The types of worms bred on verifer farms are diverse and they belong to invertebrates. In turn, if you are interested in what kind of worms there are, then you need to know that representatives of this family have a classification and numerous varieties, but they all have an oblong body, as well as a front and rear end. The body of the worm is enclosed in a skin-muscular sac.

Types

The type of worms can be the following:

• flat;
• ciliary;
• tape;
• round;
• ringed

The characteristics of worms include their structure and size, which can be different. The body of the bulk of worms is elongated, has a thread-like shape and is slightly flattened, if we talk about a flatworm or tapeworm. If we take the round and ringed one, then its body is cylindrical in cross-section, similar to a circle.

The body size of roundworms can be quite small and they can only be seen well with a microscope, but there are also species that are impressive in size, one to two meters in length and even more.

Flat

Flatworms have, as their name suggests, a flat (even flattened), symmetrical body on both sides, the head and tail are clearly defined. Representatives of this species lack respiratory organs and blood vessels. The exchange of gases occurs throughout the body. The musculocutaneous pouch consists of epithelium and 2 layers of muscle - circular and longitudinal.

Speaking briefly about the nervous system of flatworms, it is worth noting that in almost all species it is composed of longitudinal columns (dorsal, abdominal and lateral). Some species have cells of touch, as well as organs that help the worm navigate and distinguish between chemicals. compound environment, which allows them to navigate quite confidently.

Most of flatworms- hermaphrodites. This means that they have both male and female cells. However, they cannot fertilize themselves. When mating, two individuals tightly touch each other with their abdominal parts and sperm are exchanged. As a result, each individual will independently lay eggs.

This video tells everything about the life activity and structure of a flatworm

Ciliated worms are distinguished by their oval shape - the surface of the body is covered with ciliated epithelium. With the help of these cilia the worm communicates with outside world. They live in both salt and fresh water, some species live on land. In the front part of the body of ciliated worms there are organs of touch and a mouth on the abdomen.

The musculocutaneous pouch contains circular, longitudinal and diagonal muscles. The skin contains glands that secrete mucus, which is necessary for the worm to glide. In some species it is toxic and with the help of them it can kill prey.

Curious!!! The ciliated worm has pharyngeal glands that secrete an enzyme necessary for digestion. The worm can attack various small crustaceans, which it is unable to swallow. In such a situation, he injects this enzyme into the victim, and then eats the half-digested mass.

Reproduction of this species occurs similarly to flat ones.

The size of tapeworms can be either completely microscopic or quite impressive, up to ten meters. The body of the tapeworm is divided into segments. In the front part is the head, which has microscopic suckers; in front of it is the neck, which is constantly turning into new segments. It is through this process that the worm grows. All segments contain reproductive organs. Worms of this species are cross-fertilized and eggs mature in all segments.

The roundworm has a long body shape that is circular in cross section. The mouth is located in the front of the body. Intestinal tract straight. The back part ends with an opening through which the intestinal tract is emptied. The body is covered with a specific cuticle. Between it and the intestinal tract there are longitudinal muscles and 4 chords, which have various purposes. The dorsal and abdominal ones provide nerve trunks, and the lateral ones contain the sensory nervous system and excretory channels.

Curious!!! Growing in the process of life, worms of this species are freed from old skin, replacing it with new one. This species can reproduce without mating. Very often, the appearance of larvae occurs in the body of the worms themselves.

Ringed

Ringed animals are considered the most organized of all species. Its body is made up of single segments. This species does not shed its cuticle during its life, which increases as its body grows. Their body is covered with chitinous bristles, which are its limbs. The movement of individuals of this species occurs due to muscle contraction or with the help of bristles.

Under the skin there are longitudinal and circular muscles. The body of worms of this species contains a specific liquid. The intestinal tract is straight, the digestive tract has a through structure.

Curious!!! In individuals of this species, the blood supply system is closed and includes a pair of vessels, one of which is located on the back and the other on the abdomen. Blood, depending on the type, can be different color from red to colorless.

If we talk about the nervous system, it is quite primitive and consists of two nodes, the head and the abdominal. All segments of the body of worms of this species have their own nerve ganglion. Some species have eyes on the head, while others have tactile cells on the body. They can reproduce without pairs.

This video shows what types of annelids there are and everything about their structure and life activity.

- (Vermes), a collective group of invertebrates, uniting lower bilaterally symmetrical animals (Bilateria) with an elongated body, the swarm was previously given the rank of type. Modern Researchers divide Ch. into independent types: flat Ch., nemerteans,... ... Biological encyclopedic Dictionary

- (Vermes) extensive gr. invertebrates, characterized by a number of common features: bilateral body structure, the development of a skin-muscular sac that envelops the body and consists of single-layer epithelium and differently structured muscles, the absence of... ... Geological encyclopedia

Worm, worm... Russian word stress

1. WORMS, her; WORTS, worm; pl. (unit of heart, s; g.). Card suit, indicated by red hearts. Lead hearts. Seven of Hearts. Ch. trumps. On hand are one piece ◁ Hearts; Chervonny, oh, oh. Ch. ace, king. 2. WORMS see Worm. * * * worms... ... encyclopedic Dictionary

Hearts, hearts, suit, worms, worm Dictionary of Russian synonyms. worms noun, number of synonyms: 6 fats (5) suit... Synonym dictionary

WORMS- (vermes), a type (and according to some authors a group of types) of invertebrate animals, occupying, in terms of the height of their organization, a kind of middle position between coelenterates, on the one hand, and arthropods (and soft-bodied animals) on the other. Ch. have b. h... ... Great Medical Encyclopedia

worms- WORMS, worms, unraveled. reduction heart... Dictionary-thesaurus of synonyms of Russian speech

WORMS, a collective group of invertebrate animals. Most worms have an elongated body, the walls of which consist of skin and muscles. About 40 thousand species. Free-living forms live in seas, fresh waters and soil. Besides,… … Modern encyclopedia

A collective group of protostomed invertebrate animals with an elongated body, uniting flatworms, protocavity worms, netelminthes, nemerteans, annelids, etc. Big Encyclopedic Dictionary

WORMS, worms. see hearts. Ushakov's explanatory dictionary. D.N. Ushakov. 1935 1940 ... Ushakov's Explanatory Dictionary

WORMS, ey, yam and WORMS, worm, worms. In playing cards: the name of the red suit with the image of hearts. King of Hearts. | adj. red, aya, oh and hearts, aya, oh (colloquial). Queen of Hearts. Ozhegov's explanatory dictionary. S.I. Ozhegov, N.Yu. Shvedova... ... Ozhegov's Explanatory Dictionary

Books

• Worms, R. Flanagan. 1995 edition. The condition is very good. A country of many millions, proud of a powerful army, enthusiastically chanting “USA” and an army machine that crushes people under itself. Army and...
• Parasitic worms are the cause of unrecognized diagnoses, O. I. Eliseeva. What is helminthiasis, what types of parasites can inhabit our organs, and what are the known ways of their penetration into the human body. Symptoms of helminthiasis and its similarity to...

As is known, some of the worms are non-fleatile, while others are segmented (see Animals). The most highly organized of all types of worms and at the same time the most important and interesting from a paleontological point of view is the Annelida type (annelids). Annelida are segmented worms: their body is elongated, divided into segments. At one end of the body is the oral opening, and at the other is the anal opening. Most representatives of this type live in the sea. Some of them actively move - either swim or crawl along the seabed, burrow into silt and sand; traces and passages of such worms in some cases are found quite often in rocks where there are no other remains of animals or plants. Other representatives of the annelid type lead a “sedentary” lifestyle. Some of these worms secrete protective calcareous tubes, sometimes more or less wriggling, and sometimes spirally coiled. These worms live in such tubes and are therefore called tubeworms. Only the pipes are preserved in a fossil state. Of the trumpet veins, the two most widespread genera are Spirorbis and Serpula.

Representatives of the genus Spirorbis (Lower Silurian - now) are preserved in the form of small calcareous tubes coiled into a snail-shaped spiral. In this way, spirorbis resemble the shells of some foraminifera or mollusks. Each such spirally coiled tube is attached with its lower side to some foreign object (algae, the shell of a larger animal, etc.).
The genus Serpula (Upper Silurian - now) forms irregularly twisting calcareous tubes, which are usually attached to some foreign objects or to each other. Some annelids have a chitinous jaw apparatus in the form of jagged plates. Similar formations They are also found in fossil form starting from the Lower Paleozoic. They were given a name scolecodonts. This word means "teeth of worms"; Paleontologists who study them tend to consider scolecodonts to be the remains of ancient annelids. Scolecodonts are typically microscopic in size and vary greatly in shape. These fossils consist mainly of organic matter (about 50%) and silica (about 45%).

Worm burrows, often observed in large numbers in some breeds, deserve special attention. These passages apparently also belong to annelids. The so-called sandworms belonging to this type, eating silt, go deep into the sediment by about 60 cm. According to some calculations, this entire 60 cm layer passes through the intestines of sandworms in about two years. Similar mud-eating worms undoubtedly existed in previous geological eras. The passages of such worms sometimes abound in layers of sedimentary rocks that are extremely poor in other remains of organisms. The burrows of worms, often found in the strata of the so-called flysch, have long been described under the name fucoids and were initially mistaken for the remains of algae. Quite often one has to observe, for example, slabs of marl with numerous round exits of tubular worm passages. After carefully removing the top layer of such a slab, you can see the branching of the passages.

Annelids are of great theoretical interest to the evolutionary paleontologist. In their structure they closely resemble the type of arthropods, and, apparently, these latter descend from some ancient Annelida.

Participation of worms in the formation of rocks

Representatives of the genus Serpula and forms close to them are of great importance as rock-forming organisms. The sinuous tubes of these fossils can form layers of rock. In northwestern Germany, Lower Cretaceous serpulite (i.e. rock formed by serpules), the layer of which reaches a thickness of 50 m, in some places consists entirely of tubes of these fossils. Serpuls take a noticeable part in the formation of some limestones common in Russia (can be seen in the example of the Moscow region) and in the territory. Ukraine (for example, reef limestones of the Middle Miocene of the southwestern part of Ukraine).
The huge role of earthworms (also belonging to the type of annelids) in the processing and loosening of soil cover and denudation of the earth's crust became generally known after Charles Darwin's work “The Formation of the Vegetative Layer of the Earth by the Activity of Earthworms.”

IN everyday language the term "worm" is applied to various living forms such as larvae, insects, millipedes, centipedes, and even some vertebrates. All types of worms are divided into several groups:

1. Flatworms

Family planarians lives in fresh water. They are hermaphrodites (have male and female reproductive organs). They have a simple brain (ganglia) and nervous system, arrow-shaped head and two eyespots. They have the ability to regenerate.

Trematodes or flukes have complex life cycles, and they live within one or more hosts. These worm species are characterized by a well-developed digestive system with a mouth at the front end and one or more suckers surrounding the mouth. The suckers are used to remain attached to the inner surface of the host's body.

2. Tapeworms

Tapeworms come in all shapes and sizes. Regardless of whether they are on a rain-soaked sidewalk, trash container or at the end fishing hook, the worms most people know are of the segmented variety.

Nematoda have successfully adapted to almost every ecosystem from marine (salt water) to fresh water, to soils, from polar regions to the tropics, and from the highest to the lowest altitudes. These worms are ubiquitous in freshwater, marine and terrestrial environments, where they often outnumber other animals and are found in places as diverse as mountains, deserts and ocean trenches.

4. Annelids

Annelids(Nereis, sea mouse, sandworm, earthworm, tubifex, leeches).
Annelids (Annelida, from Latin anellus, "small ring"), also known as annelids or segmented worms, are a large phylum with more than 17,000 extant species, including earthworms and leeches. Species of these worms are adapted to different ecologies—some live in marine environments such as intertidal zones and hydrothermal vents, others in fresh water as well as moist terrestrial habitats.

Earthworms

Any person inclined to work on the earth has repeatedly encountered these shiny, pinkish-brown tubular life forms that hastily disappeared into the comforting damp darkness of the soil. These are known to everyone earthworms. Let us note a few of their features:

1. Earthworms are incredibly diverse, with approximately 6,000 species worldwide. Some of the most familiar species to see in your garden are the night crawler (which can be seen after dark), the angle worm (a popular fishing bait) or the earthworm.
2. Of the 180 species of earthworms found in the United States and Canada, 60 are invasive species brought from the Old World.
3. Lacking lungs or other specialized respiratory organs, earthworms breathe through their skin.
4. The skin emits a lubricating fluid that facilitates movement through underground burrows and helps keep the skin moist.
5. Each earthworm is both male and female, producing both eggs and sperm. One end of their body is more sensitive to light than the other.
6. Earthworms are attracted to each other by smell. These types of worms mate on the surface of the earth.
7. Earthworm eggs look like tiny lemons. Newborn worms emerge from the eggs very small but fully formed. They produce reproductive organs during the first 2-3 months of life and reach full size after about a year. They can live up to eight years.
8. The size of these worms varies depending on the species, from less than 2 cm to almost 3 m. Such large monsters are not found in gardens. You have to go to the tropics to see them.
9. In the northern states of Canada, subsequently the last ice age, earthworms were destroyed. Therefore, modern worms found in glaciated areas are invaders from the ocean that were deliberately introduced by early settlers under the assumption that the worms would improve the soil.
10. The earthworm's digestive system is a tube that runs straight from the front end of the body to the back, where the digested material passes out. Since they primarily eat fallen leaves and soil, this allows the worms to move into the soil nutrients, such as potassium and nitrogen. In addition, the movements of the worm in the ground create holes that facilitate the passage of air and loosen the soil.
11. The northern forest of the United States suffers from earthworms that quickly eat the leaf layer (duff), causing nutrients to become less available to young growing plants and the soil becoming more compact instead of loosening, which negatively affects the development of these forests. Earthworms can also speed up the passage of water through forest soil, which may be beneficial in a farmland or garden with compacted soil, but not in such forests.
12. Because earthworms spend most of their lives underground, plowing the soil and creating complex networks of burrows (which can extend 2 m or more), their bodies are basically like a tube with muscles arranged in two layers. One set of fibers runs lengthwise and the other runs widthwise, like a corset around his body. Tightening the corset forces the worm's head to move forward. The wave of contractions then travels back through the body, squeezing the worm forward until the long muscles grip the tail.
13. Thin-skinned earthworms have no resistance to the sun's ultraviolet radiation, so daylight can be fatal, and they are usually only found on the surface in dull, wet weather.
14. If a worm loses one end of its body, it can be replaced, however, if it is cut in half, it dies. Contrary to popular belief, they do not become two new worms.
15. Fossil worms similar to earthworms have been found in rocks laid down 600 million years ago.

The earthworm is such a familiar creature and few people think about its enormous importance in nature. The contribution of earthworms in relation to soil fertility is enormous. They burrow through the ground, dragging leaves and other plant debris into the soil, allowing organic matter and air to penetrate and water to infiltrate. Their activity over millions of years is vital to the creation of rich, fertile soils from dense, barren clays. Unfortunately, the earthworm has many enemies - almost all animals and birds, but moths are the biggest threat, since one moth can eat up to 50 earthworms in one day.

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