Dash in an incomplete sentence
1. A dash is placed in an incomplete sentence when the missing member (usually the predicate) is restored from the text of the sentence itself and a pause is made at the place of the omission, for example: Yakov came from Voronezh, Gavrilafrom Moscow(A.N.T.); Some provisions are explained in the introduction, otherswhen relevant theoretical issues are presented.
2. A dash is placed in similarly constructed parts of a complex sentence when some member is omitted or even without omission, for example: It seemed to everyone that the life he himself was leading was one real life, and which is led by a friendthere is only a ghost(L.T.).
3. A dash is placed when there is a pause in so-called elliptical sentences (independently used sentences with an absent predicate), for example: On the tablea stack of books and even some kind of flower(A.N.T.). But (in the absence of a pause): There is an old leather sofa in the corner(Sim.). Usually a dash is placed in similarly constructed parts of a sentence, for example: In all windowscurious, on the roofsboys(A.N.T.); Here ravines, further steppes, even furtherdesert.
Intonation and connecting dash
A dash is placed to indicate the place where a simple sentence is divided into verbal groups in order to clarify the semantic relationships between the members of the sentence; compare: This workers' dormitory; This is a hostelfor workers. This type of dash is called an intonation dash.
The connecting dash is placed:
1. Between two or more words to indicate limits:
a) spatial: train Moscow Mineral water; space flight Earth Venus;
b) temporary: geographical discoveriesXVXVIcenturies, in JulyAugust;
c) quantitative: there will be ten in the manuscripttwelve (1012) pages; weighing three hundredfive hundred tons.
In these cases, the dash replaces the meaning of the word “from... to”. If between two adjacent numerals you can meaningfully insert a conjunction or, then they are connected by a hyphen, for example: in two to three hours(but with a digital designation a dash is placed: after 2-3 hours).
2. Between two or more proper names, the totality of which is called a doctrine, scientific institution, etc., for example: Dokuchaev's teachingKostycheva; Kant's cosmogonic theoryLaplace.
Punctuation marks in sentences with homogeneous members
Homogeneous members not united by unions
1. A comma is placed between homogeneous members of a sentence that are not connected by conjunctions, for example: moved, woke up, sang, made noise, spoke(T.); They said this and that.
Notes 1. There is no comma:
a) between two verbs in the same form, indicating movement and its purpose or forming a single semantic whole, for example: I'll come and check(L.T.); Go buy it(M.G.); Sits sewing;
b) in stable expressions, for example: For they scold her about everything(Kr.); we talked about this and that.
2. They are not homogeneous members and are not separated by a comma, but are joined by a hyphen:
a) paired combinations of a synonymous nature, for example: there is no end, with joy and fun, mind-mind, truth-truth, clan-tribe, life-being, friend-friend, friend-comrade, friend-acquaintance, country-power, strength-power, customs-orders, benefit-benefit, rank-title, wedding-marriage, honor-praise, alive and well, so-and-so, off and on, spinning and spinning, beg-pray, sleep-rest, any-dear;
b) paired combinations of an antonymic nature, for example: purchase-sale, income-expense, export-import, reception-issuance, questions-answers, hardness-softness of consonants, fathers-children, up-down, back and forth;
c) paired combinations based on associative connections, for example: songs-dances, mushrooms-berries, birds-fish, tea-sugar, bread-salt, cups-spoons, knives-forks, arms-legs, first name-patronymic, husband-wife, father-mother, brothers-sisters, grandfather- grandma, water and feed, young and green.
2. Common homogeneous members of a sentence, especially if they contain commas, can be separated by a semicolon, for example: On the desk lay a pile of finely written papers, covered with a heavy marble press; some old leather-bound book, which the owner apparently had not touched for a long time; a pen stained with ink, with a nib that could no longer be used(G.). Wed: Raisky looked at the rooms, at the portraits, at the furniture, and at the greenery cheerfully looking into the rooms from the garden; I saw a cleared path, cleanliness and order everywhere; listened as half a dozen dining room, wall, bronze and malachite clocks struck alternately in all the rooms(Gonch.).
3. A dash is placed between homogeneous members to express opposition, for example: They can't live here paradise (Kr.); I'm not asking for lovepity!(M.G.).
Homogeneous and heterogeneous definitions
1. A comma is placed between homogeneous definitions not connected by conjunctions.
Definitions are homogeneous if:
a) indicate the distinctive features of different objects, for example: Red, white, pink, yellow carnations made a beautiful bouquet;
b) designate various signs of the same object, characterizing it on one side, for example: A strange, sharp, painful cry suddenly rang out twice in a row over the river.(T.).
Each of the homogeneous definitions directly relates to the noun being defined, so a coordinating conjunction can be inserted between them. Wed: pure, calm moonlight; a cup of thick, strong coffee and so on.
Homogeneous definitions can also characterize an object with different sides, if, in the context of the context, they are united by some common feature (the similarity of the impression they make, appearance, etc.), for example: He held out his red, swollen, dirty hand to me.(T.); Heavy, cold clouds lay on the tops of the surrounding mountains(L.); Gray strands glittered in his thick, dark hair(M.G.); pale, stern face; cheerful, good-natured laughter; a deserted, inhospitable house; gentle, lively eyes; proud, brave appearance; dry, cracked lips; heavy, angry feeling; gray, continuous, light rain etc.
As a rule, artistic definitions (epithets) are homogeneous, for example: His pale blue, glassy eyes(T.).
Synonymous (under contextual conditions) definitions are also homogeneous, for example: Quiet, modest river(Ch.); silent, timid, timid girl. In a series of such definitions, each subsequent one can strengthen the characteristic they express, forming a semantic gradation, for example: Joyful, festive, radiant mood(Seraph.); In autumn, the steppes completely change and take on their own unusual, special, incomparable appearance.
The role of homogeneous definitions is usually an adjective and the participial phrase that follows it, for example: An elderly man with a bushy beard, beginning to turn grey, entered.
As a rule, agreed definitions appearing after the word being defined are homogeneous, for example: Three greyhounds are running along a boring winter road(P.). The exception is combinations of a terminological nature, for example: thin-walled electric-welded stainless steel pipes; late-ripening winter pear.
Homogeneous definitions are those that are contrasted with a combination of other definitions for the same defined word, for example: After six months, long, cold nights give way to short, warm ones.
2. A comma is not placed between heterogeneous definitions.
Heterogeneous definitions characterize the subject from different sides, for example: big stone house(size and material); white round pebbles(color and shape); beautiful Moscow boulevards(quality and location), etc. Such definitions can become homogeneous if they are united common feature, For example: Our terrace now stands on new brick pillars(the unifying feature is “durable”).
Heterogeneous definitions are more often expressed by a combination of a qualitative and a relative adjective, for example: a new leather briefcase, an interesting children's book, a warm July night, a light birch grove, transparent window panes and so on. Less commonly, heterogeneous definitions consist of combinations of qualitative adjectives, for example: old gloomy house, interesting rare publications and etc.
Homogeneous members connected by non-repeating conjunctions
1. A comma is placed between homogeneous members of a sentence connected by adversative conjunctions ah, but, yes,(meaning “but”), however, but, although etc., for example: Gavrila was about to object, but he pursed his lips.(T.); The days were cloudy, but warm(Ax.); The solution is correct, although not the only one.
A homogeneous member of a sentence that comes after an adversative conjunction and is not at the end of the sentence is not isolated, that is, a comma is not placed after it, for example: Previously, he lived not in Moscow, but in St. Petersburg and studied at the university there. Wed. Also: the most important, but not the only source of information; the most important, although not the only source of information; the most important, if not the only source of information and so on. (after the conjunction adversative, concessive, conditional). The same after a homogeneous member with connecting conjunctions and also, and even, and etc., for example: Cinema, as well as radio and television, are mass media for millions of people.
When an adversative conjunction is omitted, a dash is placed rather than a comma, for example: Not a birda jet plane flies by like a projectile; The student turned out to be more than just smart talented.
Instead of a comma, a semicolon can be placed before an adversative conjunction if there are commas inside common homogeneous members, for example: During the day he spoke to me more than once, served me without servility; but I watched the master like a child(T.).
2. Between homogeneous members of a sentence connected by single connecting conjunctions and, yes(meaning “and”), disjunctive conjunctions or, or, There is no comma, for example: Irina spoke loudly and confidently; Vasya has lost a lot of weight, only skin and bones remain; It will happen now or never.
Before the union And, connecting two homogeneous predicates, a dash is placed to indicate the consequence contained in the second predicate, or to express a sharp opposition, a quick change of actions, for example: I'm running there and I find you both(Gr.); At this time, someone from the street looked at him through the window.and immediately left(P.).
Less often in these cases, a dash is placed after the conjunction And, For example: So I thought about it all and suddenly made up my mind(Adv.); Ask for payment on Saturday andmarch to the village(M.G.).
If the union And has a connecting meaning (often in this case a heterogeneous member of a sentence is added), then a comma is placed before it (the same before the connecting conjunction yes and) For example: But I give him a job, and a very interesting one(Acute); Sometimes he would cry and cry, and then calm down; I love my mother very much, and I love my sisters too.
The comma is not placed before the connecting And, followed by a demonstrative pronoun that (that, that, those), used to strengthen the preceding noun, for example: The old people sang along with everyone else. Also: It's nice to stand next to him(part of the predicate is added). But (without union i): Boys, they are not afraid of the dark.
There is no comma before the conjunction yes and in connecting meaning, in combinations like took it and got angry(with the same verb form take and another verb to denote an unexpected or arbitrary action), in combination no no yes and For example: So he went into the forest to buy nuts and got lost(T.); The image of the poor girl, no, no, and yes, appeared before my eyes.
Homogeneous members connected by repeating conjunctions
1. A comma is placed between homogeneous members of a sentence connected by repeating conjunctions and... and,Yes... Yes,no no,or or,whether... whether,or either,then... then etc., for example: You can’t hear the knocking, the screaming, the bells(T.); Lights shone everywhere, sometimes close, sometimes distant.(Bab.).
2. With two homogeneous terms with a repeating union And a comma is not placed if a close semantic unity is formed (usually such homogeneous members do not have explanatory words with them), for example: It was light and green all around(T.); The coastal strip went in both directions(Sem.); It is of interest both lexically and grammatically; Exemplary order both inside and outside the house; He worked in both cold and heat; Yes and no. When there are explanatory words, a comma is usually used, for example: Everything around has changed: both nature and the character of the forest(L.T.). Also: This could end well or badly (and meaning "or").
3. If the number of homogeneous members is more than two, and the conjunction is repeated before each of them except the first, then a comma is placed between them all, for example: I myself hate my past, and Orlov, and my love.(Ch.); Other owners have already grown cherries, or lilacs, or jasmine(Fad.).
4. If the union And connects homogeneous members in pairs, then a comma is placed only between paired groups (a comma is not placed inside such pairs), for example: Alleys planted with lilacs and lindens, elms and poplars led to a wooden stage built in the shape of a shell(Fed.).
5. If a conjunction is repeated in a sentence not with homogeneous members, then a comma is not placed between them, for example: This virgin forest and the strong and brave people who lived in it seemed mysterious and mysterious. Wed: The sun rose and flooded the water surface, the drowned forest, and Kuzma with waves of light and heat.(Seraph.) (only homogeneous members are separated by commas).
A comma is also not used if two homogeneous terms with a conjunction And between them they form a group closely related in meaning, connected by the union and with third homogeneous member, for example: The water had long since drained from the Terek and quickly ran down and dried in the ditches.(L.T.).
There is no comma in expressions like 20 and 40 and 60 together make 120(no listing of homogeneous members). The same in the expression 20 plus 40 plus 60 equals 120.
6. Unions either... or, standing with homogeneous members of a sentence are not equated to repeating conjunctions, therefore a comma before or not put, for example: Whether he will continue his work or limit himself to what has been done is a question that has not yet been resolved.
7. A comma is not placed inside integral phraseological expressions formed by two words with opposite meanings connected by repeated conjunctions and, neither, For example: And day and night, and laughter and grief, and old and young, and this way and that, neither fish nor fowl, neither day nor night, neither alive nor dead, neither two nor one and a half, neither more nor less, neither this nor that, nor give or take, neither back nor forth and so on.
Homogeneous members connected by paired unions
1. If homogeneous members are connected by paired (contrastive, double) unions both... and,not like,not only but,not as much... as,how... so much,although... but,if not... then,as much as etc., then the comma is placed only before the second part of the conjunction, for example: One must be diligent in both big and small; The thoughts, although not new, are interesting; He will return, if not tomorrow, then the day after tomorrow; compare: Most of their faces expressed, if not fear, then concern.(L.T.); Alexander's apartment, although spacious, is not elegant and gloomy(Ch.).
2. After a homogeneous member following the second part of a paired conjunction and not ending the sentence, a comma is not placed, for example: Your words are not only fair, but also convincing and undeniable.
3. Inside comparative conjunctions not that... but,not really... but (but) comma before What And to not put, for example: Not that cold, but still cool. Not that I was in a hurry, but I was in a bit of a hurry.
Generalizing words with homogeneous terms
1. After a generalizing word, a colon is placed before the listing of homogeneous members, for example: There were writing materials on the table: pens, pencils, felt-tip pens.
If after the generalizing word there are words somehow, namely, that is, for example, then a comma is placed before them, and a colon after them, for example: The guests started talking about many pleasant and useful things, such as: about nature, about dogs, about wheat...(G.)
If there is no generalizing word before the enumeration, then a colon is placed only when it is necessary to warn the reader that the enumeration follows, for example: Present at the meeting were:...; The meeting decides: ...; To obtain the mixture you need to take: ... etc. This is usually found in business and scientific speech.
The colon is not placed before homogeneous members expressed proper names, if they are preceded by a common application or a defined word that does not act as a generalizing word (when reading in this case there is no warning pause characteristic of a generalizing word), for example: The revolutionary democrats Belinsky, Chernyshevsky, Dobrolyubov played a big role in the social development of Russia; There are many tributaries near the Volga, Don, and Dnieper rivers.
2. After the listing, a dash is placed before the generalizing word, for example: Children, old people, womeneverything mixed up in a living stream(Seraph.).
If, after the enumeration, the generalizing word is preceded by introductory word or phrase (in a word, in a word, in short etc.), then a dash is placed before the last one, and a comma after it, for example: Wheat, oats, sunflower, corn, potatoesin a word, everything you look at is already ripe, everything requires the owner’s efforts and caring, diligent hands(Bab.).
3. If the enumeration after the generalizing word does not end the sentence, then a colon is placed before the enumeration and a dash after it, for example: And all this: the river, and the forest, and this boy reminded me of distant childhood days.
It was beginning to get light. Outlines forest area became clear and bright. The road went deep into the forest, hiding somewhere around a bend. And the tall, thick-trunked oaks appeared like gates to a world of wonder and adventure.
“Very beautiful,” Lia said, yawning and rubbing her still sleepy face with her palms.
But everyone was still asleep, so there was no one to carry on the conversation. Then Leah got out of the warm friendly embrace, easily jumped out of the back of the car and, like a weightless feather, landed on the grassy surface of the lawn.
Immediately it became chilly and the thick morning fog tickled the girl’s uncovered legs. Leah quickly got used to its coolness and her steps became light and airy - she seemed to soar and float in a viscous foggy haze towards the oak gates.
This forest seemed mysterious and enigmatic to her. It was as if he was calling her, luring her, whispering something in her ear, shining and shimmering with reflections in the dew:
- Come s-here... Come s-here...
* * *
As soon as Leah entered the forest, it was as if another world, truly fabulous, had opened up before her: it was much warmer here and smelled of milk and strawberries, the sun’s glare played pranks - now appearing and then disappearing again in the dense spruce forest, and somewhere in the distance the forests were flooded bird voices.
“I don’t know how this is possible,” said the enchanted Leah, “But it really smells like strawberry milk,” and then she grinned, as if laughing at herself, “Crazy!”
Leah continued to soar along the paths of the fairy-tale forest, which with every step seemed softer and softer, as if plush. Nearby was a clearing with dark blue flowers that looked like tiny bells. It seemed that with every new breath of a light and warm breeze they shuddered and played their flower melody. Leah couldn’t resist and, with her thin, graceful finger, made a chime of dew drops on the bells:
“Ding-dz-z-ding,” they responded cheerfully, “Ding-dz-z-zing,” as if teasing.
“Ding-ding-ding-ding,” echoed the echo.
- Dzy-y-yn! – Leah put an end to her symphony.
The silk petals of the dark blue buds stopped trembling and silently rushed their noses to the ground.
In this forest azure, in its immensity and sweetness, time had no power over anything, and only when she glanced at her wrist, where the gilded watch recently given by her grandmother flaunted, Leah came to her senses - it was time to return.
“Surely the guys have already woken up,” she thought and mentally began to prepare for their morals and lamentations, “Chipmunks,” Leah laughed, having even managed to imagine it.
Then, sitting down nobly, lifting the hem of her outfit, and slightly tilting her head, she chirped like a girl:
- Sorry, sorry, I have to go!
With the same enthusiasm and joy, she rushed forward, but at that moment she stopped: and the forest seemed completely alien to her... She could not understand in which direction she needed to move, much less remember where she had wandered here from. But this didn’t bother Leah a little and didn’t even frighten her: getting lost is so typical for the dreamy and thoughtful Leah, who every now and then “has her head in the clouds.” And she smiled, remembering the faces of her friends and relatives with whom they presented this saying to her.
“Ahaha,” and a clear girl’s voice spread through the forest, like a babbling stream, “Vitayu!” I'm flying! I soar and - I don’t melt! – and Leah began to spin around, as if waltzing at a social ball, laughing more and more fervently and not noticing anything around her.
“Hush-sh-she... Hush-sh-she,” the forest hissed in a languid, painful voice.
But Leah continued to hum her songs, hovering like a light moth over the lush forest meadows.
“Hush-sh-she... Hush-sh-she,” the invisible voice became even louder and more insistent.
- What is this? – thought Leah and she slowly stopped, almost falling, her legs getting confused in the movement.
With a quick, swift impulse, fear permeated the girl’s body from head to toe and she again felt chilly, even uneasy. The forest was silent: neither the singing of birds, nor the chime of dew on the flowers, nor the responsive echo could be heard...
“Why am I so stupid,” Leah said in a trembling voice, trying to somehow console herself, “It’s just young trees whispering,” she sighed, not at all relieved, and quietly added: “I’ll be quieter, my dears, I promise.” In general, it’s time for me to go. It’s true,” she drawled, “I think I’m lost, I’m definitely... lost.” Can you tell me the way back?! – and the girl fingertips a leaf on a young tree.
- Hush-sh-she... - that same languid voice was heard again and the forest echoed him - - Hush-sh-she...
And Leah stood as if enchanted, no longer hearing or seeing anything in front of her: the leaf from the tree was like a flap, a suede flap - completely not alive, not real... the girl immediately perked up and looked around: everything around her was really somehow lifeless, not real and no longer so fabulous. Rather, it resembled the scenery for a play. Then Leah covered her eyes with her palms and began to count out loud:
“One, two, three... and I wake up,” she said, pulling back her palms and immediately squealed: the same fake picture of a suede forest stood in front of her big eyes.
“Be quiet, you nasty girl,” a strange voice muttered, only this time louder, with obvious dissatisfaction and irritation, “No calm!” – Yawning and smacking, as if a child had just woken up, said the stranger.
- All! “I got it, I got it,” Leah said in confusion, not understanding what was happening, or who she was talking to. “I’m completely crazy,” she added, sobbing.
“Eh, if it’s easier to explain and interpret everything this way, then let it be so,” as if laughing, hissed and wheezed the growing voice.
- Who are you?! – Leah shuddered.
- And who are you?! – the voice responded.
“I’m definitely crazy,” Leah was confused.
“Ugh,” the voice was upset, “How uninteresting you turned out to be: not curious, not pestering, not interested,” and this someone sighed.
“Of course not interesting,” Leah was indignant. “Talking to yourself – oh, how interesting,” she said reproachfully.
“Okay, okay,” and the voice became softer and more pleasant. It seemed that he was approaching and was already somewhere nearby. - Boo! - right in your ear, like a dull shot, a stream of warm air.
Leah shuddered and jumped slightly to the side: in front of her, holding onto a tree branch with one hand, was a dirty boy dangling. Like a little monkey, he swayed now to the right, now to the left, intently examining the unexpected guest. And everything around also lurked, as if peering and listening.
“You woke me up,” the boy finally said, with some annoyance and resentment in his voice, “And I like to sleep, especially in the morning...
And the stranger began to chatter incessantly, though all about the same thing.
- Well done! – Leah was indignant, “I understood everything and I apologize to you, monsieur...um,” and the flirtatious Leah was confused: she didn’t know how to address this strange boy.
“Wait,” and she slowed down with her hand so that he would stop hanging out, “What’s your name?!” – Leah’s voice sounded interested, with the usual fervor and curiosity.
She didn’t even notice how the recent excitement and anxiety had disappeared somewhere, and she felt comfortable and cozy again, and most importantly, safe.
And the boy jumped to the ground:
“There’s no one to call here,” his words fell as if an obvious fact, “I’m here alone.”
- But how can that be?! – Leah was indignant. “Wait a minute, what about me?!”
“You,” and he began to look for the right, suitable word, scratching his temple funny, “And you are different,” he finally said, apparently never finding the right word, “And you see differently, not like others...”
- How so?! – Leah blurted out with disbelief and her characteristic irony, trying to prick the boy with a piercing gaze.
“It’s very simple,” he continued calmly, “Others don’t see what you see,” and the boy grinned.
On the one hand, Leah was a little angry: as if they were making a fool of her - everything was so simple and smooth with him, but she, you see, did not understand such simple things. But on the other hand, maybe she found herself somewhere in another world or third dimension, inaccessible and hitherto unknown to other people. And here she is, so unique and unique of her kind - different, to put it simply.
“No, this is not a fantasy - this is violence,” Leah suddenly came to her senses.
- Boo! – a wave of warm air already poured into the other ear, “Have you fallen asleep?!” How strange you are,” and he laughed.
His laugh was provocative, rolling and very loud that it was very difficult to resist, so Leah picked it up and also started laughing out of nowhere.
- I came up with it! – the animated Leah suddenly screamed, “I’ll call you Boo!” – She smiled and extended her hand to him.
The boy looked at her in confusion and did not understand what was happening now and what needed to be done, so he simply nodded and extended his hand. His big brown eyes seemed like an immense storehouse of secrets and mysteries, something unknown to humanity, in general, everything that so attracted and captivated Leah. The boy batted his eyelashes, continuing to look at her in surprise, and Leah immediately descended from heaven to earth:
“And I’m Leah,” and she shook his dark, stained hand, which seemed to her so chilling, cold-blooded or something.
“Lia,” Boo said slowly, drawlingly, as if enjoying the sound, “Very beautiful name like a flower.
And this timid sincerity, which, as it seemed to Leah, she had never encountered before, made her feel a little uneasy. The girl’s cheeks filled with a reddish blush, and she lowered her eyes: after all, she was very pleased to hear this.
- Do you want me to show you the most beautiful one? blooming garden?! – Boo said enthusiastically and, without waiting for her answer, grabbed Leah by the hand and hastily led her along.
The forest often seems like something creepy and mysterious. It is not for nothing that world folklore is full of stories about how unfortunate children and young girls were taken and abandoned in the wilderness, how robbers, predators and various evil spirits operated there. Today we will talk about forests that can inspire fear thanks to anomalies, legends, historical facts and dangerous inhabitants.
Drunken forest
On the banks of the Oka River near the village of Tarnovo in Ryazan region The so-called Drunken Forest is growing - this is a rectangle of crooked-growing coniferous trees. It’s curious that they bent and intertwined in this place only coniferous trees, and deciduous ones stand straight, as usual. Researchers and scientists have repeatedly tried to solve the mystery of the Drunken Forest and agreed that there is a geomagnetic anomaly.
Crooked forest is found in some places on the planet, including on Curonian Spit on the coast of the Baltic Sea. There, the coniferous trees look as if they were bent and twisted by a giant, which is why the forest got the name Dancing.
According to one scientific version, the cause of the curvature could be the reaction of the trees to the vortex magnetic field: it twisted the axes of the trees and created an extraordinary landscape.
Also, the anomalous Crooked Forest can be seen in the vicinity of the village of Nowe Carnowo in Western Poland. About 400 gnarled trees facing north were planted by the Germans during the occupation in 1930. According to scientists, the Germans were going to make furniture, ship hulls, and accessories for plows from bent wood, but how exactly they achieved the amazing bending of the trunks is unknown.
Favorite Suicide Forest
There is an ominous place in Japan - Aokigahara. This is a dense forest at the foot of Mount Fuji on the island of Honshu, which has been popular with local suicides for more than half a century. Since 1970, police have conducted regular body searches in Aokigahara and find between 70 and 100 corpses each year. The most common methods of death in the forest are hanging or poisoning with medications. Of course, the authorities and social organizations trying to break the tradition and prevent new deaths. At the entrance there is a sign: “Your life is a priceless gift from your parents” - and a helpline number is indicated. However, suicide has not yet ceased to be popular in Japan: in 2014, 25,374 cases of suicide were registered (in 2003 there were 34,427). Aokigahara is the second most popular place in the world for farewell to life and, if not for the tourists scurrying back and forth, it might have broken this sad record. Books have been written about the suicide forest, films have been made, and songs have been sung that romanticize and popularize this place. For example, in the book of the Japanese writer Wataru Tsurumi “ Complete Guide on suicide" Aokigahara is advertised as the best place to die - and she is sometimes found next to the bodies.
UFO rendezvous spot
The Romanian forest of Hoia Baciu is known as a paranormal zone. Local residents and some scientists, according to them, observed unidentified flying objects here, heard voices, and saw unclear figures and outlines. People have nicknamed the forest the Bermuda Triangle and try to avoid it, and those who do visit complain of headaches, dizziness, nausea and other ailments.
There are legends about the forest: a shepherd with two hundred sheep disappeared here, one woman lost her memory, and one day a five-year-old girl disappeared and reappeared five years later, without having matured at all.
In the 1960s, biology teacher Alexander Sift settled here: he made a large number of photographs of possible UFOs, unidentified lights and silhouettes, and also studied the phenomenon of a “bald” clearing - a completely round, vegetation-free piece of land in the forest, which locals consider a portal to another dimension. A comparative analysis of the soil showed that the soil in the clearing and from other parts of the forest is no different, which means scientific explanation no phenomenon.
Sift noted that, according to local residents, UFOs are more common in this area. Subsequently, the research was continued by military engineer Emil Barney. He took a photograph that was later considered by some to be the clearest and most reliable image of a UFO in Europe. The forest anomalies were also described by the scientist Adrian Patrut in the book “Phenomena of the Hoya-Baciu Forest.”
Forest of Screaming Ghosts
Near the English village of Pluckley in Kent there is a Screaming Forest, which is considered a haunted place. According to legend, in the 18th century, local residents killed a robber in this forest and he still wanders and wants revenge. Besides him, in these places there is supposedly a poltergeist and the spirits of other dead people roam, including a colonel and a teacher who hanged themselves in trees. Local residents claim that screams can be heard from the forest in the early morning. Numerous ghost hunters believe them: tourists come to tickle their nerves and wander among the trees at night, trying to hear something unusual. For example, The team Visual Paranormal Investigation says they were able to talk to the spirits of the Screaming Forest.
Cursed forest
In the USA, in the state of Vermont, there is a forest with a bad reputation: people disappeared in it without a trace. There have also been reports of unexplained sounds, unusual atmospheric phenomena and unprecedented animals in the forest. Writer and folklorist Joseph Seatrow called this place the Bennington Triangle, by analogy with Bermuda. In his books, he argued that this place has been considered cursed since the times of the Indians: they tried to avoid it long before the arrival of the colonists.
Stories about the evil forest have been present in local folklore since late XIX century. It is believed that more than ten people disappeared here, but only five cases have been documented: all of them occurred between 1945 and 1950. Among the missing: a 74-year-old hunter and fisherman who knew the area well, an 18-year-old student, an 8-year-old boy, an elderly veteran and a 53-year-old hiker. The body of the latter was found seven months later; the rest were not found, despite a lengthy search.
Satanists Sanctuary
Another anomalous forest in the United States is the Freetown-Fall River Nature Reserve in southeastern Massachusetts, also called the Bridgewater Triangle: it is believed that this is the territory of Satanists, bandits and suicides. According to legends, these regions have long served as a place for religious rites, including sacrifices and ritual killings of animals. There is evidence of ball lightning, giant snakes, mutilated animals, UFOs and other unusual phenomena seen here.
According to legends, these places were cursed by Indians angry at the colonists. Their graves remain in the forest. The spirits of buried Aboriginal people are said to roam the forest and seek vengeance.
The police also have a “dossier” on the bad forest: several murders and accidents have occurred here. In 1998, for example, police discovered mutilated carcasses of calves and cows here, which apparently had been sacrificed.
Radioactive forest
The Red Forest is an infamous area of forest around Chernobyl that has become reddish-brown in color due to the release of radioactive dust. Many trees were knocked down by the blast wave and died. Due to radioactive decay, it was possible to observe the glow of the trunks at night for a long time.
Since the accident on Chernobyl nuclear power plant Almost 30 years have passed, but, as experts note, the forest still remains radioactive. Last spring, scientists from the United States and France published the results of a study of the Red Forest ecosystem and pointed out an anomaly: dead trees do not decompose, they seem to have been preserved at the time of the accident. Scientists conducted an experiment: they collected several bags of leaves that were not affected by radiation and placed them in different parts of the forest. The guess was confirmed: in places with increased radiation, the foliage rotted 40% slower than in ordinary forest areas. This is explained by the fact that bacteria and fungi that cause decay are less active under radiation.
According to scientists, the Red Forest is potentially dangerous from a fire of accumulated vegetation - if it catches fire, the radiation will spread wider.
Once upon a time, when I was little, I lived with my grandmother in a house near the forest. I really liked this forest. It seemed so mysterious and fabulous that I often ran away to play there. Grandma was very angry. She told me not to run there, especially after dark. But at dusk this forest was so beautiful that I could not help but run away.
I remember how one evening, while my grandmother was dozing, I quietly got out of the house and ran into the forest. I loved the smell of leaves, the mysterious shadows among the trees that are visible only at dusk. That evening I went so far into the forest that I got lost. I got lost for a long time, looking for the way to home. But she couldn’t find her. For the first time in all the time I had been walking in this forest, I was afraid. I cried and called my grandmother. But she didn't come.
It was happiness for me when I saw a girl among the trees. I ran to her shouting “aunty, I’m lost, wait.” She stopped. I ran up to her and began to tug at her hem long skirt. She hugged me. Having calmed down a little, I again told him that I was walking in the forest and got lost. When she asked where I lived, I described my grandmother's house. She said she would take me home. On the way she talked to me. I found out that she has a son, my age, he also ran into the forest and now she is looking for him. I said that I often walk here and if I see a boy, I will tell him that his mother is looking for him. She just smiled.
Soon we arrived at grandma's house. My grandmother ran out to meet me, very alarmed. She led me into the house without paying any attention to the woman. At home she began to scold me. When I said that everything was fine and that a woman had brought me, she should have thanked her, and not pretended as if she didn’t exist at all. I told my grandmother that she should be ashamed and demanded that my grandmother come out and apologize to her. But instead of leaving, my grandmother looked at me in surprise.
- Which woman should I thank, granddaughter? - Grandma touched my forehead. - You came alone.
I ran out into the street. The woman was nowhere to be found. She probably left to look for her son again. No matter how I tried to prove to my grandmother that that woman had brought me, she insisted that I came alone and there was no woman with me. A little later, my grandmother asked me about her. I described her as I remembered. Grandma sighed and told me a story that was unlike any of the ones she usually told me.
Once upon a time there was a house nearby in which a woman lived with her little son. Her husband left her and did not come to see her. Her son was her only joy. But one day he went to play in the forest and disappeared. The police and her searched for a long time, but found nothing. A week later the search was stopped. But the woman could not leave everything so simple. She continued to look for him in the forest herself. I walked day and night through the forest, looking for my son. But I never found it. In the end, she hanged herself in the forest. She thought that if he died, then she would find him in the next world, even in the form of a ghost. But apparently, even so, she still hasn’t found him, since she’s walking around in the forest there. That's why I always ask you not to play in the forest after dark. Now you know everything.
My grandmother's words shocked me. In the morning I called my mother. She came and took me home. Mom asked grandma to come with us, but grandma refused. I visited her in the summer, but didn’t go into the forest anymore. Then my grandmother died. I was already 16. After the funeral, my grandmother’s house was transferred to my parents and me. We come there every summer. Sometimes, sitting on the porch, I look at the forest. In the evening, sometimes I still see that woman among the trees... she is still looking for him...
Dictations 1
Dictation 1. Repetition of what was studied in grades 5-8
Down the river
At the beginning of the summer holidays, my friend and I decided to take a short trip along the river in a rubber boat. Without saying anything to anyone, we quickly got ready to set off and by nightfall we were on the river bank. The silence of the night, interrupted by some sharp bird cry, the damp, piercing air, all this had a bad effect on us.
For several minutes we hesitated, but then we resolutely entered the boat, pushed away from the shore, and the boat floated downstream. At first it was scary to drive along an unfamiliar river, but gradually we got used to it and boldly looked forward.
Early in the morning we hoped to be in an unfamiliar village. We floated slowly down the river, almost without using the oars. The moon appeared from behind the clouds, illuminating all the surroundings with its mysterious brilliance. Somewhere a nightingale clicked, followed by another. It seemed as if the whole air was permeated with enchanting sounds. We admired the nightingale's singing and the beauty of the night and completely forgot about the boat. Suddenly, having bumped into something, it capsized, and we found ourselves waist-deep in water. Having collected our things that were floating along the river, we climbed ashore, pulled out the ill-fated boat, lit a fire and until the morning we warmed ourselves, dried ourselves and discussed the night's adventure.
(174 words)
Grammar task(according to options)
1. Phonetic analysis:
1) bird; 2) discussed.
2. Word formation analysis and word analysis by composition:
1) interruptible; 2) having bumped into.
3. Morphological analysis:
1) during; 2) to no one.
4. Syntactic analysis of sentences (1st paragraph):
1) At the beginning of the summer holidays, my friend and I decided to take a short trip along the river in a rubber boat.
2) The silence of the night, interrupted by some sharp bird cry, the damp, piercing air - all this had a bad effect on us.
5. Determine the type of offers:
1) find one-part sentence (At first it was scary to drive along an unfamiliar river... - impersonal);
2) find an incomplete sentence ( Somewhere a nightingale clicked,behind him is another .)
Dictation 2
Zhelezyaka
On a cloudless night, the moon floats over Chisty Dor, reflected in the puddles, silvering the roofs covered with wood chips. Quiet in the village.
At dawn, dull blows are heard from the shore of Yalma, as if someone is striking a bell overgrown with moss. Behind the willows, a blacksmith shop darkens on the shore - a plank shed, ancient, smoky, trimmed at the corners with rusty sheets of tin. The blows can be heard from here.
I go fishing early. It’s still dark, dark, and this barn looks strange in the cloudy alder forest.
Suddenly the door opens, and there is fire, but not bright, like the flame of a fire, but muffled. This is the color of viburnum when it is hit by frost. The fiery door seems to be a cave that perhaps leads into the earth.
A small man jumps out of it onto the shore. In his hands are long pliers, and a red-hot dragon bone is clamped in them. He puts it into the water - a hiss worse than that of a cat or viper is heard. A cloud of steam escapes from the water.
“Hello, Voloshin,” I say.
At noon, on my way back, I pass by again. There are now a lot of people around the forge: some have come to get nails, some have come to shoe a horse.
The forge burns inside. Shurka Kletkin, the hammer blower, inflates the bellows - exhales air into the forge, onto the coals. In the hell itself lies an iron block. It became so hot that you couldn’t tell it apart from fire.
Voloshin snatches it with long pliers and places it on the anvil. Shurka hits it with a hammer, and the blank is flattened, and Voloshin only turns it under the blows. Shurka Kletkin is a strong fellow; his shoulders are heavy, like weights. He is a strongman, and Voloshin is a master.
(233 words) ( Yu. Koval)
Grammar task:
1) do a morphological analysis of words overgrown, sooty;
Dictation 3
Oak
It was already the beginning of June when Prince Andrei, returning home, went again to that birch grove, in which this old, gnarled oak struck him so strangely and memorably. The bells rang even more muffled in the forest than a month and a half ago; everything was full, shady and dense, and the young spruce trees scattered throughout the forest did not disturb the overall beauty and, imitating general character, gently green with fluffy young shoots...
“Yes, here, in this forest, there was this oak tree with which we agreed,” thought Prince Andrei. “Where is he?” - Prince Andrei thought again, looking at left side road, and, without knowing it, without recognizing him, admired the oak tree that he was looking for. The old oak tree, completely transformed, spreading out like a tent of lush, dark greenery, was melting, slightly swaying in the rays of the evening sun. No gnarled fingers, no sores, no old mistrust and grief - nothing was visible. Through the tough, hundred-year-old bark, succulent young leaves broke through without knots, so it was impossible to believe that this old man had produced them. “Yes, this is that same oak tree,” thought Prince Andrei, and suddenly an unreasonable, spring feeling of joy and renewal came over him.
(165 words) ( L. N. Tolstoy)
Grammar task:
1) do a word-formation analysis and an analysis of the composition of words spread out, causeless;
Dictation 4
Singer of native nature
If nature could feel gratitude to a person for penetrating her life and singing her praises, then first of all this gratitude would fall to Mikhail Prishvin.
It is unknown what Prishvin would have done in his life if he had remained an agronomist (this was his first profession). In any case, he would hardly have revealed Russian nature to millions of people as a world of the most subtle and luminous poetry. He simply did not have enough time for this.
If you carefully read everything written by Prishvin, you remain convinced: he did not have time to tell us even a hundredth part of what he saw and knew perfectly.
It’s difficult to write about Prishvin. What he said needs to be written down in treasured notebooks, re-read, discovering new values in every line, going into his books, just as we go along barely treasured paths into a dense forest with its conversation of keys and the fragrance of herbs, plunging into various thoughts and states inherent in this a person who is pure in mind and heart.
Prishvin's books are “the endless joy of constant discoveries.” Several times I heard from people who had just put down Prishvin’s book they had read, the same words: “This is real witchcraft.”
(183 words) ( K. G. Paustovsky)
Grammar task:
1) do a syntactic analysis of the first two sentences;
2) make diagrams complex sentences, determine the type of subordinate clauses in complex sentences.
Dictation 5
Starlings
Everyone knows him. And everyone since childhood, when in April a tireless and cheerful singer in black clothes appears near the birdhouse. They say that swallows make spring. No, swallows “make summer,” and spring is brought to our region by rooks, starlings, larks, lapwings, finches, and wagtails on their wings. Starlings are the most noticeable of them. When they appear, they shake out the sparrows from the birdhouses and celebrate housewarming with songs. “There is no bird more lively, more cheerful, more cheerful than the starling,” Brehm wrote. Where does the starling come from, becoming our neighbor? early spring until late autumn, arrives?
Four years ago, while traveling to South Africa, at Cape Agulhas we saw our friends and were amazed: they fly so far! I wrote about this. And I was wrong. They do not fly further than the northern edge of the African continent, where starlings gather in flocks of millions for the winter. European settlers brought their favorite bird to the lower part of the mainland, and it took root here alongside antelopes, ostriches and numerous weaver birds. Starlings were also brought to America, Australia, and New Zealand because of their love for them. Of course, starlings do not come to us from these countries. Ours winter in Western and Southern Europe. Not that far. And yet, how not to be surprised at the ability of starlings to find, say, the Moscow region, some village in it and a native birdhouse. "Hello, I've arrived!" - starlings announce themselves with a simple, cheerful song.
(205 words) ( V. M. Peskov)
Grammar task:
1) emphasize fragments with parcellation (unusual division of sentences);
2) make diagrams of complex sentences, determine the type of subordinate clauses in complex sentences.
Dictation 6
Amazing crossroads
From Zamoskvorechye I needed to go to the center. So I decided: which bridge to walk on - Kamenny or Moskvoretsky?
Both options were equally acceptable, since I was standing on the corner of Lavrushinsky Lane. It goes out onto Kadashevskaya embankment approximately in its middle, and from this place the distance is the same - either in the direction of the Kamenny Bridge or in the direction of Moskvoretsky.
The question came down to which bridge was more interesting to walk on. I thought that if I walked along Moskvoretsky, the Kremlin would seem to float out at me... Yes, it’s like a giant white swan floats out at you, whose neck is the bell tower of Ivan the Great, and its back is cathedrals with golden feathered domes . I was already ready to choose the Moskvoretsky Bridge, when suddenly it seemed extremely tempting to me to see this swan floating into the distance from the mysterious twilight of the garden, the picture that opens before us when we walk along the Stone Bridge.
(145 words) ( Yu. Olesha)
Grammar task:
1) do a phonetic analysis of words: giant, feathers;
2) make diagrams of complex sentences, determine the type of subordinate clauses in complex sentences.
Appendix 4
Texts for presentation
Text 1
In a remote underground cave, complete silence reigns: no breeze, no rustle... Only one sound breaks the ominous silence: one after another, water drops fall and scatter when they hit the stone. For many decades now, they have been monotonously and tirelessly counting down time in this abandoned corner of the earth. And a voluntary captive of the cave, a speleologist, learned to count drop by drop the days of his stay underground.
But water has long been helping people tell time. Almost simultaneously with the sun clock, water clocks, clepsydras, as the ancient Greeks called them, also appeared. This clock was a large vessel from which water slowly flows. Its level decreases from one mark to another. This way you can read how much time has passed.
The Greek mechanic Ctesibius made a very accurate water clock, which today could decorate any apartment. They work like this: water flowing into a beautiful vase raises the float, and a winged boy connected to the float shows the time with an elegant pointer. The water rises, and the pointer slides along a long string of numbers. The second winged boy wipes away his tears. He is very sad - because time is running out irrevocably.
You won't find water clocks anywhere anymore. They are veterans of time measurement. They are more than two thousand years old.
In the Middle Ages, monks determined time by the number of prayers read. This method, of course, was far from accurate. Then in monasteries, and simply in everyday life, they began to use fire clocks to keep track of time. They took a candle and marked divisions on it, each of which corresponded to a certain period of time.
Long before European watches, China had its own interesting designs. The dough, prepared from powdered wood, flavored with incense, was rolled into sticks and given the most various shapes. For example, spirals. Some fire clocks reached several meters in length and burned for months. Sometimes metal balls were suspended from the sticks. As soon as the candle burned out, the ball fell into the porcelain vase with a ringing sound. Why not a fire alarm clock!
Over the centuries, people have improved ways of measuring time. Today, the most accurate clocks are atomic ones. They are used as a standard.
(309 words)
Tasks
Answer the question: “What type of speech is the text?” Prove your opinion.
Tell us about other ways of measuring time that you know.
Text 2
Even a well-educated zoologist will find it difficult to give a comprehensive answer as to who is stronger: a lion or a tiger, because in the savannah, where the lion reigns, there are no tigers, and in the jungle, where the tiger reigns, there are no lions.
There are no tiger in Africa, Australia, America and Europe. His place of residence is Southeast Asia and our Far Eastern taiga. Tigers differ in size, color, and “warmth” of their fur coat. For example, the South Chinese and Bengal species do not need thick wool at all: they will languish in it from the heat. But our handsome Ussuri tiger needs it to withstand frost.
Leo does not live in America, Australia and Europe. Africa is his home. But even there now lions are not found everywhere. North of the Sahara, the king of the desert was destroyed by his only enemy - man. In Asia, the lion was also exterminated. Only in India a small number of Asiatic lions survive.
The habits of a lion and a tiger are very different from each other. The only thing they have in common is that they are the largest representatives of the cat family on our planet. They have much more differences. A lion has a round pupil, while a tiger has a longitudinal one. The lion lives on the ground, and the tiger also climbs trees. The lion is a herd animal, but the tiger always wanders alone. Lions get along well with other animals. They are tamed faster and better, much more obedient than a tiger. The tiger does not tolerate strangers.
And yet who is stronger - the tiger or the lion? Physically the lion is stronger, but the tiger is more agile. If animals are captured in captivity, then the king of the animals wins. He is helped by his mane, which prevents the tiger from grabbing him by the neck. There is only one type of tiger stronger than a lion and that is ours. Ussurian tiger. The only thing stronger than this master of the taiga is the white polar bear.
(259 words)
Tasks
I. Title the text and retell it in detail.
Answer the question: “What technique is this text based on? Prove your opinion.
II. Title the text and retell it concisely.
Do you like books about animals? Which one would you recommend reading? Tell us about her.
Text3
The region of Russia is Vladivostok. A city scattered across the hills...
There are no straight streets here - they are crumpled by valleys in all conceivable and inconceivable directions: up, down, crooked, and at random. The prospect here is a purely conditional concept; it clearly contains more of what is desired than what actually exists.
Of course, the terrain makes life difficult. But no matter how much you disfigure the city with standard boxes, uniformity does not work. Rebellious fractures of the city skyline explode the dull one-dimensionality of the new neighborhoods. The hills and sea surrounding the city on all sides resist facelessness modern architecture and defeat her.
Old cities are not alike. They, unlike the current twins in the south, in the north, in the steppe, in the mountains, have their own face, their own way. This is probably why you won’t confuse native St. Petersburg residents with Muscovites, Odessa residents with Nizhny Novgorod residents, Tula residents with “Pskopskie”, Pomors with Chaldons, and all together with the Far Easterners, whose spirit bearers are the old-timers of Vladivostok.
Ask an old-timer where the city begins and what does he even call Vladivostok? You can be sure of the answer - he will tell you the old city. The modern quarters of St. Petersburg, Moscow and other cities and villages of Mother Russia are interchangeable, like nuts on a conveyor belt, and therefore they have taken root everywhere. Without taking root anywhere at the same time. They will never have the character of a city, because that is how they are designed - faceless. Well, how can a person develop a feeling of homeland here? Whether it's big or small, it doesn't matter...
(216 words) ( According to B. Dyachenko)
Tasks:
I. Title the text and retell it in detail. Answer the question: “Do you agree with the author of the text that the feeling of the Motherland cannot arise in faceless cities?” Justify your opinion.
II. Title the text and retell it concisely. Tell us about your city (village).
Keys to tests
|
№ test |
Option |
A1 |
A2 |
A3 |
A4 |
A5 |
IN 1 |
|
1 |
1 |
2 |
4 |
1 |
2 |
- |
unity, permeates |
|
2 |
3 |
4 |
2 |
4 |
- |
Igorev, no |
|
|
2 |
1 |
3 |
1 |
4 |
2 |
- |
forehead |
|
2 |
4 |
2 |
3 |
2 |
- |
pupil (eye) |
|
|
3 |
1 |
4 |
3 |
3 |
1 |
- |
addition |
|
2 |
1 |
2 |
4 |
1 |
- |
suffixal |
|
|
4 |
1 |
2 |
2 |
1 |
3 |
- |
comparative adjectives |
|
2 |
2 |
1 |
3 |
4 |
- |
in vain, looking |
|
|
5 |
1 |
1 |
3 |
2 |
4 |
4 |
reasoning |
|
2 |
3 |
2 |
1 |
3 |
1 |
chain |
|
№ test |
Option |
A1 |
A2 |
A3 |
A4 |
A5 |
A6 |
IN 1 |
AT 2 |
AT 3 |
AT 4 |
|
6 |
1 |
4 |
1 |
3 |
2 |
compound nominal |
short participle |
vain earthly |
Deeply moral, truly human |
||
|
2 |
4 |
3 |
2 |
2 |
1 |
3 |
pretext |
high literary |
deep and sharp |
moved forward |