In August 1924, Sergei Korolev entered the Kiev Polytechnic Institute at the aviation department of the mechanical faculty. In parallel with his studies, he was involved in a gliding club, where he designed several aircraft. He was especially fascinated by the principles jet propulsion and prospects for flights into the stratosphere.

During these same years, Korolev worked as a newspaper delivery boy, participated as an extra in filming, and repaired roofs (he mastered the craft of a tile tile worker while still in construction school).

In 1926, to continue his studies, Sergei Korolev transferred to the third year of the aeromechanical department of the mechanical faculty of the Moscow Higher Technical School (MVTU, now Moscow State Technical University named after N.E. Bauman).

In March 1927, he graduated from the gliding school at the Moscow Higher Technical School, receiving the title of glider pilot. Sergei Korolev also studied in the aerodynamic club named after. N. E. Zhukovsky, where he developed original gliders and light aircraft. In 1929, he designed and built the Koktebel glider (together with Sergei Lyushin) and on October 15, 1929 he flew it at the VI All-Union Glider Competition in Koktebel. In November of the same year, he received a soaring pilot certificate, and in June 1930 he graduated from the Moscow Osoaviakhim Pilot School, receiving the qualification of a pilot.

Since his fourth year at the institute, Sergei Korolev has been combining study with work. From May to November 1927, he worked in the design bureau of the State Aviation Plant No. 22 named after the 10th anniversary of the October Revolution, and then in the experimental department of aircraft designer Dmitry Grigorovich at Plant No. 22. From October 1928, he served as head of the center section design team of this department; in March 1929 he was transferred to the experimental department at plant No. 28, where he participated in the development of the T0M-1 torpedo bomber under the leadership of Paul Aimé Richard.
In December 1929, Korolev defended his graduation project light aircraft SK‑4 (headed by Andrei Tupolev), and in February 1930 received a certificate of graduation from the Moscow Higher Technical School and qualification as an “aeromechanical engineer”.

After graduating from Moscow Higher Technical School, he worked as the head of a motor equipment team at the central design bureau (TsKB) at aircraft plant No. 39.

In March 1931, Korolev began working as a senior flight test engineer at the Central Aerohydrodynamic Institute (TsAGI), where he flew with Mikhail Gromov, working, in particular, on developing the first domestic autopilot.

In September 1931, Sergei Korolev took part in the organization of the Moscow Group for the Study of Jet Propulsion (GIRD) at Osoaviakhim of the USSR, headed by Friedrich Zander, and in May 1932, while remaining full-time employee TsAGI, became its head. In August 1933, in Nakhabino near Moscow, he supervised the first flight test in the USSR of a rocket with a hybrid fuel engine, the GIRD R-1, and on November 25, a rocket with a liquid fuel, the GIRD-X. The result of his activities in the GIRD was the badge “For active defense work” awarded in December 1933 - the highest award of Osoaviakhim of the USSR.

In 1933-1938, Sergei Korolev worked at the Jet Research Institute of the People's Commissariat of Heavy Industry (since 1937 - Research Institute-3 of the People's Commissariat of Defense Industry): deputy head of the institute, senior engineer of the cruise missile sector, head of the sector, head of the department, head of the group, senior group engineer. During this period, he developed a number of aircraft designs, including designs for a guided cruise missile (flying in 1939).

In 1938, on false charges, Sergei Korolev was arrested and sentenced to 10 years in prison. He served his sentence in Kolyma. In September 1940, Korolev, thanks to the petition of Andrei Tupolev, was transferred to the Special Technical Bureau under the People's Commissar of Internal Affairs of the USSR (TsKB-29). While in prison, he worked as an aeromechanical engineer at the Tupolev design bureau (KB), which was developing the Tu-2 dive bomber project.

In July 1941, together with TsKB-29, he was evacuated to Omsk, where until November 1942 he worked as a design bureau technologist and assistant to the head of the assembly shop at aircraft plant No. 166 (now Polet).

In November 1942, Korolev was transferred to Kazan to aircraft engine plant No. 16, where he worked as a leading engineer - chief designer of the group in the experimental design bureau of the NKVD special department under the leadership of Valentin Glushko rocket launchers, dealing with the problem of equipping serial combat aircraft with liquid rocket boosters.

On July 27, 1944, the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR adopted a resolution on the early release of Sergei Korolev with his criminal record expunged.

From September 1945 to January 1947, Korolev was part of a group of Soviet specialists in Germany, where he studied German captured rocket technology. He first worked at the Rabe Special Institute in Bleicherode as the head of the Vystrel group, and later as the first deputy head, chief engineer of the Nordhausen Institute.

In August 1946, Korolev was appointed chief designer of the first Soviet ballistic missile. long range(BRDD), as well as the head of the department of the special design bureau of Research Institute No. 88 of the USSR Ministry of Armament (Kaliningrad, Moscow Region, now the city of Korolev). In 1947, he provided technical supervision of the first launch of a captured A-4 rocket at the Kapustin Yar test site. In 1948, the first launch of the R-1 BRDD was carried out.

In May 1950, after the reorganization of NII-88, Sergei Korolev was appointed head and chief designer of the experimental design bureau (OKB), and in September 1951 he was additionally given the responsibility of deputy director of NII-88.
From the end of 1947 to 1952, he was a part-time teacher at the Department of Jet Weapons at the Moscow Higher Technical School.
In 1956-1966 - chief and chief designer OKB-1, separated from NII-88 into an independent enterprise (now Rocket and Space Corporation Energia named after S.P. Korolev).

Under the direct leadership of Sergei Korolev, the creation of the country's nuclear missile shield was ensured (the development and commissioning of the first domestic long-range missiles using high-boiling, low-boiling and solid fuel components), space exploration began (the first high-altitude geophysical rockets, the first artificial Earth satellite, the first human space flight - Yuri Gagarin, the first scientific satellites "Electron", automatic stations to the Moon, Mars, Venus, the first domestic communications satellite "Molniya-1", photo observation satellite "Zenith"). Work was carried out on the Vostok and Voskhod manned spacecraft programs, work began on manned lunar programs, and design and research work was carried out on manned complexes for flights to planets solar system and other projects.

As the initiator of the creation and chairman of the Council of Chief Designers, Korolev provided technical guidance and coordination of the work of the country's enterprises and organizations in the rocket, rocket-space and space projects, developed with the leading role of the enterprise he led.

Sergei Korolev was a Doctor of Technical Sciences, a full member of the USSR Academy of Sciences (1958), a member of the Presidium of the USSR Academy of Sciences (1960-1966), twice Hero of Socialist Labor (1956, 1961), laureate of the Lenin Prize (1957), and was awarded two Orders of Lenin (1956 , 1961), Order of the Badge of Honor (1945), medals.

Korolev was married twice. First wife (1931-1948) - Ksenia Vincentini. In 1935, their daughter Natalya was born, but this marriage broke up. Second wife (1949-1966) - Nina Kotenkova.

Sergei Korolev died on January 14, 1966 (his heart stopped after surgery). An urn with his ashes is installed in the Kremlin wall on Red Square in Moscow.

In 1966, the USSR Academy of Sciences established a gold medal named after him “For outstanding work in the field of rocket and space technology.”

The name of Korolev is given to Samara National Research University, Rocket and Space Corporation (RSC) Energia, the Korolev science city in the Moscow region (renamed in 1996 from Kaliningrad), the central avenue of this city. Streets in many CIS cities are named after Academician Korolev. Two research vessels, a crater on Mars, a crater on back side Moons, asteroid 1855, a high mountain peak in the Pamirs, a pass in the Tien Shan.

In Moscow, in the house where Korolev lived in 1959-1966, the Korolev Memorial House Museum was opened in 1975. There are memorial house-museums in Zhitomir and Baikonur.

Soviet scientist, designer of rocket and space systems, academician of the USSR Academy of Sciences (1958), twice Hero of Socialist Labor (1956, 1961). Founder of practical astronautics.

Sergei Pavlovich Korolev was born on January 12, 1907 in the city of Zhitomir (now in Ukraine) in the family of Russian literature teacher Pavel Yakovlevich Korolev (1877-1929). He was about three years old when his parents divorced.

In 1915, S.P. Korolev entered the preparatory classes of the gymnasium in Kyiv, and in 1917 he went to the first grade of the gymnasium in Odessa. After the closure of the gymnasium, he studied at the Construction Vocational School, from which he graduated in 1924, receiving the specialty of a tile builder.

In 1924-1927, S.P. Korolev studied at the aeromechanical department of the Moscow Higher Technical University. , in 1927 he began working at the factories of the All-Union Aviation Association. In 1929, he graduated from the Moscow Higher Technical School, defending his graduation project for the light-engine aircraft SK-4 under the guidance of aircraft designer A. N. Tupolev. In 1930, S.P. Korolev graduated from the Moscow Pilot School. From June 1930 he was a senior engineer at TsAGI. He developed a number of designs for successfully flown gliders.

Rocket and space systems, the development of which was headed by S.P. Korolev, made it possible for the first time in the world to launch artificial satellites of the Earth and the Sun, fly automatic interplanetary stations to the Moon, Venus and Mars, and make a soft landing on the surface of the Moon. Under his leadership, artificial Earth satellites of the Electron and Molniya-1 series, many satellites of the Cosmos series, and the first copies of interplanetary reconnaissance aircraft of the Zond series were created. S.P. Korolev trained many talented scientists and engineers.

S.P. Korolev was twice awarded the title of Hero of Socialist Labor (1956, 1961), awarded three orders, the Order of the Badge of Honor. In 1957 he became a Lenin Prize laureate.

S.P. Korolev died on January 14, 1966 as a result of an unsuccessful operation. His ashes are buried in the Kremlin wall behind the Mausoleum on Red Square.

In the history of space exploration, the name of S.P. Korolev is associated with the era of the first remarkable achievements. The outstanding organizational skills and talent of a great scientist allowed him to direct the work of many research and design teams to solve large complex problems for a number of years. The scientific and technical ideas of S.P. Korolev have been widely used in rocket and space technology. He was the generator of many extraordinary ideas and the progenitor of outstanding design teams working in the field of rocket and space technology; his contribution to the development of domestic and world manned astronautics is decisive. He is a pioneer in many main directions of development of domestic missile weapons and rocket and space technology.

The name of S.P. Korolev, as one of the founders of practical cosmonautics, was given to the largest formation (thalassoid) on the far side of the Moon.

Sergei Pavlovich Korolev (December 30, 1906 (January 12, 1907), Zhitomir - January 14, 1966, Moscow) - Soviet scientist, designer and organizer of the production of rocket and space technology and missile weapons THE USSR. Founder of practical astronautics.

The largest figure of the 20th century in the field of space rocketry and shipbuilding, together with the German designer Wernher von Braun. With the launch of the first artificial Earth satellite into orbit in 1957, a new era in human history, the space age, began.

Those who want to work look for means, those who don’t want to look for reasons.

Korolev Sergey Pavlovich

Sergei Korolev is the creator of Soviet strategic missile weapons of medium and intercontinental range. His design developments in the field of rocket technology were of exceptional value for the development of Soviet missile weapons, and his contribution to the organization and development of practical astronautics is of global importance.

S.P. Korolev is the creator of Soviet rocket and space technology, which ensured strategic parity and made the USSR an advanced rocket and space power.

Twice Hero of Socialist Labor, laureate of the Lenin Prize, academician of the USSR Academy of Sciences. Member of the CPSU since 1953.

Order frees thought.

Korolev Sergey Pavlovich

S. P. Korolev was born on January 12, 1907 in the city of Zhitomir (Ukraine) in the family of a teacher of Russian literature, Pavel Yakovlevich Korolev (1877–1929). He was about three years old when his parents divorced. By decision of his mother, little Seryozha was sent to Nizhyn to live with his grandparents.

In 1915 he entered the preparatory classes of the gymnasium in Kyiv, in 1917 he went to the first grade of the gymnasium in Odessa, where his mother, Maria Nikolaevna, and stepfather, Georgy Mikhailovich Balanin, moved.

I didn’t study at the gymnasium for long - it was closed, then there were four months of a unified labor school. Then he received his education at home - his mother and stepfather were teachers, and his stepfather, in addition to teaching, had an engineering education.

A rocket underwater is absurd. But that's why I'm going to do this.

Korolev Sergey Pavlovich

Also in school years Sergei was distinguished by exceptional abilities and an indomitable desire for the then new aviation technology. In 1922–24 he studied at a construction vocational school, participating in many clubs and taking various courses.

In 1921, he met the pilots of the Odessa hydraulic squad and actively participated in aviation public life: from the age of 16 as a lecturer on eliminating aviation illiteracy, and from the age of 17 - as the author of the project for the K-5 non-motorized aircraft, which was officially defended before the competent commission and recommended for construction.

Having entered the Kiev Polytechnic Institute in 1924 with a specialization in aviation technology, Korolev mastered general engineering disciplines there in two years and became an athlete-glider pilot. In the fall of 1926, he was transferred to the Moscow Higher Technical School (MVTU) named after N. E. Bauman.

The moon is hard.
(In the group designing the lunar landing module, there was a long discussion about what kind of surface the Moon has. Equally reliable arguments were put forward in favor of multi-meter dust, sandy desert, hard surface... The lack of a solution began to slow down further work, significantly affecting the design of the landing module. Sergei Pavlovich, who was present at the next fruitless meeting, took a piece of paper and wrote this statement)

Korolev Sergey Pavlovich

During his studies at the Moscow Higher Technical School, S.P. Korolev already gained fame as a young, capable aircraft designer and an experienced glider pilot. The aircraft he designed and built: the Koktebel and Krasnaya Zvezda gliders and the SK-4 light aircraft, designed to achieve a record flight range, showed Korolev’s extraordinary abilities as an aircraft designer.

However, he was especially fascinated by flights in the stratosphere and the principles of jet propulsion. In September 1931, S.P. Korolev and a talented enthusiast in the field of rocket engines F.A. Tsander sought to create in Moscow with the help of Osoaviakhim public organization- Jet Propulsion Research Group (GIRD): In April 1932, it essentially became a state research and design laboratory for the development of rocket aircraft, in which the first domestic liquid-ballistic missiles (BR) GIRD-09 and GIRD-10 were created and launched.

On August 17, 1933, the first successful launch of a GIRD rocket took place. In 1936, S.P. Korolev managed to bring cruise missiles to testing: anti-aircraft-217 with a powder rocket engine and long-range-212 with a liquid rocket engine.

Arrested on June 27, 1938. On September 25, 1938, he was included in the list of persons subject to trial by the Military Collegium of the Supreme Court of the USSR. He was in the first category on the list, which means that the punishment recommended by the NKVD authorities was execution. The list was personally endorsed by Stalin, thereby practically confirming the death sentence.

This was a time of change in the leadership of the NKVD and repressions had already reduced their scope. Therefore, court decisions did not so blindly follow the recommendations of the NKVD. Korolev was convicted by the Military Collegium of the Supreme Court of the USSR on September 27, 1938, charge: Art. 58–7, 11. Sentence: 10 years of labor camp, 5 years of disqualification. On June 10, 1940, the sentence was reduced to 8 years in the ITL, released in 1944. Completely rehabilitated on April 18, 1957.

He spent a year in Butyrka prison. During interrogations, he was subjected to severe torture and beatings, as a result of which Korolev’s jaws were broken (he also received a concussion). On April 21, 1939, he arrived in Kolyma, where he was at the Maldyak gold mine of the Western Mining Directorate and was engaged in so-called “general work.”

On December 23, 1939, he was sent to the disposal of Vladlag. He arrived in Moscow on March 2, 1940, where four months later he was tried a second time and sent to a new place of imprisonment - the Moscow NKVD special prison TsKB-29, where, under the leadership of A. N. Tupolev, also a prisoner, he took an active part in the creation of Pe-bombers. 2 and Tu-2 and at the same time proactively developed projects for a guided aerial torpedo and a new version of a missile interceptor.

This was the reason for Korolev’s transfer in 1942 to another prison-type design bureau - OKB-16 at Kazan Aviation Plant No. 16, where work was carried out on new types of rocket engines for use in aviation.

S.P. Korolev, with his characteristic enthusiasm, devotes himself to the idea of ​​​​the practical use of rocket engines to improve aviation: reducing the length of an aircraft's takeoff run during takeoff and increasing the speed and dynamic characteristics of aircraft during air combat.

The arrest and stay in the Gulag forever infected Korolev with a pessimistic attitude towards the surrounding reality. According to the recollections of people who knew him closely, Sergei Pavlovich’s favorite saying was the phrase “They’ll slap you without an obituary...”.

Speaking about the design of Soviet missiles that followed the R-1, it is difficult to distinguish between the time periods for their creation. So Korolev was thinking about the R-2 back in Germany, when the R-1 project had not yet been discussed, he was developing the R-5 even before the delivery of the R-2, and even earlier, work began on the small mobile rocket R-11, and the first calculations for the intercontinental R-7 rocket.

In August 1946, S.P. Korolev began working in Kaliningrad near Moscow (then renamed Korolev in 1996), where he was appointed chief designer ballistic missiles long-range and head of department No. 3 of NII-88 for their development.

The first task set by the government to S.P. Korolev as the chief designer and all organizations involved in missile weapons was to create an analogue of the V-2 rocket from domestic materials. But already in 1947, a decree was issued on the development of new ballistic missiles with a greater flight range than the V-2: up to 3000 km.

In 1948, S.P. Korolev began flight design tests of the R-1 ballistic missile (analogous to the V-2) and in 1950 successfully put it into service.

During 1954 alone, Korolev simultaneously worked on various modifications of the R-1 rocket (R-1A, R-1B, R-1B, R-1D, R-1E), completed work on the R-5 and outlined five different modifications of it. , completes complex and responsible work on the R-5 M missile - with a nuclear warhead. They're coming full swing work on R-11 and its marine version R-11FM, and the intercontinental R-7 is acquiring increasingly clear features.

In 1956, under the leadership of S.P. Korolev, the first domestic strategic missile was created, which became the basis of the country’s nuclear missile shield.

In 1957, Sergei Pavlovich created the first ballistic missiles (mobile land-based and sea-based) using stable fuel components; he became a pioneer in these new and important areas of missile development.

In 1960, the first intercontinental missile R-7, which had two missile stages, entered service. This was also a victory for S.P. Korolev and his employees.

In 1955 (long before the flight tests of the R-7 rocket), S. P. Korolev, M. V. Keldysh, M. K. Tikhonravov came to the government with a proposal to launch an artificial Earth satellite into space using the R-7 rocket ).

The government supported this initiative. In August 1956, OKB-1 left NII-88 and became an independent organization, the chief designer and director of which was appointed S.P. Korolev.

To implement manned flights and launch automatic space stations S.P. Korolev developed a family of perfect three-stage and four-stage launch vehicles based on a combat missile.

On October 4, 1957, the first satellite in human history was launched into low-Earth orbit. His flight was a stunning success and created high international authority for the Soviet Union.

“He was small, this very first artificial satellite of our old planet, but his sonorous call signs spread across all continents and among all peoples as the embodiment of the daring dream of mankind.” - S.P. Korolev said later.

In parallel with the rapid development of manned space exploration, work is underway on satellites for scientific, economic and defense purposes. In 1958, a geophysical satellite was developed and launched into space, and then paired Electron satellites to study the Earth's radiation belts.

In 1959, three automatic spacecraft were created and launched to the Moon. The first and second are for delivering the pennant of the Soviet Union to the Moon, the third is for the purpose of photographing the far (invisible) side of the Moon.

Subsequently, S.P. Korolev began developing a more advanced lunar apparatus for its soft landing on the surface of the Moon, photographing and transmitting a lunar panorama to Earth (object E-6).

April 12, 1961 S.P. Korolev again amazes the world community. Having created the first manned spacecraft "Vostok-1", he realized the world's first human flight - USSR citizen Yuri Alekseevich Gagarin in low-Earth orbit. Sergei Pavlovich is in no hurry to solve the problem of human exploration of outer space.

The first spacecraft made only one orbit: no one knew how a person would feel in such a prolonged weightlessness, what psychological stress would affect him during an unusual and unexplored space journey.

Following the first flight of Yu. A. Gagarin, on August 6, 1961, German Stepanovich Titov made a second space flight on the Vostok-2 spacecraft, which lasted one day.

Again - a scrupulous analysis of the influence of flight conditions on the functioning of the body. Then the joint flight of the Vostok-3 and Vostok-4 spacecraft, piloted by cosmonauts A.G. Nikolaev and P.R. Popovich, from August 11 to 12, 1962; Direct radio communication was established between the astronauts.

The following year - a joint flight of cosmonauts V.F. Bykovsky and V.V. Tereshkova on the Vostok-5 and Vostok-6 spacecraft from June 14 to 16, 1963 - the possibility of a woman flying into space is being studied.

Behind them - from October 12 to 13, 1964 - in space was a crew of three people of various specialties: a ship commander, a flight engineer and a doctor on a more complex Voskhod spacecraft.

On March 18, 1965, during a flight on the Voskhod-2 spacecraft with a crew of two, cosmonaut A. A. Leonov makes the world's first spacewalk in a spacesuit through the airlock chamber.

Continuing to develop the program of manned near-Earth flights, Sergei Pavlovich begins to implement his ideas about the development of a manned DOS (long-term orbital station). Its prototype was a fundamentally new, more advanced than previous ones, Soyuz spacecraft.

This ship included a living compartment where astronauts could for a long time to be without spacesuits and conduct scientific research. During the flight, automatic docking in orbit of two Soyuz spacecraft and the transfer of cosmonauts from one spacecraft to another through outer space in spacesuits were also envisaged. Unfortunately, Sergei Pavlovich did not live to see his ideas implemented in the Soyuz spacecraft.

Back in the mid-50s, Korolev hatched the idea of ​​launching a man to the Moon. Corresponding space program was developed with the support of N. S. Khrushchev.

However, this program was never implemented during Sergei Pavlovich’s lifetime due to the lack of unity of command (the program was developed under the leadership of the USSR Ministry of Defense, in which Korolev did not work), disagreements with the chief designer of rocket engines V.P. Glushko, as well as a change in the leadership of the CPSU - L.I. Brezhnev did not attach the same importance to the lunar program as Khrushchev.

After the death of Sergei Pavlovich, the program for launching astronauts to the Moon was gradually curtailed. The Soviet lunar exploration program was subsequently carried out using unmanned spacecraft.

Medical history and death
* The official medical report was published on January 16, 1966. Is it true. 1966. No. 16 (17333).

“Medical report on the illness and cause of death of Comrade Sergei Pavlovich Korolev.”
Comrade S.P. Korolev was sick with sarcoma of the rectum. In addition, he had: atherosclerotic cardiosclerosis, sclerosis of the cerebral arteries, pulmonary emphysema and metabolic disorders.

S.P. Korolev underwent surgery to remove the tumor with extirpation of the rectum and part of the sigmoid colon. Death of Comrade S.P. Koroleva suffered from heart failure (acute myocardial ischemia).

Minister of Health of the USSR, full member of the USSR Academy of Medical Sciences, Professor B.V. Petrovsky; full member of the USSR Academy of Medical Sciences, Professor A. A. Vishnevsky; head of the surgical department of the hospital, associate professor, candidate of medical sciences D. F. Blagovidov; Corresponding Member of the USSR Academy of Medical Sciences, Professor A. I. Strukov; Head of the Fourth Main Directorate under the USSR Ministry of Health, Honored Scientist, Professor A. M. Markov.

Details from memoirs
* Sergei Pavlovich was operated on by the USSR Minister of Health, full member of the USSR Academy of Medical Sciences, Professor B.V. Petrovsky, and Petrovsky was assisted by the head of the surgical department, associate professor, candidate of medical sciences D.F. Blagovidov.
* It was not possible to stop the bleeding by removing the polyps. They decided to open the abdominal cavity. When they began to get to the site of the bleeding, they discovered a tumor the size of a fist. It was a sarcoma - a malignant tumor.

Petrovsky decided to remove the sarcoma. At the same time, part of the rectum was removed. It was necessary to remove the remaining part through the peritoneum.
* Due to the injury received in exile (the investigator hit Sergei Pavlovich on the cheekbone with a decanter), they could not insert a breathing tube into his throat.

Funeral
* The coffin with the body of the late S.P. Korolev was installed in the Hall of Columns of the House of Unions. Access to farewell to the deceased was opened on January 17, 1966 from 12 noon to 8 pm.
* The funeral took place on Red Square in Moscow on January 18 at 13:00. The urn with the ashes of S.P. Korolev is buried in the Kremlin wall.

S.P. Korolev was the generator of many extraordinary ideas and the progenitor of outstanding design teams working in the field of rocket and space technology; his contribution to the development of domestic and world manned astronautics is decisive.

One can only be amazed at the versatility of Sergei Pavlovich’s talent and his inexhaustible creative energy.

He is a pioneer in many main areas of development of domestic missile weapons and rocket and space technology. It is difficult to even imagine what level she would have reached if the premature death of Sergei Pavlovich had not interrupted the creative flight of his thoughts.

In 1966, the USSR Academy of Sciences established gold medal named after S.P. Korolev “For outstanding achievements in the field of rocket and space technology.” Scholarships named after S.P. Korolev were established for students of higher educational institutions.

Monuments to the scientist were erected in Zhitomir, Moscow, Baikonur, and other cities, and memorial house-museums were created. The Samara State Aerospace University, a city in the Moscow region, the streets of many cities, two research vessels, a high mountain peak in the Pamirs, a pass in the Tien Shan, an asteroid, a thalassoid on the Moon bear his name.

S.P. Korolev - Academician of the USSR Academy of Sciences, laureate of the Lenin Prize, twice Hero of Socialist Labor. Awarded 3 Orders of Lenin, the Order of the Badge of Honor and medals. Honorary citizen of the city of Korolev.

Named in honor of Korolev and bear his name
Monument in the city of Baikonur
Research vessel "Akademik Sergey Korolev"
* Naukograd Korolev, Moscow region (renamed in 1996 from “Kaliningrad”). The central avenue of this city also bears the name of Korolev.
* Crater on Mars.
* Crater on the far side of the Moon.
* Asteroid 1855 Korolev.
* SSAU - Samara State Aerospace University named after. Academician S.P. Korolev.
* Rocket and Space Corporation (RSC) Energia named after. S. P. Koroleva.
* Research vessel "Akademik Sergei Korolev".
* Military Institute in Zhitomir.
* Korolev Avenue in the city of Baikonur.
* Academician Korolev Avenue in Kyiv.
* Academician Korolev Street in Moscow.
* Academician Korolev Street in Perm.
* Academician Korolev Street in Odessa.
* Academician Korolev Street in Kazan.
* Academician Korolev Street in Chelyabinsk.
* Academician Korolev Street in Ternopil.

If you criticize someone else's, offer your own. When you propose, do it.

Korolev, Sergei Pavlovich - Soviet designer, creator of rocket weapons and rocket and space technology. The most significant personality of the twentieth century in space shipbuilding.

Biography

Sergei Pavlovich Korolev was born on January 12, 1907 in Zhitomir, in Ukraine, which was then part of Russian Empire. Father, Pavel Yakovlevich Korolev, worked as a teacher of Russian literature. Mother - Maria Nikolaevna Moskalenko.

In 1915, Korolev entered the gymnasium in Kyiv. Two years later, after graduating from preparatory classes, he transferred to the Odessa gymnasium. Sergei did not stay here for long - the gymnasium soon stopped working. Korolev studies at a unified labor school for four months, after which he switches to home education. He was taught by his mother and stepfather, who had pedagogical and engineering education.

In 1921, Sergei met the pilots of the Odessa hydraulic squad and enthusiastically immersed himself in aviation life. At the age of 17, he had already defended the project of a non-motorized aircraft before a special commission.

In 1924, Korolev became a student at the Kyiv Polytechnic Institute, studying aviation technology. Sergey masters all engineering disciplines perfectly in two years. After this, he transferred to the Moscow Higher Technical School.

In 1931, Korolev, together with Friedrich Zander, achieved the creation of the Jet Propulsion Study Group. This organization will soon begin to create rocket aircraft. On August 17, 1933, the first successful launch of an aircraft took place.

In the same year, the Jet Research Institute was created, in which Korolev became deputy director. Until 1938, Sergei Pavlovich headed the department of rocket aircraft. During this time, the department tested anti-aircraft, cruise, ballistic missiles, anti-aircraft solid fuel and aircraft missiles for firing at different types goals.

On June 27, 1938, Korolev was accused of sabotage and arrested. Torture was used during interrogations. Military Collegium The Supreme Court of the USSR sentenced Korolev to 10 years in prison in a forced labor camp. In 1939, Korolev was sent to Kolyma, and in 1940 he was returned to Moscow and left to work in the prison design bureaus.

At first, Korolev works at TsKB-29, which is headed by Tupolev. Then Sergei Pavlovich is transferred to OKB-16 of Kazan. In 1943, he was appointed chief designer of a group of rocket launchers.

In July 1944, Korolev was released early and began developing ballistic missiles. In 1950, the R-1 rocket entered service, which was a complete copy of the V-2.

Korolev then works to create strategic missiles. In 1957, the first sea- and mobile land-based ballistic missiles were introduced. In the same year, the first artificial satellite entered orbit around the Earth. In 1958-1959, three automatic devices were sent to the Moon.

In 1960, the triumph of Korolev and his associates came: the R-7 intercontinental two-stage missile was put into service.

On April 12, 1961, Yuri Gagarin was sent into low-Earth orbit for the first time on the Vostok-1 manned spacecraft. It was finest hour not only Gagarin, but also Korolev, who demonstrated his design talents to the whole world. After this, the Vostok-2 and Soyuz spacecraft were designed, and the creation of a heavy-duty project began. orbital station, a heavy interplanetary spacecraft.

On January 14, 1966, Sergei Pavlovich Korolev died. The official cause of death was heart failure, which occurred after intestinal surgery.

Major achievements of Korolev

• A pioneer in many areas of rocket and space technology and missile weapons.
• Made a decisive contribution to the creation of manned spacecraft.
• Ensured the USSR had strategic nuclear missile weapons, which became the country’s “shield”.
• Became key figure in the field of space exploration.
• Founder of practical astronautics.
• Lenin Prize laureate. Twice Hero of Socialist Labor. Academician of the USSR Academy of Sciences.

Important dates in the biography of the Queen

• January 12, 1907 - birth in Zhitomir.
• 1915 - admission to the Kyiv gymnasium for preparatory courses.
• 1917 – admission to the Odessa gymnasium.
• 1922-1924 - training at a construction vocational school.
• 1924 – admission to the Kiev Polytechnic Institute.
• 1926 - transfer to the Moscow Higher Technical School.
• 1931 – creation of GIRD.
• 1933 – the first successful launch of a GIRD rocket. Creation of the Jet Research Institute. Start of work on the creation of combat missiles at different types fuel.
• 1938 - arrest. Sentenced to 10 years in prison.
• 1939 – Kolyma.
• 1940 - return to Moscow, work in prison design bureaus.
• 1944 - early release. The development of ballistic missiles begins.
• 1950 – the R-1 missile entered service.
• 1957 - creation of the first ballistic missiles. Launch of the first artificial Earth satellite.
• 1960 – the R-7 missile entered service.
• 1961 - first manned flight spacecraft"Vostok-1".
• January 14, 1966 - Sergei Pavlovich Korolev died of heart failure.

• After the war, under the guise of an artillery captain, he went to the British to scout out information about the V-2. The British quickly declassified it, since they forgot to provide the Queen with front-line medals and orders.
• At school I was a C student, in almost all subjects.
• The cosmonauts have a legend according to which Gagarin and Komarov demanded that Korolev’s ashes be sent in a special apparatus to the Moon.

We continue to publish materials on the development of domestic astronautics. Today our story is dedicated to Sergei Pavlovich Korolev. Thanks to his talent as a scientist and the character of a commander, world science and technology were enriched with many wonderful discoveries, and a huge contribution was made to space exploration.

Childhood and adolescence

In the Ukrainian town of Zhitomir, a son was born in the family of engineer Pavel Yakovlevich Korolev in 1907. But soon after Seryozha’s birth, the family broke up, and his mother gave her little son to the care of her parents in Nizhyn. Here A five-year-old boy saw an airplane fly for the first time. The turns of a huge, man-made bird, controlled by man, captured his imagination.

Soon Sergei, his mother and stepfather settled in Odessa. Teenager spent hours watching seaplanes fly over the sea, cherishing the dream of flying. The pilots noticed an inquisitive, smart boy and soon he became a reliable assistant to the mechanic of the hydraulic squad. And finally the day came when he was allowed to take off in a seaplane. The impressions of the flight only strengthened his desire to connect his life with aeronautics.

Seryozha studied at home under the guidance of his stepfather and mother, I read a lot about aviation. He entered school only at the age of 15. He studied with pleasure, impressing his teachers with his excellent memory and clear thinking. Already at this age he was distinguished by his organization, combining study, work, sport sections and even music. His every day was planned down to the minute, but when a gliding circle opened in the city, the young man became an active participant. And a year later he presented his first project of a non-motorized aircraft.

Birth of a dream

In the 1930s, interest in extra-atmospheric flights and space in general appeared in Russia. A society of interplanetary flight enthusiasts organized in Moscow. He becomes an honorary member of society. His idea of ​​making extra-stratospheric flights on jet vehicles was fueled by science fiction novels, giving rise to new bold ideas and projects.

In 1930, a meeting between Sergei Korolev and K. E. Tsiolkovsky took place. The conversation between these two people predetermined not only the fate of the future general designer, but also the entire space industry. Parting with Tsiolkovsky, he was already firmly convinced - from now on, the meaning of his life will be the creation of rockets and flight to other celestial bodies. The young man was especially attracted by the Red Planet - Mars. Since then, he has subordinated his every step to the fulfillment of this dream.

At the Moscow Institute, where Sergei studied, lectures on aircraft engineering were given by the famous aircraft designer Andrei Nikolaevich Tupolev. He noticed a talented student and took him for an internship at his design bureau, becoming the head of his graduation project. Their friendship and cooperation continued for many years.

First rocket

In the newly created GIRD group during these years, which united rocketry enthusiasts, Sergei headed the technical council. Here On his life's path he meets a true like-minded person - F.A. Zander. For a whole year, their youth team worked for free, devoting all their time and energy to the new business. Two years later, the first liquid Soviet rocket took off into the sky. In 18 seconds, it moved 400m away from its home planet. And let her life path was short-lived. But it was a success! This means they are on the right track.

Arrest and work in closed design bureaus

The year 1933 brought good news to the Girdovites - the Jet Research Institute was created. The work on creating rockets has entered a qualitatively new level.

But wave of repression, which swept across the country in 1937, overwhelmed many prominent specialists in the aviation industry. In 1938, Sergei Pavlovich Korolev was also arrested. Many hours interrogations and unbearable living conditions did not break him. On the wall of Butyrka prison he left calculations for his first radio-controlled rocket.

After 2 years, Korolev ends up in a new place of detention - a Moscow special prison, where works together with Tupolev in the prison design bureau on the design of new bombers and guided aerial torpedoes. “Zeks” are first-class engineers and designers who worked with great dedication on defense orders.

A year before the end of the war, Korolev is released. And already in 1945 he was appointed chief technical director of the research institute for the study of the German V-2 rocket.

Missiles are defense and science

For this purpose, Korolev and a group of Soviet specialists are sent to Germany. Where the British organized an exhibition of this the latest weapons Wehrmacht. Thorough Study V-2, it was necessary to build its complete analogue, but from domestic materials. The task was completed.

The Soviet equivalent of the missile was known as the R-1. But Korolev’s design ideas work tirelessly. With his enthusiasm and efficiency, he infects the entire team working on the order. Sergey Pavlovich is designing a missile capable of hitting targets at a distance of 600 km.

The arms race that unfolded against the backdrop of the Cold War showed the need to create intercontinental ballistic missiles capable of carrying a nuclear charge. Korolev solves this problem brilliantly. Thanks to his scientific genius the military industry was equipped with medium- and intercontinental-range missiles. They became the basis of the USSR's nuclear missile shield. It was followed by more advanced models with a flight range of up to 3000 km.

Space Assault

Working on orders from the War Ministry, Sergei Pavlovich never never parted with the dream of human space flight. In parallel with his work in the defense industry, he uses the vertical launch of R-1 and R-5 rockets to study near space and the influence of various cosmic factors on highly developed animals. The means of their life support and return to earth were worked out very carefully. Thus he laid the foundation for human space flight.

The space age of mankind dates back to October 4, 1957. It was on this day that he began his journey around his home planet. For two weeks, radio amateurs around the world listened with bated breath to his call signs.

In two years The first rocket launches towards the Moon, the next one delivers a pennant with the coat of arms of the USSR to its surface, photographs the side of our satellite invisible from Earth and transmits the pictures to Earth.

And on April 12, 1961, the whole world rejoiced when it learned about the fantastic news -. The first spaceship made only one revolution, because no one imagined how weightlessness and psychological stress would affect a person. This was followed by longer flights with various tasks and cosmonaut Alexei Leonov going into outer space.

Sergei Pavlovich is very treated the astronauts with care, often talked with them, highly appreciated their courage and dedication to the profession.

Under the leadership of Korolev, projects for interplanetary stations and satellites were developed for various purposes, new spaceships. The pinnacle of Sergei Pavlovich Korolev’s design thought was the flight of ships to Mars and Venus, the creation of the Molniya-1 communications satellite.

So this outstanding designer, an excellent organizer, step by step, realized his youthful dream - an assault on space.

Invisible Man

He passed away the day before his 59th birthday in 1966. And only then did the country and the whole world learn the name and surname of the person whom the press, radio and television were simply called General Designer. The secrecy regime has been lifted.

During his lifetime, Academician Korolev was awarded two orders of Hero of Socialist Labor. Recognition of his enormous services to humanity were monuments erected in his homeland, in the Moscow region, where the great designer built ships and at the cosmodrome, where the road to the Universe began.

History does not know a person who loved the sky more intensely and devotedly.

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