One-part sentences- sentences with one main member, only the predicate or only the subject: Silence. It's getting light. There's no one on the street. A one-part sentence has only one main member, and it cannot be called either subject or predicate. This is the main part of the sentence.
One-part sentences can be common or uncommon, depending on whether the main member is explained by additional words or not. There are two types of one-part sentences: verbal and substantive.
One-part verb sentence. A distinctive feature of verbal one-part sentences is their lack of subjectivity: the subject of the action is not represented in them, therefore the action is considered as independent. Such a one-part sentence includes the conjugated form of the verb as auxiliary verb or a linking verb, or is only such a verb: Are you going home?; They are singing outside the window; You can't fool him; He was having fun; You can't get through here. Verbal one-part sentences are divided into:
definitely personal;
vaguely personal;
generalized-personal;
impersonal;
Definitely personal proposals- one-part sentences denoting the actions or states of direct participants in speech - the speaker or interlocutor. The predicate (main member) in them is expressed in the 1st or 2nd person form of verbs singular or plural.
The category of person is in the present and future tense of the indicative mood and in the imperative mood. Accordingly, the predicate in definite personal sentences can be expressed in the following forms: I’ll tell you, you’ll tell me, let’s tell you, tell me, tell me, tell me, let’s tell you; I'm going, you're going, we're going, you're going, you're going to go, you're going to go, we're going to go, you're going to go, go, go, let's go.
I know that when you go outside the ring of roads in the evening, we’ll sit in a pile of fresh ones under a nearby haystack. (S. Yesenin);
In the depths of Siberian ores, keep proud patience. (A. Pushkin).
These sentences are very close in meaning to two-part sentences. Almost always, relevant information can be conveyed in a two-part sentence by substituting a subject into the sentence me, you, we or you.
Vaguely personal proposals- these are one-part sentences that denote the action or state of an unspecified person; the actor is not grammatically named, although he is thought of personally, but the emphasis is on the action.
The main member of such sentences is the form of the 3rd person plural (present and future tense, indicative mood and imperative mood) or the plural form (past tense verbs and conditional mood or adjectives): they say, they will speak, they spoke, let them speak, they would speak; (they are) satisfied; (he) is welcome.
For example:
They say in the village that she is not his relative at all... (N. Gogol);
They drove an elephant through the streets... (I. Krylov);
And let them talk, let them talk, but no, no one dies in vain... (V. Vysotsky);
It’s okay that we are poets, as long as they read us and sing. (L. Oshanin).
The 3rd person plural form of the predicate verb does not contain information about the number of figures or the degree of their fame. Therefore, this form can express: 1) a group of persons: The school is actively addressing the problem of academic performance; 2) one person: They brought me this book; 3) both one person and a group of persons: Someone is waiting for me; 4) person known and unknown: Somewhere in the distance they are shouting; I got an A on the exam.
Indefinite personal sentences most often contain secondary members, i.e. Vaguely personal sentences are usually common. As part of indefinite personal sentences, two groups of minor members are used: 1) Circumstances of place and time, which usually indirectly characterize the actor: There was singing in the hall. There is noise in the next class. In youth they often try to imitate someone (A. Fadeev); These distributors usually indirectly characterize the actor, denoting the place and time associated with human activity. 2) Direct and indirect objects placed at the beginning of the sentence: We were invited into a room; He is welcome here; Now they will bring him here (M. Gorky).
Generalized-personal proposals- these are one-part sentences in which the predicate verb denotes an action that is performed by a wide, generalized circle of persons.
The predicate verb in a generalized-personal sentence is in the same form as in definite-personal and indefinite-personal sentences. Proverbs are a striking example.
You can’t even catch a fish from a pond without difficulty.
Business before pleasure.
You never know where you will find the real word. (Paust.)
Generalized personal sentences are used in cases where it is important to name the action itself, and not the persons who perform it. Generalized-personal sentences are sentences in which the action is timeless and applies to any person or group of persons. Common in proverbs, sayings, aphorisms.
Definitely personal and indefinitely personal sentences can have a generalized meaning, that is, the action referred to in the sentence applies to all persons in general.
Impersonal offers- these are one-part sentences that speak of an action or state that arises and exists independently of the producer of the action or the bearer of the state.
A feature of the grammatical meaning of impersonal sentences is the meaning of spontaneity, involuntariness of the expressed action or state. It manifests itself in the most various cases when expressed: action ( The boat is carried ashore); condition of a person or animal ( I couldn't sleep; He is cold); state environment (It's getting dark; Feels fresh); the state of affairs ( Poor staffing; Experiments cannot be postponed) etc. According to D. E. Rosenthal, impersonal sentences are characterized by “a shade of passivity and inertia.”
According to the school classification, infinitive sentences are also classified as impersonal (that is, sentences with the main predicate member expressed by an independent infinitive).
The main term can be expressed:
The 3rd person singular form of an impersonal or personal verb: It's getting light! The smell of spring through the glass (L. May);
Neuter form: You, happiness, were covered with snow, carried away centuries ago, trampled under the boots of soldiers retreating into eternity (G. Ivanov); There was not enough bread even until Christmas time (A. Chekhov);
In a word No(in the past tense it corresponds to the neuter form did not have, and in the future - the 3rd person singular form - will not): And suddenly consciousness will answer me that you have never existed and never existed (N. Gumilyov).
By combining a state category word (with a modal meaning) with an infinitive (compound verbal predicate): When you know that you cannot laugh, then - then it is precisely then that this shaking, painful laughter takes possession of you (A. Kuprin); It's time to get up: it's past seven (A. Pushkin);
Short passive participle of the neuter gender (compound nominal predicate): Wonderfully arranged in our world! (N. Gogol); My place is not tidy!.. (A. Chekhov);
Infinitive: You will never see such battles (M. Lermontov); Well, how can you not please your loved one? (A. Griboyedov); The blizzard will sing and ring for a long time (S. Yesenin).
Substantive one-part sentence. The main member is expressed in the form of a noun. Substantive sentences are not just verbless, they do not even involve action. Depending on their meaning, substantive sentences are divided into:
nominative;
genitive.
nominative.
Nominative sentences affirm the existence of an object in the present tense: Night. Street. Flashlight. Pharmacy. (Blok A.A.).
Genitive sentences, in addition to beingness and the present tense, have the meaning of redundancy, enhanced by emotional overtones. Genitive sentences can be common: Gold, gold, how much evil comes through you! (Ostrovsky A.N.)
Nominal- this is one of the types of one-part sentences, the form of the main member in which is similar in expression to the subject.
The main member of nominative sentences is expressed by the nominative case form of the noun and a phrase that includes the nominative case. In principle, it is also possible to use a pronoun, usually in colloquial speech: "Here I am!" - Ariel said, floating into the living room. The use of the independent nominative case is possible in these sentences, since their meaning is a message about the being, presence, existence of an object or phenomenon. Consequently, only one grammatical tense is assumed - the present.
Types of nominative sentences
Denominal existentials state the fact of the existence of an object. The subject is expressed in the nominative case of any nominal part of speech: Mom, porridge, cat, spoon, book, bright cover...
Demonstratives point to an object. In the grammatical basis, in addition to the subject, expressed in the nominative case of any name, the demonstrative particles VOT or VON appear: Here's a sofa, lie back and relax (Gr.).
Estimated and named evaluate the subject from the speaker's point of view. In the grammatical basis, in addition to the subject, expressed in the nominative case of any name, various expressive-emotional particles appear: What a night! Here's to you, grandma, and St. George's day.
Preferably denomination express desire anything. In the grammatical basis, in addition to the subject, expressed in the nominative case of any name, particles appear ONLY BY, ONLY BY, IF: Just not a test.
Incomplete is a sentence characterized by incomplete grammatical structure due to the omission of certain formally necessary members (major or secondary), which are clear from the context or setting even without naming.
The incompleteness of the grammatical structure of such sentences does not prevent them from serving the purposes of communication, since the omission of certain members does not violate the semantic completeness and definiteness of these sentences.
In this regard, incomplete sentences differ from unspoken sentences, which are statements interrupted for one reason or another, for example: But wait, Kalinina, what if... No, it won’t work that way...(B. Pol.); - I am, mom. Am I... People say that she...(B. Pol.).
The correlation with complete sentences is revealed by the presence in such sentences of words that retain the grammatical functions and forms characteristic of them in the corresponding complete sentences. They are the ones that indicate the “empty” positions of the omitted members of the sentence. Incomplete sentences are especially common in conversational styles of language; they are widely used in fiction both in the transmission of dialogue and in the description.
Types of Incomplete Sentences. Incomplete sentences are divided into contextual and situational. Contextual incomplete sentences with unnamed members of the sentence that were mentioned in the context are called: in nearby sentences or in the same sentence (if it is complex).
Among the contextual proposals stand out:
Simple sentences with unnamed main or secondary members (individually or in groups). Lack of subject:
- Wait, who are you? - Kurov was surprised.
- Rostislav Sokolov, - the boy introduced himself and even bowed at the same time(B. Pol.).
Absence of predicate:
- Did you leave your wife, Mikola?
- No,she me(Shol.).
Absence of both subject and predicate:
- Does the baker Konovalov work here?
- Here!- I answered her(M.G.).
Absence of predicate and circumstances: Kalinich stood closer to nature.Khor - to people, to society(T.).
Lack of predicate and object: Who was waiting for him?Empty, uncomfortable room(B. Pol.).
Absence of a minor member of a sentence (addition, circumstance) in the presence of a definition relating to the missing member: The mother slipped the carrots to the father, but forgot to give him gloves.I handed mine to my father(S. Bar.).
Complex sentences with an unnamed main or subordinate clause.
- Well, where are your Near Mills? - What do you want? You say, not mills? - Where? - What do you mean, “where”? Here. - Where is it? -Where are we going(Cat.). The last sentence does not name the main part.
Incomplete sentences forming part of a complex sentence with an unnamed member present in another part of the complex sentence.
In a compound sentence: In one hand he held a fishing rod,and in the other - kukan with fish(Sol.). In the second part of a complex sentence, the main members present in the first part are not named.
In a complex sentence: Lopakhin jumped into the trench and,when he raised his head, saw how the leading plane, absurdly falling onto the wing, became covered in black smoke and began to fall obliquely(Shol.). In the subordinate part of the sentence when he raised his head, the subject common to the main part is not named.
In the non-union complex sentence: This is how we go:on level ground - on a cart, uphill - on foot, and downhill - like a jog(Sol.). In the explanatory part of a complex sentence, the predicate mentioned in the explanatory part is not named.
Situational called incomplete sentences with unnamed members that are clear from the situation, prompted by the situation. For example: One day, after midnight, he knocked on Crane’s door. She pulled back the hook... -Can?- he asked in a trembling voice(M. Alekseev).
Occasionally there was a hooting sound somewhere. Apparently, not close.
- Calm down, - my neighbor said peacefully(S. Bar.). While I was waiting in line, the printing presses began to crank behind me. Only women worked for them today.
- I'm behind you!- I warned and ran to my car(S. Bar.).
Incomplete sentences are especially typical for dialogic speech, which is a combination of replicas or a unity of questions and answers. The peculiarity of dialogic sentences is determined by the fact that in oral speech, along with words, extra-linguistic factors also appear as additional components: gestures, facial expressions, situation. In such sentences, only those words are named, without which the thought becomes incomprehensible.
Among dialogic sentences, a distinction is made between sentences-replicas and sentences-answers to questions.
Reply sentences represent links in a common chain of replicas replacing each other. In a replica of a dialogue, as a rule, those members of the sentence are used that add something new to the message, and the members of the sentence already mentioned by the speaker are not repeated, and the replicas that begin the dialogue are usually more complete in composition than the subsequent ones. For example:
- Go get a bandage.
- Will kill...
- Crawling.
- You won’t be saved anyway(New.-Pr.).
Suggestions-answers vary depending on the nature of the issue. They can be answers to a question in which one or another member of the sentence is highlighted:
- What do you have in your bundle, eagles?
“Crayfish,” the tall one answered reluctantly.
- Wow! Where did you get them?
- Near the dam(Shol.).
There may be answers to a question that requires confirmation or denial of what was said:
- Do you have a woman?
- No way.
- And the uterus?
- Eat(New.-Pr.).
Could be answers to a question with suggested answers:
- What haven’t you tried: fishing or loving?
- First(M.G.).
And finally, answers in the form of a counter question with the meaning of the statement:
- How will you live?
- What about the head, and what about the hands?(M.G.).
- Tell me, Stepan, did you marry for love? - asked Masha.
- What kind of love do we have in our village? - Stepan answered and grinned.(Ch.).
Sentences whose grammatical basis consists of two main members (subject and predicate) are called two-part.
Sentences whose grammatical basis consists of one main member are called one-part sentences. One-piece sentences have a complete meaning, and therefore the second main member is not needed or even impossible.
For example: In the summer I will go to the sea. Dark. It's time to go. Magic night.
Single-part sentences, unlike incomplete ones, are understandable out of context.
There are several types of one-part sentences:
Definitely personal
vaguely personal,
generalized-personal,
impersonal,
nominative (nominative).
Each type of one-part sentence differs in its meaning and form of expression of the main member.
Definitely personal proposals- these are one-part sentences with the main member of the predicate, conveying the actions of a certain person (speaker or interlocutor).
In definitely personal sentences the main member is expressed by a verb in the form of 1st and 2nd person singular and plural indicative mood(present and future tense), and in the imperative mood ; the producer of the action is defined and can be called personal pronouns of the 1st and 2nd persons I , You , We , You .
For example: I love thunderstorm in early May(Tyutchev); We will endure trials patiently(Chekhov); Go, bow down fish(Pushkin).
In definitely personal sentences the predicate cannot be expressed by a 3rd person singular verb and a verb in the past tense. In such cases, the proposal does not indicate a specific person and the proposal itself is incomplete.
Compare: Do you know Greek too? - I studied a little(Ostrovsky).
Vaguely personal proposals- these are one-part sentences with the main member of the predicate, conveying the actions of an indefinite subject.
In vaguely personal sentences the main member is expressed by a verb in the 3rd person plural form (present and future tense in the indicative mood and in the imperative mood), the plural form of the past tense of the indicative mood and the similar form of the conditional mood of the verb.
The producer of the action in these sentences is unknown or unimportant.
For example: In the house knocked stove doors(A. Tolstoy); On the streets somewhere far away they're shooting (Bulgakov); Would you give person relax in front of the road(Sholokhov).
Generalized-personal proposals
Generalized-personal proposals- these are one-part sentences with the main member of the predicate, conveying the actions of a generalized subject (the action is attributed to each and every individual).
The main member in a generalized personal sentence may have the same methods of expression as in definite personal and indefinite personal sentences, but most often expressed by a 2nd person singular and plural present and future tense verb or a 3rd person plural verb.
For example: Good for bad don't change (proverb); Not very old these days respect (Ostrovsky); What you will sow, then you will reap (proverb).
Generalized personal sentences are usually presented in proverbs, sayings, catchphrases, aphorisms.
Generalized-personal sentences also include sentences containing the author’s generalization. To give a generalized meaning, the speaker uses a 2nd person verb instead of a 1st person verb.
For example: You're going out sometimes outside and you're surprised air transparency.
Impersonal offers
Impersonal offers- these are one-part sentences with the main member of the predicate, conveying actions or states that arise regardless of the producer of the action.
In such sentences it is impossible to substitute the subject .
The main member of an impersonal sentence may be similar in structure to a simple verbal predicate and is expressed:
1) an impersonal verb, the only syntactic function of which is to be the main member of impersonal one-part sentences:
For example: It's getting colder / it was getting cold /it will get colder .
2) a personal verb in an impersonal form:
For example: It's getting dark .
3) the verb to be and the word not in negative sentences:
For example: Winds did not have / No .
Main member, similar in structure to the compound verbal predicate , may have the following expression:
1) modal or phase verb in impersonal form + infinitive:
For example: Outside the window it started getting dark
.
2) linking verb to be in impersonal form (in the present tense in the zero form) + adverb + infinitive:
For example: It's a pity
/ it was a pity to leave with friends.
It's time to get ready on the road.
Main member, similar in structure to the compound nominal predicate , is expressed:
1) linking verb in impersonal form + adverb:
For example: It was a pity
old man.
On the street. it was becoming freshly.
2) linking verb in impersonal form + short passive participle:
For example: In the room it was smoky .
A special group among impersonal sentences is formed by infinitive sentences .
The main member of a one-part sentence can be expressed by an infinitive that does not depend on any other member of the sentence and denotes an action possible or impossible, necessary, inevitable. Such sentences are called infinitive.
For example: Him tomorrow be on duty. Everyone stand up! I'd like to go to Moscow!
Infinitive sentences have different modal meanings: obligation, necessity, possibility or impossibility, inevitability of action; as well as inducement to action, command, order.
Infinitive sentences are divided into unconditional (Be silent!) And conditionally desirable (I'd like to read).
Nominative (nominative) sentences- these are one-part sentences that convey the meaning of being (existence, presence) of the subject of speech (thought).
The main member in a nominative sentence can be expressed by a noun in the nominative case and a quantitative-nominal combination .
For example: Night, Street, flashlight, pharmacy .Pointless and dull light (Block); Three wars, three hungry pores, what the century has awarded(Soloukhin).
Denominative sentences may include demonstrative particles over there , Here , and to introduce an emotional assessment - exclamation particles WellAnd , Which , like this :
For example: Which weather! Well rain! Like this storm!
Distributors of a noun sentence can be agreed upon and inconsistent definitions:
For example: Late autumn
.
If the disseminator is a circumstance of place, time, then such sentences can be interpreted as two-part incomplete:
For example: Soon autumn
. (Compare: Soon autumn will come
.)
On the street rain
. (Compare: On the street it's raining
.)
Denominative (nominative) sentences can have the following subtypes:
1) Proper existential sentences expressing the idea of the existence of a phenomenon, object, time.
For example: April 22 years old. Sineva. The snow has melted.
2) Demonstrative-existent sentences. The basic meaning of beingness is complicated by the meaning of indication.
For example: Here mill.
3) Evaluative-existential (Dominance of evaluation).
For example: Well day! Oh yes...! And character!
+ particles well, then, also for me, and also.
The main member can be an evaluative noun ( beauty . Nonsense .)
4) desirable-existential (particles only, if only).
For example: If only health. Not just death. If happiness.
5) incentive (incentive-desirable: Attention ! Good afternoon ! and incentive-imperative: Fire ! and so on.).
It is necessary to distinguish constructions that coincide in form with them from nominative sentences.
The nominative case in the role of a simple name (name, inscription). They can be called proper-nominal - there is absolutely no meaning of beingness.
For example: "War and Peace".
The nominative case as a predicate in a two-part sentence ( Who is he? Familiar.)
The nominative case of the topic can be classified as an isolated nominative, but in terms of content they do not have the meaning of existentiality, do not perform a communicative function, and form a syntactic unity only in combination with the subsequent construction.
For example: Moscow. How much has merged in this sound for the Russian heart... Autumn. I especially love this time of year.
Definitely personal sentences refer to incomplete sentences, that is, sentences that lack one of the main members of the sentence, in this case, the subject.
Incomplete sentences also include indefinite-personal, generalized-personal, impersonal, infinitive (sometimes included in impersonal) and nominative sentences. Almost all of these species, except for the nominative ones, are subjectless, i.e. they lack a subject.
Definition
A definite-personal sentence is a one-part, incomplete, subjectless sentence in which the 1st or 2nd person verb of the present or future tense acts as the predicate. The verb in sentences of this type does not need a pronoun, since it contains an indication of the character.
Types and examples
Depending on the form of expression of the predicate, two types of definite-personal sentences are distinguished:
1) The predicate is expressed by a verb in the form of the 1st or 2nd person indicative mood.
Example: Tomorrow we will go to see my brother.
I’ll go there again, look there carefully and come back, maybe, with news.
Would you like some more coffee?
2) The predicate is expressed by a verb in the 2nd person form imperative mood:
Example: Stay late at work today and finish the report.
Will you go there again today?
Definitely personal sentences are close to two-part sentences. To replace a definite-personal sentence with a two-part one, it is enough to substitute I, we, you, you, etc. as the subject pronoun. For example: I’ll see what’s there and come back right away, I won’t linger. “I’ll see what’s there and come back right away, I won’t linger.”
In a text, definite personal sentences can often be combined with a sentence related to it in meaning into a complex sentence:
We went there again yesterday. We looked and listened to what others were saying, but didn’t learn anything new. “We went there again yesterday, looked, listened to what others were saying, but didn’t learn anything new.”
As a rule, definitely personal proposals are common, i.e. include auxiliary members of the sentence. Uncommon definitely-personal sentences are most often incomplete: contextual, situational or dialogical, and the sentence is often expressed in one word:
- It's coming! (for example, about an approaching train)
- Well, did you go and find out what documents are needed?
One-part sentences - these are sentences whose grammatical basis consists of one main member, and this one main member is sufficient for the complete verbal expression of a thought. Thus, "single-part" does not mean "incomplete."
Main member one-part sentence- a special syntactic phenomenon: it alone constitutes grammatical basis offers. However, in terms of its meaning and methods of expression, the main member of the majority one-part sentences(except for denominative sentences) is close to the predicate, and the main member of denominative sentences is close to the subject. Therefore, in school grammar it is customary to divide one-part sentences into two groups: 1) with one main member - the predicate and 2) with one main member - the subject. The first group includes definitely-personal, indefinitely-personal, generalized-personal and impersonal sentences, and the second group includes denominative sentences.
Behind every type one-part sentences(except for generalized-personal ones) their own ways of expressing the main member are fixed.
Definitely personal proposals
Definitely personal proposals - these are sentences denoting the actions or states of direct participants in speech - the speaker or interlocutor. Therefore, the predicate (main term) in them is expressed by the form 1st or 2nd person singular or plural verbs.
The category of person is in the present and future tense of the indicative mood and in the imperative mood. Accordingly, the predicate in definitely personal proposals can be expressed in the following forms: I’ll tell you, you’ll tell me, let’s tell you, tell me, tell me, tell me, let’s tell you; I'm going, you're going, we're going, you're going, you're going to go, you're going to go, we're going to go, you're going to go, go, go, let's go.
For example: I do not ask for honors or wealth for long journeys , but I take the little Arbat courtyard with me, I take it away (B. Okudzhava); I know that in the evening you will leave the ring of roads and sit in a pile of fresh ones under a nearby haystack (S. Yesenin); Why are you laughing? You laugh at yourself (N. Gogol); Don't Anticipate happy days, presented by heaven (B. Okudzhava); In the depths of Siberian ores, keep proud patience (A. Pushkin).
These sentences are very close in meaning to two-part sentences. Almost always, relevant information can be conveyed in a two-part sentence by including a subject in the sentence. me, you, we or You.
The sufficiency of one main member is determined here by the morphological properties of the predicate: the verbal forms of the 1st and 2nd persons with their endings clearly indicate a very specific person. Subject me, you, we, you turn out to be informationally redundant with them.
We use one-part sentences more often when we need to pay attention to an action, and not to the person who performs this action.
Vaguely personal proposals
- these are one-part sentences that denote the action or state of an unspecified person; the actor is not grammatically named, although he is thought of personally, but the emphasis is on the action.
The main member of such sentences is the form 3rd person plural (present and future indicative and imperative) or forms plural(past tense and conditional verbs or adjectives): they say, they will speak, they spoke, let them speak, they would speak; (they are) satisfied; (he) is welcome.
For example: They say in the village that she is not his relative at all... (N. Gogol); They led an elephant through the streets... (I. Krylov); And let them talk, let them talk, but- no, no one dies in vain... (V. Vysotsky); It’s okay that we are poets, as long as they read us and sing (L. Oshanin).
The specificity of the meaning of the figure in vaguely personal sentences is that in reality it exists, but is not grammatically named.
The 3rd person plural form of the predicate verb does not contain information about the number of figures or the degree of their fame. Therefore, this form can express: 1) a group of persons: The school is actively addressing the problem of academic performance; 2) one person: They brought me this book; 3) both one person and a group of persons: Someone is waiting for me; 4) person known and unknown: Somewhere in the distance they are shouting; I got an A on the exam.
Vaguely personal proposals most often have secondary members, i.e. vague sentences, as a rule, common.
Included vaguely personal proposals two groups are used minor members: 1) Circumstances of place and time that usually indirectly characterize the actor: B hall sang. In the next class they make noise. Often in my youth strive to someone imitate(A. Fadeev); These distributors usually indirectly characterize the actor, denoting the place and time associated with human activity. 2) Direct and indirect objects placed at the beginning of the sentence: Us invited into the room; Him here glad; Now hiswill bring here (M. Gorky).
If these minor members are excluded from the composition of the sentence, the sentences become incomplete two-part sentences with a missing subject: In the morning we went to the forest. We stayed in the forest until late evening.
Generalized personal proposals
Generalized personal proposals occupy a special place among one-part sentences. This is explained by generalized personal proposals do not have their own forms, and, thus, the main criterion for their identification is the semantic feature.
The meaning of generality can be characteristic of sentences of different structures: And what kind rus skiy does not love fast ride (N. Gogol)(two-part sentence); Searching for words cannot be neglected nothing (K. Paustovsky)(impersonal sentence); You can't order your heart (proverb)(a sentence that is definitely personal in form).
Generalized-personal Only those sentences are considered that are definitely personal or indefinitely personal in form, but denote the actions or states of a generally conceivable person. These are sentences in which observations are formulated related to the general characteristics of certain objects, life phenomena and situations: Take care of your honor from a young age (proverb); What do we have?- we don’t keep it, it’s lost- we cry (proverb); Chickens are counted in the fall - (proverb); When you take your head off you don't cry through your hair (proverb).
The most typical form is the 2nd person singular present or future simple indicative: You involuntarily surrender to the power of the surrounding vigorous nature (N. Nekrasov); ...In a rare girl you will find such simplicity and natural freedom of look, word, and action (I. Goncharov); You can’t put a scarf over someone else’s mouth (proverb).
Unlike outwardly similar definite-personal sentences with verbs in the 2nd person form, in general-personal proposals the specific actions of the interlocutor are never spoken about; the subject of the action is thought of in such sentences in a general way, like any person.
Impersonal offers
Impersonal offers - these are one-part sentences that speak of an action or state that arises and exists independently of the producer of the action or the bearer of the state. Feature of grammatical meaning impersonal offers is the meaning of spontaneity, involuntariness of the expressed action or state. It manifests itself in a variety of cases when it is expressed: action (The boat is carried to the shore); condition of a person or animal (I couldn’t sleep; He was cold); state of the environment (It gets dark; It feels fresh);"the state of affairs" (Bad with personnel; Experiments cannot be postponed) etc.
The main term can be expressed:
1) shape 3rd person singular impersonal or personal verb: It’s getting light!.. Oh, how quickly the night has passed / (A. Griboyedov); The smell of spring through the glass (L. May);
2) shape neuter: You, happiness, were covered with snow, carried away centuries ago, trampled under the boots of soldiers retreating into eternity (G. Ivanov); There was not enough bread even until Christmas time (A. Chekhov);
3) in a word No(in the past tense it corresponds to the neuter form was, and in the future - the form of the 3rd person singular - will be): And suddenly consciousness will answer me that you, my humble one, were not and are not (N. Gumilyov); There is no stronger beast than a cat (I. Krylov);
5) combination of a state category word(with modal meaning) with infinitive(compound verb predicate): When you know that you can't laugh, then- then it is precisely then that this shaking, painful laughter takes possession of you (A. Kuprin); It's time to get up: it's past seven (A. Pushkin);
6) short passive neuter participle(compound nominal predicate): Wonderfully arranged in our world! (N. Gogol); U I haven’t been tidied up!.. (A. Chekhov);
7) infinitive: You will never see such battles (M. Lermontov); Well, how can you not please your loved one? (A. Griboyedov); Sing and ring for a long time in the blizzard (S. Yesenin)
Name sentences
Nominal (nominative) offers - these are one-part sentences that affirm the existence, existence of objects or phenomena. Grammar basis name sentences consists of only one main member, similar in form to the subject: main member name sentences is expressed nominative case of a noun(single or with dependent words), for example: Noise, laughter, running, bowing, gallop, mazurka, waltz... (A. Pushkin).
Meaning name sentences lies in the affirmation of being, the existence of a phenomenon in the present time. That's why nominative sentences cannot be used either in the past or in the future tense, neither in the conditional nor in the imperative mood. In these tenses and moods they correspond to two-part sentences with a predicate was or will be: Autumn(nominal sentence). It was autumn; It will be autumn(two-part sentences).
There are three main varieties name sentences.
1.Existential: Twenty first. Night. Monday. Outlines of the capital in the darkness (A. Akhmatova).
2. Index fingers; they include demonstrative particles here, here and, there, there: This is the place where their house stands; Here is the willow (A. Pushkin); Here is the bridge / (N. Gogol).
3. Evaluative-existential; they are pronounced with an exclamatory intonation and often include exclamatory particles what, what, and: Siege! Attack! Evil waves are like thieves climbing through windows (A. Pushkin); What a night! The frost is bitter... (A. Pushkin).
Feature name sentences is that they are characterized by fragmentation and at the same time a large capacity of the expressed content. They name only individual details of the situation, but the details are important, expressive, designed for the imagination of the listener or reader - such that he can imagine the overall picture of the described situation or events.
More often nominative sentences used in descriptive contexts of poetic and prose speech, as well as in stage directions for dramatic works: Rocks, blackened by tanning... Hot sand that burns through the soles (N. Sladkoe); Evening. Seaside. Sighs of the wind. The majestic cry of the waves (K. Balmont); Living room in Serebryakov's house. Three doors: right, left and middle.- Day (A. Chekhov).
One-part sentences. Definitely personal suggestions.
The purpose of the lesson:
Ø find definitely personal proposals among other proposals;
Lesson objectives:
Ø remember features one-part and two-part sentences;
Ø to develop the ability to find definite personal sentences among one-part sentences;
Ø use skills in working with definite personal sentences in creative work when composing riddles about tea;
Educational tasks :
Ø show students beneficial features tea;
Speech development:
Ø use definitely personal sentences in speech;
Lesson equipment:
Ø handouts on the topic: “One-part sentences. Definitely personal proposals";
Ø reproduction of the painting by B. M. Kustodiev “Merchant's Wife at Tea”;
Ø algorithm of actions for determining the type of one-part definite-personal sentences;
Ø support tables “Personal pronouns”; "Personal endings of verbs."
During the classes
2. Frontal survey.
What is the grammatical basis of a sentence?
What groups are sentences divided into based on the structure of their grammatical basis?
What sentences are called two-part sentences?
What sentences are called one-part sentences?
Name groups of one-part sentences?
3. Syntactic warm-up (work in pairs)
Characterize the sentence in terms of the structure of the grammatical basis:
1 group : Tea is a healthy plant.
2nd group : It removes ailments and banishes drowsiness.
3 group : Friendship and tea are good when they are strong and not too sweet.
4 group : To the sound of a samovar, a conversation warms the heart and soul.
5 group : In the 18th century, the samovar was invented in Russia.
6 group : It was made in the Urals.
4. Studying new material.
- Announcement of the topic.
- Connection of the lesson topic with health-saving technologies.
- The teacher's word about the origin of tea.
- Student's message on an ancient Chinese legend: “The origin of tea.”
- Work with text.
People make a variety of drinks. But the most famous and widespread drink is tea.
This drink not only quenches thirst well, but also has healing properties, helps to recover from many diseases.
One long-liver said this about tea: “Tea is my favorite drink. I don’t recognize others.”
Proteins, fats and carbohydrates are easily digested with tea.
Tea is very a good thing!
Assignments to the text :
Ø read the text expressively;
Ø determine its topic and main idea,
Ø title;
Ø find a one-part sentence among the sentences of the text;
Ø try to determine the type of one-part sentence.
- Declaring the purpose of the lesson.
- Work with the textbook (work in pairs with the table).
Task:
Ø identify from the definition of definite-personal sentences the signs by which these sentences can be distinguished from other one-part sentences;
Ø fill out the table.
- Self-test of work with a textbook using a sample (sample on the board)
Suggestions for having major membersMain members of the proposal
How is the main member of a sentence expressed?
One-part sentence type
one-piece
predicate
verb 1st and 2nd person singular and plural present and future tense indicative or imperative
definitely personal
Referring to the reminders: “Personal pronouns”, “Personal endings of verbs 1st and 2nd person singular and plural”.
5. Dynamic pause.
6. Training exercises.
1) Let's look at the proposal again : I don’t recognize others.Let's indicate in the predicate verb of this sentence there are grammatical features by which we can determine the type of one-part sentence. (1st person singular present indicative)
2) From a series of sentences, write down a one-part definite-personal sentence:
1. Tea is never bad.
2. Tea gives a person determination.
3. Here is a fragrant caramel.
4. We treat everyone to pancakes and fragrant tea.
Prove that this proposal is definitely a personal proposal. It will help you with thisalgorithm of actions (posted on the board).
3) Continue the text, making a series of definitely personal sentences based on the model (working with the reproduction of B. M. Kustodiev “The Merchant's Wife at Tea”).
Hello, dear Katerina Gavrilovna!
And how delightful evenings are with a cup of tea!
Cover it table with white tablecloth...
4) Physical education (finger gymnastics).
5) Checking the proposals made.
6) Recording dictation of the text: Memo to the tea maker!
Rinse the kettle with boiling water and pour dry tea leaves into it. Then fill the kettle with boiling water and cover the top with a napkin. Close the hole on the lid and spout. Infuse the tea for five minutes.
Underline the predicate verbs.
What form of the predicate verb is appropriate in this memo? Why?
7. Consolidation of new material using definitely personal sentences in speech (composing riddles about tea).
8. Reflection.
- What new did we learn in class today?
9. Final word from the teacher.
I want to reveal a secret and give useful advice,
Tea warms us in cold weather, and refreshes us in hot weather,
He will overcome drowsiness and compete with fatigue,
Will crush any illness
Tea for health - best friend!
Homework: § 181, exercise to choose from § 181 or compose several sentences on the topic: “Winter day” using definitely personal sentences.
LESSON2
Goals as student activities:
Use textbooks and dictionaries, obtain information from different sources, correlate and comprehend it;
Agree on joint activities, express your point of view, accept someone else’s, develop coherent monologue speech;
Planned results:
Subject: identify definite-personal sentences in the text, correctly formulate definite-personal sentences with punctuation.
Metasubject:
Cognitive UUDs - independently formulate cognitive goals; apply information retrieval methods, including using computer tools; justify the choice effective ways problem solving; apply techniques semantic reading; analyze language units, compare language units; build a logical chain of reasoning;
Regulatory - they formulate educational tasks based on the correlation of what is already known and learned, and what is still unknown; draw up a plan and sequence of actions; control by comparing the method of action and its result with a given standard; evaluate the correctness of the action and adequately perceive the teacher’s assessment.
Communicative - take into account the positions of other people, participate in a collective discussion of a problem, know how to work in pairs, formulate their own opinions, and ask questions.
Personal - give adequate self-esteem educational activities, realize the boundaries of their own knowledge and ignorance.
During the classes:
Teacher :
Which part of the sentence do you think is most important - the subject or the predicate?
(statements from students)
Can sentences exist without one of them? Doesn't this interfere with understanding the meaning?
What do we call such proposals? (one-piece)
Can one-part sentences be common?
Teacher : Now write down the sentences and try to explain how the groups differ:
1. Night. Street. Lantern. Pharmacy.
2. I’m walking along the street. You look at the starry sky.
(1st group - nominative sentences, since the main member is expressed by a noun in the nominative case;
2nd group - with the main member - the predicate)
What did they do for this? (highlighted grammatical basis)
Teacher :
Do we know what the second group of one-part sentences is called? (No)
Formulate questions that you would like answered in our lesson
Read the title of the paragraph (paragraph 32)
Write down the topic of the lesson.
Express your guess about the meaning of the word “definitely personal proposals”
1. Reading the textbook paragraph on page 90 (with notes)
2. What new things have you learned about definite-personal proposals?
3. What seemed unclear?
4. What do you need to know to determine for sure that this is a definite personal offer? (person and mood of the verb)
Solving a problem situation : (slide)
1. Find the grammatical basis of the sentences and determine the aspect and mood of the verbs:
Go to sleep, my bed is soft... Take care of your honor from a young age. Die yourself, but help your comrade. Farewell, father! They searched for him for three days.
2. Which sentence was redundant and why? (the latter, because it contains a verb in the 3rd person form and there is no indication of a specific person)
What type do we classify all other proposals as? (definitely personal)
3. Vocabulary work: platform (lexical and grammatical meaning words, spelling). You can use Internet Wikipedia, S.I. Ozhegov’s dictionary, etc.
4. Digital dictation (write down the numbers of definite personal proposals):
1) One is plowing in the field, and two are waving their hands. 2) You go, you look like me. 3) Keep your thoughts clean. 4) Know yourself. 5) Cranberry is a swamp berry. 6) Don’t let your soul be lazy. 7) Don’t leave, stay with me.
Checking the dictation according to the standard (answers on the slide are 2,3,4,6,7). Self-esteem
- In which sentence and why do you need to put a dash?
Exercise. Write down only definitely personal proposals. Underline the predicate.
I wish you success. Wash your hands before eating. Know how to cherish love. Potatoes are a valuable food product. After lessons the whole class goes to the cinema. Having arrived at the place, the geese noisily descend onto the water. Why are you laughing? Choose a book to your liking. Will you be from Moscow? There was a knock on the door. His stories will be remembered for a long time.
Correct answer.
I wish you success. Wash your hands before eating. Know how to cherish love. After lessons the whole class goes to the cinema. Choose a book to your liking. Will you be from Moscow? Why are you laughing?