Schools Schools are divided into three categories. In the first category? Public or People's schools were established, in the second district, in the third Gubernskaya. Public schools were established in all cities and are under the authority of local authorities, who are given

Cavalry corps

Memoirs of Lieutenant General Svechin M.A. (May 16, 1876, St. Petersburg - April 15, 1969, Nice) about the Nikolaev Cavalry School

Nikolaev Cavalry School

On August 31, 1893, I entered the Nikolaev Cavalry School, formed from former School Guards ensigns and Cavalry Junkers. The school inherited old traditions, embodied in the poems of the greatest Russian poet Lermontov, who took a course there. There were quite a few humorous and satirical attacks in them, but, in general, the way of life of the School, or as we used to say, “in the glorious School,” led to the strictest discipline and dashing spirit. It was believed that a cavalryman should be dashing, dexterous, and brought up in a purely military spirit.
The approach to this, for a long time, was carried out in strict subordination and exact subordination not only to the authorities, but also to our senior comrades - senior cadets. The junior course should have seen them as their closest superiors. The junior course was considered to have not yet been imbued with the military cavalry spirit, whose cadets were called “pure beasts.” They had to listen and obey the senior cadets, who instructed them in the traditions established at the School. In addition, among the senior cadets there were commanders: squadron and platoon sergeants (in private use “corporals”) and belt cadets (also in particular “estandard cadets”). They had corresponding differences on their shoulder straps with transverse stripes, which is why they were called stripes. These titles were awarded to senior cadets, by order of the School, for success in the sciences, combat training and the ability to ride well. According to the Disciplinary Charter, these bosses had the rights to impose punishments - appointments not in line for assignments (duty and orderly duties) and leaving them without leave.
In general, it should be recognized that the transition from cadet corps to cadet school was certainly harsh. In addition, among our senior cadets we came across people who were not entirely balanced, who unnecessarily crossed the boundaries of prudence, but this should be considered an exception. However, this strict regime, called "tsuk", was exaggerated by rumors and, reaching the highest military authorities, including the Minister of War, caused a demand for the heads of the school to take measures to eradicate this "tsuk". But the issue was very delicate and not all the heads of the school approached it with composure, and drastic measures did not cause improvement, but worsened the situation, leading to ugly forms. For example, after I graduated from college, one head of the school abolished the right of the “stripe” cadets to impose punishments that belonged to them according to the Disciplinary Charter; this led to illegal punishments being imposed, such as being ordered to do dozens of gymnastic squats, which were truly humiliating. But I mention this as an exception; in general, it was rare to find among former students of the School an unpleasant memory of life within the walls of the school. And, on the other hand, the harsh regime brought up “distinct” future cavalry officers.
A month later, when the cadets who arrived at the school were confirmed in the initial military training and possession of weapons (which was especially difficult for those who entered from civilian educational institutions, since the cadets knew this), an oath-taking ceremony was scheduled. To do this, a squadron and a hundred were lined up in the arena on foot, with full ammunition and weapons, the Standard was carried out, the words of the oath were read, and the junior cadets who swore the oath were venerated by the Cross and the Gospel. From that day on, the cadets who entered were enrolled in active military service, and from that day on, their pensions were calculated. And the cadets were subject to military legislation.
Classes at the school were established: - 4 hours of lectures in the classroom wing and 4 hours of drill training, including an hour of horse riding every day. Twice a week, in the evenings, there were rehearsals for the lecture courses given, for which marks (points) were given.
In addition to military sciences - tactics, military history, fortification, artillery, topography, military administration, subversive affairs, we went through - the history of the Church (the Law of God), the history of Russian literature, jurisprudence (especially regimental courts), French and German languages and, even in my time, chemistry and mechanics, which were subsequently abolished; in my time, these two sciences were called by the cadets - strict.
In mid-May, the school moved to the Krasnoe Selo camp. This camp is widely known among the military and cadets of the St. Petersburg schools, was one of the large centers summer training, training shooting and troop maneuvers. Approaching the camp you heard: the crackling of drums, the sounds of horns and trumpets, the deep trill of flute players; rifle shots and bursts of machine guns were heard, a distant roar could be heard artillery shooting. Having climbed the row of settlements that form Krasnoye Selo and turning back, you will see a beautiful picture of a tent camp of infantry regiments and batteries of the imperial guards. And here, between the settlements, there are palace buildings and barracks of headquarters. The Vanguard camp of army units, the barracks of military schools, ending with the buildings of the Officer Cavalry School, also adjoined here on its right flank.
It is difficult to find as much variety in a topographical sense as the surroundings of Krasnoe Selo. Here you will find in the figuration of the terrain everything you need for training troops: - forests and copses, ravines and hills with bizarre ridges. According to legend, our great Suvorov pointed out this area of ​​terrain, 25 versts from St. Petersburg. Our Crowned Leaders came here for reviews and maneuvers, and military representatives of foreign powers were invited here.
In front of the Vanguard camp there was a vast, hilly space, about three miles wide and long, called a military field, which seemed flat, but was hilly so that entire cavalry regiments were hiding in its folds during exercises. The dry soil of the field, trampled during exercises, during which, at wide gaits, such dust rose that the rider could not see the ears of his horse.
The southern side of the field was bordered by the “Laboratory Grove”, warehouses and artillery equipment, since behind the grove there was a training ground for practical artillery shooting. In the field, on its highest hill, a “Royal roller” was built long ago, from where the Sovereign Leaders Russian Army watched the ceremonial march of troops and where, in the old days, Emperors, at the end of summer, congratulated graduating cadets and pages on their promotion to officers.
The lack of reference points on the field made it difficult to line up the troops for the review. It was necessary to send a topographer for precise definition the right flank of the formation, so that, using a cypregel, sighting on three separate objects, including the chimney of the Pechatkin paper mill, to detect the desired point. Therefore, idle scoffers assured that if the factory chimney collapsed, then it would be impossible to form a large mass of camp troops.
The squadron and a hundred of our School, in horse formation with full armament, set out from St. Petersburg, in marching order with a halt at Ligovo, moving with alternating gaits and songs.
A guards squadron is riding along the Krasnoselskaya path, a dashing squadron!
Snow is whiter than white, Our sword belts shine, Checkers rattle!
And, the colonel ordered - Make a stop in Ligov: There are sandwiches!
Then the jackals run up and offer us bottles of sparkling wine!

But the colonel does not yawn, He drives away the jackals with a sinewy whip!
And throws them at the back of their heads - Precious bottles, How can he not feel sorry?

Arriving at the barracks of our camp location, we devoted the first month of our training: in the junior year - to topographic surveys, and in the senior year - we carried out route surveys on horseback and solved the tactical tasks assigned to us in the field.
Having completed these works, which were marked with points, we began intensive drills. Among which, daily equestrian exercises were held, where a cadet with full weapons, relying on a cavalryman, with a rifle behind his back on a soldier's saddle. All this gave each of us a complete understanding of the severity of cavalry service. when at wide gaits and all sorts of formation changes the rifles hurt their backs, and their legs suffered when squeezing in close formations. While washing in the baths, we could observe each other’s bruises and abrasions caused during the exercises. And it’s clear that it was harder on us young people than on the soldiers.
On October 20, 1894, Emperor Alexander III died in Bose. On November 7, the train with the body of the Emperor arrived from Livadia to St. Petersburg, our School, in horse formation, arrived at the Nikolaevsky station by noon and we witnessed the passage of the funeral procession, and then followed the coffin all the way to the Peter and Paul Fortress. in the church in which the persons were buried Royal Family, since the time of Peter the Great.

When I entered my senior year, Grand Duke Nikolai Nikolaevich was appointed Inspector General of the Cavalry. Passionately loving the cavalry business, the Grand Duke energetically set to work, unconditionally putting it on greater height; one can only note that his harsh character sometimes crossed boundaries, causing trepidation among the cavalry commanders at the reviews, since those who made a mistake were relieved of their positions or did not receive further promotion. “The beating began,” as they said in those days. Many believed that the energetic work was carried out. the prince would not have been harmed if he had not used these harsh words; It must be borne in mind that the position led. the book, as such, made it difficult to answer or even explain the person to whom the sharp reproach was thrown. Few people would dare to object, and therefore they led. The prince should not have taken advantage of his privileged position. Gradually, over the years, the character led. The prince softened considerably.
One day, as a young officer appointed as an orderly to the leader. to the prince on his departure for the review, I witnessed the following: while reviewing Her Majesty’s Ulans, he led. the prince did not like some kind of evolution in the construction; calling the regiment commander, Gen. Baranov, he began to reprimand him and threw an abusive (indecent) expression. Immediately commander Ulan turned and began to drive away. Vel. book At first he was perplexed by the departure of the regiment commander from him, and then he ordered: “Ordinary, return the regiment commander to me.” I galloped off to carry out the order. To the returning gene. Baranov, lead. book declares: “On what basis do you allow yourself to drive away when I am analyzing the teaching”? But the general, who was not lost and remained completely calm, replied: “When Your Imperial Highness tells me about cavalry affairs, I listened, but I am not competent in your “expressions.” Vel. book I realized my careless expression, which had escaped accidentally, and hugged the regiment commander; everything ended well, I accepted the invitation to breakfast at the regiment. But not everyone had the determination to make such an answer.
In the middle of the camp training, a list of available officer vacancies in the regiments was received from the General Staff. And in the school office a list was compiled in order of average scores for final exams, camp practical training in filming, etc. Based on these lists, the vacancies available in the shelves were sorted out. Each cadet, depending on his successes, could see whether he would have the opportunity to join the planned regiment he desired? Being third on the list, this question did not bother me.
(Graduation pages had the privilege of choosing the desired part, even if there was no vacancy in it).
Having found out which regiment, based on the vacancies, the cadet would end up in, it was possible to begin ordering the appropriate regimental uniform, so that by the day of production, which for us was scheduled for August 12, 1895, we would not be late to put on an officer’s uniform.
The day of production was approaching, when we, having become officers, left our glorious School, where we had lived so friendly, now parting with our younger animal brothers, to whom we had to say goodbye and instruct them in keeping school traditions. After friendly hugs, the whole choir sang our “Zveriad”, in which quite a few stanzas of our Lermontov were preserved.
Then our last “humorous order for the smoking room” was read, with the final phrase of which it was believed that the last vertebra of the animal’s tail would fall away and our former youth “animals” would become “cornets” with the responsibilities assigned to them; - preserve and maintain the glory of our School!

Promotion to officers.

The day of promotion to officers was a big event in the life of young people destined for military service. Indeed, from students we became independent, full-fledged Russian subjects and officers, to whom our mighty Army saluted. It’s clear that this day was imprinted on us for the rest of our lives!
The end of the maneuvers in 1895 in the St. Petersburg Military District ended by August 12, and the Highest Review of the camp troops was scheduled for that day. At the end of the review, the pages and cadets of the St. Petersburg military schools who had completed the course were summoned to the Tsar’s bolster.
This was the first year of the accession to the ancestral Throne of our last Sovereign Leader, Emperor Nicholas II, who was so brutally killed along with his entire August Family.
The young Emperor, not yet accustomed to the labors entrusted to Hero by God's grace, addressed us with gracious words, which were listened to with emotion and sank deeply into our souls. The Emperor came up to us, looked around at the lined-up young cadets and pages with his enchanting gaze, and said with a loving smile: “Serve Russia and Me faithfully. Love your Motherland and be fair to your subordinates. Congratulations on your promotion to officer.” A loud cheer burst from our chests. In the evening, our entire graduating class with the invitees - the commander of the school squadron and our shift officers, we gathered for a common dinner at Ernest’s on the islands, where, over a friendly meal and touching speeches, said goodbye to each other and the school authorities. This ended the official part and we dispersed in groups to continue our celebration in all the country gardens, where, until now, entry was closed to us. The parade adjutants of the St. Petersburg commandant, according to established custom, looked condescendingly at our pranks.
The next day, in the morning, we once again gathered within the walls of the school, in freshly sewn ceremonial uniforms, where a prayer service was served, in the presence of all the school authorities. The school adjutant gave us Required documents and vacation tickets for the 28-day vacation we were entitled to and we left. In addition to 28 days of vacation, time was added for travel to the place of duty, calculated according to the old days, when there was no railways, 50 versts per day. Why did those whose regimental station was further from St. Petersburg win? Those who went out to the units stood on Far East, had several months of additional vacation.
To enter the guards units, it was also necessary to obtain the consent of the regiment officers in order to be accepted into their midst. This situation was not stipulated by any law, but had long become a custom, and joining a regiment, bypassing the desire of its officers, placed the violator in the impossible position of serving among those who did not sympathize with him. And, therefore, hardly anyone could decide to take such a step.
In addition, everyone who designated a unit for himself had to be aware of whether he had sufficient funds to serve in it? Because service, especially in guards units, did not make it possible to live on the salary received. In this regard, the guards units varied greatly depending on the mandatory expenses established in the regiments. Lack of forethought in this regard threatened that the excellent officer, who did not realize whether he could cope in the intended unit with the means available to him, had to quickly leave the regiment.
I, with several comrades from the School, who had planned a way out for L-Gv. in Her Majesty's Cuirassier Regiment, in advance, before the vacancies were sorted out, we went to Gatchina (where the regiment was quartered) to the regimental adjutant M. M. Lazarev, who took us to introduce ourselves to Senior Colonel V. G. Mandryka. The latter, having introduced himself and questioned us, let us go, saying that we would receive an answer in a timely manner. Probably, the necessary information was collected about us who introduced ourselves, and Lazarev, who came to our camp, called only me and N.N. Lavrinovsky and conveyed consent to our acceptance into the regiment.
And so, with the production on August 12, 1895, I received the honor of putting on a uniform and becoming a commander of the L-Gv. Cuirassier Regiment of Her Majesty Empress Maria Feodorovna. The regiment gradually became like family to me: - I served in it as a junior officer; upon graduating from the Academy, he commanded a squadron there; in 1910, he served his qualifications for commanding a division there; By the will of the Sovereign and Chief, I was given the honor and joy of receiving command of my native regiment in 1915. And the latter, according to the established situation, gave me the right, even after finishing command of the regiment, to remain on its lists and keep the regiment’s uniform for life.

Material from Officers of the Russian Imperial Army

Kiev Nikolaev Artillery School on Kadetskoe Highway (now the National Defense University of Ukraine, Vozdukhoflotsky Avenue 28)

• Kiev Nikolaev Artillery School

Reference

• Date of formation: 1915
• Location: Vozdukhoflotsky Ave., 28; (Since 2000 - Kiev Artillery School. Closed. Now - building of the Academy of the Ministry of Defense of Ukraine)
• Holiday:

Story

The project for opening a fourth artillery school, which would be located in Kiev, was developed and approved back in 1913, but due to the lack of loans it was opened only in October 1915. In the so-called “Cadet Grove” the school was allocated an area of ​​18 acres, which made it possible to have a huge area there for conducting battery exercises. Neither the Mikhailovskoe, nor the Konstantinovskoe, nor the Sergievskoe artillery schools had such a large training ground.

The school began its activities on October 15, 1915, when about 180 cadets of the 1st graduation, who made up one battery, began taking a three-year artillery school course, which, under wartime conditions, they had to complete in a somewhat shortened form within just a few months . Some of the cadets were volunteers who arrived from the front, most of them were Knights of St. George, then students of various higher educational institutions, cadets and high school students who entered through a certificate competition.

Until the construction of its own building was completed, the school was temporarily located in a damp and cold barracks, which did not even have running water and was poorly heated, and since the winter of 1915-16. turned out to be very harsh, the cadets, who for some reason received only summer uniforms, had to freeze very much.

Due to the fact that the school did not have senior and junior courses, but only one course, there was no “tsuk”; the discipline, although strict, was at the same time quite reasonable. When, for example, during the salute exam, some cadets from the former volunteers made fun of those who entered the school “from the outside” and this was noticed by the authorities, these cadets were left for a week without leave, “to knock down their arrogance.”

The honor of opening the journal of punishments (“dragonflies” in cadets) belongs to cadet Apostolov, who received two days of service out of turn for not watching to the end the notes to the “Instructions”, which allowed cadets leave until 1 a.m. to visit the theater, but not the cinema. -theater. Junker Apostolov, having received a leave of absence out of turn as a Knight of St. George on November 26, upon returning to school, presented a ticket to... a movie.

Junker Kuznetsov, being on leave from Spurs even before his promotion to non-commissioned officer, was walking along Khreshchatyk. Noticing the course officer, the cadet ran into the first store he came across, which turned out to be a store musical instruments, and there, at some piano, he hurried to take off the ill-fated spurs. For such a lack of “civil courage”, cadet Kuznetsov was reprimanded before the formation of the battery and he received three days of service out of turn.

On the contrary, cadet Matseevich, who found himself in Solovtsev’s theater dressed not quite in uniform, but with great “chic” and also wearing spurs, did not “drift away”, but dashingly saluted staff captain Lalevich. As if as a reward for presence of mind, no punishment followed, and the battery commander, Colonel Aleksandrovsky, inspecting the officer uniforms of the graduating cadets before production, remarked to cadet Matseevich: “The officer’s uniform suits you very well. True, even as a cadet, you always dressed “chic”!”

After serving the camp training in the barracks of the Konstantinovsky Military School and the shooting course at the Darnitsky training ground, on May 14, 1916, the first graduating class of cadets from the Nikolaev Artillery School took place as officers. Despite the difficult conditions in which their stay at the school took place, out of more than 180 cadets, only two were expelled during the entire course. General Chernyavsky, who was present at the production, expressed to the young officers his admiration for their sense of camaraderie, which was expressed in the fact that, by mutual agreement, they provided the “last” Caucasian cadet Zhgenti with the last remaining vacancy on the Caucasian Front, for which there were many applicants.

Now, after the first graduation, the school accepted cadets of the second graduation, who began classes on May 20, 1916, in almost the same conditions as their predecessors, in the same barracks and with the same command and teaching staff. The pace of classes did not slow down and there were more people who could not withstand the stress in the second graduating class, about 20 people, who were expelled from the school. In August, the cadets completed their camp training and took a shooting course in Darnitsa.

In October, the Sovereign Emperor visited the school, spending several hours a day with the cadets for two or three days.

On December 22, 1916, the promotion of cadets of the second class to officers took place. About 200 were produced.

On December 26, 1916, the third graduating class began classes, the last one taking the oath to the Sovereign Emperor on February 28, 1917.

In March, the school moved into its own completed building.

The revolution did not bring any tangible changes to the life and activities of the school, both combat and educational. At first, the situation was somewhat complicated by the so-called “Ukrainian question,” on the basis of which disputes and clashes of opinions sometimes arose between the cadets, but over time, this issue also lost its urgency. In general, without succumbing to the general collapse, the cadets, on the contrary, somehow pulled themselves together. When, together with other military educational institutions in Kyiv, the school was once built in front of the City Duma to listen to the speeches of revolutionary leaders, instead of the expected “hurray” the cadets defiantly responded to these speeches with deathly silence.

In February 1917, the intake of fourth-gradation cadets began. Most of the young people who entered were students, but there were also engineers, lawyers and a few volunteers among them. Several students of the Theological Academy were soon expelled from the school. Due to the increase in the number of cadets, the 2nd battery was formed.

On May 15, 1917, admissions began for the fifth graduating class, which included many cadets and volunteers. There was also a group of Poles who, upon completion of the course in December 1917, went straight to Polish units and, as a tribute to the times, about 20 Jews. None of them completed the college course (one committed suicide) and, thus, there were never Jewish officers from the Nikolaev gunners.

At the end of July, the school was called to pacify the regiment “named after Polubotko”, which refused to go to the front. The use of weapons was avoided, and the matter ended without bloodshed.

The last graduate of the school, the fourth one, accepted before the revolution, and the fifth, especially reliable in its composition, who began classes in May 1917, tried as best they could to prevent the revolutionary infection from entering the school and, it must be said, they were quite successful in this. The oath of office to the Provisional Government took place at the school without any excitement, and one of the cadets, Demichev, a former cadet of the Nizhny Novgorod Cadet Corps, a diligent and disciplined cadet, simply refused to take the oath. The school soldiers demanded that Demichev be brought to justice, but the case had no consequences for him thanks to the intervention of the head of the school and members of the school committee. This committee, elected by order of the Provisional Government as an inevitable tribute to the times, included Captain Shunevich, three former cadets and one volunteer and negated all attempts at revolutionary activity by school soldiers, who, although they held rallies, were afraid of being sent to the front. not too defiant.

Discipline and traditions were strictly maintained. Almost all the cadets had, as before, at the head of the bed, next to the icon, an old cadet or former cadet's shoulder strap with the Chief's monogram still on it.

Despite the turbulent revolutionary times, the fifth graduate completed the entire course of classes, camp training and shooting.

During this period, the school was repeatedly called to guard the headquarters of the military district. In one of these guards, cadet Gopgardt, a former cadet of the 2nd Moscow Cadet Corps, who was the first victim of the revolution among the Nikolaev gunners, was killed.

In September 1917, admission to the 6th graduating class began, classes for which began on September 20. The young people who had gathered from all over Russia presented a motley picture: there were few volunteers, the majority were civilian youth, some were students. To their amazement, in an era of general collapse, they found in the school a harmonious and disciplined military organization, unquestioningly obeying the authorities in the person of their officers and cadets. Some of those who had just entered, under the influence of revolutionary ideas, quickly assessed the unfavorable situation for them in the school and asked to be expelled. So the faint-hearted were eliminated and left. Those who remained, together with the cadets of the fifth graduation, honorably fulfilled their military duty to the end and did not disgrace the name of the Nikolaev gunners.

Starting from October 25, 1917, together with other military schools in Kyiv, the Nikolaev Artillery School participated in the suppression of the Bolshevik uprising, when the notorious Pyatakov was arrested.

Then began a chaotic era of change of authorities. A Ukrainian Rada appeared, whose representatives tried to attract Nikolaev cadets to serve in the emerging Ukrainian army. The time was getting more and more alarming. It was already necessary to protect the school building itself from attacks by “comrades” who were taking revenge on the Nikolaevites for their participation in suppressing the riots in the city after October 25th.

By January 25, 1918, just before the capture of Kyiv by the Bolsheviks, cadets of the fifth graduating class, who completed the course back in December 1917, were issued certificates of completion of the course and also their service records. Junkers of the sixth graduating class received certificates of four-month completion of the course at the Nikolaev Artillery School. Both were ordered to leave the walls of the school and leave Kyiv while the station was not yet occupied by the Bolsheviks.

At the very beginning of January 1918, under the Ukrainian Hetman Skoropadsky, by order of General Count Keller, officer squads of Colonels Kirpichev and Prince were formed in Kyiv to maintain order in the city (both against the Bolsheviks and against the Petliurists). Svyatopolk-Mirsky. Under the latter, a battery was formed under the command of Colonel Shunevich, consisting almost exclusively of former Nikolaev cadets, and which operated in the Svyatoshin direction. The battery included, among others: sergeant major Chaiko-Chaikovsky, clerk. N.P. Rklitsky, gun commander of one gun (improvised gun platform in the Darnitsky direction) Zhelezko, senior Apostolov, K.K. Miller, orderly of the battery commander, Sedov, Monastyrsky, Tatunko, etc.

Having existed for almost a month and a half, the battery, as well as the officer squads, was abandoned by the hetman to the mercy of fate and disbanded “by gravity” on Lvovskaya Street, opposite the Zhekulina women’s gymnasium. Subsequently, already in the Volunteer Army, where most of the officers of the command and teaching staff and former cadets of the Nikolaev Artillery School fought with the Reds, service in this battery was counted as service in the Volunteer Army.

1,500 - 2,000 people completed the school course and were promoted to officers.

Team and Teaching Staff schools

The head of the school is General Promtov (in Yugoslavia he served in the Serbian Artillery Directorate). The commander of the 1st battery, Colonel Aleksandrovsky (was in Yugoslavia, then returned to the USSR). Commander of the 2nd battery, Colonel Martynov. Dept. officers: captains Afanasyev (32nd artillery brigade, died in 1920 in Odessa), Sakkilari (died in 1917 in a car accident near Yalta), Korytin (died in Yugoslavia), M. A. Shunevich (was in Gallipoli at the Sergiev Art School, now lives in New York), Lalevich (14th Artillery Brigade, went to Chisinau), Khatov, Pobyvanets (were in Gallipoli), Russet (“red-haired”), Grigoriev, Kuznetsov. Adjutant of the school cap. Znamerovsky. Course officer of the Guards. Captain Olshevsky. Teachers: Col. Gnuchev (was in the Good army), regiment. Lomakin (remained in the USSR, graduated from the Kiev Polytechnic Inst.), regiment. Ruppeneit (remained in the USSR and was the head of the artillery school founded by the Bolsheviks in the building of the Nikolaev Art School), regiment. Mishin, cap. Shcherbinsky (“Verochka”), regiment. Lebedinsky, pc. cap. Spektorsky (killed in the army of General Yudenich), vet. doctor Kozelkin, cap. Sheremetinsky (hacked to death by Budenovites in 1920 at the battery).

Feldwebel: 1st issue. - Menzel, 2nd - Shaposhnikov, 3rd - Mironov, 4th - Daragan, 5th - Oborsky and Ivanov.

Died in the first world war: Shadeiko, Danilenko, Aleksandrovich and others.

Killed in civil war: Gopgardt, Zhukov, Goppe, Chechetov, Slyusarsky. Died in captivity by the Reds in 1944 - Klippenberg.

Died abroad: Yudenko, Skibitsky, Zhekulin, Babushkin, Lyulka, Savinov, Grigorovich-Firsanovich, Lyubimtsev and many others.

We have been abroad and in Dobr. Armies: Menzel, Dreyer, Tatunko (returned to the USSR), Veselovsky, Grigorovich-Barsky, Turchaninov, Stefanovich, Grielsky, Novikov, Ostromensky, Vizersky, Prozorov, Bobolovich, Uroda, Kovanko, Laipeko, Syrovets and many others.

There is a connection with: Regiment. Shunevich, N. P. Rklitsky, N. K. Matsievich, L. G. Lavtsevich, V. V. Lyashchenko, N. Psiol, V. Lysenko, N. A. Apostolov (1st edition), H. N. Batashev, A. I. Fedorov (2nd issue), K. K. Miller, V. S. Mylnikov, A. I. Volkov (3rd issue), A. D. Welsh (4th issue .), P. V. Fitzkhelaurov, L. S. Ter-Azaryev, L. P. Kovalsky, I. Sidorov, A. A. Samoilenko (5th year), Kinashevsky (6th year) and Rabenko ( release unknown).

(Compiled a “Memo” based on the information and memories of Nikolaev residents with whom N. Apostolov has a connection)

In 1919, the Kyiv artillery courses were opened on the basis of the school, then the Kiev Artillery School, the Kiev Artillery School, the Kiev Higher Anti-Aircraft Missile Engineering School (KVZRIU). The complex of buildings of the Nikolaev Artillery School in Kyiv was built in 1915-17. architect D. Zaitsev.

Chiefs

Officers

Graduates

Addition to the Highest Order issued on May 14, 1916
Promoted to Ensigns, with seniority from April 1, 1916:

From the cadets:

Addition to the Highest Order issued on December 22, 1916
Promoted to Ensigns, with seniority from October 1, 1916:
with enrollment in field light artillery:
From the cadets:

1. Aleksandrovich
2. Balash
3. Balashev
4. Baranov
5. Barzykin
6. Bezkishkin
7. Belinsky
8. Belkin
9. Bilinsky
10. Billevich
11. Blazhovsky
12. Bogdan
13. Borisov
14. Brychkin Ivan
15. Brychkin Nikolay
16. Budovich
17. Vankovich
18. Vasiliev
19. Vovchenko
20. Volkov Yakov
21. Voloskov
22. Wolszczan
23. Vorotnitsky
24. Gerasimov
25. Gontarev
26. Degtyarev
27. Demidov
28. Dobrovolsky
29. Dolivo-Dobrovolsky
30. Dubovik
31. Efimov
32. Yeshe I Feodor
33. Yeshe II George
34. Zhakhanevich
35. Zemtsov
36. Zlochevsky
37. Zubilevich-Kallivoda
38. Ivanenko
39. Ivanov Georgy
40. Igumnov
41. Iovenko
42. Isaev
43. Kazitsyn
44. Kalitenko
45. Kaliszek
46. Kalugin
47. Kamenetsky
48. Karnakovsky
49. Kashtanov
50. Kirichinsky
51. Kiselev
52. Kitin
53. Klenk
54. Kozhin
55. Kozakevich
56. Kozelkin
57. Kozlovsky Vladimir
58. Kozlovsky Pavel
59. Kozyarsky
60. Kononovich
61. Kotinkov
62. Krzysich
63. Krivorotchenko
64. Kunitsky
65. Lavrov
66. Lavtsevich
67. Lazarevsky
68. Lange
69. Larchenko
70. Lerche
71. Liping
72. Lipkovsky
73. Lisevich
74. Litvinov
75. Lyubimtsev

The school holiday was celebrated on May 9, the temple holiday - on Trinity.
Junkers wore scarlet shoulder straps, along the edges of which there was a silver braid.
After the outbreak of the First World War, the staff was expanded to 465 cadets, and the school switched to an accelerated eight-month course of training. The school did not have time to take part in the cadets' speech in Petrograd in October 1917. It was disbanded along with other military schools. Already by February 10, 1918, the 1st Soviet cavalry Petrograd command courses were opened in his building and at his expense.

Plan
Introduction
1. History
2 Structure and curriculum
2.1 Grading system

3 Uniform and weapons
4 Traditions of the “Glorious School”
5 Notable alumni and students
Bibliography
Nikolaev Cavalry School

Introduction

Nikolaev Cavalry School - elite military school Russian Empire. Founded May 9, 1823. Many prominent representatives of the military and cultural elite were graduates of the school. Russia XIX- beginning of the 20th century

1. History

On May 9, 1823, by order of Emperor Alexander I in St. Petersburg, in the barracks of the Life Guards Izmailovsky Regiment (Fontanka embankment, 120), School of Guards Ensigns for training young nobles who entered the guard from universities or private boarding schools and did not have military training. Its staff included a chief, 1 class inspector, 8 chief officers with the rank of lieutenant and 120 students. The School trained young men from noble families, and then released them into the guards cavalry regiments.

1826 - A squadron of guards cavalry cadets was formed at the school, educational institution renamed to School of Guards Ensigns and Cavalry Junkers. Since 1825 the school has been located in former palace Counts Chernyshevs.

1859 - In connection with the abolition of the rank of ensign, the School was renamed Nikolaev School of Guards Junkers .

In 1864, the School was transformed into the Nikolaev Cavalry School, which until the end of its existence was located in the building at 54 Lermontovsky (Novo-Peterhofsky) Avenue.

In 1890, a Cossack hundred was formed at the school - the so-called “Tsar's hundred”.

In October 1917, the school was disbanded.

In February 1921, the school was revived in Gallipoli on the basis of the Training Division that existed in Crimea. Subsequently, it was evacuated to Bila Tserkva (Yugoslavia), where it operated until 1923. It produced 4 issues (November 5, 1922, July 12 and September 2, 1923, before closing - the issue of estandard cadets promoted to cornets on March 7 1924) - a total of 357 people. Chief - Lieutenant General A.V. Govorov.

2. Structure and curriculum

Subsequently, the school accepted the most successful graduates of the cadet corps: it was necessary to have at least 9 points in science and 8 points in behavior.

The Nikolaev Cavalry School trained officers for both regular cavalry and Cossack troops. In accordance with this, the cadets were divided into a squadron and a hundred: 250 cadets in a squadron, 120 in a Cossack hundred. Duration of training - 2 years. Upon completion of training, cadets were issued cornets to the cavalry.

The course of study was a two-year course, and its ultimate goal was to prepare graduates for regimental service. Main academic subjects there were tactics, military affairs, topography, management, artillery, fortification, law, hygiene and drawing; from general education subjects the Law of God, Russian, French and German languages, mathematics, mechanics, physics, chemistry, history, economics, government and psychology were taught.

There was an opportunity to take officer exams as an external student.

Since 1864, graduation was carried out after a summer camp gathering, since one camp gathering (after the 1st year) was considered insufficient. At first, the best graduates were sent, as before, to the artillery and engineering troops, but soon graduation from combined arms schools into these types of troops was stopped.

2.1. Rating system

Knowledge was assessed by 12 point system. Those who scored at least 9 points could serve in the guard; those who received an average score below 9 points could only join the army. A score below 6 points in any subject was considered unsatisfactory. Anyone who received 5 points failed.

3. Uniform and weapons

Squadron cadet uniform approved by Alexander III

Casual: a scarlet cap with black piping, a protective jacket, blue leggings with red piping with high chrome boots and spurs. A saber, a sword belt and a belt were worn over a jacket and a gray, light, thin cloth overcoat.

Front door: uniform and shako of dragoons of Napoleonic times with St. Andrew's Guards star, black uniform with a red lapel, red and black belt and long chausser trousers with red general's stripes with boots with nailed spurs, white guards saber belt and white suede gloves.

Squadron weapons: cavalry checkers and carbines

Uniform of the Cossack hundred :
Since its establishment, hundreds of cadets have worn the uniform of their troops and regiments.

Since 1907: a jacket with a silver device and blue Cossack trousers with red stripes and white guards equipment (belt and sword belt)

Armament of the Cossack hundred: Cossack carbine without bayonet, pike, Don Cossack saber

4. Traditions of the “Glorious School”

The Nikolaev Cavalry School (in memory of the past, called the “Glorious School” or simply the School) was famous for its traditions, the so-called "clump" .

Upon entering the school, everyone could choose the type of service: “Is it according to the glorious school tradition, or according to the legal charter?” .

"According to the charter" - having chosen to serve according to the regulations, the cadet was freed from the tsuk, but they stopped treating him as a comrade. They called him "red" and boycotted, no one talked to him. They maintained only purely official official relations with him. However, the most significant thing was that such a “red” upon graduation from the school would never have been accepted into its officer ranks by any guards regiment, because in each regiment there were people from the School who always maintained contact with their native school, and therefore to their attention, Of course, it became clear which of the new cadets was “red.” It should be noted that the “red” cadet was a very rare occurrence.

“According to the glorious school tradition” - service “according to tradition” implied the complete subordination of juniors (1st year of study) to seniors (2nd year of study), but was regulated by historically established rules.

Junior-year cadets from the moment they arrived at the school were called “absolute beasts” and were at the complete disposal of the senior year. At the School there were different staircases for senior (“cornets”) and junior (“beasts”) cadets, of the four doors leading to the squadron bedrooms, where the cadets were located in platoons, two were “cornet”, as well as half of the dressing table mirrors, there standing. Junior students had no right to use them. The same applied to the smoking room, where there was a furrow on the floor, which, according to legend, was made by Lermontov’s spur and therefore was called “Lermontov’s,” for which access to “animals” was prohibited.

Classic "tsuka":

· squats performed in all angles and in all cases to develop the “gateway” and “legs”

· countless turns to the right, left and around to bring “distinction” to perfection

· the elder could ask the younger any question at any time of the day, for example: “Young, call the name of my beloved woman by bullet,” or “Young, call by bullet the regiment in which I will serve as a cornet,” - the “beast” usually answered these questions accurately , since he was obliged to know by heart both the names of the women loved by the elders, and the regiments into which the elders intended to join.

· “Young one, tell me like a bullet about the immortality of the hazel grouse’s soul,” the elder commanded. And the young man, standing at attention, reported: “The soul of a hazel grouse becomes immortal when it enters the stomach of a noble cornet.”

Relationship regulation:

According to custom, the “cornets” had no right to hurt the personal pride of the “young”. The first-year cadet was obliged to carry out unquestioningly everything that junior cadets had done before him from generation to generation. However, he had the right to appeal to the Cornet Committee what could be seen as a “mockery of his personality,” and not just the title of the beast. This was strictly monitored by the “Cornet Committee” (headed by an elected chairman), which included all senior cadets. The Chairman of the Cornet Committee was the supreme guardian and expert in the traditions of the School, his competence was undeniable.

The “Cornets” had no right to disrespectfully touch even a junior cadet with a finger, let alone insult him. This rule has never been violated under any circumstances.

For clashes between junior cadets with the use of fists and mutual insults, both sides were subject to immediate expulsion from the school, regardless of the circumstances that caused the clash

5. Famous alumni and students

· Lermontov, Mikhail Yuryevich (1834) - released as a cornet in the Life Guards Hussar Regiment.

· Lashkarev, Alexander Grigorievich (1843) - released into the Horse Grenadier Life Guards Regiment.

· Mussorgsky, Modest Petrovich (1856) - released in the Life Guards Preobrazhensky Regiment.

· Kaulbars, Alexander Vasilyevich (1861) - released in the Life Guards Gatchina Regiment.

· Bryanchaninov, Alexander Semyonovich (1866) - released as a cornet into the Cavalry Regiment.

· Sukhomlinov, Vladimir Alexandrovich - released as a cornet to His Majesty's Ulan Life Guards Regiment.

· Kleygels Nikolai Vasilyevich (1868) - released as an ensign in the Life Guards Dragoon Regiment.

· Plehve, Pavel Adamovich (1870) - released in His Majesty's Uhlan Life Guards Regiment.

· Samsonov, Alexander Vasilyevich (1877) - released as a cornet into the Akhtyrsky 12th Hussar Regiment.

· Yakovlev, Leonid Georgievich - released in the Life Guards Ulan Regiment of Her Majesty.

· Zamyatnin, Alexander Nikolaevich (1878) - released as a cornet to the 11th Izyum Dragoons of His Royal Highness Crown Prince Friedrich Wilhelm Prussian regiment.

· Keller, Fedor Arturovich (1879)

· Markov, Vasily Evgenievich (1884)

· Alftan, Vladimir Alekseevich (1881) - released as a cornet in the Life Guards Uhlan Regiment of His Majesty.

· Miller, Evgeny Karlovich (1886)

· Pavlov Alexander Alexandrovich (1887) - released in the Life Guards Hussar Regiment.