What's happened climate zone, what are its varieties?
Climatic zone and its properties.
Climatic zone It is customary to call the latitudinal band, which differs from other bands in the circulation of the atmosphere, as well as the intensity of heating of the Sun.
There are a total of 7 species on the planet climatic zone in, which in turn are divided into basic and transition belts. The category of main belts is also commonly called permanent.
Permanent and transitional climatic zones.
Constant (basic) is called climate zone, in which one air mass dominates throughout the whole year. The main types of zones include: temperate, tropical, equatorial and arctic.
Transition zones are characterized by a change in air masses, that is, it becomes hot in the summer and colder in the winter. There are subarctic, subtropical and subequatorial zones.
Equatorial climate zone.
This subspecies of the main climate zone located in the equator region. This is a one-of-a-kind belt that is divided into several parts. Throughout the year it is influenced by the equatorial air mass.
The main features of the equatorial belt:
- high humidity;
- high precipitation (up to 7 thousand mm per year);
- high temperature (from 20°C and above).
Natural area of this climate zone are considered rain forests, which are filled with various poisonous plants and animals.
The Amazonian lowland is located in this belt, equatorial Africa, as well as the Greater Sunda Islands.
Subequatorial climate zone.
This subspecies is transitional climate zone located between the equatorial and tropical zones. Consequently, 2 air masses change on its territory during the year.
IN subequatorial belt Northern Australia, northern South America, the Hindustan Peninsula, and Southeast Asia are located.
Tropical and subtropical zones.
The tropical zone is characteristic of tropical latitudes. Weather in the tropics depends on the height of the sun above the horizon. For the tropical climate zone characterized by sharp temperature changes - from hot to cold.
This counts main reason, according to which the world of flora and fauna is very poor. In this subspecies permanent belts is located in North Africa, Mexico and the Caribbean Islands.
The subtropical zone is located in the middle of the temperate and tropical zones. It is customary to distinguish between the northern and southern subtropical zones. In summer, tropical heat prevails here, which is characterized by dryness, and in winter there is a cold air mass.
The climate zone characteristic of the Great Chinese Plain, North Africa, North America and southern Japan.
Temperate climate zone.
A distinctive feature of the temperate zone is the ability of temperatures to vary seasonally. For such climate zone negative temperature is typical.
Temperate latitudes contain large parts of Europe, Great Britain, Russia, Canada and the northern United States.
Equatorial climate zone occupies the region of the Congo River basin and the coast of the Gulf of Guinea in Africa, the Amazon River basin in South America, the Sunda Islands off the coast South-East Asia. The rupture of the climate zone on the eastern shores of the continents is explained by the dominance of subtropical pressure maxima over the oceans. The greatest flow of air occurs along the equatorial peripheries of baric maxima; it covers the eastern shores of the continents. In the equatorial belt, tropical air brought by trade winds is humidified. Equatorial air is formed at low pressure, weak winds and high temperatures. The amount of total radiation 580–670 kJ/cm2 per year is slightly reduced due to high cloudiness and humidity at equatorial latitudes. The radiation balance on the continent is 330 kJ/cm2 per year, on the ocean it is 420–500 kJ/cm2 per year.
At the equator, equatorial VMs dominate throughout the year. The average air temperature ranges from +25º to +28º C, remains high relative humidity, 70–90%. In the equatorial latitudes, on both sides of the equator, an intertropical convergence zone is distinguished, which is characterized by the convergence of the trade winds of the two hemispheres, causing powerful upward air currents. But convection develops not only for this reason. Heated air, saturated with water vapor, rises, condenses, and cumulonimbus clouds form, from which rainfall falls in the afternoon. In this belt, the annual precipitation exceeds 2000 mm. There are places where the amount of precipitation increases to 5000 mm. High temperatures throughout the year and large amounts of precipitation create conditions for the development of rich vegetation on land - wet equatorial forests– Gila (in South America, moist forests are called selva, in Africa – jungles).
Continental and oceanic types of equatorial climate differ slightly.
Climate of the subequatorial zone confined to the vast expanses of the Brazilian Highlands, Central Africa (north, east and south of the Congo River basin), Asia (on the Hindustan and Indochina peninsulas), Northern Australia.
Total solar radiation is about 750 kJ/cm2 per year, the radiation balance is 290 kJ/cm2 per year on land and up to 500 kJ/cm2 per year on the ocean.
The subequatorial climate zone is characterized by monsoon air circulation: air moves from the tropical latitudes of the winter hemisphere as the winter dry monsoon (trade wind), after crossing the equator it transforms into the summer wet monsoon. Feature In this belt, air masses change seasonally: equatorial air dominates in summer, tropical air dominates in winter. There are two seasons – wet (summer) and dry (winter). In the summer season, the climate differs slightly from the equatorial one: high humidity, heavy precipitation caused by rising currents of equatorial air. The total amount of precipitation is 1500 mm; on the windward slopes of the mountains, their amount increases sharply (Cherrapunji - 12,660 mm). During the winter season, conditions change dramatically with the arrival of dry tropical air: hot, dry weather sets in, grasses burn out, trees shed their leaves. Within the continents and on their western shores, the vegetation cover of the subequatorial belt is represented by savannas, while moist equatorial forests dominate on the eastern shores.
Tropical climate zone spreads in the Southern Hemisphere solid stripe, expanding over the oceans. The oceans are dominated throughout the year by constant baric maxima, in which tropical EMs are formed. In the Northern Hemisphere, the tropical belt breaks over Indochina and Hindustan; The gap in the belt is explained by the fact that the dominance of tropical VMs is not observed throughout the year. In summer, equatorial air penetrates into the South Asian minimum; in winter, moderate (polar) air forces invade from the Asian maximum far to the south.
The annual value of total radiation on the continents is 750–849 kJ/cm2 per year (in the Northern Hemisphere up to 920 kJ/cm2 per year), on the ocean 670 kJ/cm2 per year; radiation balance is 250 kJ/cm2 per year on the continent and 330–420 kJ/cm2 per year on the ocean.
In the tropical climate zone, tropical VMs, which are characterized by high temperatures, dominate throughout the year. The average temperature of the warmest month exceeds +30º C, on some days the temperature rises to +50º C, and the Earth's surface heats up to +80º C (the maximum temperature is +58º C recorded on the northern coast of Africa). In view of high blood pressure and downward air currents, condensation of water vapor almost does not occur, so there is very little precipitation in most of the tropical zone - less than 250 mm. This causes the formation of the greatest deserts in the world - the Sahara and Kalahari in Africa, the deserts of the Arabian Peninsula, and Australia.
IN tropical zone climate, not drying out everywhere. The climate of the eastern coasts (trade winds blow from the ocean) is characterized by a large amount of precipitation - 1500 mm (Greater Antilles, the eastern coast of the Brazilian Plateau, the eastern coast of Africa in the Southern Hemisphere). The climate features are also explained by the influence of warm currents approaching the eastern shores of the continents. The climate of the western coasts (called "garua" - drizzling fog) is developed on the western shores of North and South America and Africa. The peculiarity of the climate is that in the absence of precipitation (in Atacama 0 mm per year), the relative humidity is 85–90%. The formation of the climate of the western coasts is influenced by a constant pressure maximum over the ocean and cold currents off the coasts of the continents.
Subtropical climate developed in a continuous strip approximately between 25º and 40º latitude in the Northern and Southern Hemispheres. This belt is characterized by a change in air masses by season: in summer, tropical air masses are formed in pressure maxima on the oceans and in thermal depressions on land; In winter, moderate VMs dominate. Therefore, in the subtropical zone there are two climate regimes - temperate and tropical.
The total solar radiation is 585–670 kJ/cm2 per year, the radiation balance is 200 kJ/cm2 per year on the continent and 290–330 kJ/cm2 per year on the ocean.
The climate of the western coasts is called Mediterranean (coast Mediterranean Sea in Europe, California in North America, northern Chile in South America, southwest Africa and Australia). Its peculiarity is that in the summer the area moves here high pressure from the tropics, where tropical dry air is formed, and in winter air from temperate latitudes comes here and, thanks to the activation of the polar front, precipitation falls (up to 1000 mm).
The climate of the eastern coasts is monsoonal in nature and is especially pronounced on the eastern coast of Asia and the southeastern part of North America. In summer, humid tropical air masses arrive here from the ocean (summer monsoon), bringing heavy clouds and precipitation (temperature is +25º C). Winter monsoons bring flows of continental air from temperate latitudes, the temperature of the coldest month is +8º C. The total precipitation is about 1000 mm.
Continental climate (arid) is developed in North America ( Big Pool), in the interior of Asia (Eastern Türkiye, Iran, Afghanistan). Throughout the year, dry air masses predominate: in summer – tropical, in winter – continental air of temperate latitudes. The average monthly temperature in summer is about +30º C, the maximum temperature is more than +50º C; in winter – +6º – +8º C, minimum temperature falls below 0º C. The annual temperature range is 25º C. The total amount of precipitation is 300 mm. Deserts are located in the central regions of the continents.
Temperate climate zone distributed approximately between 40º north and south latitudes and the polar circles. In the Southern Hemisphere, the climate is mainly oceanic; in the Northern Hemisphere, there are four types of climate: continental, oceanic, western and eastern coasts.
The total radiation is 330–500 kJ/cm2 per year, the radiation balance is 85–170 kJ/cm2 per year. In summer, the value of the radiation balance is almost equal to the value of the radiation balance of tropical latitudes due to the long day length. In winter, the radiation balance is negative due to the low height of the Sun above the horizon, short day length and high albedo of snow cover.
In the temperate climate zone, temperate (polar) air masses dominate throughout the year, but their dominance is relative: very often arctic and tropical air masses invade temperate latitudes. Features of atmospheric circulation are westerly winds, which are most stable in winter, and cyclonic activity.
Continental climate is widespread in Eurasia (central regions middle zone Russia, Ukraine, northern Kazakhstan) and North America (southern Canada). In summer, there is an intensive transformation of air masses coming from the ocean and the north over the continents. The air is heated and additionally humidified by moisture evaporating from the surface of the continent. The average monthly temperature in July increases from +10º C at the border with the subarctic zone to +24º C at the border with the subtropical zone. July isotherms are located sublatitudinally, deviating poleward on continents due to stronger heating. The maximum summer temperature reaches +46º C on the border with subtropical zone. January temperatures decrease from –5 – –10ºС in a temperate continental climate to –35 – –40ºС in a sharply continental climate. The annual temperature range increases to 60º.
The continental climate is characterized by a temperate continental type annual progress precipitation with a summer maximum. The total amount of precipitation decreases from west to east: in a temperate continental climate 800 mm, in a continental climate – 600 mm, in a sharply continental climate – about 300 mm. Winter is characterized by stable snow cover, the duration of which increases from 4 months in a moderate continental climate to 9 months in a sharply continental climate. A wide range of zones has been developed, from taiga forests to deserts.
The climate of the western coasts (marine) is formed under the influence of westerly winds coming from the ocean ( Western Europe, western North America, Canada, southern South America - Chile). The average monthly temperature in July is +12 – +15º C, the average monthly temperature in January is +5º C, the annual temperature range is 10º. There is a moderate marine type of annual precipitation: precipitation falls almost evenly throughout the year with a slight winter maximum. The total precipitation is 1000 mm; on the western slope of the Cordillera in North America, its value increases to 3000 mm; broad-leaved oak and oak-hornbeam forests grow here.
The east coast climate is most widespread on the east coast of Asia (northeast China, Far East). The uniqueness of the climate lies in the monsoon air circulation. In summer, from constant pressure maxima on the oceans, the marine tropical air mass moves to the eastern shores, along the way it transforms and turns into a marine temperate (polar) air mass.
The average monthly temperature in July is
+18 – +20º C.
In winter, from seasonal pressure maxima on the continents, a cold moderate (polar) air mass approaches the coast. The temperature in winter is –25º C, the annual temperature range is 45º. There is a monsoon type of annual precipitation with a large summer maximum, total equal to 600–700 mm, coniferous and mixed forests grow.
The oceanic climate is developed in the Southern Hemisphere over a continuous ring of water in temperate latitudes. In the northern hemisphere, it is formed in the northern part of the quiet and Atlantic Oceans. Constant baric minimums remain over the ocean throughout the year: in the Northern Hemisphere - Icelandic, Aleutian, in the Southern - Antarctic belt low blood pressure. Summer temperature is +15º C, winter – +5º C, the annual temperature range is 10º. Cyclonic activity is observed throughout the year, intensifying in winter. Precipitation falls throughout the year with a slight winter maximum, the total amount being about 1000 mm.
Subpolar climate located north of the temperate zone in the Northern Hemisphere and south in the Southern Hemisphere. These are transitional zones - subarctic and subantarctic, which are characterized by changes in air masses by season: in summer - air of temperate latitudes, in winter - arctic (Antarctic).
The amount of total radiation is 330 kJ/cm2 per year, the radiation balance is about 40 kJ/cm2 per year. For most of the year the radiation balance is negative. The phenomenon of polar night and polar day is observed in the belt.
Continental subarctic climate is developed in the Northern Hemisphere in North America and Eurasia. Summer is relatively warm, short, the average monthly temperature in July is +5 – +10º C. Winter is severe, the average monthly temperature in January decreases from –10º C on the western shores (the influence of warm currents and westerly winds) to –55º C inland. At the cold poles in Oymyakon and Verkhoyansk, a minimum temperature of –71º C was noted. The annual temperature range is 60º. The continental climate is characterized by low precipitation with a maximum of summer time, the total quantity is 200 mm. In winter, a stable snow cover is established, permafrost is widespread, and tundra landscapes dominate.
The oceanic climate in the Northern Hemisphere is formed in the Greenland and Norwegian Seas, in the Southern Hemisphere - around Antarctica. The average monthly temperature in summer (July in the Northern Hemisphere, January in the Southern Hemisphere) is +3 – +5º C, the average monthly temperature in winter is from –25º to –30º C, the annual temperature range is 30º. Cyclonic activity is widespread throughout the year; the amount of precipitation compared to the continental climate is greater - 400 mm. Fogs are typical due to high relative air humidity (about 80–90%).
Climate of the polar regions(Arctic and Antarctic) developed around the poles and is characterized by cold air masses under conditions of high pressure.
The amount of total radiation is 250 kJ/cm 2 per year, the radiation balance is about zero. For most of the year the radiation balance is negative. The duration of the polar day and polar night increases from one day at the Arctic Circle to six months at the pole. In the climate zone in the Northern Hemisphere, Arctic VMs dominate throughout the year; in the Southern Hemisphere, Antarctic VMs dominate over Antarctica.
The continental climate is formed in constant pressure maxima - Greenland in the Northern Hemisphere and Antarctic in the Southern Hemisphere. A polar type of annual temperature variation is observed: one maximum per day summer solstice(in the Northern Hemisphere), the average monthly temperature in July is –8º C, in the Southern Hemisphere in January the temperature is –30 ○ C. In winter, temperatures drop to –50 – –55º C. An absolute minimum temperature of –89.2º C is recorded in Antarctica. temperature amplitude is 30º C. On the outskirts of Antarctica, winds with a speed of 100 m/s are observed. There is little precipitation, the total amount is about 100 mm. In Greenland and Antarctica there is frequent fog and relative humidity is about 80%. Modern sheet glaciation has developed here; the thickness of the ice sheet in Antarctica reaches 4–4.5 km.
The oceanic climate forms over the surface of the Arctic Ocean, which is covered with ice. The average monthly temperature in July is around zero; at noon temperatures can rise above zero. Winter temperatures negative: –30 – –40 ○ C. Annual precipitation is 200 mm.
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The air temperature here is constant (+24° -26°C); at sea, temperature fluctuations can be less than 1°. The annual amount of precipitation is up to 3000 mm, and in the mountains of the equatorial belt, precipitation can fall up to 6000 mm. More water falls from the sky than evaporates, so there are many wetlands and dense rain forests - jungles. Remember the adventure films about Indiana Jones - how difficult it is for the main characters to make their way through the dense vegetation of the jungle and escape from the crocodiles who adore muddy waters small forest streams. All this is the equatorial belt. Its climate is greatly influenced by the trade winds, which bring heavy rainfall from the ocean.
Northern: Africa (Sahara), Asia (Arabia, southern Iranian Plateau), North America (Mexico, Western Cuba).
Southern: South America(Peru, Bolivia, Northern Chile, Paraguay), Africa (Angola, Kalahari Desert), Australia ( central part mainland).
In the tropics, the state of the atmosphere over the continent (earth) and the ocean is different, therefore continental tropical climate and oceanic tropical climate.
The oceanic climate is similar to the equatorial climate, but differs from it in less cloudiness and stable winds. Summers over the oceans are warm (+20-27°C), and winters are cool (+10-15°C).
Over the tropical land (mainland tropical climate), a high pressure area prevails, so rain is a rare guest here (from 100 to 250 mm). This type of climate is characterized by very hot summers (up to +40°C) and cool winter(+15°C). The air temperature can change dramatically during the day - up to 40°C! That is, a person can languish from the heat during the day and shiver from the cold at night. Such changes lead to the destruction of rocks, creating a mass of sand and dust, which is why dust storms are frequent here.
Photo: Shutterstock.com
This type of climate, like the tropical one, forms two zones in the Northern and Southern Hemispheres, which form over areas of temperate latitudes (from 40-45° North and South latitudes to the Arctic Circles).
There are many cyclones in the temperate zone, causing the weather to become capricious and produce either snow or rain. In addition, westerly winds blow here, which all year round bring precipitation. Summers in this climate zone are warm (up to +25°-28°C), winters are cold (from +4°C to -50°C). Annual precipitation ranges from 1000 mm to 3000 mm, and in the center of the continents it is only up to 100 mm.
In the temperate climate zone, unlike the equatorial and tropical ones, the seasons are clearly defined (that is, you can build snowmen in winter and swim in a river in summer).
Temperate climate is also divided into two subtypes - marine and continental.
Marine dominates the western parts of North America, South America and Eurasia. It is formed by westerly winds blowing from the ocean to the mainland, so summers here are quite cool (+15 -20°C) and warm winter(from +5°C). Precipitation brought by westerly winds falls all year round (from 500 to 1000 mm, in the mountains up to 6000 mm).
Continental predominates in central regions continents. Cyclones penetrate here less frequently, so there are warmer and drier summers (up to +26°C) and more Cold winter(down to -24°C), and the snow lasts a very long time and melts reluctantly.
Photo: Shutterstock.com
Polar belt
It dominates the territory above 65°-70° latitude in the Northern and Southern Hemispheres, therefore it forms two zones: Arctic and Antarctic. The Polar Belt has a unique feature - the Sun does not appear here at all for several months (polar night) and does not go below the horizon for several months (polar day). Snow and ice reflect more heat than they receive, so the air is very cool and the snow does not melt for most of the year. Since a high pressure area is forming here, there are almost no clouds, the winds are weak, and the air is saturated with small ice needles. The average summer temperature does not exceed 0°C, and in winter it ranges from -20° to -40°C. Rain falls only in the summer in the form of tiny droplets - drizzle.
Between the main climatic zones there are transitional zones, which have the prefix “sub” in their names (translated from Latin as “under”). Here, air masses change seasonally, coming from neighboring belts under the influence of the Earth's rotation.
a) Subequatorial climate. In summer, all climatic zones shift to the north, so equatorial air masses begin to dominate here. They shape the weather: a lot of precipitation (1000-3000 mm), average air temperature +30°C. Even in the spring the sun reaches its zenith and burns mercilessly. In winter, all climatic zones shift to the south, and tropical air masses begin to dominate in the subequatorial zone; winter is cooler than summer (+14°C). There is little precipitation. The soils dry out after summer rains, so in the subequatorial zone, unlike the equatorial zone, there are few swamps. The territory of this climatic zone is favorable for human life, which is why many centers of civilization are located here.
The subequatorial climate forms two zones. The northern ones include: the Isthmus of Panama ( Latin America), Venezuela, Guinea, the Sahel desert belt in Africa, India, Bangladesh, Myanmar, all of Indochina, Southern China, part of Asia. The southern zone includes: the Amazonian lowland, Brazil (South America), central and eastern Africa and the northern coast of Australia.
b) Subtropical climate. Here tropical air masses predominate in summer, and in winter - air masses of temperate latitudes, which determines the weather: hot, dry summers (from +30°C to +50°C) and relatively cold winters with precipitation, and no stable snow cover is formed.
c) Subpolar climate. This climate zone is located only on the northern edges of Eurasia and North America. In summer, humid air masses come here from temperate latitudes, so summers here are cool (from +5°C to +10°C) Despite the small amount of precipitation, evaporation is low, since the angle of incidence sun rays is small and the earth does not warm up well. Therefore, in the subpolar climate in northern Eurasia and North America there are many lakes and swamps. In winter, cold arctic air masses come here, so winters are long and cold, temperatures can drop to -50°C.
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January 20, 2017 -December 7, 2016 -