International terrorism- a specific form of terrorism that originated in the late 1960s and received significant development by the end of the 20th - beginning of the 21st century. Main goals international terrorism is the disorganization of public administration, causing economic and political damage, violation of the foundations social order, which should induce, according to the terrorists, the government to change policy. Modern international terrorism is, as a rule, Islamist.
The main features of international terrorism are globalization, professionalization and reliance on extremist ideology. The use of suicide terrorists, the threat of the use of unconventional (nuclear, chemical or bacteriological) weapons and a rational approach are also noted. One of the leading modern terrorism researchers, Brian Jenkins ( English) considers international terrorism a new type of conflict.
UN Security Council Resolution 1373 of 28 September 2001 notes “the close links between international terrorism and transnational organized crime, illicit drugs, money laundering, illicit arms trafficking and the illicit movement of nuclear, chemical, biological and other potentially lethal materials.” Experts also note the increase in the technical equipment of terrorists and their tacit support from some states.
To achieve their goals, terrorist organizations widely use the Internet, radio and television.
International terrorism poses a particular danger due to the fact that it threatens international law and order and interstate relations. Any act of international terrorism affects the interests of several (at least two) states, and to suppress or prevent such acts, extensive interstate cooperation is necessary.
42) Ideology of the “new right”
New right- a term that is used to designate a number of political movements and parties of the right wing.
Often the designation “new right” refers to a set of right-wing radical socio-philosophical movements that emerged in a number of Western countries in the 1970s. as a reaction to the theories of neo-Marxists and the “new left”. In particular
political movement Nouvelle Droite emerged in 1969 in France, declaring its commitment to right-wing (“conservative”) values, the core of which was the Group for the Study of European Civilization (GRESE), whose notable participants were Alain de Benoit and Dominique Wenner
One of the main themes of the geopolitics of the “new right” is restoring the balance of power in the world. The balance of power in geopolitics means a state of not static, but dynamic equilibrium, where continuous fluctuations in the impact of opposing centers of political dynamics on the strategic and geopolitical configuration of world politics are permissible.
Ideology of totalitarianism
Totalitarianism from the point of view of political science is a form of relationship between society and government, in which political power takes complete (total) control of society, completely controlling all aspects of a person’s life. Manifestations of opposition in any form are brutally and mercilessly suppressed or suppressed by the state. Also important feature totalitarianism is to create the illusion of complete approval by the people of the actions of this government.
Historically, the concept of “totalitarian state” (Italian. stato totalitario) appeared in the early 1920s to characterize the regime of Benito Mussolini. A totalitarian state was characterized by unlimited powers of government, the elimination of constitutional rights and freedoms, repression of dissidents, and the militarization of public life. Jurists of Italian Fascism and German Nazism used the term in a positive way, and their critics - in a negative way. In the West, they use the common features of Stalinism and fascism to unite them under one sign of totalitarianism. This model is widely used in anti-communist propaganda.
1. The presence of one comprehensive ideology on which the political system of society is built.
2. The presence of a single party, usually led by a dictator, which merges with the state apparatus and the secret police.
3. The extremely high role of the state apparatus, the penetration of the state into almost all spheres of social life.
4. Lack of pluralism in the media.
5. Strict ideological censorship of all legal channels of information, as well as programs of medium and higher education. Criminal penalties for disseminating independent information.
6. The large role of state propaganda, manipulation of the mass consciousness of the population.
7. Denial of traditions, including traditional morality, and complete subordination of the choice of means to the goals set (to build a “new society”).
8. Mass repression and terror by security forces.
9. Destruction of individual civil rights and freedoms.
10. Centralized economic planning.
11. Almost comprehensive control of the ruling party over the armed forces and the distribution of weapons among the population.
12. Commitment to expansionism.
13. Administrative control over the administration of justice.
14. The desire to erase all boundaries between the state, civil society and the individual
44) Types of totalitarianism: similarities and differences
Depending on the dominant ideology, totalitarianism is usually divided into communism, fascism and national socialism.
Communism (socialism), to a greater extent than other varieties of totalitarianism, expresses the main features of this system, since it presupposes the absolute power of the state, the complete elimination of private property and, consequently, all personal autonomy. Despite the predominantly totalitarian forms political organization The socialist system also has humane political goals. So, for example, in the USSR the level of education of the people sharply increased, their share of scientific and cultural achievements became accessible, social protection of the population was ensured, the economy, space and military industries, etc. developed, the crime rate sharply decreased, and, moreover, over the course of For decades, the system almost never resorted to mass repression.
Fascism is a right-wing extremist political movement that arose in the context of the revolutionary processes that swept the countries of Western Europe after the First World War and the victory of the revolution in Russia. It was first established in Italy in 1922. Italian fascism gravitated towards the revival of the greatness of the Roman Empire, the establishment of order, firm state power. Fascism claims to restore or purify the “soul of the people”, ensuring a collective identity on cultural or ethnic grounds. By the end of the 30s, fascist regimes had established themselves in Italy, Germany, Portugal, Spain and a number of countries in Eastern and Central Europe. With all my national characteristics fascism was the same everywhere: it expressed the interests of the most reactionary circles of capitalist society, which provided financial and political support to fascist movements, seeking to use them to suppress the revolutionary uprisings of the working masses, preserve the existing system and realize their imperial ambitions in the international arena.
Third a type of totalitarianism- National Socialism. As a real political and social system, it arose in Germany in 1933. Goal: world domination of the Aryan race and social preference - the German nation. If in communist systems aggressiveness is directed primarily inward - against one’s own citizens (the class enemy), then in national socialism it is directed outward, against other peoples.
There is a very popular and fairly stable opinion according to which the Soviet communist empire in the East and the Nazi Third Reich in the West are rooted in the national historical traditions of Russia and Germany, and in essence represent a continuation of the history of these countries in new conditions. This opinion is only partly true, since in a number of key aspects they were built on an interruption of historical continuity, and in some ways even on the rejection of some key elements of the national historical tradition.
45. Fascism and neo-fascism as political ideology
It arose at the turn of the 19th - 20th centuries. as a result of imperialist contradictions. Manifested in the movement of anti-globalists and the “new right” formed between the First and Second World Wars against the backdrop of a deep economic crisis and political instability. Fascism is based on mass totalitarian political party(coming to power, it becomes a state-monopoly organization) and the unquestioned authority of the “leader”, “Fuhrer”. The Fuhrer is both the exponent and personification of the racial, national and popular spirit. The strength of the state comes from him, he gives certain powers to lower leaders.
Ideology of fascism identifies society with the nation, and the nation with the state. The interests of the state are immeasurably higher than the interests of individuals, groups and organizations. The power of the fascist state depends on the spiritual unity of the masses, which must be protected by any means. Apart from the fascist party - the only bearer of power and the fate of the state, no other parties with their inter-party struggle have the right to exist. Any democratic movements and organizations, as well as manifestations of free thought, were strictly prohibited under fascism. To fight dissent, fascist states used developed police forces, special paramilitary organizations, a total system of surveillance and control, concentration camps, in which many tens of thousands of democrats, cultural figures and opponents of fascism, millions of Jews, Slavs and simply representatives of the “non-Aryan” population were killed.
Feminist ideology
Feminism(from lat. femina, “woman”) is a socio-political movement whose goal is to provide all women discriminated against on the basis of gender, race, orientation, age, ethnicity, social status with full social rights. In a broad sense, the desire for equality of women with men in all spheres of society. In a narrow sense, it is a women's movement whose goal is to eliminate discrimination against women.
Feminism as a movement emerged in the 18th century; During the first wave of feminism from the 19th century to the first half of the 20th century, the struggle was to achieve gender equality. Subsequently, during the second wave, the focus of the struggle shifted to achieving de facto equality between women and men. Feminism became especially active in the late 1960s. Within feminism, there are ideas of an extremist orientation.
The emergence of feminism as a theory was prepared by the following intellectual movements of the West: liberal philosophy and the theory of human rights (Locke, Rousseau, Mill and others); socialist theory, consideration of sexuality and human sexual behavior in a social and political context (Sigmund Freud, Wilhelm Reich, Margaret Mead, Frankfurt School philosophers: Herbert Marcuse and Theodor Adorno). In addition, feminist thought was greatly influenced by the ideologies of the youth protest of the new left, the struggle of blacks for civil rights, the utopias of the counterculture, and the ideas of the sexual revolution. Feminist literature arose in the United States, and then in Great Britain and France. Initially it was journalistic and political. But soon “women’s” issues become the subject of academic research in a number of fields of knowledge: anthropology, ethnology, sociology, psychology, philosophy, political science, etc.
Today terrorism is the main threat to the entire international world and its security, and this is fundamental principles world order. This is a threat at different levels and for any people without a choice: no matter what country they live in, no matter what they do and what their religion is. Religion, culture, and morality have become the targets of terrorist attacks and their victims. The modern enemy is very diverse in the global sense of the word. The fight against it is carried out everywhere in all countries of the world and in different spheres of human activity.
Today you can hear on TV news and read in the media reports about a large number of terrorist incidents: and the words “terrorists, terrorist attacks and terror" are constantly heard from the lips of politicians and journalists. There were terrorist attacks in Budenovsk, Volgodonsk, Moscow, Tushino, Beslan , Grozny, North Ossetia, New York, Paris, Baghdad, and this list can be continued for a long time, the geography is different, this is obvious. What is terrorism? When we talk about it, we often mean different things. Therefore, in order to define this concept in the sense of a global problem, it is necessary to reveal the very essence of international terrorism as a phenomenon.
There are several dozen interpretations of this concept. “Terrorism” - this word comes from the Latin word “terror”, which means horror and fear. In Russian literature, in V. Dahl’s dictionary, this means something like this: intimidation with the death penalty, murder and other horrors. This definition is very valuable precisely because it quite correctly indicates intimidation through the use of violent actions, which is the most important feature of international terrorism.
The components of this phenomenon include the following:
- obligatory presence of a goal (political);
- violence is used purposefully;
- existing organizational structure;
The target of terrorist organizations can be both material objects (residential buildings, sports and entertainment venues) and certain categories of citizens. They are usually defined by terrorists according to a principle that implies political activity, social status, national origin, religion. But also completely random people who, by chance, may find themselves in the zone of a terrorist attack. The ultimate goal of terrorists may be economic power, constitutional order, governance or territorial integrity, and much more. This, it seems to me, is the difference between international terrorism and organized crime, since the essence of the second is the same - violence and cruelty towards individuals.
Today, international terrorism is a long-term factor political life, which threatens the security of different countries and citizens. As a result, there are huge moral, economic and political losses, and the imposition of strong psychological pressure on a large number of people. And of course, the worst thing is the lives of completely random peaceful people.
Terrorist activity has become very multifaceted, its nature has become more complex, and the scale and sophistication of terrorist acts has increased. This is a whole a complex system, in which there is a whole complex of different processes, such as ideological, criminal, military, economic, political, religious and nationalist. In general, international terrorism is a response to delays in decisions on pressing political, ethnic and social problems.
International terrorism is currently considered the plague of the twenty-first century in the world. Having passed into a new dimension, this process completely violated and went beyond all the rules and frameworks of human civilization. That is why the fight against it is so urgent; it is now the most important direction in protecting the rights of citizens in different countries world and is regulated by anti-terrorism legislation.
The forces of international terrorism are attacking Europe, the forces of international terrorism have attacked Russia... A lie amazing in its scale! There is no single international terrorist organization and never has existed. There are separate terrorist organizations, each of which has its own ideology. In some cases, this ideology has religious foundations, in others it is expressed by the doctrines of the national liberation struggle, and thirdly, by various social teachings (anarchist, Trotskyist, Maoist). But they prefer not to talk about the ideology that motivates terrorist attacks.
In our de-ideologizing times, the very posing of the question that ideological alternatives to the existing system of life are possible is perceived as a greater threat than terrorism itself. Meanwhile, without deconstructing the ideological motivators of terrorism, it is impossible to resist it.
BLURRY IDEOLOGICAL ESSENCE OF THE CATEGORY “INTERNATIONAL TERRORISM”
Terrorism is currently not only an expression of political realities, but also an information phenomenon. It is identified today in the list of global threats as one of the main challenges facing humanity.
Terrorism is positioned as an enemy of internationally recognized nation states, including Russia. The war in Chechnya was characterized precisely as an attack on the Russian Federation by the forces of international terrorism. International terrorism is the only named enemy of Russia in the Strategy national security. The topic of threats of international terrorism is in fact the main problematic motive in the US National Security Strategies. This entire information discourse looks like an attempt to retouch the true nature of the challenges considered under the terrorist marker. Terrorism itself cannot be defined as an enemy, since it is not a subject. Terrorism is a tactic that can be resorted to by a variety of ideological forces. But they prefer not to say what the ideology of terrorism is, because in this case questions will be raised that are not entirely desirable for the beneficiaries of the modern world and national systems.
The President of Russia has spoken more than once about the fact that aggression was committed against Russia by the forces of international terrorism. Words about this aggression were contained, in particular, in the Presidential Addresses to the Federal Assembly.
2002: “With joint efforts, we managed to solve the most important strategic task - to eliminate the most dangerous center of international terrorism in Afghanistan. Stop it negative impact on the situation in other regions of the world, to eliminate the threat emanating from there to you and me.
After September 11 last year, many, many people in the world realized that the Cold War was over. We realized that now there are other threats, there is another war going on - the war against international terrorism. Its danger is obvious; it does not require new evidence. I would like to note: this fully applies to Russia.”
2004: “Russia was one of the first countries to face the large-scale threat of international terrorism. As we all know, not so long ago this threatened the very territorial integrity of the Russian Federation. After the well-known terrible tragedies that occurred as a result of terrorist attacks, an anti-terrorist coalition was formed in the world. It was formed with our active participation, in cooperation with the United States of America, with other countries and in the situation with Afghanistan, and showed its high efficiency in the fight against the threat of terror.
Russia values the established anti-terrorist community, values it as an instrument for coordinating interstate efforts in the fight against this evil. Moreover, successful cooperation within the coalition and on the basis international law could become a good example of the consolidation of civilized states in the fight against common threats.”
2005 year: “The integrity of the country was violated by the terrorist intervention and the subsequent Khasavyurt surrender.”
So, we were attacked, and it is undesirable to say who attacked - "some dark forces". In the Russian case, as in the case of terrorist attacks in Western countries, it would be necessary to analyze the phenomenology of the currents of modern Islam and deal with the ideology of jihad. But neither the Russian nor the Western expert communities are ready for this. Meanwhile, without such an analysis, Islamist movements using terror tactics will only intensify.
And such an analysis should lead to the conclusion that traditional Islam and jihadist versions of Islam contradict each other. The very category of jihad of traditional Islam cannot be adapted to modern terrorist practice. The idea of struggle is contained in any religion and cannot but be contained. Any religion is built on a rigid dichotomy of good and evil. And fighting evil is a moral imperative for any believer. Jihad precisely expresses this philosophy of struggle. There are various types of jihad, including the fight against criminals and the fight against one’s own evil thoughts. Naturally, there is a gulf between terrorism and the fight against one’s own bad thoughts. The jihadists have made a fundamental change. The imperative to fight evil was actually replaced by the imperative of genocide - the physical destruction of others. This is a direct substitute for Islam and has nothing to do with the great religion.
All traditional religions affirm human life as one of their basic values. Religious terrorism seems to act on behalf of religion. But the very fact of taking a person’s life contradicts the original religious value foundation. It is significant that the spiritual authorities of all the leading traditional religions terrorism is condemned today. Terrorist acts cannot be interpreted in this sense as a struggle of the religious world against the secular world. This is how the forces interested in producing conflict want to present it. In reality, terrorism contradicts both religious and humanistic secular systems of value coordinates.
HISTORY OF TERRORISM IN THE CONTEXT OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE INFORMATION SOCIETY AND PROSPECTS FOR GLOBAL POLITICAL TRANSFORMATION
In a certain sense, the history of terrorism is correlated with the history of humanity. However, in ancient and medieval eras it was mainly represented in the form of tyranomachy. The genesis of modern terrorism is associated with the emergence of the beginnings of the information society.
Although both in the Middle Ages and in antiquity, a terrorist attack not only had a personal orientation, but also assumed an incipient excitative function, i.e. served as a form of propaganda or intimidating message. Moreover, there was a mythological layer of the sacralized pantheon of terrorist heroes. Judith and Brutus, Zealots and Assassins, Robin Hood represent variations of the terrorist pattern of archaic periods of history. The terrorist is perceived as a cult figure, even a ritual one, in the culture or counterculture for the sake of whose ideas he carried out the terrorist attack. Thinking with double standards is expressed in the fact that “foreign” terrorism is presented as a crime, when “our own” terrorism is assessed as a feat. In the first case, a terrorist is defined as a criminal and a bandit, in the second - a rebel, underground fighter, or partisan. It is impossible to overcome this axiological dichotomy. Its emergence as a mass phenomenon dates back to the last quarter of the 19th century. Since its formation, it has been articulated within three ideological directions: anarchist terrorism (USA and Western Europe), socialist terrorism (Russia), ethno-confessional terrorism (Ireland, Poland, India, the Middle East).
It cannot be said that terrorism a century ago was different in content and was aimed at specific government figures. Indeed, the Socialist Revolutionary terrorist attacks were mainly personalized. But terrorist attacks carried out by anarchists or maximalists were directed against “bourgeois society” as a whole, which was expressed, for example, in the bombing of public institutions, bombing of cafes, “agrarian” and “factory” terror.
A terrorist attack in the information society is aimed at public resonance. In the absence of information, it becomes meaningless. Consequently, the creation of an information vacuum around the activities of terrorist groups is effective way fight against terrorism. But the principles of openness and freedom of the media are the cornerstones of the organization of civil society, and therefore to limit them, even in order to prevent a terrorist threat, it would be necessary to abandon the existing ideological model.
There is another universal way of preventing terrorist attacks, known since ancient times - hostage taking. Even in ancient times, when making peace, the practice of exchanging hostages was widely used, which was the most significant factor keeping peoples from attacking each other. Hostage served as an effective deterrent mechanism for the local population in the colonization policy of Tsarist Russia on the national outskirts. But positioning in accordance with the marker of “civilization” did not allow taking representatives of one’s own intelligentsia hostage, and as a result, Russian empire, which successfully prevented the development of national terrorism, was overwhelmed by the terrorist wave of the social revolution. By the way, the Bolsheviks did not hesitate to use the hostage procedure. Thus, in 1922, the execution of the sentence for the Socialist Revolutionaries was postponed with the proviso that the execution of the accused would take place if the Socialist Revolutionary Party continued to use terrorist methods of struggle against Soviet power.
The threat of death will not frighten a terrorist. According to a long-established view, the motivation for a terrorist attack is suicidal psychopathology. The terrorist seeks death, and the prospect of the scaffold turns out to be desirable for him. But by sacrificing himself, a terrorist will not always sacrifice his comrades or relatives who are being held hostage. However, the practice of hostage-taking is naturally also incompatible with the concept of “human rights”. Accordingly, the promotion of the topic of terrorism logically leads to the conclusion that in order to “ensure security” it is necessary to curtail the system of human rights and freedoms. In the perspective of global trends, the designated landmarks can be defined as a projection of the new fascisation of the world.
TERRORISM AS A MANIFESTATION OF THE NEW CIVILIZATIONAL WAR
Negative axiology of terrorism by the ideological attitudes of the victorious or dominant side. But terrorism was often the only way to defend their rights and dignity when the legitimate path turns out to be ineffective.
The Armenian genocide would have been largely unnoticed by the world community if not for the Dashnak terror. “After all, who talks today about the extermination of Armenians?”- A. Hitler asked a rhetorical question over time to justify the possibility of genocide against the Jews. However, the high-profile political murders of persons involved in the genocide by the Dashnaks forced the world community to recognize the existence of the Armenian issue. Of course, terror cannot be recognized as an acceptable means from a humanistic standpoint. But politically, as a method, it often turns out to be almost the only possible way convey your position.
In interstate wars, as is known, there are winners and losers. It is, in principle, impossible to win civilizational wars. The action force is equal to the reaction force. Translating this formula of Isaac Newton into the language of the humanities, we can use the metaphor of a “civilizational pendulum.” The greater the amplitude of the pendulum movement in one direction, the more significant its movement in the other will be. The suppression of civilizational identity in the first phase will inevitably lead to civilizational rejection in the second phase. A counterattack against the civilizational aggressor is also inevitable.
The movement of the “civilizational pendulum” is clearly illustrated in this regard by the history of the Middle East and the Eastern Mediterranean. Persian aggression in the West - Alexander the Great's campaigns in the East - Parthian offensive in the West - Roman offensive in the East - Invasion of the Huns in the West - Byzantine imperial restoration of power in the East - Arab campaigns in the West - Crusades in the East - Ottoman aggression in the West - Western colonialism aggression to the East. The modern terrorist attack in Europe and the spread of anti-Western jihadism is the next phase of this pendulum movement. Stopping the bloody pendulum can only be done by abandoning the practice of civilizational aggression.
It is impossible to justify the practice of terrorism from a humanistic position. But this does not mean that its genesis should not be explained. An explanatory analysis objectively leads to the conclusion about the responsibility of the Western neo-Crusaders. Was there really no understanding that aggression - military and informational - could lead to nothing other than the spread of the extremist ideology of irreconcilable struggle - jihadism, the strategy of waging a “war without borders”, the tactics of individual terror? The logic of countering superior enemy forces should have led to exactly this outcome.
The words of Muammar Gaddafi, who was overthrown by a “broad coalition” of forces and who, a few months before his death, addressing the Western community, warned: “Neglecting the stability of Libya will lead to the collapse of world peace through instability in the Mediterranean. If our power in Libya has to end, millions of Africans will pour illegally into Italy, into France... Europe will become black in a very short time. It is our strength that blocks illegal immigration. It is thanks to us that stability reigns in the Mediterranean Sea, the entire length of 2 thousand kilometers along the Libyan coast. We prevent immigration, we contain the development and advancement of Al Qaeda... Thus, if the stability in Libya is disrupted, it will immediately have bad consequences for Europe and for the Mediterranean. Everyone will be in danger!.
And what could such actions as the publication of cartoons regarding Muhammad and Islamic shrines lead to? The incident with the Charlie Hebdo cartoons was not an exceptional case in this regard, being part of a series of anti-Islamic demonstrations. How to evaluate this kind of action as an expression of freedom of opinion, or a deliberate provocation?
And here is another example lying in the dualism between the right to freedom and provocation. In 2003, after the overthrow of Saddam Hussein's regime in Iraq, one of the first steps taken by the new authorities was to decriminalize homosexual relations. This is an unprecedented step for an Islamic country! It was obvious how Muslims would perceive this legislative innovation. The birth of ISIS with these kinds of steps was programmed. The talk of modern political figures is also characteristic, no, and even those who accept concepts from the arsenal of religious wars of the Middle Ages. On September 12, 2011, the day after the high-profile terrorist attack on the United States, George W. Bush spoke about a new war against terrorism, using the phrase “crusade.” For Islamic countries after this, virtually everything became clear. Subsequently, the American president admitted that the words about a “crusade” were inappropriate. But the slip took place. And the subsequent rhetoric sounded completely in the spirit of the appeals of the initiator of the first crusade, Pope Urban II.
“And we,” says the American president in the style of a messianic sermon on the fifth anniversary of the events of September 11, “ let us go forward with confidence in our national spirit, in the justice of our goals, and with the faith of God who has made us all free... We are now in the very early stages of the battle between tyranny and freedom. Despite the violence, many still wonder: do the people of the Middle East want freedom? For 60 years, these doubts have determined our policy in this region. And then, on a clear September morning, it became obvious to us that the peace we had seen in the Middle East was just a mirage. Years of trying to achieve stability were wasted. And we changed our policy".
An amazing recognition is made - whether the peoples of the region want or not freedom in its American interpretation does not matter - the policy of appeasement is over, a different kind of politics is beginning. And what is a policy opposite to pacification (and you can only pacify someone whom you consider an immanent enemy) is clear - this is a policy of suppression.
Russia, if it is serious about taking on the role of opposing the lawlessness happening in the Middle East, should finally decide with whom it is ideologically fighting. Terrorism is not an ideology, but a means of warfare that can be resorted to by completely different organizations. To say that we are fighting terrorism is an understatement. To say that we are fighting ISIS is also not enough, since the ISIS organization has a very specific ideology. But they don’t want to be afraid to determine the essence of a hostile ideology. They don’t want to be afraid that the conflict will go beyond the scenario of a “small victorious war” in this case - because, having declared the enemy’s ideology, they will have to declare their own ideology and rebuild the entire existing system of life according to it. Do it - sooner or later you will have to do it anyway.
INFORMATION PROMOTION OF THE TOPIC OF THE WORLD TERRORIST THREAT
The challenge of the terrorist threat would seem to be more than obvious. Terrorist attacks directly undermine the existing system of government, chaotic the life of society, and cause a state of panic. But isn’t the rise in the frequency of terrorist attacks a consequence of the corresponding information promotion? This assumption was tested by comparing the dynamics of terrorist attacks with the dynamics of mentioning the problem of terrorism in the headlines of the world's leading newspapers. As a result, it was discovered that the heating up of the topic of the terrorist threat began earlier than the increase in the number of terrorist attacks. The creation of relevant information issues in the media led to real terrorism as a response. The result was an articulated dilemma - freedom of private life in exchange for security.
International terrorism is now not only a real threat, but also a special kind of bogeyman. The card of a terrorist threat looming over the world is being actively played out.
Content analysis of the media, identifying the frequency of the topics being dealt with allows us to do enough today accurate forecasts in relation to political processes. The experiment was to establish a chronological sequence between the phenomenon and its information promotion. According to general logic, the event occurs first, and only then its information dissemination. If information initially appears, then it is precisely this information that brings the phenomenon to life. What did you find? Initially, there was an increase in publishing activity on terrorism, and only then an increase in the dynamics of terrorist acts. This suggests that it is the media that programs this kind of action. Technology information wars on the face. Remembering Jean Baudrillard's aphorism, sooner or later a murder will occur in a room where there is a TV.
The dynamics of terrorist attacks in the world, as calculations have shown, are not increasing. But at the same time, the topic of terrorism, as an informational occasion, does not cease to be promoted. Consequently, information promotion does not pursue the goals of combating the terrorist threat, but some other unadvertised strategic guidelines.
The Western world is presented as the main victim of aggression from international terrorism. In reality, the geography of the distribution of the number of terrorist attacks and their victims in different regions of the world is completely different.
Consequently, information promotion of the topic of international terrorism has a project-oriented nature. The resonance of messages about terrorist attacks, not even the terrorist attacks themselves, turned out to be in political demand. The point here is not in the terrorists themselves - puppets of someone else's geopolitical game, but in the interests of the corresponding information dump.
DOUBLE GAME AND THE PROBLEM OF GLOBAL GOVERNANCE OF INTERNATIONAL TERRORISM
The experience of studying the history of terrorism allows us to state the existence of an invariable connection between terrorists and representatives of government agencies and law enforcement agencies. Russian terrorist organizations of the early 20th century were filled with provocateurs and operated under the hood of the Police Department. “Azef’s case” is just the tip of this iceberg. The murders of Plehve, Sergei Aleksandrovich Romanov, and Stolypin occurred, at least, with the connivance of the secret police. There is now no doubt that a significant part of the terrorist attacks of the Stalin era were initiated by the NKVD. So, if in historical retrospect terrorism almost always turned out to be directed by the authorities, then why cannot this kind of pattern be applied to modern era? It is known that al-Qaeda was originally an American project, and Osama bin Laden fought with the support of the Americans against Soviet troops in Afghanistan. The possibility of connecting international terrorism with a global beneficiary in this logic cannot be recognized as something fundamentally impossible.
Look for who benefits... The terrorist attack of September 11, 2001 in the United States was a catalyst for the growth of patriotic discourse. The consequence of the terrorist attack was an attempt by George W. Bush to consolidate the American nation against an external enemy. Passed in October 2001, the Federal Act "Uniting and Strengthening America by Providing Appropriate Means Required to Suppress and Obstruct Terrorism," which gave the government broad powers to surveil citizens and restrict freedoms, was informally known as the Patriot Act. Sixteen years later, the law has not been repealed. The geopolitical consequence of the September 11 terrorist attack was American expansion into Iraq and Afghanistan. In both cases, there was no evidence linking the terrorists to the respective states. But the general information context - an attack on the United States by terrorists - legitimized in the mass perception the possibility of a retaliatory invasion of other countries and even participation in the “crusade” proclaimed by George W. Bush.
TERRORISM AND THE THREAT OF NEW FASCIZATION
The creation of any civilizational system involves constructing an image of the enemy. If there is no real enemy, he can be removed artificially. There is no doubt that we are on the verge of establishing a new global system of governance.
International terrorism is positioned as the main enemy of the modern globalized world. The reproduction of the theme of the global terrorist threat is the specific mechanism for the implementation of political globalization. However, the construction of a global totalitarian system is hampered by the ideological relapse of the era of modernization - “human rights”. Through the development of the topic of international terrorism, the mass public consciousness is prepared to perceive the involution of civil liberties. Society is already ready to recognize the appropriate formula: “human rights in exchange for security.”
Terrorism is a word that evokes horror, fear and sympathy at the same time. Remembering the footage of terrorist attacks broadcast on television, the mixture of feelings is overwhelming. Two contradictory attitudes arise towards the person who committed this crime, or, more precisely, a terrible act. These are: pity and hatred. The first feeling arises from the realization that this person is just a pawn and that many people are behind the terrorist acts. The second is because he still did it and not from the trajectory planned for him. But as they say, it’s good to judge from the outside, but if all the grief touched, then the opinion would be completely different.
Problems of terrorism - as a factor putting pressure on society
Terrorism is, first of all, a problem not of one country, but of the entire world community. Since terrorist attacks are happening all over the world. As a result, many people die, many families suffer, as well as the infrastructure of cities. But eradicating terrorism is a very difficult task, and while there is crime in the world, it is becoming practically impossible to solve. Since the main income of terrorists is in the underground market of weapons and drugs.
Another significant problem of terrorism is the involvement of children in this activity. They are trained from birth for their mission. It's no secret that a child comes under less suspicion, so it's easier for him to get in, because searches at train stations are mainly carried out on adults.
Fighting a global problem - terrorism
In the modern world, there is a fierce struggle against terrorist organizations, in order to achieve success in which many methods are used. Fighting only through military action will not give the desired result, because if one extremist group is destroyed, another will form in its place. Therefore, both political and economic and information methods are used against terrorists. The creation of certain units whose activities combine the fight against terrorists and criminals. One of such well-known organizations is Interpol (International). From a political point of view, one can note the introduction of bills restricting or prohibiting the carrying of weapons. Information methods are, first of all, anti-terrorist propaganda, because it is not for nothing that terrorism is presented in all its colors on TV, on the Internet and in newspapers.
Terrorism is the most terrible manifestation of extremism, which does not leave the majority indifferent.
The topic of this essay is terrorism, its causes and impact on society. IN
Lately the fear of simply gathering in large groups in places has increased
mass gatherings of people. The most recent reason for this is the capture
hostages during the screening of the musical “Nord-Ost” at the theater center in Moscow.
People's opinions about what government policy should be in this
direction are also different. On the one hand, many believe that
the only solution may be to strengthen the police regime and actively
anti-terrorist actions. On the other hand, many do not accept such
means that result in the death of civilians. After all, the death of many
hostages, after being released from Nord-Ost, it is not the terrorists’ fault, but
intelligence services
Let's go over the definitions. Terrorism is a type of political extremism in
its most violent form. According to the accepted practice in the American
political science concept, terrorism is “the threat or use of violence
political purposes by individuals or groups who act as
side and against the existing government, when such actions
aims to influence more people than
direct victims."
Terrorism has nihilism as a cultural basis - a rejection of the common
There is poverty in the world, the misery of the masses of the population. This is just a nutrient medium, and
also a convenient excuse. It would be naive to imagine a terrorist as having been driven
to the complete despair and hopelessness of a person who, being no longer in
able to endure the hardships and suffering of their fellows, in a fit of rage
spontaneously grabs the weapon.
Turning points lay the groundwork for extremism in that
significantly increase the interest of people experiencing frustration and depression in
historical traditions. Traditionalism, brought to its logical
end, is the main prerequisite for various manifestations of such
radical ideological movement, such as fundamentalism. For example, in
post-Soviet period, positive self-affirmation of Russians was carried out
mainly due to the resuscitation of traditional national values and
symbols, as well as mythologization and glorification of the past of their people. Height
traditionalism increases people's desire for cultural isolation,
causes the growth of xenophobia (fear of strangers), causes contradictions in
development, hindering the processes of modernization and globalization.
Unfinished urbanization, specific
forms of industrialization, changes in the ethno-demographic structure of society,
especially in conditions of rapid unregulated migration processes.
The main conclusion made by scientists long ago: terrorism arose along with the media and
inextricably linked with them. Modern terrorism is the brother of television. He
would not make sense if television did not convey its results to every
house. Today Russian television is an accomplice of terrorists, it is thoughtful and
creatively does exactly what terrorists need - talks about them and
shows the results of their activities.
This leads to interesting mass behavior effects. One has been installed for a long time
of media phenomena - the fame created with their help does not have a plus sign or
"minus". That's why terrorists become TV characters like
and athletes or show business stars, and heroes are usually imitated. From here -
epidemics of imitative behavior sweeping society almost immediately
after high-profile events widely covered by the media.
Thus, the problem of determining the role and place of the media in the fight against terrorism
(and the position of a “third-party observer” is unlikely for them in crisis situations
appropriate) requires the participation in its resolution of both editors and journalists, and
lawyers, in the end - the whole society, which is now increasingly becoming
collective hostage in the hands of terrorists.
If the media did not cover so-called “symbolic” acts, then such
the shares would lose all meaning.
In addition to mass imitation, widespread coverage of terrorist activities in the media
causes other socio-psychological effects. For example, Bin Laden
Today he has become one of the world-class sex symbols.
The work of the media in covering the actions of terrorists is fraught with other dangers:
· A kind of “glorification” of criminals and their actions (in
depending on the place given to them in publications)
· Danger of causing imitators to become active
Possible impact of interviews with criminals on police interviews
negotiation
· Interviewing child victims of terrorists
· Constant declassification of deployment, strength and equipment
police trying to resolve the incident
· Unnecessary trauma to the victims' loved ones
Potential impact on upcoming litigation
Of course, terrorist organizations existed long before the advent of
television and the media in general - then the number of people
those who read newspapers were generally insignificant. And in those days terrorists took into account
demonstration effect: they sought to influence not so much
population as a whole, how many for the state, more precisely for its ruling circles,
whom they declared war on. This is explained by the fact that “old” terrorism
had a class or pseudo-class, rather narrow political character:
Suffice it to recall the Russian Narodnaya Volya and Socialist Revolutionaries. After the First World War
war, ethnic motives of terrorism came to the fore.
A striking example of terrorism, which has a strong ethnic overtones, is
“time of troubles” (Troubles), as they call it in Northern Ireland
decades of internecine war, in which with cruelty and mercilessness
the so-called paramilitaries on both sides are killing each other - Catholic
Irish Republican Army and Protestant Loyalist units.
Fear of terrorism is actively used to infiltrate mass consciousness
"the image of the enemy." For example, the image of “Islamic terror” serves to encourage
unification of the West as a counterweight to the South-Eastern “Terrorist Threat”. WITH
with its help they simultaneously split the Islamic world, dividing its states into
"terrorist" and "non-terrorist".
Fear of terror - effective tool fight for change
public opinion in favor of expanding the intelligence services, their powers and
financing.
In the West they are increasingly saying that terrorism is an inevitable reverse
side of increasing civil liberties, which it is desirable to limit.
The term “police democracy”, which appeared in the West, is quickly losing its popularity
society its negative meaning against the backdrop of fear skillfully whipped up by the media.
The process of group manipulation is divided into three stages:
· The first stage is “emotional actualization of xenophobia.” Such
psychological treatment carried out with the help of special literature and
media, is aimed at touching the most
sensitive strings of the human psyche, affecting honor and personal
the dignity of each representative of a given religious group or ethnic group.
· The second stage is “practical orientation of groups.” Mass consciousness
(“compatriots” or “co-religionists”), fueled by the propaganda of the “folk
indignation", is directed towards specific achievements with the help of attractive
political goals, programs.
· The third stage – goals planned for implementation, specific program
installations and practical steps must be morally sanctioned
prevailing public opinion in a given environment, after which any actions
this national movement, even if they are associated with inevitable
riots and bloodshed will certainly be perceived as morally
justified, meeting the highest interests of the nation or confession.
It is this type of terrorism that goes beyond local boundaries that is recognized today,
perhaps the main danger threatening humanity in the coming century.
And we have to admit that in this area of terrorist activity
prevails what is commonly – and incorrectly – called “Islamic
terrorism." Using this formulation is approximately the same as calling
colonization of Africa in the 19th century. "Christian colonization" on the grounds that
the colonial states were Christian.
The vast majority of people know nothing at all about Islam, and interest in
This religion, for obvious reasons, has recently been growing rapidly, and increasingly
a myth is spreading about special belligerence, almost even bloodthirstiness
Islam, which supposedly demands from its followers a merciless fight against
“infidels,” that is, with people of other faiths.
It is wrong to blame Islam for crimes allegedly committed in the name of this
religion. And yet - the fact remains: the most ruthless, massive,
"global-scale" acts of terror are committed by people calling themselves
Muslims, and are justified by the teachings of Islam.
In the late 70s - early 80s, there was a trend in the Muslim world towards
strengthening the positions of Islamic extremism and fundamentalism, which in general was
due to the general politicization of Islam (as well as the Islamization of politics).
The strengthening of the position of Islam in the countries of the Muslim East also contributed to
a number of objective factors:
1) Changes in the geopolitical situation in the world as a whole played a special role
after the collapse of the world socialist system and the USSR. Strengthening the US position in
as the only world "hegemon" have also become a kind of
a catalyst for a departure from European models and a search for original ways
development.
2) Conflict of different types of civilizations - Muslim and European,
manifested itself in almost all spheres of Muslim society and showed
impossibility of blind copying Western society on Islamic soil.
Historically, most countries in the Middle East are currently experiencing
difficult stage. The recent experience of the past decades has shown the inconsistency
borrowing both “capitalist” and “socialist” paths
development, the unacceptability of their mechanical copying.
3) Current socio-economic situation in the countries of the Arab East
characterized by a number of common features: agricultural overpopulation and availability
a large number of workers not involved in agriculture;
too rapid urbanization of cities at the expense of people from villages;
inability to provide jobs to the urban population, rising unemployment;
strong wealth stratification in society.
Speaking about modern “Islamic” terrorism and its threat, it is necessary
emphasize that the main and immediate reason for the development of terrorism in
Union. As a result of the collapse of the USSR with the bankruptcy of ideas that preceded it
socialism in many states of the Near and Middle East (Egypt, Iraq,
Syria, Libya, Afghanistan, etc.), ideological vacuum there, and then in
Muslim regions of Russia quickly began to be filled with Islam. Last
appears primarily in its most militant form - in the form of radical
Wahhabism, demanding with the help of a “holy war” to return the Muslim world to
caliphate. Recording the intensification of Islam in the Muslim East and Russia,
experts note that Islam, which is characterized by a hostile attitude towards
liberal values and which can only lead to tyranny and impoverishment,
seeks to fill the vacuum left by the collapse of communism.
The main goal of Islamic radicalism is to change the place and role of religion
in the life of society, as a result of which representatives of this movement reject
the dominant ideology, political practice of the existing secular
regime and government system as not meeting the standards
Muslim religion.
Thus, Islamic extremists pursue the following goals: establishing
in society the foundations of the Islamic theocratic state, an introduction to
social practice of Sharia norms and, finally, the restoration of the caliphate in
as a single state entity of all Muslims.
As evidenced by extensive world practice, radical Islam is not
will stop within the fixed boundaries of the geographical residence of a certain
communities of Muslims, since their cherished dream is to unite
of the entire Muslim Ummah of the world within the framework of a single political state
formation - caliphate. In this case, the process seems inevitable
“spreading” of Islamic radical ideology and practice to others
“Muslim” territories, both within Russia, the CIS and other states
In journalism and scientific literature, attempts are common to directly link
the rise of political extremism with poverty, social disadvantage and
low cultural level of certain regional, ethnic or religious
groups. However, in closed, stagnant societies, such as the Bushmen of the South
Africa or among the Mayans in Mexico, which are at extremely low levels
economic and social development, there is nothing like political
extremism, and even more so terrorism. However, these phenomena are noticeable in
societies that have embarked on the path of transformation, and are concentrated in social
layers of society, characterized by a bizarre combination of traditional and new
features of culture, incomplete change in status and living conditions. Manifestations
extremism grows during periods of begun but not completed historical
Now there is a special one, new feature terrorist acts. Classical
terrorism has always been a form of blackmail of the authorities or the world community and openly
(and even demonstratively) put forward his demands, for example, to pay a ransom,
release like-minded people from prisons, stop hostilities, etc. But in
Lately, anonymous terrorist acts have been increasingly committed with
implicit goals. One of them may be consolidation or expansion of one’s own
ranks in response to provoked acts of retaliation. In this case, the state
(or a group of states), carrying out such actions, plays according to the scenario,
imposed on him (or them) by extremists.
According to Huntington, “the main problem facing the West is not
Islamic fundamentalism is Islam, a different civilization, the peoples of which
convinced of the superiority of their culture and dejected that their power is much greater
below. And the problem for Islam is the West, another civilization whose people
are convinced of the universal nature of their culture and believe that their
superior, albeit diminishing, power imposes on them the duty
spread this culture throughout the world."
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