It's no secret that 235 million years ago dinosaurs lived on our planet. For a long time, these animals were the real masters of the Earth. In addition, some of them were unimaginable, simply gigantic size, so the finds of archaeologists still never cease to amaze our imagination.

We present to your attention the most amazing giants that have ever inhabited our world.

Sarcosuchus

A genus of giant crocodylomorphs that lived in the territory of modern Africa at the beginning of the Cretaceous period. Sarcosuchus reached 12 m in length, and its mass reached 8 tons. This is one of the largest giant crocodile-like reptiles that ever lived on Earth.

Titanoboa

A species of extinct snake that lived in the territory of modern Colombia about 60 million years ago.
Titanoboa reached 13 meters in length and weighed more than a ton. The predator had no poison, so she simply strangled and swallowed her prey.

Syrian camel

The height of this animal reached 4 meters. This giant lived in Syria approximately 100 thousand years ago. The animal's remains were first discovered in 2005. According to scientists, ancient people actively hunted camels, which could lead to the extinction of the species.

Mosasaurus

Mosasaurs reached lengths of more than 17 m and were also distinguished by massive teeth adapted for crushing bones and tearing the flesh of large prey. These marine animals ate their own kind and plesiosaurs.

Liopleurodon

Another type of marine reptile of the middle Jurassic period. Liopleurodon reached 25 m in length and weighed about 100 tons. The predator ate big fish, shellfish and occasionally attacked other marine reptiles.

Indricotherium

Tallest and heaviest ever land mammals: their height was about 5 m, and their weight reached 20 tons. These animals from the hyracodont family lived 30-20 million years ago in the Middle Oligocene - Lower Miocene. They ate leaves and shrubs and inhabited the territory of modern Asia.

Kronosaurus

One of the largest pliosaurs of the Early Cretaceous era. It reached approximately 10 m in length and weighed 18 tons. It was named after the titanium Krona from ancient greek mythology.

Megalodon

One of the largest predatory fish of all time. Megalodon existed in the Miocene and Pliocene, and on average reached a length of about 15 m and weighed up to 47 tons.

Leedsichthys

Giant extinct bone fish Jurassic period. The length of Leedsichthys was about 30 m, and its weight was 19 tons. Like the whale shark, it fed on plankton.

Shastasaurus

A genus of ichthyosaurs from the Middle and Late Triassic. Largest marine reptile ever discovered. The length was 20 m, weight - 35 tons. Presumably, Shastasaurs ate mollusks.

Asian straight-tusked elephant

The largest representative of proboscis, whose height reached 5 m and weight - 22 tons, lived in the Pleistocene in the territory from India to Japan.

Spinosaurus

An incredibly large carnivorous dinosaur that lived in the territory of modern North Africa during the Cretaceous period. The Spinosaurus had enormous dimensions: about 18 m in length and a body weight of up to 20 tons. The animal could swim, and its main food was fish.

Argentinosaurus

Also one of the largest animals in the entire history of the world. So far, only fragments of its skeleton have been found, so length estimates range from 22 to 35 m, and weight - from 60 to 108 tons. The growth process took 40 years, the Argentinosaurus consumed 100 thousand calories daily.

Whale shark

The largest species of shark currently existing, as well as the largest of all living fish. It reaches 11 m in length and weighs approximately 18 tons, but this is not the limit. Feeds on plankton.

Blue whale

The largest living animal, probably the largest of all animals that have ever lived on Earth. Its length reaches 33 m, and its weight can exceed 150 tons. Length of a newborn blue whale is 6-8 meters, daily he receives up to 90 liters of milk. Intensive fishing has led to a significant reduction in the number of these animals.

Let's take a look at the giants that still walk the Earth.

15. Giant flying fox ≈ 1.5 kg

The largest bat on Earth. These live the bats in the Philippines. The fox's body size is about 55 cm, weight is 1.5 kg, but the wingspan is very respectable - up to 1.8 meters.

14. Belgian Flanders Giant – up to 25 kg

Domesticated form of the hare (rabbit). The main selection was carried out in the meat and skin direction, which left an imprint on its size. This is the largest breed of rabbit. Their average weight is 10-12 kg, the maximum recorded is 25 kg.

13. Chinese giant salamander ≈ 70 kg

The most large amphibian on the ground. The length of the salamander reaches 180 cm. These amazing creatures live in China, where their meat is revered as a delicacy, so few salamanders grow to their maximum size.

12. Capybara ≈ 105 kg

The largest rodent on Earth. These cute animals live in South America. Adult capybaras grow up to 1.5 meters in length and can gain up to 105 kg in weight. By the way, these rodents happily live next to humans.

11. Giant green anaconda ≈ 250 kg

This is a close relative of the python on Earth. It lives in the tropics of South America. The maximum recorded body length is more than 7.5 meters, and the weight is 250 kilograms. The Asian python surpasses the anaconda in length, which is 9.7 meters, but loses in weight.

10. Polar bear ≈ 500 kg

To find the largest bear in the world you need to go to the Arctic. There, among the snow and ice, live majestic polar bears - living embodiment formidable forces of nature.

The Inuit call polar bears "nanuk", which means "respected".

At birth, a newborn polar bear cub weighs only 700 grams. And the milk it feeds on is superior in fat content to the milk of other types of bears. Just two months after birth, the cub weighs 10 kg.

Until he is one and a half years old, he is accompanied everywhere by his caring mother. And at the age of two, when many human children still have difficulty walking and soil their diapers, a young polar bear is already gaining his normal weight and is capable of lifting sea ​​hare, a ringed seal, or even a human if he is not careful enough.

Even for the world's largest bear, finding food can be a challenge. Less than two percent hunting polar bear successful, so half of their life is spent searching for food.

9. Saltwater crocodile ≈ 590 kg

Most of the largest animals are not peaceful. But even among them, saltwater crocodiles stand out for their aggressiveness and bloodthirstiness. even got into the Guinness Book of Records for devouring a thousand Japanese soldiers During the Second World War.

But it is unlikely that saltwater crocodiles can be counted among the allies, because they would feast on Russian, American, and any other soldiers with the same pleasure.

8. Giraffe ≈ 800 kg

Among the largest animals in the world, giraffes immediately stand out for their long neck. Thanks to her, they are the tallest land creatures on the planet. The neck makes up 1/3 of the length of the animal's body and, at the same time, consists of only seven cervical vertebrae, like most other mammals.

One can safely say about giraffes that they have a big heart. It weighs 12 kilograms, and creates pressure that would terrify any hypertensive patient. The body will go to great lengths to ensure that blood can reach the brain.

Giraffes are also famous for their long tongue. Only they need him not for gossip, but in order to eat leaves from the very tall trees in the African savanna. This organ reaches a length of 45 centimeters.

7. Hippopotamus ≈ up to 4.5 tons

Sub-Saharan Africa is home to the third largest land animal in the world. But hippos don’t really like to walk on the ground. They are semi-aquatic mammals, meaning they spend most of their day in rivers and lakes. This is how they keep their hairless bodies hydrated under the scorching African sun. If the hippopotamus does not have the opportunity to immerse itself in cool water, its skin cracks.

Female hippos began giving birth underwater long before it was common to fashion trend in the human world. By the way, hippos are one of the few mammals whose cubs can suck mother's milk while underwater.

In most European languages, hippopotamus is called "hippopotamus". This word comes from the Latin language (and there, in turn, from Greek) and translated means “river horse.” Of course, this massive creature cannot be compared, but in the water it is very fast and agile.

6. Southern elephant seal ≈ 2.2 tons

Among the largest animals on our planet there are two elephants, one of them is terrestrial, and the other is sea.

This seal got its name from the leather pouch on its nose, which, when restless or during mating fights, inflates, turning into a large ball.

5. White rhinoceros ≈ 2.3 tons

An old joke about a rhinoceros is that it has poor eyesight, but with such large sizes It's not his problem anymore. Indeed, these giants do not particularly rely on vision. And even hearing plays a secondary role. But the sense of smell in white rhinoceroses is very well developed. So don't approach it from upwind.

By the way, unlike their small brothers black rhinos, white ones usually run away when they see a person. But Black rushes to attack.

Due to the uncontrolled extermination of white rhinoceroses, the northern subspecies has disappeared. This happened as recently as 2018, when the last male, Sudan, died. So now we can only admire the photos of these largest animals in the world.

But the southern population still exists. But the question is: for how long?

4. African savannah elephant ≈ 7 tons

Here is a seven-ton answer to the question of what is the largest animal among land creatures. Due to its size and body weight, the elephant was included in the Guinness Book of Records as the largest land mammal. Savannah elephants also have their own heavyweights. Thus, in Angola in 1974, an elephant weighing 12.2 tons was shot.

Like their smaller cousins, African elephants can use their trunks (which have over 40,000 muscles) to lift anything weighing up to 180 kg. Unfortunately, the largest land animal does not boast the largest population. 25,000 elephants die every year due to poaching.

3. Large whale shark ≈ 20 tons

It seems strange that this is not the most terrible representative of the shark species. It doesn't even hunt whales, contrary to its name. Unlike most of its predatory counterparts, the large whale shark is content with plankton for breakfast, lunch and dinner.

This sea giant does not swim very fast, and hardly pays attention to people swimming nearby. Which allows divers to ride on the back of a whale shark if they wish.

In videos of the world's largest animals, you can often see people swimming with whale sharks.

2. Sperm whale ≈ 40 tons

One of the best ways recognize a sperm whale in the ocean by its massive head. Sperm whales have the largest brain of any living creature on Earth, weighing up to 7.8 kg.

However, the fact that their heads are filled with spermaceti is what makes the biology of these creatures so fascinating. It is the spermaceti sac that accounts for 90% of the weight of the sperm whale's head.

Scientists suggest that it is spermaceti that helps these huge toothed whales dive and emerge from the depths. There must be something that keeps all 40 tons of sperm whale afloat!

1. Blue whale ≈ 150 tons

The largest animal on Earth is a majestic, carnivorous sea ​​creature, which weighs a whopping 150 tons and reaches a length of 33 meters. And this is still on average, since whalers encountered 180-ton and even 190-ton whales.

The blue whale's heart is one and a half meters in size, weighs about 180 kilograms, and its aorta is wide enough for a baby to swim through.

However, despite their gigantic size, blue whales are not dangerous to humans. They do not attack swimmers, and feed on krill, small crustaceans, cephalopods and fish.

But a person is the most dangerous enemy for a blue whale. Due to active whaling and severe sea pollution, the largest animal in the world almost disappeared. In 1693, only 5 thousand individuals remained. And although the blue whale population has now grown to 10 thousand individuals, it is still on the verge of extinction.

Amphibians, or amphibians (lat. Amphibia) are vertebrates that spend part of their lives on land. These include the well-known tailless amphibians - frogs and toads (as well as spadefoots and toads), tailed amphibians - salamanders and ambystoms, newts, as well as legless amphibians - caecilians - tropical creatures that look like worms.

Amphibians are relatively small creatures; among them you will not find such giants as among reptiles or fish. But even among amphibians there are their champions, ready to declare themselves to the whole world. We will now tell you about the most famous large amphibians.

Chinese giant salamander

The largest modern caudate aphibia and aphibia in general is the Chinese giant salamander(lat. Andrias davidianus). Its length can be up to 1.83 meters, and its weight can be up to 64-70 kg. With such dimensions, she can compete with the man himself. This amphibian lives in Eastern China (from the southern part of Guangxi province to the northern part of Shaanxi). Prefers to live in cold and exceptionally clean mountain reservoirs.

Japanese giant salamander

Japanese (lat. Andrias japonicus) – is almost 2 times smaller than its “relative”: its length is 1.53 meters, and its weight is 36 kg. Lives exclusively in Japan, distributed in the western part of the island. Honshu, throughout the island of Shikoku and in some places on the island. Kyushu.

Allegheny cryptobranch

And the third representative of this order is the Alleghenian cryptobranch (lat. Cryptobranchus alleganiensis). It weighs only 1.5 to 2.5 kg, however it is considered the most major representative of its family Cryptobranchidae, living in North America. This small and squat amphibian spends its entire life at the bottom of streams and rivers.

Goliath frog

Among tailless amphibians, the first place belongs to the goliath frog (lat. Conraua goliath), the weight of which can reach up to 3.8 kg, the body length without legs is 32 cm. This giant frog lives in Equatorial Guinea and southwestern Cameroon.

Cane toad, or aha

Cane toad, or aha (lat. Bufo marinus) - second only to the goliath frog. Inhabitant of South and Central America. It grows up to 24 cm in length, weight - up to 2.65 kg.

African bullfrog

And the third among the “relatives” is the African bullfrog (lat. Lithobates catesbeianus). Grows in length up to 17-20 cm, weight adult sometimes about 2 kg (on average up to 1 kg).

The largest frog once lived in Madagascar and weighed about 4 kg, i.e. she was not much larger than a goliath frog. Researchers called it an ominous name " Beelzebufo ampinga" Subsequently, the horned frog became its relative, and the largest among the horned frogs is the common slingshot, its weight is only 0.48 kg.

Spiny or ribbed newt

Ribbed newt, or spiny newt (lat. Pleurodeles waltl) is the largest species of newt. The main habitats of this newt are Portugal, Spain and Morocco. Spine newts are quite large animals: their body length reaches 20-23 cm, body weight up to 3 kg, and height up to 15 cm. The life expectancy of a spiny newt is up to 7 years.

Okinawan newt

Okinawan newt (lat. Cynops ensicauda) - the largest species of the genus of East Asian newts (lat. Cynops). Do not confuse it with the Chinese (cynops orientalis pygmy newt) or Japanese (cynops pyrrhogaster) fire-bellied newt, as they all have similar coloring.

The length of an adult is from 11 to 14 cm. The maximum (recorded) length for males is 12.7 cm, and for females - 18 cm. The lifespan of Okinawan newts is about 20 years!

Worms

Records of caecilians (lat. Caeciliidae) relate to the ratio of the thickness and length of their body. One of these amphibians living in Colombia has a body length of 1.5 m and this with a diameter of only 3 cm. Thus, the length exceeds the thickness by 50 times (!). But this one can consider itself a real “fat one”, since there are such graceful species in which the body length can be 100 times greater than the thickness!

Terrible leaf climber

Terrible leaf climber (lat. Phyllobates terribilis) is a very small frog, weighing only 28.3 g. But at the same time, it is the largest in its family of dart frogs. In addition, she is one of the most poisonous creatures on Earth.

Prionosuchus

Prionosuchus (lat. Prionosuchus). Nobu Tamura

And the largest amphibian that existed on Earth was Prionosuchus (lat. Prionosuchus). It looked like a crocodile or gharial and was 9 meters long!

The frog in the world is slightly smaller in size than the fossil Beelzebub frog. This fossil amphibian that lived at sunset Cretaceous, grew up to 40 centimeters and preyed on smaller frogs, lizards and possibly baby dinosaurs. Modern large frogs have retained some features of their distant ancestor.

Top 1. Goliath frog

Another name for this amphibian is the giant slippery frog. She can grow up to 32 centimeters and gain weight up to 3.25 kilograms. Goliaths are found in Equatorial Guinea and Cameroon, and their range is shrinking due to the destruction of the frogs' habitat.

The goliath frog is found in fast rivers with a sandy bottom. The actual distribution range of this amphibian is located between the last 200 kilometers of the Sanago River basin (Cameroon) and the last 50 kilometers of the Benito River basin (Equatorial Guinea). These are hot and humid regions. Goliath can survive in habitats near rivers and forests.

For breeding, frogs prefer small rivers and streams. Goliath frog egg clutches contain several hundred eggs and are attached to river algae. The size of each egg is about 3.5 millimeters. The development of frog larvae lasts up to 95 days.

In nature, goliaths live for about 15 years; in captivity they can live up to 21 years. Amphibians feed on insects and spiders. Goliath frogs themselves are hunted by Nile crocodiles, snakes, and Nile monitor lizards.

Unusual amphibians are becoming traded items. About 300 individuals are exported to the United States each year, primarily to compete in frog jumping competitions. Representatives of this species of amphibian are capable of jumping up to three meters.

Threats to the conservation of the Goliath frog include:

• They are hunted by local residents for food.
• Reduction of forest area.
• Sedimentation (deposition) of water bodies where frogs breed.

The greatest threat to the Goliath frog comes from hunting individuals of this species for food. To catch them, Cameroonians set complex traps.

Top 2. Bullfrog

The size of individuals of this species of frogs reaches 25 centimeters. The bullfrog inhabits North America. Its homeland is considered the eastern part of the continent to the territories of the states of Oklahoma and Kansas.

Later, individuals of this species were brought to other states of the United States, Canada, as well as Southeast Asia and South America, where the bullfrog became a species harmful to the surrounding ecosystem. In California, biologists say the bullfrog poses a threat to the California red frog and is causing the species' decline. In addition, the bullfrog is not susceptible to Chytridiomycosis infection and can spread the disease, killing other amphibians.

The bullfrog is a predator that attacks its prey from ambush. They attack any creatures they can defeat. The powerful jaws of the amphibian allow them to grab prey after striking it with their tongue. The uniqueness of the diet of the bullfrog, in comparison with other frogs of North America, is the larger amount of living creatures living in the water (fish, certain types of beetles and snails). Her diet includes:

• Invertebrates.
• Smaller individuals of their own species.
• The bats.
• Ordinary mice and their babies.
• Birds.
• Cancers.
• Tadpoles.
• Baby alligators.

Dishes made from the bullfrog itself are served in American restaurants. To catch amphibians, hunters go out at night on a punt or canoe to a pond or swamp. Upon hearing the frog, it is blinded by a light and then caught with a pole and placed at the bottom of the boat. Taking care not to spook the amphibian, bullfrogs are also caught on land. Only the paws of these creatures are eaten, which resemble chicken drumsticks in taste and cooking method.

Top 3. Slingshot changeable

Another name for this amphibian is the “Brazilian slingshot”. This species is found only in South America. Individuals grow up to 25 centimeters, with females being larger than males.

The slingshot has a number of features:

Slingshots live in the foliage of Brazilian tropical forests. They are also found in freshwater ponds and swamps. These are carnivorous amphibians that feed on invertebrates, as well as rodents. Like the bullfrog, the slingshot uses strong jaws to absorb food.

Frogs go to water bodies to breed: lakes, ponds and even swimming pools. The tadpoles of these amphibians feed on tadpoles of other species. As with other species, the slingshot is threatened by forest loss and human modification of the environment.

The Brazilian frog is believed to be the closest relative to the fossil Beelzebub frog. Representatives of this species are difficult to find in nature, but it is assumed that their population is large enough and is not in danger of destruction.

These days, the world's largest frog has become an endangered species. But thanks to the efforts of scientists, work is underway to preserve unique representatives of this type of amphibian. People are beginning to realize the value of each unique animal species that inhabits the planet.

100 great records of wildlife Nepomnyashchiy Nikolai Nikolaevich

THE LARGEST AMPHIBIAN IS THE GIANT SALAMANDER

The largest amphibian is the giant, or gigantic, salamander, which lives in Japan and China. The largest of these salamanders caught weighed 65 kg and reached a length of 1.8 m - a real monster the size of an adult.

Salamanders are tailed amphibians. Tailed amphibians are not numerous, but are much more famous than tailless amphibians. With their unusual appearance and habits, they have long attracted Special attention people, and some of their representatives received names mythical creatures(newts, proteas, sirens, salamanders). In comparison with the other two orders, the caudates are poorly specialized animals with “ordinary” limbs and a developed tail. In appearance, they are most similar to fossil amphibians.

The fossilized remains of the giant salamander Andrias scheuchzeri, whose length exceeded 1 m, were known to scientists long before East Asia A living form of this tailed amphibian was discovered. Andrias was found in Europe from the Oligocene to the Pliocene, in North America- from the Miocene to the Pliocene, and in East Asia - from the Pleistocene to the present day. When in 1726, the Swiss doctor A. Scheichzer first found the skeleton of this amphibian, it was mistaken for the remains of a person who did not survive the biblical Flood. That is why the amazing creature received the name Homo diluitestis - “Man - Witness of the Flood.” Only much later did it become clear that it was a salamander. She received her name from Cuvier in honor of A. Scheichzer. The most ancient remains of tailed amphibians come from the Jurassic.

By the end of the Triassic, the last labyrinthodonts, a characteristic group of Paleozoic amphibians, died out. One of the latest representatives of labyrinthodonts was Mastodonsaurus, the remains of which are often found in the Upper Triassic deposits of Europe and North Africa. This is the largest amphibian of all time, the length of its flattened skull reached 1.25 m, body length - up to 3 m. Mastodonsaurus led an aquatic lifestyle and fed on fish; went extinct at the end of the Triassic.

Today, about 400 species of tailed amphibians live on Earth, grouped into 10 families. Two of them are the Olympic salamanders (Rhyacotritonidae) and the Pacific salamanders. giant salamanders(Dicamptodontidae) - isolated relatively recently. Each of these two families includes one genus and 4 species of North American amphibians, which were previously considered representatives of the Ambystomaceae family. Pacific giant salamanders should not be confused with the true giant, or giant, salamanders, which belong to the family of cryptobranchs. Pacific giant salamanders also have much more modest sizes - about 30 cm.

The rest of the tailed animals are representatives of 8 “classical” families: salamanders, or true salamanders (Salamandridae), salamanders (Hynobiidae), lungless salamanders (Plethodontidae), proteas (Proteidae), cryptobranchs (Cryptobrancidae) and purely American ambystomatidae (Ambistomatidae), amphiumidae ) and sirens (Sirenidae).

The most famous, of course, is the salamander family. It includes only about fifty species, but, firstly, they are found very widely - in Europe, Asia, North America and Africa, and secondly, they include the most familiar species to us, such as newts living in ponds ( Triturus) and the fire salamander (Salamandra salamandra).

By the way, there is some confusion with the name “salamander”. There are actually salamanders (species of the genus Salamandra), there is a general name “salamander” for all representatives of the family Salamandridae (i.e., salamanders can also be called newts), there is the word “salamander”, which is included in the names of some amphibians of other families (for example, giant salamanders , or lungless salamanders), and finally, there is the word “salamander”, not related to taxonomic nomenclature, applied to a wide variety of tailed amphibians.

There is a tendency for the list of amphibian species to increase. After all, relatively recently total number species of tailed amphibians were estimated at less than three hundred, and now, let us recall, there are about 400 of them. Here is an example - an earlier list of species of newts found in Russian Federation, consisted of 3 species - common (Triturus vulgaris), combed (T. cristatus) and Asia Minor (T. vittatus) found in the North Caucasus. Now, to the three listed, the Karelin's newt (T. karelinii), which was previously considered a subspecies of the crested newt, has been added.

In addition to these 4 species of newts, of the tailed amphibians, only two more species are found on the territory of Russia - representatives of the family of salamanders. The Siberian salamander (Salamandrella keyseriingii) is widespread in Siberia, penetrating into the northeast of the European part of the country. The salamander is the record holder among cold-blooded animals for resistance to cold. Of course, it is difficult to call any amphibian “cold-loving,” but in the case of the salamander this is exactly the case. These animals can be active at minimal positive temperatures: mobile at +2–4 °C, breed in reservoirs as soon as the ice melts, at water temperatures from +4 °C, and during wintering they can tolerate freezing down to -40 °C. This is a record negative temperature tolerated by vertebrates in a state of winter torpor.

The second representative of the salamanders in our fauna is the Ussuri clawed newt (Onychodactylus fischeri). This rare animal is included in the Red Book of Russia. It is found only in the southern part Far East, where it inhabits mountain streams and rivers. The Ussuri newt's lungs are not developed, and gas exchange in oxygen-rich water occurs through the skin.

The order of tailless amphibians is the most extensive and widespread group of modern amphibians. With all their diversity, all anurans have a similar body structure, due to the fact that during evolution they developed adaptations for locomotion by jumping with simultaneous propulsion by both hind limbs. Before the jump, the segments of these limbs are folded, and during the jump they sharply straighten, giving the body a powerful impulse. To enhance this impulse, the hind legs of tailless amphibians consist not of the three usual for all four-legged sections, but of four: in addition to the thigh, lower leg and foot, they have a so-called secondary lower leg, formed by elongated tarsal bones. In addition, the hind limbs of tailless animals are especially muscular (in those countries where frogs are considered a delicacy, it is their hind legs that are eaten).

The body of these amphibians has become short and monolithic: they have very few vertebrae, which are articulated into a single spinal column - tailless amphibians cannot freely turn their heads and bend their bodies in waves, as do tailed amphibians. The tail would also only be a hindrance in the jump, and therefore it is completely lost.

Currently, this order includes up to 26 families and about 4,000 species.

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