Characteristics of natural zones of EurasiaNatural
zones
Klm. belts
Flora (4 species)
Fauna (4 species)
soil
Arctic
empty
Arctic
Mosses,
lichens,
polar poppy
Polar bear,
lemming, scribe,
reindeer.
Perennial
permafrost
Tundra
Forest-tundra
Taiga
Mixed width
natural forests
Steppes
Deserts
Arctic deserts
The polar night lasts up to 150 days. Summer is short andcold. Frost-free period with temperatures
above 0°C lasts only 10-20 days, very rarely up to 50
days. Placers of coarse clastic
material. Soils are thin, underdeveloped,
rocky.
Arctic deserts
It is devoid of trees andbushes. It's wide here
scale deposits are common
lichens on the mountains
rocks, mosses, various
algae on rocky
soils, only some
flowering
Animal world zones
Arctic presented
polar bears,
arctic foxes, polar
owls, deer. On
rocky shores in summer
seabirds nest,
forming “bird colonies”.
Tundra
The surface of the tundra in the western regions isyourself endless plain with numerous rivers,
lakes and swamps.
Tundra
Animals of the tundraadapted to
harsh conditions
existence. Many of
they leave the tundra for
winter; some
(eg lemmings)
are awake under the snow,
others hibernate
polar owl
Reindeer
muskox
arctic fox
Leming
cowberry
Forest-tundra
The average July temperature here is +10-14°C. Annualthe amount of precipitation is 300-400 mm. Precipitation
significantly more than can evaporate, so the forest-tundra
- one of the most swampy natural areas.
Forest-tundra
reindeerwhite partridge
blueberry
lynx
cloudberry
In the fauna of the forest-tundra
dominate
lemmings too
different types in different
longitudinal zones,
reindeer, arctic foxes,
white partridge
polar owl and
big variety
migratory,
waterfowl and
small ones settling in
bushes, birds
The tundra is rich
berry
shrubs -
lingonberries, cranberries,
cloudberries, blueberries.
Taiga (coniferous forests)
The climate of the taiga is characterized by relatively warm and fairly humidin summer and cool, and in some places cold winter. Average annual
the amount of precipitation is from 300 to 600 mm (in Eastern Siberia it even decreases
up to 150-200 mm). The air temperature in summer often exceeds +30 °C;
In winter, frosts reach 30...50°C.
Taiga (coniferous forests)
By speciescomposition
differentiate
light coniferous
(pine
ordinary,
some
American
types of pine,
larches
Siberian and
Daurian) and more
characteristic and
common
yu dark coniferous
taiga (spruce, fir,
cedar pine).
spruce
larch
fir
pine
cedar
Taiga (coniferous forests)
Taiga faunaricher and
more diverse than
animal world
tundra
Numerous and
wide
common: lynx,
wolverine,
chipmunk, sable,
squirrel, etc. From
ungulates
meet northern
and red deer,
elk, roe deer;
numerous
rodents: hares,
shrews, mice. From
birds are common: capercaillie,
hazel grouse, nutcracker,
crossbills, etc.
Broadleaf forests
BROAD-LEAVED FORESTS - deciduous tree-shrub communities with wide leaves of trees in differentcombination - oak, beech, maple, linden, elm (elm), chestnut, ash and others.;
Broadleaf forests
mapleLinden
oak
birch
chestnut
ash
Broadleaf forests
Forest-steppe
Forest-steppe is a natural area of the Northernhemispheres characterized by a combination
forest and steppe areas.
Forest-steppe
Steppe
Steppe - a plain overgrown with grassy vegetation, intemperate and subtropical zones of northern and southern hemisphere.
Characteristic feature steppes is almost complete
lack of trees
Steppe
Feather grass steppegoitered gazelle
meerkat
camel
bustard
Semi-deserts and deserts
Semi-deserts temperate zone in Eurasia stretchwide strip (up to 500 km) from the western part
Caspian lowland, through Kazakhstan, Mongolia
to Eastern China.
Semi-deserts and deserts
scorpionturtle
fennec fox
monitor lizard
viper
camel
long eared hedgehog
hard-leaved forests,
subtropical evergreen forests, predominantly xerophilic,
hard-leaved species. The tree canopy is single-tiered, with a dense
undergrowth from evergreen shrubs.
Hard-leaved, evergreen forests and shrubs
butcher's broomOlive Tree
laurel
lemon
mandarin
ficus
Southern natural areas
Savannas and woodlandsAltitudinal areas
Variably wet and monsoon forests
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Flora and fauna The fauna of Eurasia is very diverse. The distribution of modern wild fauna across the territory depends on the characteristics natural conditions and on the results of human activity. Most common large mammal tundra - reindeer. Arctic fox, lemming and mountain hare are also found in the tundra. The most common birds are white and tundra partridges. In the summer, seagulls, loons, eiders, geese, ducks, and swans fly to the tundra. The fauna of the forest zone is best preserved in the taiga. Wolves live here brown bears, moose, lynxes, foxes, squirrels, wolverines, martens. Birds include black grouse, wood grouse, hazel grouse, and crossbill. Steppe animals - steppe ferret, gophers, various mice. Of the large animals, the saiga has survived. There are a variety of birds - larks, swallows, falcons. Semi-deserts and deserts are dominated by reptiles, rodents, and ungulates. IN Central Asia Bactrian camels and wild donkeys - kulans - live here. In the mountain forests of Southern China, the bamboo panda bear, the Himalayan black bear, and the leopard have been preserved. Wild elephants still live in Hindustan and on the island of Sri Lanka. India and Indochina are characterized by an abundance of monkeys, a large number of various reptiles, especially poisonous snakes. Many animals living in Eurasia are listed in the Red Book: bison, Ussurian tiger, kulan, etc.
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One of the main reasons for the violation of the horizontal location of the protection zone is MOUNTAINS. Reason: - with
With height, individual components of nature change, and therefore the entire PC. When rising upward, the air temperature decreases and the amount of precipitation increases, therefore air humidity, soil cover, and the organic world change.
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When you rise upward, for every 100 meters the air temperature decreases by 1 degree, and vice versa
When descending 100 meters, the temperature rises by 1 degree.
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The higher the mountains, the more natural zones there are in a given territory. Life in the mountains is subject to the course
natural processes. Everyone feels the changes in these processes: it is colder here, the pressure is lower, there is less oxygen, more ultraviolet rays. The boiling point of water changes with altitude.
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Up to an altitude of 3000m a person feels normal. Above 3000m problems begin even for
trained athletes.
3000 meters
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But still man mastered the mountains!
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The first to notice the connection climatic conditions with horizontal - latitudinal
distribution of vegetation on the plains and vertical in the mountains:
Alexander Humboldt Petr Petrovich Semenov-Tyan-Shansky Lev Semenovich Berg
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Altitudinal zonation is a natural change in natural conditions, natural zones, landscapes in
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“Multi-story” depends on 1. Height of the mountain2. geographical position of the mountain (most of all
zones in the mountains located in the tropics, the smallest in the Arctic Circle).
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Feature: Each belt encircles the mountains on all sides, but the system of tiers is
opposite slopes will be dramatically different.
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It appears most clearly in the mountains.
The reason for this is the decrease heat balance and, accordingly, temperatures with altitude.
Altitudinal zonation is manifested in the spectrum of altitudinal belts (zones) from the foot to the peaks. The higher the geographic latitude of the area (taiga, tundra zones), the shorter the range of altitudinal zones (two or three altitudinal zones); to the equator (zones subtropical forests, savannah, equatorial forests) the range of altitudinal zones is much wider (six to eight).
Manifestation of latitudinal zonality of mountain landscapes through the spectra of their altitudinal zones
a - in the mountains of the taiga zone, b - in the mountains of dry subtropics
Glacial-nival Mountain tundra Mountain meadows
Mountain coniferous forests (taiga)
Mountain coniferous-deciduous forests Mountain broad-leaved forests Mountain forest-steppe mountain steppe Mountain semi-desert
Sector
This is a change in the degree of continental climate from the ocean coasts inland, associated with the intensity of advection air masses from the oceans to the continents and, accordingly, the degree of moisture in sectors located at different distances from the coasts and on different coasts.
The root cause of this phenomenon is differentiation earth's surface on continents and oceans, which have different reflectivity and heat capacity, which leads to the formation above them of air masses with different properties (temperature, pressure, moisture content). As a result, pressure gradients arise between them, and, consequently, continental-oceanic transport of air masses, superimposed on the area-wide atmospheric circulation. As a result, longitudinal or other changes in landscapes occur from the coasts inland. This is most clearly manifested in the change in the spectrum of natural zones and subzones in each sector.
Changes in the spectrum of latitudinal natural zones and subzones in different physical-geographical spectra of continentality
Zones: 1-taiga, 2-deciduous forests, 3-forest-steppe, 4-steppe, 5-semi-desert, 6-desert.
Sectors: I-oceanic, II-weak and moderate continental,
III-Continental
Altitudinal genetic layering of landscapes
The layering of plain and mountain landscapes is associated with the age, stages of development, and the genesis of different hypsometric levels (steps or leveling surfaces) of the relief. The identification of these levels is due to the unevenness of tectonic movements.
Landscape layering is the identification in the landscape structure of regions of altitudinal-genetic stages, recorded in the main geomorphological levels of relief development. In this case, uplands are considered as relics of ancient denudation surfaces or accumulative plains, and lower levels of the plains are associated with subsequent stages of relief leveling.
On the plains there are tiers: elevated; low-lying; lowland.
In the mountains, landscape layers are distinguished: foothills, low mountains, middle mountains, high mountains, intermountain basins.
Each altitudinal tier usually includes one to three altitudinal zones with fragments of transition zones, where, depending on the exposure and steepness of the slopes, they can alternate natural complexes adjacent belts.
Barrier effect in landscape differentiation
An important consequence of the tiered structure of the landscape shell is the emergence of a barrier effect, expressed through the characteristic spectra of foothill and slope landscapes.
The factors that directly determine the identification of barrier landscapes are changes in atmospheric circulation and the degree of moisture in windward and leeward areas in front of mountains and hills, as well as slopes of different exposures. On the windward side, in front of the mountains and hills, the air gradually rises, flowing around the barrier, and forms a belt of increased precipitation compared to the latitudinal-zonal norm. On the leeward side of the elevations, on the contrary, downward currents of air of already low humidity dominate, which leads to the formation of drier “barrier shadow” landscapes.
Exposure hydrothermal differences of slope landscapes
The orientation of slopes relative to the sides of the horizon and the directions of prevailing winds is also an important factor in the differentiation of landscapes, but at the fine-grained and local levels of organization of geosystems. As a result of the interaction of geomorphological (azonal) and climatic factors, slope landscapes of different exposures differently deviate from the typically zonal landscapes of uplands.
Expositional landscape asymmetry of slopes is of two types:
Insolation asymmetry is associated with unequal input of solar radiation on slopes of different exposures. The insolation asymmetry of slopes is most clearly manifested in the landscapes of transition zones.
Wind, or circulation, asymmetry of slope landscapes is primarily associated with different amounts of moisture on the windward slopes of mountains and hills.
Material (lithological) composition
At the local and small regional levels of organization of the natural environment, important factors in the differentiation of landscape complexes can be the material (lithological) composition and structure of surface sediments.
3.8. Natural resource potential of landscapes
Natural resource potential
a stock of resources that is used without destroying the structure of the landscape.
The removal of matter and energy from the geosystem is possible as long as it does not lead to disruption of the ability of self-regulation and self-healing.