Mainland South America located in all geographical zones, with the exception of the subantarctic and antarctic. The wide northern part of the continent lies at low latitudes, so the equatorial and subequatorial belts are most widespread. Distinctive feature continent is the widespread development of forests natural areas(47% of the area). 1/4 of the planet’s forests are concentrated on the “green continent”(Fig. 91, 92).

South America has given humanity many cultivated plants: potatoes, tomato, beans, tobacco, pineapple, hevea, cocoa, peanuts, etc.

Natural areas

In the equatorial geographical zone there is a zone equatorial rain forests , occupying Western Amazonia. They are named by A. Humboldt hylea, and by the local population - the village. Wet equatorial forests South America - the richest species composition forests on Earth. They are rightfully considered the “gene pool of the planet”: they contain more than 45 thousand plant species, including 4000 woody ones.

Rice. 91. Endemic animals of South America: 1- giant anteater; 2- hoatzin; 3 - lama; 4 - sloth; 5 - capybaras; 6 - battleship

Rice. 92. Typical trees of South America: 1 - Chilean araucaria; 2 - wine palm; 3 - chocolate tree (cocoa)

There are flooded, non-flooded and mountain hylia. In river floodplains, flooded with water for a long period, impoverished forests of low trees (10-15 m) with breathing and stilt roots grow. Cecropia (“ant tree”) predominates; giant Victoria regia swim in the reservoirs.

In elevated areas, rich, dense, multi-tiered (up to 5 tiers) flood-free forests are formed. The solitary ceiba (cotton tree) and the Brazil nut-bearing bertolecia grow to a height of 40-50 m. The upper tiers (20-30 m) are formed by trees with valuable wood(rosewood, pau brazil, mahogany), as well as ficus and hevea, from the milky juice of which rubber is obtained. In the lower tiers, under the canopy of palm trees, chocolate and melon trees grow, as well as the oldest plants on Earth - tree ferns. The trees are densely intertwined with lianas; among the epiphytes there are many brightly colored orchids.

Mangrove vegetation, poor in composition (nipa palm, rhizophora), is developed near the coast. Mangroves- these are thickets of evergreen trees and shrubs of the wetland zone sea ​​tides and ebb tides of tropical and equatorial latitudes, adapted to salt water.

Moist equatorial forests form on red-yellow ferrallitic soils, poor nutrients. Falling leaves in hot and humid climate quickly rots, and the humus is immediately absorbed by plants, without having time to accumulate in the soil.

Hylaea animals are adapted to life in trees. Many have a prehensile tail, such as the sloth, opossum, prehensile-tailed porcupine, and broad-nosed monkeys (howler monkeys, arachnids, marmosets). The ponds are home to peccary pigs and tapirs. There are predators: jaguar, ocelot. There are numerous turtles and snakes, including the longest one - the anaconda (up to 11 m). South America is the “continent of birds”. Hylea is home to macaws, toucans, hoatzins, tree hens and the smallest birds - hummingbirds (up to 2 g).

The rivers are teeming with caimans and alligators. They are home to 2,000 species of fish, including the dangerous predatory piranha and the largest in the world, the arapaima (up to 5 m in length and weighing up to 250 kg). The electric eel and the freshwater inia dolphin are also found.

Zones stretch across three geographical zones variable-humid forests . Subequatorial variable-humid forests occupy the eastern part of the Amazonian lowland and the adjacent slopes of the Brazilian and Guiana plateaus. The presence of a dry period causes the appearance of deciduous trees. Among the evergreens, cinchona, ficus, and balsa, which have the lightest wood, predominate. In tropical latitudes, on the moist eastern edge of the Brazilian Plateau, rich evergreen tropical forests, similar in composition to equatorial ones, grow on mountain red soils. The southeast of the plateau on red soils and yellow soils is occupied by sparse subtropical moist forests. They are formed by Brazilian araucaria with an undergrowth of yerba mate (“Paraguayan tea”) shrubs.

Zone savannas and woodlands distributed in two geographical zones. In subequatorial latitudes it covers the Orinoco Lowland and the interior regions of the Brazilian Plateau, and in tropical latitudes it covers the Gran Chaco plain. Depending on the moisture content, wet, typical and desert savannas are distinguished. Under them, red, brown-red and red-brown soils develop, respectively.

The tall grass wet savanna of the Orinoco River basin is traditionally called Llanos. It is flooded for up to six months, turning into an impassable swamp. Grains and sedges grow; Of the trees, the Mauritius palm dominates, which is why the llanos is called the “palm savanna.”

On the Brazilian plateau, savannas were called campos. Wet shrub-tree savanna occupies the center of the plateau, while typical grassy savanna occupies the south. Low-growing shrubs grow against the background of cereal vegetation (bearded grass, feather grass). The trees are dominated by palms (wax palms, oil palms, vine palms). The arid northeast of the Brazilian Plateau is occupied by desert savanna - caatinga. This is a woodland of thorny bushes and cacti. There is a bottle-shaped tree that stores rainwater - the Bombax cottonweed.

Savannas continue into tropical latitudes, occupying the Gran Chaco plain. Only in tropical woodlands is the quebracho ("break the axe") tree found, with hard and heavy wood that sinks in water. The savannas contain plantations of coffee, cotton, and bananas. Dry savannas are an important area for grazing.

Savannah animals are characterized by a protective brown coloration (spice-horned deer, red nose, maned wolf, ostrich rhea). Rodents are abundantly represented, including the largest in the world, the capybara. Many Hylaea animals (armadillos, anteaters) also live in savannas. Termite mounds are ubiquitous.

In the Laplata Lowland south of 30° S. w. are being formed subtropical steppes . In South America they were called pump. It is characterized by rich forb-grass vegetation (wild lupine, pampas grass, feather grass). The chernozem soils of the pampa are very fertile and therefore heavily plowed. The Argentine pampa is the main growing area for wheat and forage grasses in South America. The fauna of the pampa is rich in rodents (tuco-tuco, viscacha). There are Pampas deer, Pampas cat, puma, and rhea ostrich.

Semi-deserts and deserts South America extends across three geographical zones: tropical, subtropical and temperate. In the west of the tropics, tropical deserts and semi-deserts stretch in a narrow strip along the Pacific coast and on the high plateaus of the Central Andes. This is one of the driest areas on Earth: in the Atacama Desert it may not rain for years. On the infertile gray soils of coastal deserts, dry cereals and cacti grow, receiving moisture from dew and fog; on the gravelly soils of high-mountain deserts there are creeping and cushion-shaped grasses and thorny shrubs.

Animal world tropical deserts poor The inhabitants of the highlands are llamas, spectacled bears, and chinchillas with valuable fur. There is the Andean condor - the largest bird in the world with a wingspan of up to 4 m.

West of the pampa in conditions continental climate Subtropical semi-deserts and deserts are widespread. Light forests of acacias and cacti are developed on gray soils, and solyankas are found on salt marshes. In the harsh temperate latitudes of lowland Patagonia, dry cereals and thorny shrubs grow on brown semi-desert soils.

The southwestern edge of the continent in two zones is occupied by forest natural zones. In the subtropics, under Mediterranean climate conditions, a zone is formed dry hard-leaved forests and shrubs . The coast and slopes of the Chilean-Argentine Andes (between 28° and 36° S) are covered with forests of evergreen southern beech, teak, persea on brown and gray-brown soils.

Located further south wet evergreen And mixed forests . In the northern Patagonian Andes, moist evergreen forests grow on montane brown forest soils in a subtropical humid climate. With abundant moisture (more than 3000-4000 mm of precipitation), these rain forests They are distinguished by their multi-layered nature and richness, for which they received the name “subtropical hylea”. They consist of evergreen beeches, magnolias, Chilean araucaria, Chilean cedar, South American larch with a rich understory of tree ferns and bamboos. In the south of the Patagonian Andes, in a temperate maritime climate, mixed forests of deciduous beech and coniferous podocarpus grow. Here you can find puda deer, Magellanic dog, otter, and skunk.

High Andean region occupies a vast territory with a well-defined altitudinal zone, most fully manifested in equatorial latitudes. Common up to an altitude of 1500 m hot belt- hylea with an abundance of palms and bananas. Above the 2000 m mark there is a temperate zone with cinchona, balsa, tree ferns and bamboos. Extends up to 3500 m cold belt- high-mountain hylea from low-growing crooked forest. It is replaced by a frost belt with high-mountain meadows of paramos cereals and low-growing shrubs. Above 4700 m there is a belt of eternal snow and ice.

Bibliography

1. Geography 8th grade. Tutorial for 8th grade institutions of general secondary education with Russian as the language of instruction / Edited by Professor P. S. Lopukh - Minsk “People's Asveta” 2014

Africa is the hottest continent on planet Earth. The equator line passing through the center of the Black Continent symmetrically divides its area into different natural zones. The characteristics of the natural zones of Africa make it possible to form general idea O geographical location Africa, about the characteristics of the climate, soil, flora and fauna of each zone.

What natural areas is Africa located in?

Africa is the second largest continent on our planet. This continent with different sides washed by two oceans and two seas. But its main feature is its symmetrical location towards the equator. In other words, the equator line horizontally divides the continent into two equal parts. The northern half is much wider than southern Africa. As a result, all natural zones of Africa are located on the map from north to south in the following order:

  • savannas;
  • variable-humid forests;
  • moist evergreen equatorial forests;
  • variable wet forests;
  • savannas;
  • tropical deserts and semi-deserts;
  • subtropical evergreen hard-leaved forests and shrubs.

Fig. 1 Natural areas of Africa

Equatorial rainforests

On both sides of the equator there is a zone of humid evergreen equatorial forests. It occupies a fairly narrow strip and is characterized by numerous precipitation. In addition, it is rich in water resources: the deepest Congo River flows through its territory, and the shores are washed by the Gulf of Guinea.

Constant warmth, numerous precipitation and high humidity led to the formation of lush vegetation on red-yellow ferrallite soils. Evergreen equatorial forests surprise with their density, impenetrability and diversity plant organisms. Their feature is multi-tiered. It became possible due to the endless struggle for sunlight, in which not only trees, but also epiphytes and climbing vines take part.

In equatorial and subequatorial zones Africa, as well as in the wooded part of the savannah, the tsetse fly lives. Its bite is deadly to humans, as it is a carrier of sleeping sickness, which is accompanied by terrible body pain and fever.

Rice. 2 Moist evergreen equatorial forests

Savannah

The amount of precipitation is directly related to the richness of the plant world. The gradual shortening of the rainy season leads to the appearance of a dry season, and humid equatorial forests gradually give way to variable wet ones, and then turn into savannas. The last natural zone occupies largest area The Black Continent, and makes up about 40% of the entire continent.

TOP 4 articleswho are reading along with this

Here the same red-brown ferrallitic soils are observed, on which various herbs, cereals, and baobabs grow mainly. Low trees and shrubs are much less common.

A distinctive feature of the savannah is the dramatic changes in appearance– the rich tones of green during the rainy season fade sharply under the scorching sun during dry periods and become brownish-yellow.

Savannah is also unique in its richness of fauna. Lives here a large number of birds: flamingos, ostriches, marabou, pelicans and others. It amazes with the abundance of herbivores: buffalos, antelopes, elephants, zebras, giraffes, hippos, rhinoceroses and many others. They are also food for the following predators: lions, leopards, cheetahs, jackals, hyenas, crocodiles.

Rice. 3 African Savannah

Tropical deserts and semi-deserts

The southern part of the continent is dominated by the Namib Desert. But neither it nor any other desert in the world can compare with the grandeur of the Sahara, which consists of rocky, clayey and sandy desert. The total annual precipitation in the Sahara does not exceed 50 mm. But this does not mean that these lands are lifeless. Vegetable and animal world quite scanty, but it is there.

Of the plants, it should be noted such representatives as sclerophids, succulents, and acacia. The date palm grows in the oases. Animals were also able to adapt to the dry climate. Lizards, snakes, turtles, beetles, scorpions can for a long time do without water.

In the Libyan part of the Sahara there is one of the most beautiful oases in the world, in the center of which there is a large lake, the name of which literally translates as “Mother of Water”.

Rice. 4 Sahara Desert

Subtropical evergreen hard-leaved forests and shrubs

The most extreme natural zones of the African continent are subtropical evergreen hardwood forests and shrubs. They are located in the north and southwest of the mainland. They are characterized by dry, hot summers and humid, warm winter. This climate favored the formation of fertile brown soils on which cedar of Lebanon, wild olive, strawberry tree, beech and oak grew.

Table of natural zones of Africa

This table for 7th grade geography will help you compare the natural zones of the continent and figure out which natural zone predominates in Africa.

Natural area Climate The soil Vegetation Animal world
Stiffleaf evergreen forests and bushes Mediterranean Brown Wild olive, Lebanese cedar, oak, strawberry tree, beech. Leopards, antelopes, zebras.
Tropical semi-deserts and deserts Tropical Desert, sandy and rocky Succulents, xerophytes, acacias. Scorpions, snakes, turtles, beetles.
Savannah Subequatorial Red ferrollite Herbs, cereals, palms, acacias. Buffaloes, giraffes, lions, cheetahs, antelopes, elephants, hippos, hyenas, jackals.
Variably humid and humid forests Equatorial and subequatorial Ferrolite brown-yellow color Bananas, coffee, ficus, palm trees. Termites, gorillas, chimpanzees, parrots, leopards.

What have we learned?

Today we were talking about the natural areas of the hottest continent on Earth - Africa. So, let's call them again:

  • subtropical evergreen hard-leaved forests and shrubs;
  • tropical deserts and semi-deserts;
  • savannas;
  • variable-humid forests;
  • moist evergreen equatorial forests.

Test on the topic

Evaluation of the report

average rating: 4 . Total ratings received: 851.

The subequatorial climate zone is transitional and occurs in the northern and southern hemispheres, from to tropical zones.

Climate

In summer, in the subequatorial zones, the monsoon type of climate prevails, which is characterized by large amounts of precipitation. Its characteristic feature is the change air masses from equatorial to tropical depending on the season of the year. In winter, dry trade winds are observed here.

The average monthly temperature varies between 15-32º C, and the amount of precipitation is 250-2000 mm.

The rainy season is characterized by high rainfall (almost 95% of the year) and lasts about 2-3 months. When tropical easterly winds prevail, the climate becomes arid.

Countries of the subequatorial belt

The subequatorial climate zone passes through the countries of: South Asia (the Hindustan Peninsula: India, Bangladesh and the island of Sri Lanka); South-East Asia(Indochina Peninsula: Myanmar, Laos, Thailand, Cambodia, Vietnam, Philippines); southern North America: Costa Rica, Panama; South America: Ecuador, Brazil, Bolivia, Peru, Colombia, Venezuela, Guyana, Suriname, Guiana; Africa: Senegal, Mali, Guinea, Liberia, Sierra Leone, Ivory Coast, Ghana, Burkina Faso, Togo, Benin, Niger, Nigeria, Chad, Sudan, Central African Republic, Ethiopia, Somalia, Kenya, Uganda, Tanzania , Burundi, Tanzania, Mozambique, Malawi, Zimbabwe, Zambia, Angola, Congo, DRC, Gabon, as well as the island of Madagascar; northern Oceania: Australia.

Natural zones of the subequatorial belt

Map of natural zones and climate zones of the world

The subequatorial climate zone includes the following natural zones:

  • savannas and woodlands (South America, Africa, Asia, Oceania);

And woodlands are predominantly found in the subequatorial climate zone.

Savannas are mixed grasslands. The trees here grow more regularly than in the forests. However, despite the high density of trees, there are open spaces covered with herbaceous vegetation. Savannas cover about 20% of the Earth's land area and are often in the transition zone between forests and deserts or grasslands.

This natural zone is located in mountainous areas and is characterized by climate change, namely a decrease in air temperature by 5-6 ° C as the altitude increases above sea level. In areas of altitudinal zonality, there is less oxygen and reduced Atmosphere pressure, as well as increased ultraviolet radiation.

  • variable-humid (including monsoon) forests (South America, North America, Asia, Africa);

Variably humid forests, along with savannas and open forests, are mainly found in the subequatorial zone. Vegetable world does not have a wide variety of species, unlike moist equatorial forests. Since this climate zone has two seasons (dry season and rainy season), the trees have adapted to these changes and are mostly broad-leaved deciduous species.

  • moist equatorial forests (Oceania, Philippines).

In the subequatorial zone, moist equatorial forests are not as widespread as in the equatorial zone. They are characterized by a complex forest structure, as well as a wide variety of flora, which is represented by evergreen tree species and other vegetation.

Soils of the subequatorial belt

This belt is dominated by red soils of variable moisture tropical forests and tall grass savannas. They are characterized by a reddish tint, granular structure, and low humus content (2-4%). This type of soil is rich in iron and has negligible silicon content. Potassium, sodium, calcium and magnesium are found here in negligible quantities.

Mountain yellow earth, red earth and lateritic soils are common in Southeast Asia. In South Asia and central Africa, black soils of dry tropical savannas are found.

Animals and plants

The subequatorial climate zone is home to fast-growing trees, including balsa trees and members of the cecropia genus, as well as trees that grow longer (more than 100 years), such as sweetenia and different kinds entandrophragm. Gabonese mahogany trees are common in humid tropical forests. Here you can find baobab, acacia, various types of palm trees, milkweed and parkia, as well as many other plants.

For subequatorial climate zone The diversity of the animal world is characteristic, this especially applies to birds (woodpeckers, toucans, parrots, etc.) and insects (ants, butterflies, termites). However, there are not many terrestrial species, these include.

I. Natural area of ​​savannas and woodlands. In the subequatorial belt O cages occur mainly or almost exclusively in summer. Long droughts alternate with devastating floods. Total radiation 160–180 kcal/cm 2 year, radiation balance 70–80 kcal/cm 2 year. The temperature of the warmest month reaches 30–34°, the coldest month is mostly above 15–20° (up to 24–25°). The highest temperatures are observed at the end of the dry season, before the onset of rains (usually in May). These climate features give a certain commonality to all landscapes located between the tropical deserts and the humid equatorial Hyla. However, there is a frequent change of different landscape types depending on the overall degree of moisture and the duration of dry and wet periods. It is enough to note that the average annual precipitation within the considered part of the continent ranges from 200 mm to 3000 mm or more (in the mountains - up to 12000 mm), and the humidification coefficient ranges from 0.1 to 3 and higher. Accordingly, several main types of landscapes can be distinguished: tropical desert savannas, subequatorial savannas, semiarid woodlands (dry monsoon forests) and semihumid monsoon forests. In Asia, we observe a complex picture of peninsulas and archipelagos with powerful mountain barriers that sharpen the contrast of moisture, with barrier-rain and barrier-shadow effects in relation to wet monsoon flows. Here there is a tendency to change different types of landscapes along longitude, but against this general background there is an “interstriation” caused by orography.

A.Arid landscapes of tropical desert savannas adjoining tropical deserts from the east, they serve as a transition from deserts to subequatorial savannas. They occupy the north-west of Hindustan, as well as a strip in the west of the peninsula in the barrier shadow of the Western Ghats. In addition, the central part of the intermountain plain in the Irrawaddy basin should be classified as this type. Annual precipitation is 200–600 mm. The dry season lasts 8–10 months. Zonal soils belong to reddish-brown savannah . Significant areas are occupied by alluvial, mainly cultivated, soils. The natural vegetation, some due to plowing and some due to overgrazing, has hardly been preserved. Typical for it are tough grasses, thorny bushes and rare deciduous hard-leaved trees - acacias, prosopis, tamarix, jujube, etc. In terms of the nature of the animal population, these landscapes are also close to desert ones.

B.Subequatorial monsoon forest-savanna (semiarid) landscapes. In the central part of Hindustan, deserted savannas transform into landscapes of typical savannas. The annual precipitation here is 800–1200 mm, but evaporation exceeds 2000 mm. The number of dry months is 6–8, and wet months only 2–4. On the eastern outskirts of Hindustan, up to 1200–1600 mm of precipitation falls annually. Although treeless landscapes predominate in the center of Hindustan, and landscapes with dry deciduous monsoon forests predominate on its eastern edge, it is advisable to consider them together, since they often alternate. Forests are usually confined to elevations . In addition to Hindustan, similar landscapes are common in the interior regions of Indochina, in the southwest of the Philippine Islands, in the eastern part of the island of Java and in the Lesser Sunda Islands (in the southern hemisphere, the wet period occurs mainly in December - April).

Red-brown soils of savannas formed on the weathering crust. Often with ferruginous-manganese nodules, low in humus, poor in bases, phosphorus, and nitrogen. Under variable-humid forests, red ferritic (ferruginous) soils with a thick but poorly differentiated profile, with ferruginous nodules, sometimes dense laterite layers. There is also little humus in them. Widespread on volcanic rocks (basalts) black tropical (montmorillonite) soils, or regurs , up to 1 m thick, clayey. These soils have a high moisture capacity and swell greatly during rains. Distributed alluvial soils, there are salt marshes.

The vegetation cover is severely disturbed. IN savannah landscapes proper dominated by a cover of tall (1–3 m) tough grasses - imperata, temed, wild sugar cane and other species or shrubs and ferns. Bamboo groves, single teak trees, and palmyra palms are often found. Variably moist deciduous forests characteristic of elevated areas (especially mountains) and richer soils. These forests are dominated by species with valuable wood - teak and sal . In teak forests, the entire tree layer and 90% of the undergrowth are deciduous species. Lard has a very short leafless period. Under typical conditions, teak forms the top tier (35–45 m). In the middle tier grow red and white sandalwood, satin tree, thuja, ironwood, and several types of palm trees; in the lower part there are terminalia, mimosas, and bamboos.

Teak forests are being intensively cut down. On the plains they are almost completely eliminated and, as a result of repeated burning, are replaced by shrubs and herbaceous communities that are difficult to distinguish from natural savannas. Teak can regenerate under the shade of bamboo. The Deccan Plateau is characterized by multi-stemmed banyan trees , the crowns of which reach 200–500 m in circumference.

Animal world diverse: some monkeys (including gibbon), three types of bear, panda, several types of deer, buffalo, wild ox, elephant, rhinoceros, tiger, leopard, typical birds are peacocks, banker hens, pheasants, hornbills, weaver birds, sunbirds, etc.

Africa is an amazing continent that combines a large number of geographical zones. In no other place are these distinctions so noticeable.

The natural areas of Africa are very clearly visible on the map. They are distributed symmetrically relative to the equator and depend on uneven precipitation.

Characteristics of natural areas of Africa

Africa is the second largest continent on Earth. It is surrounded by two seas and two oceans. But the most important feature is its symmetry in position in relation to the equator, which divides Africa into two parts along the horizon.

In the north and south of the continent there are hard-leaved evergreen moist forests and shrubs. Next come deserts and semi-deserts, then savannas.

In the very center of the continent there are zones of variable-humid and permanently humid forests. Each zone is characterized by its own climate, flora and fauna.

Zone of variable-humid and moist evergreen equatorial forests of Africa

The evergreen forest zone is located in the Congo Basin and runs along the Gulf of Guinea. More than 1000 plants can be found here. These zones have predominantly red-yellow soils. Many types of palm trees grow here, including oil palms, tree ferns, bananas, and vines.

Animals are placed in tiers. In these places the fauna is very diverse. The soil is home to a huge number of shrews, lizards and snakes.

The humid forest zone is home to a huge number of monkeys. In addition to monkeys, gorillas and chimpanzees, more than 10 species of individuals can be found here.

Dog-headed baboons cause a lot of concern to local residents. They are destroying plantations. This species is distinguished by its intelligence. They can only be frightened by weapons; they are not afraid of a person with a stick.

African gorillas in these places grow up to two meters and weigh up to 250 kilograms. The forests are inhabited by elephants, leopards, small ungulates, and forest pigs.

Good to know: The tsetse fly lives in the eucalyptus zones of Africa. It is very dangerous for humans. Its bite infects the deadly sleeping sickness. The person begins to worry strong pain and fever.

Savannah zone

About 40% of the entire territory of Africa is occupied by savannas. Vegetation is represented tall grasses and umbrella trees towering above them. The main one is baobab.

This is a tree of life that is of great significance to the people of Africa. , leaves, seeds - everything is eaten. The ash of the burnt fruit is used to make soap.

In dry savannas, aloe grows with fleshy and prickly leaves. During the rainy season, the savannah has very abundant vegetation, but during the dry season it turns yellow and fires often occur.

The red soils of the savannah are much more fertile than those in the rainforest zone. This is due to the active accumulation of humus during the dry period.

The African savannah is home to large herbivores. Giraffes, elephants, rhinoceroses, and buffalos live here. The savannah area is home to predators, cheetahs, lions, and leopards.

Tropical desert and semi-desert zones

Savannas give way to zones of tropical deserts and semi-deserts. Rainfall in these places is very irregular. Certain areas may not experience rain for several years.

The climatic features of the zone are characterized by excessive dryness. Sandstorms often occur and can be observed throughout the day. big differences temperatures

The relief of deserts consists of scattered rocks and salt marshes in places where there once were seas. There are practically no plants here. There are rare spines. There are types of vegetation with short term life. They grow only after rains.

Zones of evergreen hard-leaved forests and shrubs

The outermost zone of the continent is the territory of evergreen hard-leaved leaves and shrubs. These places are characterized by wet winters and hot, dry summers.

This climate has a beneficial effect on the condition of the soil. In these places it is very fertile. Lebanese cedar, beech and oak grow here.

The highest points of the continent are located in this zone. On the peaks of Kenya and Kilimanjaro, even in the hottest period, there is constant snow.

Table of natural zones of Africa

The presentation and description of all natural zones in Africa can be clearly presented in the table.

Name of the natural area Geographical location Climate Vegetable world Animal world The soil
Savannah Neighboring zones from equatorial forests to the north, south and east Subequatorial Herbs, cereals, palms, acacias Elephants, hippos, lions, leopards, hyenas, jackals Red ferrollite
Tropical semi-deserts and deserts Southwest and north of the mainland Tropical Acacias, succulents Turtles, beetles, snakes, scorpions Sandy, rocky
Variably humid and humid forests Northern part from the equator Equatorial and subequatorial Bananas, palm trees. coffee trees Gorillas, chimpanzees, leopards, parrots Brown-yellow
Hardleaf evergreen forests Far North and Far South Subtropical Strawberry tree, oak, beech Zebras, leopards Brown, fertile

Position climatic zones The continent is very clearly demarcated. This applies not only to the territory itself, but also to the definition of fauna, flora and climate types.