The world of plants on planet Earth is very diverse. In the process of centuries-old evolution, they have adapted to growing in different conditions: they survive in northern...

Wild plants: types, names, difference from cultivated plants

From Masterweb

23.04.2018 02:01

The world of plants on planet Earth is very diverse. In the process of centuries-old evolution, they have adapted to growing in different conditions: they survive in northern regions with a cold climate, in deserts where there is practically no precipitation. In this article we will talk about wild plants, which come in different varieties. These include herbs, cereals, and shrubs. Some of them have a beautiful appearance, others are beneficial to humans, and others are dangerous weeds that harm garden crops.

What plants are called wild?

These are those species that spread by self-seeding or shoots without human participation or intervention. These plants do not need special conditions. They adapt to life in their natural environment on their own. Cultivated plant species appeared much later than wild ones. People look after them to get a good harvest. He sows them, fertilizes them, waters them, weeds them, and loosens the soil in which they grow.

Wild plants have great energy value, therefore, they are now increasingly being used as food additives or as an independent dish. The fact is that they are not afraid of chemicalization of agricultural land, after which the soil contains a large amount of poisons and nitrates.

If it is an initially non-poisonous plant, it is impossible to be poisoned by it, like many vegetables, for the cultivation of which increased doses of various chemical fertilizers are used. Here is a small list of names of wild plants that can be eaten:

• Nettle.
• Horsetail
• Sorrel.
• Oregano.
• St. John's wort.
• Mint.
• Raspberries.
• Currant.
• Thyme.
• Hop.
• Plantain.
• Chicory.
• Burdock.
• Snooze.
• Lungwort.
• Clover.
• Angelica.
• Blooming Sally.

Care must be taken when harvesting herbs. If for some reason it is impossible to distinguish useful herbs from others, it is better not to collect them, they can harm your health.

Classification

All plants are divided into cultivated and wild. There are many types of wild plants, for example:

• Herbs: nettle, spurge, cornflower, dandelion, plantain and many others.
• Shrubs: raspberries, forest grapes, currants, blackberries, etc.
• Trees: apple, pear, rowan, plum, oak, pine, birch, willow, etc.

There are wild plants that grow in the garden: onions, garlic, watermelons. In addition, plants are divided into medicinal, beneficial, edible and poisonous.

Families

In nature, there are a huge variety of plants that are conventionally divided into groups with similar properties, structure, and appearance. Most of the flowering plants on the planet are monocotyledons and dicotyledons. Each of these classes is divided into families depending on the structure of the flower. The most numerous and widespread species belong to the following families:

• Lilies are herbs with a multi-year life cycle. They form bulbs, corms, and rhizomes. They differ in form and growing conditions. For example, lilies, tulips, goose onions.
• Poa (grass) is a family of plants (wild and cultivated) with a different life cycle. For example, bamboo, cane, millet, feather grass, etc.
• Solanaceae. Representatives of this family are mainly herbs or creeping shrubs and much less often trees. Among them there are many poisonous species, such as henbane.
• Rosaceae - This family includes trees, shrubs and herbaceous plants. For example, pear, cherry plum, apple tree, raspberry, currant, blackberry, strawberry, hemp, nettle, fig.
• Cruciferous plants are herbs, less often subshrubs, and shrubs as an exception. Examples of wild plants of this family: shepherd's purse, rapeseed, leftover, mustard, horseradish, cabbage.
• Compositae - the family includes 25 thousand species of herbaceous plants, shrubs, subshrubs, vines, and low-growing trees. Example: elecampane, meadow cornflower, thistle, dandelion, sunflower, yarrow.
• Umbrella plants - this family includes herbaceous plants. Most known species- Siberian hogweed, ribbed hemlock, speckled hemlock.

Many wild flora have all parts that are edible, while some can only be eaten with fruits, such as acorns. They can be collected after the first autumn frosts. Acorns are edible if cooked correctly. But you should beware of unripe fruits of wild plants, they are poisonous. They are easily distinguished by their green color.

Wild apples are a favorite delicacy for children. They are especially good at winter time when they freeze. Foresters do not pass by wild raspberries and currants. The berries of these plants are much smaller, but they have a unique taste and aroma.

Edible wild plants

They often come across our path, but many people do not know that they can be eaten, although they are often used to treat various diseases. Read about which wild plants can supplement our diet with vitamins in the article below.

Shepherd's Purse

The medicinal properties of this plant have long been known, but few people know that it is eaten. However, in China this herb is a vegetable. Here, shepherd's purse is used to prepare first courses, salads, and salted for the winter. The best time to use the plant for food is spring.

Surepka

This plant is the most common. The habitat is meadows, fields, vegetable gardens, pastures. Everything useful is contained in the leaves. But they need to be collected before the plant blooms. This herb has a bitter taste, so it is mixed with other types of greens when preparing a salad. Pancakes made from flowers, but fully bloomed, are tasty and healthy. However, the wild plant is contraindicated for people with stomach and intestinal diseases.

Chistets marsh

This is an edible plant with an unpleasant odor. But don't immediately reject it. The smell will disappear as soon as you start cooking the dish. Ripe tubers are suitable for food and should be collected at the end of summer. They are fried, boiled, dried, and salted for the winter. Chistets tend to fade quickly, so you need to collect as many plants as you need for cooking.

Clover

This unpretentious plant grows in nature as an annual and perennial herb with white, red, and pink flowers. Clover is known for its beneficial qualities. It contains vitamins and microelements that our body needs. Many peoples use the herb in different forms. It is dried to make a seasoning, an additive to flour. Fresh clover is used to make salads. In the Caucasus, pickled flowers of the plant are eaten. This grass is an excellent honey plant; the flowers are pollinated by bees and bumblebees. Honey produced by bees from clover nectar and pollen tastes great. This grass is an important part of livestock feed.

Rogoz

This representative of the flora belongs to wild herbaceous plants. In nature it grows near water bodies, in swamps and adjacent areas. The roots of this herb are edible. They can be baked, boiled, dried, pickled, and also ground into flour. The leaves located at the rhizome are suitable for salads.

Blooming Sally

This plant is also known as fireweed. All its parts are suitable for food. Many people use this wild plant to make tea, but not everyone knows that it can be used to make flour and salads. The leaves and flowers are used to make wine, and the roots are used for casseroles.

Common bracken fern

The petioles of the plant, until they bloom, resemble snails. They are the ones used for food. A vegetable stew is prepared from the fern; it is salted for the winter. If the leaves have blossomed, such plants are not suitable for consumption. Fern harvesting time is late spring or early summer.

Beautiful flowering wild plants

These plants are beautiful in most cases when they bloom. It is generally customary to talk about flowers as something special and sublime. But in nature there are many wild plants, the flowers of which will compete with garden hybrids and varieties. And there is another category of plants. Once you intentionally plant them for beauty, you run the risk of never getting rid of them. In the garden and vegetable garden, they compete with cultivated plants, as they consume 1/3 of all nutrients contained in the soil and moisture. Weeds are very tenacious plants; they adapt even to the herbicides that are used to treat them. But many wild, herbaceous plants are so beautiful that they can hardly be considered weeds. These include:

• Mayweed.
• The bell is crowded.
• Lily curly (saranka).
• May lily of the valley.
• Lychnis chalcedony.
• Day-lily.
• Kupena is fragrant.
• Black hellebore.
• Tansy and many others.

Dandelion

These plants are considered the most common urban weeds. They are very unpretentious and grow everywhere, with the exception of the Arctic, high mountain areas and Antarctica. This flower is a perennial wild plant. The genus dandelion includes more than 2000 apomictic microspecies, but in our country the most common is the medicinal one (field or common).

Violet

A genus of wild plants, numbering 500 species, about twenty of which are found in the European part of Russia.

Violets are annual, biennial and perennial. They are most common in the Northern Hemisphere, regions where a temperate climate prevails. Violets of many types are cultivated; they are grown as ornamental plants, in one place, without any transplants. But in abandoned gardens and parks they are running wild again.

Wild medicinal plants

The flora of our planet is amazing and diverse. Among the numerous families there are poisonous and edible plants, there are also those that are beneficial for agriculture and other industries. But wild medicinal plants that help a person cope with or prevent illness are of particular importance. Some of them are listed below in the article.

Coltsfoot

This wild plant blooms in April, as soon as the gentle sun warms the ground. In well-lit areas, yellow flowers appear, looking like little suns. This is mother and stepmother. The plant is medicinal and is used in medicine. For example, flower and leaf infusions are used to treat cough. The plant is an excellent honey plant for spring collection of pollen and nectar by bees.

Calamus common

Refers to perennial wild plants. It reaches a height of 10 cm. It grows near lakes, rivers, swamps, streams, and in flooded meadows. It is believed that next to calamus there is always pure water. The roots of the plant have medicinal value. They need to be harvested early in spring or late in autumn. They are dried and used for nervous disorders and fever.

Sweet clover

This plant reaches a height of one meter. Places of growth - meadows, fields, roadsides. The leaves and flowers of the plant are valued and should be harvested in June-August. The dried leaves are used to prepare a tincture, which is taken to treat gout, rheumatism, and insomnia. The plant also has diuretic properties. It should not be used during pregnancy or bleeding disorders.

Burdock (burdock) felt

This plant is easy to distinguish by big leaves and characteristic flowers and fruits. As a rule, burdock grows in wastelands, roadsides, and forests. This is a well-known and widespread representative of the flora. Rhizomes should be harvested before the onset of winter or early spring. An ointment is prepared from fresh roots to treat wounds and burns. The leaves are used to protect against bacteria and relieve heat well. They need to be applied to wounds. A decoction prepared from the roots helps in treating the intestines and stomach; it is used as a diuretic. The benefits of burdock in the treatment of various diseases have long been known, but few know the fact that the leaves and roots of the young plant are eaten. The roots of young plants are suitable for food. But if burdock is not cooked correctly, it will taste bitter. It is better to fry or boil it.

Hogweed

This plant has a perennial life cycle, is powerful, and is large: two meters in height. Distributed everywhere. Place of growth - meadows, fields, coniferous forests, gardens, banks of reservoirs. IN folk medicine rhizomes and leaves are used, from which soothing infusions are prepared to relieve seizures, prevent and treat skin diseases (for example, scabies), and digestive disorders. Fresh leaves are used as a lotion for rheumatism. Hogweed is an edible plant. Its herb, dried, pickled or salted, is added to first courses.

Kislitsa

The plant is distinguished by its small height (up to 10 cm) and creeping shoots. Places of growth - forests, shores of lakes, rivers. Oxalis prefers to grow in moist soil and shade. A herbal infusion is prepared based on the plant. It is used in the treatment of liver and kidney diseases. The herb has a diuretic and analgesic effect. It is also used externally, especially helping in the treatment of festering wounds. In addition, sorrel is suitable for consumption. Soups are made from it.

Nettle

There are two types of medicinal herbs that are used in official and traditional medicine: stinging nettle and stinging nettle. This plant has a diuretic and expectorant, laxative and anti-inflammatory, antiseptic and wound-healing, analgesic and hemostatic effect. Pregnant women who take nettle infusions normalize the level of iron in their blood. In folk medicine, nettle is used to treat:

• I have a cold.
• Dropsy.
• Constipation.
• Dysentery.
• Gout.
• Haemorrhoids.
• Liver.
• Bronchi and lungs.
• Rheumatism and much more.

Mint

The genus has about 42 species, and this does not take into account garden hybrids. It is valued as a medicinal plant containing large quantities menthol, which has an anesthetic effect. This substance is included in drugs for the treatment of heart and vascular diseases: “Valocordin”, “Validol”, Zelenin drops. Mint has the following beneficial properties:

• Normalizes intestinal function.
• It puts the nervous system in order.
• Eliminates insomnia.
• Relieves nausea.
• Helps with diarrhea.
• Reduces swelling, relieves pain during inflammatory processes of the respiratory organs.
• Strengthens gums, destroys germs. It is used to rinse the mouth.

Plantain

IN medicinal purposes Two types of this plant are used: flea plantain and Indian plantain. They contain ascorbic acid, carotene, and phytoncides. Plantain extracts obtained from the leaves of the plant are used to treat severe gastrointestinal ulcers. The juice is taken for gastritis and enteritis. It improves digestion. Leaf infusions help remove phlegm from bronchitis, pleurisy, whooping cough, pulmonary tuberculosis, and asthma. In addition, plantain is used in the following cases:

• To cleanse the blood.
• Healing of wounds.
• Relieving inflammation.
• Pain relief.

Wormwood

This plant is used in gastroenterology. Its leaves are rich in substances beneficial to the human body. The benefits of nettle are as follows:

• It has a stimulating effect on the reflex function of the pancreas.
• Normalizes the activity of the gallbladder.
• Relieves inflammation.
• The essential oil contained in the plant stimulates the nervous system.
• The bitterness present in the herb stimulates appetite and normalizes digestion.

Quinoa

This herb is well known to the older generation. During wartime and lean years, quinoa seeds were ground, added to rye flour and baked into bread. He certainly didn't have attractive looking and was tasteless, but helped to survive. Quinoa is valued for its chemical composition. It contains potassium and rutin in large quantities. Thereby medicinal herb widely used in cardiology. In addition, it is useful for treating diseases:

• Respiratory organs.
• Stomach.
• Skin.
• Inflamed wounds.

Quinoa has wound-healing and soothing, cleansing and expectorant, choleretic and diuretic effects. This herb is edible. It is used to prepare cabbage soup, soups, cutlets, mashed potatoes, and even bake bread. Quinoa dishes are very filling.

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Trees are cut down in the forest and used to make boards for construction, furniture, toys, musical instruments, paper and many other useful things. Wild trees - spruce, pine, fir, cedar, larch, oak, hornbeam, aspen, ash, birch, alder, sequoia, baobab, elm and others.

If a person plants a seedling of a wild tree and takes care of it, such a tree becomes cultivated. If a person sows wild herbs by hand and cares for them, such herbs become cultivated. For example, spruce can be both a wild and cultivated plant. Clover can be a wild herb, or it can be a cultivated one.

Plant growing is the cultivation of cultivated plants by humans for the purpose of using them for food, for feeding animals, as raw materials for industry and for decorative purposes. Crop production is divided into various branches. An industry is a separate area of ​​human activity. Branches of crop production: field growing, viticulture, horticulture, meadow growing, floriculture, forestry. The most important branch of crop production is field cultivation. Field farming is the cultivation of cultivated plants in the fields.

It is divided into: grain farming is the cultivation of grain crops. Cereals are plants whose fruit is grain. Wheat, rye, barley, sorghum, corn, rice, buckwheat. Used for the production of flour, cereals, and other food products. growing industrial oilseed crops for the production of vegetable oil (sunflower, soybeans, peanuts, rapeseed, sesame, mustard) fibrous crops for the production of threads, cotton wool, fabrics (flax, cotton, hemp) essential oil crops - cumin, mint, rose vegetable growing - various varieties are also grown in the fields vegetables. For example, potatoes, sugar beets, carrots, cabbage, onions, tomatoes, peppers, eggplants; melon growing - watermelon, melon, pumpkin; growing of forage crops - forage grasses (clover, alfalfa, sudanese) are sown in the fields and fodder root crops are grown (fodder beets and carrots, rutabaga, turnips, turnips).

Viticulture is the cultivation of various varieties of grapes to produce juice, wine, and raisins. Grape varieties - Aurora, Brilliant, Agatai, Aligote, Isabella, Cardinal, Moldova, Kishmish, Amber Muscat and many others. Gardening - growing gardens for growing cherries, cherries, apples, pears, peaches, apricots. Meadow farming - a person sows hayfields and pastures with forage grasses, and improves natural meadows.

This article provides a list of every plant ever mentioned in Martin's books.

Most of the plants in Westeros are well-known terrestrial plants. It is implied that they are no different from their prototypes in Western Europe, Mediterranean or North America. A brief description is provided for fictional plants.

Agriculture in Westeros does not know potatoes and tobacco, just as medieval Europe did not know them before the voyages of Columbus. It is curious that some other American plants, brought to Europe only during the era of the Great geographical discoveries, are still present in the books - for example, in “A Clash of Kings” there is corn. The HBO television series does, however, mention potatoes.

Wild trees

Ironbarrel, iron wood(eng. ironwood) - a coniferous tree with very durable wood and dark bark. It is used to make beams for buildings and bridges, and chests.

Sandy beggar(English sandbeggar) - a gnarled and twisted tree characteristic of Dorne, it has as many thorns as leaves. The appearance of sand beggars in the desert means that water is close.

Tree Guardian(eng. sentinel tree) - a coniferous tree with thick gray-green needles. Distributed throughout Westeros, especially in the North.

Guards pine, soldier pine(eng. soldier pine) is a genus of pine common in Westeros.

Cultivated trees

It is assumed that if the text mentions a certain fruit that grows on trees in our world (apricot, pomegranate, etc.), then there is a corresponding tree in Martin’s world.

Fire plum(eng. fire plum) is a common genus of garden plum in the south.

Cereals

Flowers

Dragon's mouth(eng. dragon's breath) - large dark red flowers.

Stingbloom(English: poison kiss) - large purple flowers common on the Isthmus, highly irritating to the skin. They cause blisters on your hands. They grow near swamps.

Wintering(eng. frostfire) - a bright scarlet autumn flower that grows behind the Wall.

Moon color(eng. moonbloom) - some strong-smelling flowers

Kholodyanka(eng. coldsnap) - a blue autumn flower that grows behind the Wall.

Berries

Vegetables

Bloody melon(eng. blood melon) - a very sweet melon with blood-red flesh, possibly a watermelon.

Sweet grass, sweet grass(English sweetgrass) - some kind of plant with a sweet taste, used to sweeten dishes along with honey, but also eaten on its own, as a salad. Sweetgrass infusion is popular among the Dothraki.

Legumes

Other

Imp-grass(English devilgrass) - weed plant.

Piper grass(English piper's grass) - a reddish-golden plant that grows behind the Wall.

Smoky vine(eng. smokeberry wine) - a climbing plant that tends to entwine trees; Apparently it has berries.

Kozigolovok(English goathead) - weed plant.

Sourleaf(English soarleaf) - a plant with a tonic effect, causes drug addiction. It has an unpleasant taste, and the juice of the plant turns the saliva, teeth and gums of the chewer blood red.

Copper King(eng. kingscopper) - some kind of medicinal plant

The nature of our planet is extremely diverse. Every continent, part of the world, country, region, region and city can boast of beautiful representatives of the flora, which not only decorate the entire surrounding space, but also help purify the air.

Various life forms of plants, including such as wild shrubs, play a major role in nature and human life. These are the ones that will be discussed in the article.

Wild plants

These are usually called those plants that live in natural natural conditions and not cultivated by humans. They inhabit fields and meadows, steppes and savannas, deserts and forests. These include:

• trees;
• shrubs;
• subshrubs;
• shrubs;
• herbs;
• vines;
• palm trees

That is, all existing life forms of plants. Specifically, wild shrubs make up the bulk of the undergrowth, thickets, edges of meadows and fields, roadsides, and landscapes of urban areas. These are the forms that are used to create hedges in front of residential buildings, retail outlets and other structures.

Wild trees, shrubs, herbs - this is an integral beautiful part. It is they who, even at the entrance to our country, speak about its beauty, stateliness and splendor.

Shrubs of Russia

Wild shrubs in our region are distinguished by great species diversity. They are common in all zones and latitudes, form deciduous trees and partly line hills and mountain ranges. Also among them there are many representatives that people use for decorative purposes in garden plots. Berries of some types are actively consumed as food and are valued for their vitamin components. Wild shrubs in Russia even have medicinal forms.

The most common species growing in wildlife, are:

• spirea;
• hawthorn;
• snowberry;
• viburnum;
• wild rosemary;
• common barberry;
• Schisandra chinensis;
• euonymus warty;
• daphne;
• common honeysuckle;
• caragana tree;
• swamp cranberry;
• common hazel;
• common raspberry;
• vesicular carp;
• Russian Hungarian;
• lilac;
• rose hip;
• mock orange and others.

The wild shrubs of our region are very beautiful, diverse in their role in nature and significance for humans. There are a number of species that people seek to plant and propagate in their gardens. land plots for different purposes: decorative, nutritional, landscape design. Such representatives include the following wild trees and shrubs: bird cherry, blueberry, apple tree, ash, rose hip, thuja, pine, spruce, currant, plum, lilac, rowan, broom, nightshade, alder, sea buckthorn, juniper, raspberry, pear, hazel , viburnum, barberry, grapes, linden, lemongrass, gooseberry, buckthorn, maple, honeysuckle, oak and others.

Rose hip

Perhaps one of the most valuable shrubs in both wild and cultivated form. The height of the plant is up to 2 m, the branches are red-brown, shiny, covered with curved thorns. The flowers are pink and bright. This plant belongs to the Rosaceae family. The leaves are round, collected in several pieces on one petiole. The edge is finely cut. Rose hips are bright orange, elliptical or round in shape.

Since ancient times, this plant has been considered a healing source of important substances and vitamins. Avicenna also called rose hips a remedy for liver diseases. Today this plant is valued not only for its medicinal properties, but also for its beautiful appearance and unpretentiousness to living conditions. Delicate crimson roses leave no one indifferent. Flowering continues from mid-May to the end of June.

For the manufacture of medicines All parts of the plant are used except the leaves: fruits, roots, stems and flowers. The most valuable substances in the plant are carotenoids, vitamins B and PP, flavonoids, organic acids, and essential oils.

Spirea

Wild shrubs of the genus Spiraea include about 90 species. Some of them have long been cultivated by people and are very widely used for landscaping areas.

This plant is 2 meters or more in height. The color of flowers, leaves, their shape and size - all this depends on the specific species. Most often, white-flowered or pink-flowered forms are found, less often with a purple corolla color.

Types of middle spirea, the most common in the nature of Russia, are beautiful wild-growing shrubs, photos of which can be seen below.

The following representatives are also very popular:

• Japanese.
• Thunberg.
• Nipponian.
• oak leaf.
• Gorodchataya.
• Wangutta.
• Arguta.
• Gray.

Spectacular bushes strewn with fragrant bright inflorescences can leave few people indifferent, this explains the popularity of the plant. It has practically no medicinal value.

Shrubs of the Moscow region: names

This group includes not only domesticated ones. Wild shrubs of the Moscow region also widely inhabit local biotopes. The most common among the cultural forms that fill summer cottages and gardens are fruit and berry species.

1. Grapes of various varieties.
2. Quince and various varieties of plums.
3. Blueberry.
4. Honeysuckle.
5. Gooseberry.
6. Raspberries.
7. Rowan.
8. Currant.
9. Yoshta.
10. Blackberry.

Among the wild-growing organisms of this group, we can distinguish such as euonymus, wolfberry, dogwood, bladderwort, maple, lilac, Middendorf weigela, elderberry, broom, dogwood, rhododendron, forsythia, oleaster, peony, rowan, roses, almonds, hawthorn, willow, barberry and others.

Most of the names given are generic. This means that each plant has a diverse number of varieties. Therefore, the total number of shrub forms in the Moscow region is quite serious. This is of great benefit, as plants purify and renew the air, helping to normalize its composition.

European euonymus

Both wild and cultivated shrub plant. In some areas of our country it is cultivated as an industrial plant, since the roots of the euonymus contain gutta-percha.

These wild shrubs grow up to 3 meters and higher in height. The leaves are quite large (up to 10 cm), oval in shape. The flowers are collected in inflorescences, so they become clearly visible. The color of the corolla is pink and white. After flowering, fruits are formed, red or dark pink. They are poisonous, but are used as medicines.

The decorative value of euonymus lies in its fruits and beautiful dense leaves. It is well suited for making spectacular hedges, which is why it is used in landscape design.

Daphne

Low plants, height up to 1.5 meters. Distributed in Siberia, Western and Eastern. Such wild shrubs produce very bright fruits. because of them it was given. It is a juicy, bright red drupe that looks like a berry. However, they cannot be eaten as food, as they are not overly poisonous.

The flowers are pale pink, sessile. They emit a very pleasant aroma due to the essential oils they contain, so they attract many insects. The leaves of the wolfberry are medium-sized, round or slightly pointed, pubescent.

The berries of this plant, as well as parts of the bark, are used in medicine. The main diseases that can be treated with wolfberry medications are gout, rheumatism, and paralysis.

Wild shrubs of the Urals

Flora of the Urals, the Urals, Siberia and Far East the species composition of shrub forms is very similar. Thus, common species in these areas are quince, barberry, elderberry, weigela, wolfberry, dogwood, gorse, honeysuckle, willow and other plants.

They all form general form nature of fields and meadows, forests. Thanks to plants such as wild shrubs and trees, the picture of the natural habitat of animals and people becomes complete, capacious, beautiful and varied.

You can cite short list those species of the Urals that are basic for these places. These are wild shrubs, the names of which are given below.

1. Kalina.
2. Kizilniki different types.
3. Clematis.
4. Prince of Siberia.
5. Mahonia holly.
6. Raspberry is fragrant.
7. Nightshade is bittersweet.
8. Russian broom.
9. Different types of rhododendrons.
10. Roses of all kinds.
11. Spiraea.
12. Lilacs.
13. Chubushnik and others.

This is, of course, far from full list, however, including the most common species of the Urals. Most of them are a source of food for forest animals and humans. Also, many are medicinal forms of plants.

Barberry

The most common type of this shrub in the Urals is common barberry. Plant height is up to 2 meters. The stems are abundantly equipped with thorns, the leaves densely entwine the branches and have a very beautiful dark purple color. This creates a very impressive contrast with the yellow-orange flowers and bright red fruits and berries. Therefore, barberry is readily used by people as a garden shrub.

Cotoneaster brilliant

A plant widespread in the Urals. It is often found both in nature and in gardens and summer cottages. It has become so famous for its attractive appearance: tall bushes (up to 3 meters) with a spreading crown of interesting leaf shapes.

The main advantage is frost resistance and drought resistance. It got its name from the corresponding surfaces of the leaves. The flowers are collected in inflorescences, small, white or pinkish. The fruits are bright red, non-poisonous. They are a source of food for many birds and animals.

For decorative purposes, cotoneaster species are used to create hedges with beautiful clusters of hanging black or red fruits.

Common lilac

This plant is only one species of many belonging to the general genus Lilac of the Olive family. This shrub is famous not only in the Urals, but throughout almost the entire territory of our country.

Beautiful fragrant inflorescences, consisting of many clusters of small delicate flowers, attract not only pollinating insects, but also animals, birds, and people. The color of the corollas varies: from snow-white to lilac-pink. Used for decorative and medicinal purposes.

"Plants of the Leningrad Region"

Part one: wild trees and shrubs - 30 most common species

Wall newspapers of the charitable educational project " Briefly and clearly about the most interesting things» are intended for schoolchildren, parents and teachers of St. Petersburg. Our goal: schoolchildren– show that acquiring knowledge can be a simple and exciting activity, teach how to distinguish reliable information from myths and speculation, tell that we live in a very interesting times very interesting world; parents– help in choosing topics for joint discussion with children and planning family cultural events; teachers– offer bright visual material, rich in interesting and reliable information, to enliven lessons and extracurricular activities. We choose an important topic, look for a specialist who can reveal it and prepare material, adapt its text for a school audience, put it all together in a wall newspaper format, print copies and deliver them to a number of organizations in St. Petersburg (district education departments, libraries, hospitals, orphanages, etc.) for free distribution. Our resource on the Internet is the wall newspaper website website, where our wall newspapers are presented in two forms: for self-printing on a plotter in full size and for comfortable reading on the screens of tablets and phones. There are also Vkontakte community and a thread on the website of St. Petersburg parents Littlevan, where we discuss the release of new newspapers. Please send your comments and suggestions to: [email protected] . Our gratitude to the botanist Tatiana Gorbushina for active participation in the preparation of the issue.

In the preface to one old book about the nature of Russia, something like this is written: “Any schoolchild will casually tell you about a crocodile and a kangaroo and, in a very similar way, will depict a giraffe near a palm tree. However, ask him to explain the difference between an otter and a marten, or an alder and an aspen, and he will experience considerable difficulty. But these are the most common species among us.” The series of wall newspapers we publish, “Nature of the Leningrad Region,” is precisely trying to tell about the most common animals and plants of our region. In this issue, we have selected for you 30 species of wild trees and shrubs of the Leningrad region, which you see literally at every step, but may have difficulty if you are asked to name them. The release is based on data from several reference books and guides (see list of sources at the end of the document). Illustrations in the issue are taken from the famous botanical atlases “Flora... in stories and images for school and home” by Htto Tomé (1885) and “Northern Flora” by Carl Lindmann (1901).

In this series, read the website and our other issues: “Wildlife of St. Petersburg Parks” (No. 43), “Beasts of Our Forests” (No. 56), “Rare Birds of the Leningrad Region” (No. 59), “Butterflies of the Leningrad Region” ( No. 92), “Fishes of the Leningrad Region” (No. 94), “Protected Territories of St. Petersburg” (No. 95), “Protected Territories of the Leningrad Region” (No. 97), “Wild Trees and Shrubs of the Leningrad Region” (No. 105), “Birds Leningrad region", parts 1 (No. 103) and 2 (No. 104).

Thank you for being with us!

Division PINOPHYTA - Gynosperms

Class Pinopsida - Conifers

Sem. Pinaceae - Pine

Genus Pinus L. - Pine

Pinus sylvestris L. - Scots pine
A tree up to 40 m high, lives 300–500 years (the oldest pine of this species was found in Lapland (with the help of a special drill, an annual ring of 1244 was discovered). In the upper part of the trunk, the bark is thin, orange-red, which is why clean In the old days, pine forests were called redwoods. Very light-loving (therefore, the lower branches die off, forming an even trunk). The needles are renewed every 2-3 years. Cones ripen in November-December, 20 months after pollination. Often settles in areas unsuitable for other species: on sands and swamps. Turpentine, turpentine oil and rosin are obtained from the resin, from which, for example, varnishes and ointments are produced. Volatile substances released by pine trees make the air in pine forests healing.

Genus Picea A. Dietr. - Spruce

Picea abies (L.) Karst. - Norway spruce
A tree up to 30 m high, lives 250–300 years. Shade-tolerant. Every year one whorl of branches grows, by the number of which it is easy to determine the age, adding 3–4 years. The needles live for 5–7 years and are replaced evenly throughout the season. By October, the cones ripen, and in January–March, seeds spill out of them. At this time, the spruce crossbill feeds the chicks with them. Spruce wood is used in the production of paper, as a building material and for the manufacture of musical instruments. Stradivari made the top soundboard of his violins from spruce. Resin (resin) is a raw material for the chemical industry. In the forests of the Leningrad region you can find related species - Siberian and Finnish spruce.

Sem. Cupressaceae - Cypressaceae

Genus Juniperus L. - Juniper

Juniperus communis L. - Common juniper
An evergreen shrub 1–3 m high, less often a tree 8–12 m high. Dioecious plant, that is, there are male and female individuals. Lives up to 600 years. Mature female cones(cone berries) – black and blue with a blue waxy coating, ripening in the 2nd–3rd year, contain a lot of sugars, are used as a spice and in medicine. However, they are not eaten as the plant is toxic in large doses. Immersion oil is made from unripe cones for microscopic studies. The fragrant wood is used for crafts. Juniper thickets are often found along the shores of the Gulf of Finland. It does not renew itself well in nature, so try not to damage it.

Division MAGNOLIOPHYTA - ANGIOSPERMS

Class Magnoliopsida (Bicoteledones) - Dicotyledons

Sem. Aceraceae - Maple

Genus Acer L. - Maple

Acer platanoides L. - Sycamore maple (holly leaf)
A broad-leaved, shade-tolerant tree, 12–28 m high, lives up to 150 years. On one tree (even in one inflorescence) there are flowers both unisexual (staminate or pistillate) and bisexual. Early honey plant. Maple wood has many valuable properties: a beautiful pinkish tint, flexibility, and high abrasion resistance. Therefore, since ancient times it has been used to make furniture, parquet, stairs, countertops, skis and a wide variety of musical instruments. Back in the 9th century, the Slavs made harps from maple. Maple is one of the main decorative species in parks. Another type of maple is the American maple (originally from North America) – is often found growing wild in our area.

Sem. Betulaceae - Birch

Genus Betula L. - Birch

Betula pendula Roth - Silver birch (warty)
A light-loving tree up to 25–30 m high, lives up to 120 years. The fruits ripen towards the end of summer, and their dispersal occurs gradually throughout autumn and winter. Birch bark has long been used to weave tueskas and boxes, decorate them with carvings, burning, painting, etc. Birch bast, just like linden bast, can be used to weave bast shoes, baskets and other household items. Birch bark letters (letters on birch bark, dating back to the 11th–15th centuries) - amazing evidence Everyday life our ancestors. We also have a more moisture-loving downy birch, which, unlike silver birch, has a pure white trunk, the upper branches of the crown stick up, and the young shoots are pubescent, without warts.

Betula nana L. - Dwarf birch
Branched shrub up to one meter high. The rising shoots form additional roots that grow tightly into the moss and soil, so often only birch leaves and catkins can be seen on the surface. This life form provides protection from frost under the snow. Often forms continuous thickets called birches. It blooms, forming small catkins, from mid-May to June, before the leaves bloom. The leaves of the dwarf birch are round, jagged at the edges, about 1 cm in size. In autumn, the leaves turn bright red. This peculiar type of birch is found more often in the northern part of the Leningrad region in raised bogs and their outskirts.

Genus Alnus Mill. - Alder

Alnus glutinosa (L.) Gaertn. - Black alder
A tree up to 35 m high, often multi-stemmed, often lives up to 80–100 years. Blooms in early spring. It loves light, grows near running waters, forming alder swamps, “fir trees”. The Latin species name "glutinosa" means "sticky" and refers to the way the young leaves stick to the fingers. Freshly cut alder wood is white, but when exposed to air it quickly turns light red. For a long time in Rus', the lower crowns of well log houses were made from alder wood, which does not rot. Microorganisms settle in the nodules on the roots, which accumulate nitrogen, making the soil more fertile. Alder grows quickly, being the first to populate cleared areas and abandoned fields.

Alnus incana (L.) Moench - Gray alder
A shrub, or less commonly a tree, up to 15 m high, lives up to 40–60 years. Unlike black alder, its bark is light gray and smooth (rather than black and fissured), and its leaves are pointed (rather than blunt or notched) and non-sticky (rather than shiny sticky). It blooms 2–3 weeks earlier than black alder. New shoots often grow from the roots, due to which thickets—gray alder forests—are formed on marshy edges, swamps, and near river banks. Wood of all types of alder is used to make plywood, matches, paper, and is used in the production of furniture, containers, and drawing coal. Alder is rich in tannins, which are used in leather production and in medicine.

Sem. Corylaceae - Hazel

Genus Corylus L. - Hazel

Corylus avellana L. - Common hazel (hazel)
A spreading shrub 2–7 m high, it lives in one place for 80–200 years. Forms undergrowth in deciduous, mixed and coniferous forests. It reproduces by root suckers, thanks to which it quickly occupies forest clearings. Hazel is shade-tolerant and demanding on soils. The leaves are large, wide, pubescent, with teeth along the edges, similar to the body of a bream (hence the name). The nuts ripen in September. They contain many useful nutrients and vitamins. The large-fruited forms of different types of hazel are known as hazelnuts and are cultivated. The wood is used to make furniture, bent products (for example, barrel hoops), and charcoal pencils.

Sem. Fagaceae - Beech

Genus Quercus L. - Oak

Quercus robur L. - English oak
A broad-leaved light-loving tree up to 30–40 m high, lives up to 300–400 years. Two forms of oak, early and late, differ in the timing of leaf blossoming. Summer oak leaves fall off for the winter, while late oak leaves turn brown in the fall, but sometimes remain on the tree throughout the winter. The hard wood with a beautiful texture is used in shipbuilding, furniture, and carpentry, and the bark, rich in tannins, is used in industry. Acorns contain up to 40% starch, so many forest dwellers like to eat them: wild boars, deer, field mice, jays. In the northern part of the Leningrad region, oak is less common than in the southern part.

Sem. Thymeliaceae - Wolfberry

Genus Daphne L. - Wolfberry

Daphne mezereum L. – Common wolfberry (wolf's bast)
A weakly branched shrub about one meter high, lives no more than 20 years. Prefers damp forests. In early spring It blooms luxuriantly, so it looks like a fabulously beautiful tree. The color of the petals can range from greenish-yellow to white and pink. The branches do not break due to the very strong bast, so those who like to collect a “bouquet” often tear out the entire bush by the roots. The plant must be protected: its populations are always small, since there is no vegetative reproduction, and its life expectancy is short. All parts of the plant, especially the fruits, are highly poisonous! According to legend, on the island of Hokkaido (Japan), the juice of the plant was used by the Ainu to wet the points of harpoons when hunting walruses.

Sem. Salicaceae - Willows

Genus Populus L. - Poplar

Populus tremula L. - Aspen (trembling poplar)
Aspen reaches 35 m in height and lives up to 90 years. The long and flexible petioles of the leaves are flattened laterally, so the leaves easily sway in light winds. They say about a frightened person that he “trembles like an aspen leaf.” Produces root shoots abundantly. Young shoots are winter food for moose, deer, hares and other animals. It is used to build houses, produce plywood, cellulose, matches and containers. The domes of ancient wooden churches in the north of Russia (for example, in Kizhi) were covered overlapping with planks cut from aspen, which over time acquired a silvery tint. Aspen is also credited with the ability to ward off evil spirits.

Genus Salix L. - Willow

Salix caprea L. - Goat willow (broom)
A fast-growing tree 6–10 (up to 15) m high, less often a tree-like shrub up to 7 m. One of the first willows to bloom, an excellent early honey plant. The plant is well eaten by goats and sheep, hence the species name. Propagated by seeds. Cuttings, unlike many other types of willows, take root poorly. 17 species of willows have been described in the Leningrad region. In all willows, some plants have male catkins, fluffy and yellowish from the anthers, while others have female catkins, lengthening as the fruits ripen. First-class tanning extract for leather production is obtained from willow bark. Durable reddish wood is used for small crafts and unheated buildings.

Salix cinerea L. - Ash willow (gray)
Shrub up to 6 m tall. A good honey plant. It grows in damp places and the edges of swamps, in damp mixed forests and floodplain meadows, often forming thickets. Young shoots are covered with gray hairs, sometimes with darker velvety “felt”. It blooms in April, simultaneously with the leaves blooming or a little earlier. It is artificially planted near reservoirs and used for lining ditches. The rods are used for fuel, coal production, coarse weaving, and tanning raw materials for leather production. For a non-specialist, all types of willows can be difficult to identify, because they differ slightly and easily hybridize with each other.

Salix pentandra L. - Willow five-stamen (chernotal)
Tree up to 16 m high or low shrub (3-5 m). Lives up to 80 years. Grows in lowland swamps, wet meadows, and damp forests. One of the late flowering willows, it is a good honey plant. It is easily propagated by seeds - they are stored under the snow and produce abundant shoots in the spring. The leaves are dense, leathery, dark green above, shiny, lighter below, pointed towards the apex, pubescent. It is widely used in landscaping, as its shiny leaves make it look very attractive. Willow is especially beautiful during flowering. The wood is denser than other types and is used for fuel and for crafts. The shoots are suitable for coarse weaving.

Salix triandra L. - Willow tristamen (Belotal)
Multi-stemmed shrub up to 5–6 m high, less commonly a tree up to 6–8 m high. It grows along the banks of rivers and lakes, where it forms dense thickets near the water. It blooms after the leaves bloom, in April–May, sometimes again in warm, clear autumn. A good honey plant. The bark of trunks and older branches is separated in thin plates. Young branches are thin, straight and flexible. Annual shoots are used for weaving. Even special plantations of this type of willow are being created for the production of wicker furniture. The wood is dense, white, with a beautiful, shiny sheen. One of the best rocks for strengthening creeping and eroded soils, river and lake banks, and dams.

Sem. Rhamnaceae - Buckthorns

Genus Frangula Mill. - Krushina

Frangula alnus Mill. - Buckthorn brittle
A shrub up to 3–4 m high with smooth dark bark; annual shoots have a characteristic reddish tint. Lives up to 60 years. It grows along the edges and in the undergrowth of floodplain forests, on the outskirts of swamps, among meadows, in clearings, and in ravines. It propagates vegetatively (by root suckers and layering) and by seeds. The shiny black and red (unripe) fruits are popularly called “wolf berries.” They are poisonous, but birds readily eat them. Just like its related species, the laxative gland, the fruits and bark of buckthorn are used medicinally. Before the revolution, light buckthorn wood was used to make almost ashless coal, from which the best grades of black gunpowder were produced.

Sem. Rosaceae - Rosaceae

Genus Padus Mill. - Bird cherry

Padus avium Mill. - Bird cherry
A large shrub or tree up to 10 m high with light brown, scaly bark. It grows along river banks, in damp forests and thickets of bushes, along forest edges. Thanks to its fragrant white inflorescences (remember the “bird cherry” cold in May), bird cherry is bred as an ornamental plant. The fruits are edible, sweet, and astringent in taste. They (as well as the bark and leaves) are harvested for medicinal purposes and used in cooking. Baked milk with bird cherry is one of the traditional dishes of the Vepsians. Dried fruit flour is sometimes used for baking. Bird cherry has heavy, strong and dense wood that is not afraid of moisture. In the past, rollers for washing clothes were made from it.

Genus Malus L. - Apple tree

Malus sylvestris Mill. - Apple tree
Shrub 3–5 m high or tree up to 10 m. Lives 30–50 years. It is frost-resistant, so it is sometimes used in the selection of domestic varieties. It grows in flooded meadows, in floodplain forests, on the edges, and is not very demanding on soils. In April and May, beautiful pinkish-white flowers bloom on the branches, attracting bees. In July–September, small, bitter-sour, woody apples rich in tannins ripen. They are added to various dishes (for example, jam) to add a spicy aroma. The wood is reddish-brown, heavy and hard, used in carpentry and turning. Apple trees are often planted for decorative purposes.

Genus Rosa L. - Rose, Rosehip

Rosa majalis Herrm. - May rose (rosehip)
Shrub up to 2 m tall, found in thickets in floodplains, in the undergrowth, and in meadows. The berries serve as food for birds, which carry its seeds. May rosehip is the most important vitamin plant of the Russian flora. Its fruits (or rather, the juicy pulp surrounding the real fruits - nuts) contain many times more vitamin C than citrus fruits and black currant. Jam is made from the petals. Due to its unpretentiousness and frost resistance, it is used in urban landscaping along with other species (for example, wrinkled rosehip, imported from Japan and the Far East). Ancestor of cultivated varieties of roses; all of them are representatives of the Rosehip genus.

Genus Sorbus L. - Rowan

Sorbus aucuparia L. - Mountain ash
A tree 5–12 m high with gray-brown bark. Lives 50–150 years. Found in the undergrowth as isolated individuals. Rowan has characteristic odd-pinnate leaves. The bright orange fruits hang on the tree for a long time, even in winter. They are bitter (the bitterness disappears after the first frost) and contain useful organic acids and vitamins. Used in cooking and folk medicine. Its strong, resilient wood is used in carpentry. About 200 years ago, non-bitter mutants of rowan were discovered in the Czech Republic (historical region of Moravia) and in Russia (the village of Nevezhino Vladimir region). From them came two groups of cultivated varieties: Moravian and Nevezhinskaya.

Genus Rubus L. - Blackberry

Rubus idaeus L. - Common raspberry
A shrub up to 2 m high. An individual bush lives for about 10 years, however, due to the root suckers, the lifespan of a raspberry thicket is very long. It grows along the edges of forests, in clearings, roadsides, and on old foundations. From perennial rhizomes shoots grow with a two-year development cycle. The shoots of the first year are green with a bluish coating and do not bloom. In the second year, the shoots become woody and brown, and dry out soon after fruiting. The fruits have a wonderful taste and are used to make jam, marmalade and juice. Due to their high content of salicylic acid, the fruits and leaves are used as an antipyretic for colds and flu.

Rubus caesius L. – Gray blackberry
Shrub no more than a meter high. Flexible young lodging shoots are lined with thorns. It grows along river banks and in dry forests. The leaves are trifoliate, very similar in shape to raspberry leaves, but the underside of the raspberry leaf is white, while the underside of the blackberry leaf is green. The plant blooms in mid-June and blooms all summer. Flowers, unripe and ripe berries are found simultaneously on the same plant. The fruits are first green, then brownish, then become red-brown and finally black-violet. The taste is sour, slightly resinous. Can be used to make jam. In the USA and Mexico, blackberries (and their hybrids with raspberries) are grown over vast areas.

Sem. Oleaceae - Olive

Genus Fraxinus L. - Ash

Fraxinus excelsior L. - Common ash
A tree 20–30 m high with a spreading crown, lives up to 300 years. It grows in deciduous and mixed forests in the south and southwest of the Leningrad region, often on limestone. The leaves are imparipinnate, similar to rowan leaves, but larger in size. Interestingly, the leaves fall off separately, leaving a bare axis, which also soon falls off. Blooms in May before the leaves appear. On one tree there are male, female and bisexual flowers. Widely cultivated due to its resistance to smoke and gases. Ash products (parquet, Sports Equipment, souvenirs, dishes, railings, furniture) due to the special texture of the wood do not require varnishing.

Sem. Caprifoliaceae - Honeysuckles

Genus Lonicera L. - Honeysuckle

Lonicera xylosteum L. - Common honeysuckle (forest)
The shrub is about 1.5 m high, individual shoots live for about 10 years. The bark is gray, young shoots are green or reddish. The leaves, velvety to the touch, are densely covered with short soft hairs. The red fruits, which grow together in pairs, are poisonous. Grows in the undergrowth of conifers and mixed forests, in thickets of bushes in ravines and near rivers. Honey plant. The hard, yellowish wood is used for making small crafts. Honeysuckle tolerates pruning well and is used in hedges. Blue honeysuckle is included in the Red Book of the Leningrad Region (occasionally found in the southwest and east of the region). Its dark blue berries are edible.

Genus Sambucus L. - Elderberry

Sambucus racemosa L. - Red elderberry
A branching shrub (sometimes a small tree) up to 5 m high with grayish-brown bark. Elderberry branches are very brittle due to the loose core. In populated areas it grows in vacant lots, sometimes on the ruins of old buildings. The entire plant, including the fruits, has an unpleasant odor and taste, but is not poisonous. Bright red fruits ripen in July–August. They are readily eaten by birds, which help the plant spread. Elderberry has been grown for decorative purposes in gardens and parks for a long time, and later the plant spread into the wild. Red elderberry is believed to repel mice. Flowers and fruits are used in folk medicine.

Genus Viburnum L. - Viburnum

Viburnum opulus L. - Viburnum common
A shrub up to 3 m high with gray-brown bark, lives up to 50 years. The function of attracting pollinating insects is performed by the marginal enlarged sterile flowers. The variety ‘Boule de neige’, or ‘Snow Globe’, is widely cultivated, where all the flowers are sterile and collected in beautiful spherical inflorescences. It blooms and bears fruit only in open places - along river banks, in forest clearings, on the outskirts of forest edges and clearings. The dark red translucent fruits have an astringent bitter taste, which disappears after frost. Jam made from viburnum fruits has a unique taste. The fruits are used in medicine. Decorative flowering varieties have been bred.

Sem. Tiliaceae - Linden

Genus Tilia L. - Linden

Tilia cordata Mill. - Linden cordifolia
A broad-leaved tree 20–25 m tall, lives up to 300–400 years. Grows in mixed and deciduous forests on hillsides, along river valleys and ravines. Cultivated in cities. Blooms late: from the beginning of July for 10–15 days. The wood is very light and easy to process. It is used to make tubs, troughs, beehives, furniture, dishes (including Khokhloma), toys (including Bogorodskaya), musical instruments, and trim. Previously, in order to fake a seal, they cut out a copy of it from linden wood (hence the expression “linden” - fake). Bast was torn from the bark, from which bast shoes, matting, and washcloths were woven. Linden blossom is used for colds.

Sem. Ulmaceae - Elm

Genus Ulmus L. - Elm

Ulmus glabra Huds. - Rough elm (mountain elm)
The tree is up to 30 m high and lives up to 400 years. The leaves are hard and rough (hence the name) - in contrast to its related species (smooth elm), which has smooth leaves. Grows in mixed and deciduous forests on the slopes of river valleys and ravines. It grows wild in southern, western and central regions Leningrad region. Widely cultivated due to its resistance to gases and ability to retain dust. The wood of the tree is strong, elastic and durable. Due to its resistance to moisture, wood is used for the lower rims of well frames and in the construction of bridges. Some buildings in Venice stand on stilts made of elm.

Sem. Grossulariaceae - Gooseberries

Genus Ribes L. - Currant, gooseberry

Ribes nigrum L. - Black currant
Shrub 1–2 m high. In nature it is found in damp places: along the banks, ravines, in alder forests. Leaves, buds and fruits are used medicinally. The berries are used in multivitamin preparations; they are also valued because of their wonderful taste. Currant leaves are used as a spice when pickling vegetables and mushrooms. They are smooth below, in contrast to a related species growing in the same places (downy currant), which has pubescent leaves and red fruits. Currants have been cultivated for a long time. In the northern regions of the Leningrad region, wild red currants are found. Remember the riddle? "Is she red?" - “No, black!” - “Why is she white?” - “Because it’s green.”

Sources and literature

Basic

– Botanical atlas of plants of the Leningrad region on the website of the Botanical Institute. V.L. Komarova Russian Academy Sciences (BIN RAS).

– Atlas of wild plants of the Leningrad region. A. Sorokina, V. A. Bubyreva. Moscow, Partnership of Scientific Publications KMK. 2010. 664 p., ill.

– Botanical Atlas by Otto Thomé Flora of Germany, Austria and Switzerland in stories and images for school and home (Otto Wilhelm Thomé “Flora von Deutschland, Österreich und der Schweiz in Wort und Bild für Schule und Haus”), Gera, Germany, 1885.

– Botanical atlas of Carl Lindman “Northern flora” (Carl Axel Magnus Lindman “Bilder ur Nordens Flora”), Sweden, Stockholm, 1901.

Additional

– Tsvelev N.N. Key to vascular plants of North-Western Russia (Leningrad, Pskov and Novgorod regions). St. Petersburg: publishing house SPHFA, 2000. 781 p.

– Atlas of medicinal plants “Köhler’s Medizinal-Pflanzen”. Gera, Germany, 1887.

– Botanical atlas “Flora of Germany and Switzerland” (Icones florae Germanicae et Helveticae, Heinrich Gottlieb Ludwig Reichenbach).

– “Atlas of botanical drawings...” by Hoffmann-Dennert (Hoffmann, K., Dennert, E., Botanischer Bilderatlas nach dem natürlichem Pflanzensystem), Germany, 1911.

If you know of other digitized botanical atlases, let's add links to them to this list. Thank you.

Thank you, friends, for your attention to our publication. We would be very grateful for your feedback. In our next issues: continuation of the series “Plants of the Leningrad Region”, “Traces of Animals and Birds”, “Modern Research of Thunder Stone and Bronze Horseman" and others. We remind you that our partners in their organizations distribute our wall newspapers for free.