Chronic gastritis is an inflammatory disease of the gastric mucosa, accompanied by impaired gastric digestion.

Risk factors:

I. Unmodified:

heredity,

II. Modified:

a) poor nutrition (long breaks between meals, dry food, abuse of spicy and fried foods, foods containing food additives and preservatives),

b) stress associated with heavy workload at school,

c) hormonal imbalance,

d) bad habits,

e) Helicobacter pylori infection and reflux of bile into the stomach,

g) uncontrolled use of NSAIDs and corticosteroids.

• Ш pallor;
• Ш loss of appetite;
• Ш rapid fatigue;
• Ш soreness, discomfort in the pit of the stomach;
• Ш distension of the stomach, its overcrowding;
• Ш belching;
• Ш heartburn;
• Ш nausea;
• Ш stool instability (alternating diarrhea with constipation).

Prevention:

I. Primary:

• · Children with a hereditary predisposition to this disease should be under medical supervision.
• · Parents are required to develop healthy eating habits and monitor compliance with the diet: mandatory breakfast at home, lunch at school, afternoon snack, dinner.
• · You should follow a daily routine, get enough sleep, and avoid emotional overload.
• · If it is necessary to take NSAIDs, corticosteroids in children with a predisposition to the disease, it is necessary to use antacids.

II. Secondary:

• · The patient must strictly follow a daily routine and diet.
• · Emotional and physical overload should be avoided.
• · The child needs full sleep, the duration of which should be at least 9-10 hours.
• · Monotonous nutrition, lack of vitamins, haste during meals, and dry food are unacceptable. Timely and intensive sanitation of foci of chronic infections, treatment of giardiasis, helminthic infestations, and somatic diseases are necessary.
• · An important place in the prevention of chronic gastritis is occupied by the effective treatment of acute inflammation of the stomach and compliance with the sanitary and hygienic regime.
• · Children suffering from chronic gastritis must undergo mandatory follow-up with a gastroenterologist. Twice a year (autumn and spring) they should undergo anti-relapse treatment for 3-4 weeks.
• · Courses of anti-relapse therapy include mental rest, a gentle diet (table No. 1 - for high acidity, table No. 2 - for symptoms of subacidosis, table No. 5 - for gastroduodenitis), sedatives; antacids (for hyperacidosis); treatment with mineral waters (at the rate of 3-4 ml per 1 kg of body weight of a sick child per day); vitamin therapy (vitamins A, group B).

Peritonitis is a process of inflammation of the peritoneum. With peritonitis, organ functioning is disrupted due to severe intoxication of the body. The connective tissue of the peritoneum envelops all the internal organs of the abdominal cavity and serves as a limiter between the internal environment of the abdominal cavity and the abdominal muscles.

When exposed to pathogenic microorganisms or chemical agents on the surface of the peritoneum, it is capable of releasing special substances that stop this process. If the number of pathogenic factors is large, then the peritoneum becomes involved in inflammation and peritonitis occurs. Peritonitis is a very life-threatening condition. If it occurs, emergency medical attention and urgent treatment are required, otherwise death is possible.

Causes of peritonitis

Peritonitis is classified as primary or secondary. In primary peritonitis, the causative agent is microorganisms that entered the peritoneum along with the blood flow from the infectious focus in the body. At the same time, the integrity of the peritoneum is preserved.

Primary peritonitis is classified as:

• spontaneous childhood primary peritonitis (usually girls under 7 years of age);
• spontaneous adult primary peritonitis (due to ascites, by-effect hemodialysis);
• primary peritonitis in persons suffering from active tuberculosis.

Secondary peritonitis is accompanied by damage or rupture of all layers of the peritoneum as a result of penetrating trauma to the abdomen or a violation of the integrity of one of the internal organs.

Secondary peritonitis is classified into:

1. peritonitis caused by a violation of the integrity of internal organs;
2. peritonitis caused by penetrating or blunt abdominal trauma;
3. peritonitis, which developed in the postoperative period.

There is tertiary peritonitis, which develops in the abdominal cavity after peritonitis has already occurred. That is, in essence, this is a relapse of peritonitis. Fortunately, it is rare. Its peculiarity is an erased course, severe intoxication and failure of almost all internal organs. It occurs when the body's defenses are severely depleted. Such peritonitis often does not respond to therapy and ends in the death of the patient.

Bacterial etiology of peritonitis

The intestines are home to a great variety of microorganisms, but exposure to only some of them can lead to peritonitis. This happens because some of them die in an oxygen environment, that is, they are strict anaerobes. Another part is subject to controlled death due to the anti-infective ability of the peritoneum.

Depending on the conditions in which peritonitis occurred, there are 2 forms:

• hospital;
• out-of-hospital.

The process of development of peritonitis

The speed and severity of the development of peritonitis symptoms largely depends on the state of the body, on the pathogenicity of microbes, and on the presence of provoking factors.

The main points in the development of peritonitis are as follows:

1. Intestinal paresis, as a result of which the absorption function is impaired and the body loses a large number of water and electrolytes.
2. Dehydration and decreased pressure in blood vessels leads to strong heartbeat and shortness of breath.
3. The rate of development of peritonitis and the severity of damage to the peritoneum depends on the number of pathogenic bacteria and the magnitude of intoxication.
4. Autointoxication is added to intoxication caused by microbes. In response to the aggression of microorganisms, antibodies are released in the blood that attack the lipopolysaccharide wall of the bacterium. The compliment system is activated and many active substances are released, the effect of which is manifested by intoxication.

If the human body is weakened or the microorganism is highly pathogenic, then peritonitis is not limited, but becomes diffuse or widespread. The spread is especially facilitated by increased peristalsis, as well as blood and exudate in the abdominal cavity.

Clinical manifestations of peritonitis

Symptoms depend on the cause of the disease, so the initial signs can be very varied. But there are several successive stages, depending on the time of onset of symptoms.

Reactive stage

Develops in the first day. Severe pain occurs, the patient can clearly determine the location. If the cause of peritonitis is perforation of a hollow organ, then this pain is described as dagger-like. For example, perforation of a stomach ulcer is described as severe sharp pain in the epigastric region, rupture of the appendix is ​​described as pain in the right iliac region.

The pain gradually spreads to other areas of the abdomen. Sometimes, after it occurs, the pain becomes less intense and does not bother the patient as much. This is how a symptom of imaginary well-being manifests itself. After some time, the pain returns.

The face of a patient with peritonitis is very typical. It is pale, sometimes even with an earthy tint. Covered with drops of sweat when pain occurs. Facial features become sharp due to dehydration. Severe pain forces the patient to take a comfortable position in order to somehow alleviate it. More often, a person lies on his side with his legs bent, sparing his stomach in every possible way, trying not to strain it.

When examining such a patient, tense abdominal muscles are found - a plank-shaped abdomen. The Shchetkin-Blumberg symptom is pronounced, in which a sharp removal of the hand from the surface of the abdomen at the time of palpation leads to increased pain.

The patient is bothered by repeated vomiting, after which there is no improvement. First it is vomiting water, then bile. Body temperature rises to febrile levels, fever often occurs with chills. On examination, the mucous membranes are dry due to dehydration, and thirst is a concern. The amount of urine excreted decreases.

Toxic stage

Develops on the second or third day. The patient's general condition worsens. Peritoneal symptoms are less pronounced. Microcirculation is disrupted. Outwardly, this is manifested by a cyanotic appearance of the nose, earlobes, fingers and toes. The patient is very pale. Severe dehydration leads to impaired brain function. Consciousness is depressed, the patient is indifferent to what is happening. Sometimes, on the contrary, he may be excited and delirious. Upon examination, palpation of the abdomen does not give any reaction.

Vomiting of bile continues, and in advanced cases, intestinal contents. Little urine is produced, maybe none at all. Fever reaches high numbers, up to 42 degrees. Worried about severe shortness of breath and palpitations. The pulse becomes threadlike.

Terminal stage

It is also called irreversible. If the patient’s condition does not improve by the third day, then the disease is irreversible and most often ends in the death of the person. The patient is in very serious condition. Dehydration is expressed to the maximum. In this case, facial features become so sharp that it becomes difficult to recognize the person. For a long time, such a face was called the face of Hippocrates: pale, with a bluish tint, sunken eye sockets with dark circles under the eyes.

Palpation of the abdomen does not provide objective data. The patient does not respond to palpation of the abdomen. Breathing is impaired and artificial support for lung function is often required. There is no pulse in the peripheral arteries. Such a patient requires intensive treatment and resuscitation care.

Methods for diagnosing peritonitis

In order to make a diagnosis of peritonitis, the doctor must rely on clinical data from the disease, medical history, external symptoms, and examination data of the patient.

Blood test and instrumental data are important.

Changes in the hemogram are aimed at increasing the number of white blood cells, shifting the formula to the left, and increasing ESR. These are universal signs of inflammation. Hemoglobin falls, the number of red blood cells decreases. Due to blood thickening, its clotting is impaired.

The main role is played by ultrasound of the abdominal cavity. It shows the primary localization of peritonitis, the affected organ and the degree of spread of the process throughout the peritoneum. How formerly man with symptoms of peritonitis, seek help, the greater his chances of recovery. Therefore, if you have a disease that is accompanied by fever, uncontrollable vomiting, or abdominal pain, you must call a doctor. If he suspects peritonitis, he will urgently refer such a patient to the hospital.

Treatment methods for peritonitis

Peritonitis is treated surgically. The operation is prescribed urgently, after appropriate preparation of the patient. The surgeon will open the abdominal cavity, eliminate the cause of peritonitis, suture the diseased organ, perform an inspection, and wash the internal organs and peritoneum with an antiseptic and saline solution. If peritonitis has affected a large part of the peritoneum, the wound is not tightly sutured, but additional lavage of the abdominal cavity is performed on the second and third days.

Actively undergoing therapy antibacterial drugs and correction of water and electrolyte balance.

The problem of treating peritonitis occupied many outstanding minds from Hippocrates to S.I. Spasokukotsky. At the beginning of the 20th century, the latter identified the connection between the speed of surgical care and the outcome of the disease. The sooner such a patient got to the operating table, the more likely his recovery was.

The reactive stage is not yet so severe, the disorders can be corrected, the body is not exhausted by the disease. The second stage, toxic, already leads to significant changes in the internal environment of the body and recovery is doubtful. In the third terminal stage, multiple organ failure develops and will end in death.

Preoperative preparation and monitoring

• For successful surgical intervention, it is necessary to carry out preoperative preparation.
• The patient must have a peripheral and central vein and bladder catheterized and premedicated.
• Midazolam (5 mg) and 10–20 mg of cerucal are administered on the operating table. Atropine administration is contraindicated, as there is a high probability of developing bradycardia.
• Medicines are administered that help reduce the acidity of gastric juice (about 40 mg of omeprazole or famotidine/ranitidine 50 mg into a vein).
• During the operation, infusion therapy is carried out in an amount of at least 1.5 liters of physiological solution, and plasma and blood products are added if necessary.
• Perform artificial ventilation and administer oxygen.

In the case when the patient lies on the operating table and there is more than 25 ml of contents in the stomach, there is a real threat of aspiration. This is the name for the entry of stomach contents into the lumen of the bronchial tree. Gastric juice can cause a burn to the mucous membrane of the bronchi and trachea. Complications of aspiration include multiple pulmonary atelectasis, bronchospasm, respiratory failure, and pulmonary edema.

Aspiration of small amounts of gastric juice can subsequently lead to aspiration pneumonia.

Therefore, in anesthesiological practice in patients with peritonitis, ganglioblockers and anticholinergics - drugs that can reduce the tone of the lower esophageal sphincter - are not used.

Antibacterial therapy is carried out with a combination of antibiotics that act on both Gram-plus and Gram-minus bacteria. For community-acquired peritonitis, this is intravenous administration of cefotaxime and metronidazole. For in-hospital use - cefepime and metronidazole. If peritonitis develops in the hospital during antibiotic therapy, carbapenems are used.

Postoperative period

In the postoperative period, some problems may arise related to the normal functioning of the intestines, severe pain, and the development of purulent complications. Recommended:

• observation of the patient, hourly assessment of respiratory rate, pulse, diuresis, central venous pressure, drainage discharge;
• infusion therapy with colloid and crystalloid solutions is carried out;
• to warm patients, infusion media are heated to body temperature;
• the lungs are ventilated for 72 hours to ensure sufficient oxygen supply to organs and tissues;
• a glucose solution is administered through a nasogastric tube;
• early restoration of intestinal motility;
• prevention of pain syndrome. Narcotic analgesics are used in combination with non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. Fentanyl, morphine, ketorolac are used.

Prevention of peritonitis development

It consists of informing the population of the main symptoms of peritonitis and its consequences. It is necessary that everyone knows how to act if peritonitis is suspected and, if there are reliable signs, immediately call an ambulance. Prevention of primary peritonitis consists of timely treatment of existing chronic foci of infection.

Peritonitis as a surgical complication:

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IT IS IMPORTANT TO KNOW!

Prevention of gastritis

It is known that it is easier to prevent a disease than to treat it later. Activities carried out to prevent the development of the disease are based on the statement.

Prevention, as a part of medicine, is:

• Primary, aimed at preventing the disease;
• Secondary, characterized by eliminating risk factors for an existing disease and preventing exacerbations.

Chronic gastritis is a disease worthy of preventive measures. There are several reasons given:

• Affects the patient's quality of life;
• Leads to ulceration;
• Malabsorption nutrients, vitamins;
• The risk of complications is bleeding and stomach cancer.

To understand preventive measures for gastritis, it is necessary to find out the causes of development. Depending on the type of chronic gastritis, the causes are:

Prevention of chronic gastritis can be public and individual.

Public prevention is based on carrying out measures to protect the population from consuming low-quality products. Government organizations supervise public catering establishments and places where food products are sold. The correctness of food preparation, hygiene of the workplace and the employee himself are monitored.

This especially applies to children's organizations to prevent damage to the stomach and digestive tract due to non-compliance with the rules for storing and preparing food.

Individual prevention concerns each person personally and depends on a number of factors:

• The reason for the development of gastritis;
• Presence of concomitant pathology;
• The presence of gastritis in family members.

Prevention of acute gastritis

Chronic gastritis is the result of lack of treatment or poor treatment of acute gastritis. The most important preventative measure will be to consult a doctor on time and follow treatment recommendations.

Prevention of Helicobacter pylori infection

The research work of scientists B. Marshall and J. Warren was demonstrated in 1983. It was the first to talk about the bacterium Helicobacter pylori as a causative agent of gastritis. The mentioned work changed the way medicine thinks about chronic gastritis.

Helicobacter is transmitted by contact, you will need to follow the following measures:

• mandatory hand washing before eating;
• do not share unwashed dishes, do not taste food from the same spoon, do not drink from the same cup;
• Personal hygiene products are provided individually for each family member.

If an infection is detected in a family member, it is recommended that everyone undergo an examination and, if necessary, take medications.

It is recommended to carry out activities aimed at restoring and improving the functioning of the immune system.

Nutrition

The importance of nutrition in the prevention of gastritis cannot be overestimated.

Diet

The correct percentage of meals: breakfast is dense, rich in nutritional components, dinner – on the contrary, light.

Prevention of gastritis involves limiting salt intake, due to the fact that the foods consumed contain a sufficient amount of sodium chloride for the body.

Drink water in the prescribed amount. Juice, compote, soup, tea and coffee are not water; a bowl of soup cannot replace a glass of water. Moisture is vital for the proper functioning of the body and the fight against an aggressive environment.

Consuming the right fats. You cannot give up fats; lipids are involved in many metabolic processes, for example, in the synthesis of sex hormones. It is recommended to differentiate fat consumption: increase the amount of polyunsaturated fats contained in sea ​​fish, limit the consumption of unsaturated fats found in meat, eggs, and butter. Both types of fats should be present in the diet.

You will have to sharply limit or abandon the consumption of foods that strongly irritate the gastric mucosa. This includes fried foods, half-baked foods, excess smoked meats, marinades and spices.

The diet should include and alternate cooking methods of different consistency. Excess dry food will prepare the mucous membrane for the development of gastritis.

Treatment of gastritis is accompanied by similar nutritional recommendations.

Food quality

Monitoring the quality properties of products is necessary to prevent gastritis and many other diseases of the digestive tract. The main thing is freshness, eliminating doubts about the quality of food. If doubts arise, the only correct decision is to refuse to use the product for food.

Mode

Regular meals in small portions will prevent chronic gastritis and help activate metabolic processes. This is true for people who are prone to obesity.

Between meals, make small snacks: not chocolate bars and chips, but an apple, grapefruit, low-fat cottage cheese, nuts and dried fruits.

To prevent overstretching of the stomach and damage to the mucous membrane, simultaneous intake of large amounts of food is unacceptable!

Nutrition process

Absorption of food is carried out consciously; rushing and swallowing unchewed portions are not allowed. Chewing makes the stomach's work easier; the organ is not adapted to grinding food. Watching TV or the computer while eating food will not help normalize digestion.

Alcohol consumption

Regular consumption alcoholic drinks and its surrogates leads to the development of atrophic gastritis. Any alcohol has a toxic effect on the cells of the gastric mucosa, especially if consumption becomes excessive.

Alcohol substitutes can cause severe damage to the esophagus, stomach, liver, and pancreas even with one-time use. This leads to irreparable consequences.

Smoking

Tobacco smoke affects the stomach in several ways:

• Smoking stimulates salivation; when saliva saturated with tobacco smoke products is swallowed, the mucous membrane is damaged and chronic gastritis develops;
• A small amount of nicotine enters the stomach in gaseous form when inhaled;
• The effect of nicotine on the centers regulating appetite and satiety in the brain;
• Once in the blood, nicotine is integrated into the body's metabolic processes and becomes necessary.

Taking medications

Groups of drugs that require careful monitoring of the stomach condition and prescribing gastroprotectors:

• Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs are medications that should be taken with caution and follow the instructions. These include Aspirin (acetylsalicylic acid), Ibuprofen, Ketoprofen, Indomethacin, Diclofenac.
• Sulfonamides contribute to the development of erosive gastritis. Antibiotics act on the gastric mucosa as toxic substances and allergens;
• Medicines used to treat tuberculosis;
• Anticoagulants such as heparin require differentiated administration, especially when combined with other medications;
• Cytostatics;
• Anticholinergics reduce intestinal motility, thereby promoting stagnation of food, overstretching of the stomach, and the development of gastritis;
• Iron supplements.

When prescribing drugs that have a detrimental effect on the stomach, the attending physician will recommend medications to protect the mucous membrane or reduce the negative effect. You should not self-medicate or take medications uncontrollably.

Occupational hazards

Precautions must be taken if professional activity associated with the production or use of toxic substances. The use of personal safety equipment is required: masks, respirators, protective suits.

Chronic infections

Here we talk about infections of the digestive system, specific infectious processes affecting the stomach, and chronic lesions.

When the body is infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis or the causative agent of syphilis, the gastric mucosa undergoes changes: granulomatous gastritis develops. Prevention is the early diagnosis and treatment of specific infections.

Chronic infections of the oral cavity contribute to the development of gastritis.

Prevention of gastritis in childhood

Gastritis of the stomach in a child develops for reasons different from those in adults.

Features of the development of gastritis in children:

• Physiologically low motor function of the stomach;
• The amount of bacterial agent required for the development of infectious gastritis is significantly less;
• Self-healing often occurs.

Maintaining a daily routine: adequate sleep, walks in the fresh air, meals at a time. For a child, the regime is a kind of confidence, calmness and, accordingly, the absence of personal experiences.

The family environment should be friendly. This concerns the relationship with the child and the connection between parents.

Plays a major role in the formation of good protective factors in the stomach breast-feeding, and in the future – the correct introduction of complementary foods.

It is imperative to monitor what the child eats, especially if the family lives outside the city, because all unripe berries and fruits contain acids that irritate the mucous membranes and prepare the stomach for inflammation. It is necessary to monitor the condition of the oral cavity, sanitize chronic foci of infection: treat teeth, throat and inflammation of the tonsils.

If allergic manifestations occur on the skin, a mandatory consultation with an allergist is necessary to prescribe adequate treatment. Allergic gastritis of the stomach often accompanies skin manifestations.

If any disease develops, parents should not try to cope with it on their own. An examination by a pediatrician is necessary to prevent uncontrolled prescription of medications, which contribute to an even greater tendency of the child’s body to allergies.

If someone in the family is diagnosed with Helicobacter, then the child can become infected easily. Therefore, adults should take their treatment seriously: take pills regularly and observe personal hygiene rules.

Parents must be responsible for the health of their child.

Secondary prevention of gastritis

This is prevention aimed at preventing exacerbation of existing chronic gastritis.

To do this, all the rules of primary prevention are followed, which are accompanied by mandatory medical examination and prescription of medications.

How to avoid relapse of peptic ulcer? Prevention of duodenal ulcers

Ulcerative formations in the duodenum are a chronic, relapsing disease that affects the walls of the small intestine. When the disease worsens, the pathological process can spread to the stomach.

For patients, the spring-autumn period is especially dangerous. At this time, the digestive organs are most vulnerable, since weakened the immune system may not always suppress pathogenic microorganisms.

Gastroenterologists are confident that preventive measures can prevent damage to the intestinal mucosa both in the absence of disease and in the case of an ulcer diagnosis, significantly lengthening the period of remission.

Prevention of duodenal ulcers is divided into three phases:

• Primary - consists of measures to prevent the development of the disease;
• Secondary - reduces the risk of relapse and exacerbations;
• Tertiary - reduces the likelihood of complications;

Primary prevention of duodenal ulcer

A set of measures that reduces the risk of developing a defect in the intestinal mucosa consists of:

• Preventing infection by Helicobacter pylori bacteria. It is this type of microorganism that causes ulcers. If at least one family member is infected with Helicobacter pylori, strictly follow the rules of hygiene, separate dishes, and do not use towels or personal belongings of the sick person. This will help reduce the risk of infection.
• Ban on smoking and strong alcoholic drinks.
• Proper nutrition. The daily dietary menu should be age- and energy-appropriate. For quick absorption and easy digestion of food, limit yourself to spicy, fatty and smoked foods, carbonated drinks and caffeine.
• Regular visits to the dentist and treatment of caries.
• Psychological comfort. Nervous breakdowns and stress primarily affects the functioning of the digestive system, especially the stomach and duodenum.

Prevention of recurrence of duodenal ulcer

The secondary and tertiary preventive complex is aimed at reducing pain and the risk of repeated exacerbations of the disease, which may result in a complication in the form of perforation of the ulcer.

• Anti-relapse treatment prescribed by a gastroenterologist. The course includes physiotherapeutic procedures, herbal medicine, medication and mineral water.
• In the autumn-spring period, sanatorium-resort prevention of peptic ulcer disease in specialized institutions is required.
• Rehabilitation of chronic diseases. Any exacerbation of old foci of infection can provoke new ones.
• Strict adherence to the dietary menu.
• Regular monitoring of changes in the course of the disease using laboratory and instrumental examinations.

To summarize what has been said, it is necessary to pay attention to the fact that disease prevention should not be neglected. After all, it’s timely Taken measures will be able to prevent the appearance of ulcers, and in the case of already formed lesions of the duodenal mucosa, they will reduce the risk of complications.

Chechukov Dmitry

Information and research project

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Project

"Prevention of gastritis

among schoolchildren"

Prepared by: Dmitry Chechukov, 4th “B” grade

Head: Ponomareva L.B.

GBS(K)OU boarding school No. 136

2014

g.o. Samara

Introduction……………………………………………………………………………….p.3

Chapter Ι The concept of “Health” and who is a healthy person………pp.4-5

A) Factors that negatively affect human health.

B) Analysis of the results of a survey of schoolchildren.

Chapter ΙΙ What is “Gastritis”, what is its prevention...p.6-8

A) Causes contributing to the occurrence of gastritis.

B) Character, diet leading to this disease.

Conclusion…………………………………………………………………… p.9

References…………………………………………………….p.10

Introduction

Relevance of the project:

The topic of the work “Prevention of gastritis in schoolchildren” was not chosen by me by chance. I often hear comments and arguments about the eating habits of modern teenagers. Yes, unfortunately, I myself love chips, hamburgers, and Coca-Cola. It's so delicious! But it turns out it’s also harmful! My mother assures me that this is a direct path to gastritis.

Problem:

I know that an incorrect diet can lead to gastritis, but I don’t know what the prevention of this disease is.

Project goals and objectives:

Target : understand what kind of disease this is, how it affects a person’s life.

To achieve this goal, I have determined the following tasks :

• Understand what human “health” is.
• Conduct a study using a questionnaire on the topic: “Regimen, eating habits” among 4th grade students at a boarding school.
• Understand what “gastritis” is, how to prevent its occurrence, and also arouse interest in this problem among peers.

Project type

Information and research, short-term.

Structure of project activities

1. Preparatory (conversation with parents, teacher; search for sources - Internet, scientific literature);
2. Design (selection of materials, creation of a work plan)
3. Practical (writing an essay, making a presentation)
4. Reflection (showing a presentation, speaking)

Result:

1. I understand myself and can explain to others what human “health” is.
2. I know what gastritis is and how to prevent its occurrence.
3. I know what kind of disease this is and how it affects people’s lives.

In the main part of my work, I considered it important to convey information about human health, about the factors (reasons) influencing it.

An analysis was carried out based on the results of questionnaires among my peers, and disappointing conclusions were drawn. Also in the main part I introduce listeners to the disease “Gastritis”, I give the reasons and factors that contribute to its appearance. I find out how much, it turns out, depends on the diet of schoolchildren and their eating habits.

Everyone should take care of their health themselves, from childhood. Namely, refuse (or at least reduce consumption) of “harmful” foods, follow a daily routine and diet. I started with myself and have already felt the results. Abdominal pain is less bothersome, headaches are less common, and fatigue occurs. I learn information better at school and my studies are easier. The positive result is obvious to me. But I would like to arouse interest in this important problem among all my peers.

“Health” is a state of a living organism in which the body as a whole and all its organs are able to perform their functions, as well as the absence of illness or disease. Healthy man- this is the person who leads healthy image life, goes in for sports, has no bad habits, follows a daily routine and diet, does not complain of pain, knows how to enjoy life, and easily solves all problems that arise.

According to WHO (World Health Organization), the main factors that affect human health are:

1. Conditions and lifestyle, nutrition – 50%
2. Heredity – 20%
3. Natural conditions – 20%
4. Influence of medicine – 10%

We see that conditions, lifestyle and nutrition play a major role. Reasons that negatively affect health will be:

Improper lifestyle (bad habits, sedentary lifestyle, irregular diet);

Pre-existing diseases in a person;

Infectious diseases, etc.

In my work, I considered the factor (reason) that most often affects a schoolchild’s health - nutrition. We know that eating habits are established from childhood. I conducted a survey with my peers on this topic. Analysis of the study results was disappointing.

(Questionnaire attached).

A total of 18 children participated in the anonymous survey. The good news is that when the children are in the boarding school, everyone has breakfast. It turned out that about half of them (9 people) do not have breakfast when they are at home. Only 2 children eat several times a day (5 times), the rest eat 3, sometimes 4 times a day. 18 people (100%) like carbonated drinks; half drink them once a week or more often.

There were also 18 people (100%) who love chips, of which 30% eat them often. 16 people (almost 90%) adore chewing gum; 12 people (more than half) chew gum constantly (and it increases the secretion of acid in the stomach!). Also, more than half turned out to be fans of eating in front of the TV (it is known that digestion of food in this case worsens). It is also surprising that 10 out of 18 people would prefer a hamburger or sandwich to soup for lunch.

An analysis of the survey results shows that children are very fond of foods that are harmful to the stomach (which, when consumed frequently, have bad influence on him). Now it’s clear why 13 people (that’s half of the respondents) often or sometimes experience abdominal pain.

If parents do not intervene, they may develop gastritis. I'll tell you about it a little later. And here is the answer to the question: “Are you a fan of dairy products?” made me happy. Only four are not their fans.

From all this we can draw conclusions: neither schoolchildren nor their parents (who allow them to do this) think about the consequences of poor nutrition.

But the consequence can be gastritis.

"Gastritis" is an inflammation of the gastric mucosa. It can be acute or chronic. Acute gastritis - manifests itself violently, accompanied by high temperature, severe pain in the abdomen, vomiting and, as a rule, with proper and timely treatment, goes away without a trace. Acute inflammation can develop due to an infection: viral or bacterial.

Chronic gastritis develops gradually and may not manifest itself in any way in the early stages. And when the first symptoms appear in a child, the disease is often already in an advanced stage.

Eating dry food, on the run, an abundance of spicy, dry, rough food, carbonated drinks - all this has a bad effect on a child’s stomach.

Children spend almost the whole day at school. They go to class, do homework, then go to clubs or walk outside. What about food? Children often snack on the run and dry food.

It has been proven that irregular nutrition, dry food, dyes and preservatives, unfavorable environment and stress lead to the development of gastritis. Other causes of this disease may be various inflammatory diseases of the digestive system, pathology of the nervous and endocrine systems, chronic infection of the oral cavity, pharynx, kidneys, as well as giardiasis and worms.

One of the variants of the disease is chronic gastritis, caused by the bacteria Helicobacter pylori. Sometimes the reason may be food allergy. It should be remembered that many medications(aspirin, etc.) with long-term use can also lead to the development of inflammation of the gastric mucosa.

To diagnose gastritis, a consultation with a gastroenterologist is required, as well as special examinations.

Children with chronic gastritis are often thin, irritable, and emotionally unstable.

Of course, parents have a question: is it possible to avoid the development of “school” gastritis? How do I see the prevention of gastritis?

The health of children is still in the hands of their parents. They control what and how many times a day the child eats. If there are no hot lunches at school, you can give warm tea or broth in a thermos, because dry eating is one of the most important factors in the development of gastritis.

If your child shows the first signs of illness, do not despair. If you behave correctly in this situation, you can prevent the development of chronic gastritis.

You should immediately:

1. Change your diet (eat small portions, but often).

2. Eliminate (or at least reduce) stress.

3. It is necessary to follow a diet: exclude spicy, fried, smoked,

Carbonated drinks.

4. Organize the student’s daily routine correctly: classes, sleep, rest.

5. Eliminate physical overload.

6. Teach your child to eat slowly, chewing food thoroughly.

If there is a need for medication treatment, you can use medicinal herbs. St. John's wort, mint, chamomile, calendula flowers, and yarrow are used. But this is already under the supervision of a doctor.

It is always easier to prevent a disease than to

Treat!

I can give a number of tips to parents on how to protect themselves from this evil:

Pupils! I also want to contact you.

Here's what you need to remember to stay healthy and strong:

Concluding my work, I draw the following conclusions.

I realized that the human body is a complex mechanism, and like any mechanism, it needs fuel. It is fueled by the food we eat. It contains nutrients from which our body receives energy and also builds new cells and tissues.

In my work, I tried to understand what “health”, “healthy nutrition” is, what a passion for fast food, dry eating, irregular food intake, namely gastritis, can lead to.

Gastritis is an inflammation of the gastric mucosa.

Common causes of this disease are:

Hasty food, poorly chewed food or dry food that

mechanically injure the gastric mucosa.

Eating hot or too cold food causes

thermal (like a burn) injury.

Eating spicy, highly salty foods irritates the stomach

type of action of chemicals.

This disease is easier to prevent than to cure. Even at the very beginning of the disease, a person is bothered by belching, heartburn, and abdominal pain.

Gastritis often occurs in childhood due to the use of “ harmful products" This is confirmed by a survey of schoolchildren.

I hope that my report will interest not only children, but also adults. I myself learned a lot of new things in the process of work and drew conclusions for myself.

After all, it’s never too late to take care of your health.

“HARMFUL” PRODUCTS FOR THE STOMACH

SCHOOLBOY! REMEMBER: THIS FOOD CAUSES FIRE
IN THE STOMACH AND LEAD TO GASTRITIS!

Bibliography:

1. “Public health and healthcare” Tutorial(edited by V.S. Luchkevich and I.V. Polyakov), St. Petersburg, 2005.

2. Denisov B.P. “Assessment of the health status of the Russian population,” No. 3, 2005.

3. “New Schoolchild Encyclopedia” Moscow, “Swallowtail”, 2008.

4. “What? For what? Why?" Big book of questions and answers.

Translation from Spanish by K. Mishina, A. Zykova. Moscow, Eksmo, 2006.

Questionnaire

1.Do you have breakfast before leaving for school when you are in a boarding school?___________

2. do you have breakfast when you are at home?_______________

3. Do you like carbonated sweet drinks? (Coca-Cola, Fanta, etc.)

__________________

How often do you use them?

1 time per month _________________

More often ________________________

4. Do you like chips? __________________

How often do you use them?

1 time per month__________________

Once a week_________________

More often_________________________

5.Do you like chewing gum?___________________

How often do you use it?

1 time per month_________________

Once a week________________

More often________________________

6.Do you like to eat in front of the TV?_________________

7.What will you choose if you are offered soup__________________

or a hamburger_________________

8.Do you eat candy before meals (lunch)?_____________

9. Do you like dairy products (cottage cheese, yogurt, milk)?___________

10.How many times a day do you eat?

3-4 times______________________

5-6 times_______________________

Less than 3 times __________________

11.Do you have soup for lunch?_________________

12.Or do you prefer sandwiches?____________

13.Do you have stomach pain?___________

Prevention of gastritis is a whole set of measures aimed at preventing the causes of the disease or the transition of gastritis from acute to chronic form. Each form has its own treatment features.

Gastritis is a fairly common disease. It occurs with increased or decreased acidity of the juice in the stomach. Gastritis can also be chronic or acute. Usually the latter type occurs due to poisoning by toxins or drug stress.

Problems usually appear due to:

• violations of the diet, consumption of low-quality foods,
• abuse of fatty, hot foods, etc.
• Problems can also arise due to a special type of bacteria or medicines.

During gastritis occurs:

• inflammation of the mucous membrane;
• the glands are not able to produce the optimal amount of juice;
• regeneration processes begin to slow down in cells;
• the stomach loses the ability to digest food normally.

There are a large number of different causes of gastritis, which is why prevention of this disease plays a special role.

It is necessary to direct preventive measures to eliminate all possible factors that can affect Negative influence on important digestive processes.

• Food quality. A very important point is the implementation of competent measures to control the quality of food consumed. It is imperative to prepare food correctly, in appropriate conditions, that is, in a clean kitchen. This especially applies to dishes, because various pathogenic microorganisms cannot be allowed to penetrate into food.
• Healthy diet. Prevention involves organizing proper and maximally rational nutrition. You need to eat whole foods that contain the amount of vitamins, microelements, proteins, lipids, etc. required by the body.
• Diet. It is necessary to properly follow the diet, for which it is advisable to choose approximately the same time for each meal each day, that is, breakfast, lunch and dinner. Dinner should end approximately four hours before one goes to bed.
• Avoiding long pauses between meals, as well as eating in a hurry. To avoid any stomach problems, you need to eat in moderation and on time.
• Avoid overeating– very important for preventive purposes, especially in the evening.
• Temperature– also must be observed responsibly, because food should not be hot or cold.
• It's best to refuse– smoked meats, spices and foods that are difficult to digest, as well as fast food, fried and half-raw fish and meat products.

Acute gastritis

The main factors that can provoke acute gastritis:

• Alcohol abuse.
• Smoking.
• Binge eating.
• Eating too much fried, spicy, etc.

To prevent the occurrence of an acute form of the disease, you need to:

• Follow your diet and eliminate bad habits.
• Vegetables and fruits should be washed extremely thoroughly before consumption.
• Products like fish and meat necessarily require prolonged heat treatment.
• The best option would be to prepare fresh food for only one day.
• Food must be stored in special conditions, that is, in the refrigerator.

To prevent the occurrence of the disease, it is necessary to promptly eliminate foci of infection that may arise in the body:

• Sinusitis and tonsillitis in chronic forms require timely treatment.
• Treat teeth affected by caries in a timely manner, because a large number of infections can accumulate there.

Thanks to all this, it is possible to prevent the penetration of dangerous bacteria into food, which will certainly avoid the occurrence of an acute form of the disease.

Chronic gastritis

Often this problem acts as a complication of gastric catarrh. It is necessary to follow the basic rules, as in the acute form, so that it does not become chronic. It is necessary to promptly and adequately treat acute forms of the disease, because it is this factor that is of primary importance in the transition to chronic forms.

A few basic rules must be followed:

• Adhere to the diet and rhythm.
• Carefully monitor the condition of the oral cavity.
• Refrain from drinking alcohol and smoking.
• Do not consume foods that can provoke thermal, mechanical or chemical irritation of the mucous membrane.

Elimination of occupational hazards:

• alkali vapor,
• coal or silicate dust in workshops

It is important to eliminate inflammatory foci in a timely manner:

• We must remember the importance of timely treatment of diseases of the cardiovascular and endocrine systems.
• Proper treatment of neuroses plays an important role in prevention.
• You should not use medications for too long, especially drugs that can irritate the stomach.

In children

When preventing gastritis in children, it is necessary to try to minimize the child’s consumption of harmful foods. At this age, you usually want to eat something unusual and tasty, but it’s hard to keep it in moderation. Therefore, parents should be especially careful about this.

• Eliminate overeating, because the child’s stomach may simply not be able to cope with such loads, which is why gastritis occurs.
• Limit sweets. Eating excessive amounts of chocolate, biscuits, spicy and spicy foods can cause problems. Pediatricians advise not to give chocolate to children under three years of age, and then give it only in limited quantities.
• Stress– can provoke the occurrence of gastritis in children. They can be caused by conflicts in kindergarten, troubles in home. Unpleasant conversations while eating can cause problems.
• Poisoning and food allergies can be causes of acute gastritis in children.
• You need to carefully monitor the quality of food your child eats.

The chronic form of the disease often occurs due to the fact that the acute form has not been treated. You need to contact a specialist in time.

Folk remedies

You can prevent the onset of the disease if you use some traditional methods.

• For example, a good option is to take a decoction of strawberry leaves. You need to infuse the product for six hours and drink 100 ml every day.
• There are many other useful preventive remedies, for example, herbal remedies, birch bark and many others.

Drugs

Be sure to consult a doctor to prescribe the necessary medications

Currently, there are a lot of different medications that allow for proper prevention. There are several main medications:

• Rennie to combat heartburn.
• Chamomile flowers to restore the normal state of the mucous membrane.
• Pancreatin to improve fermentation in the stomach.
• Mezim Forte for better digestibility of food.
• Phosphalugel to reduce the acidity of gastric juice.
• Festal to normalize the acid balance.
• Motilak to accelerate gastrointestinal motility.

Role of the nurse

A healthcare professional can play a very important role in preventing the disease. The main part of the measures is directly related to compliance with the regime. The nurse should monitor the patient's compliance with basic instructions and advice.

The nurse also usually conducts outreach work among patients. She can assess the patient’s hygienic condition if he is being monitored at home, etc.

Doctors

Preparations can be natural and not only. But in any case, it is advisable to use them after consulting a doctor. You can seek help from a nutritionist or gastroenterologist.

It is important not to forget that it is much easier to prevent the development of the disease thanks to competent preventive measures than to treat it later.