Excerpt from the text
The relevance of the topic is that in aggravated international conditions, Russia continues its energetic, proactive, leadership participation in international anti-terrorism cooperation, primarily at the UN, a number of other authoritative multilateral organizations, as well as in a bilateral format. The purpose of this work is to reveal terrorism as a global problem of our time, based on the set goal, the following tasks were identified: - Analyze the fate of Russia in the fight against international terrorism at the present stage.
International terrorism poses a threat to the security of individual states, as well as to the entire world community as a whole. Terrorism is aimed at undermining ordinary life and has a one-sided focus, this is its main feature.
In our work devoted to the consideration of modern terrorism as a social phenomenon, we set the following goals: To study the possibilities of the theory of deviant behavior for the analysis of terrorism as a social phenomenon. Consider the history of the study of terrorism as a social phenomenon;
Increasing rate of spread of terrorist ideology in different countries is one of the important problems modern world. In this situation, such factors in the development of the modern world as globalization only increase the relevance of this problem and add urgency to issues related to national security and the need to ensure tranquility and peace for citizens of European and American countries. Its main distinguishing feature is the blurring of the boundaries between international and domestic terrorism.
Global problems of humanity are associated not only with pollution of nature, but also with changes in humanity as the structure of the human community. The purpose of this work is to study environmental safety as a global problem of our time, as well as to form an ecological worldview among the younger generation.
Hunger as a global problem of our time
Terrorism as a socio-political phenomenon
But as scientists rightly note, the determining one is the criminal legal position, which a priori defines the concept of terrorism and responsibility for it. This is where criminological studies of terrorism, criminal procedural, criminological and the like originate.
Theoretical aspects of global problems of our time. Economic content of global problems of our time. Humanism as a value basis for solving global problems of our time.
In addition, security issues include other problems - epidemics, HIV infection, criminogenic situations and crime, drug trafficking, prostitution, vandalism and other forms of violence, piracy, military complications and coups, terrorism, as well as consideration of all possible risks associated with tourists , local residents, travel agencies and the tourism industry as a whole.
As development progressed, complex problems began to arise for humanity, which gradually acquired a planetary character and already affected the interests of not only individual states, but also all countries and peoples. By the 60s of the 20th century, these problems became widely known, humanity realized
Terrorist acts have led to the need to create international system fight him. Terrorism as a global problem requires constant attention and research and therefore represents a wide field for research with further practical application. - consider the concept and essence of terrorism as a type of political behavior;
List of information sources
1. Galkina E.V. Countering political extremism and terrorism: a new view/E.V. Galkina //Theory and practice of social development. - 2014. - No. 1. - P. 341−344.
2. Political Science: Textbook / Ed. A. S. Turgaeva, A. E. Khrenova. - St. Petersburg: Peter, 2014. - 560 p.
bibliography
Explosion at a bus stop. Explosion in the subway. Airplane hijacking. Hostage taking. Numerous victims after a bomb exploded, planted by an unknown person. Panic, screaming, crying. Victims, wounded. This is not the plot of the film, but reality. We hear such and similar messages almost every day in the news and all this is terrorism. It is about terrorism that we will write an essay today.
Terrorism essay on the topic
I would like to start an essay on the topic of terrorism with the very definition of this concept. Terrorism is the intimidation of people through violence and violent actions. Today terrorism in all countries is the number one problem, so this topic is relevant and an essay about terrorism will also be relevant for schoolchildren, because when assigning various essays on social topics, it is impossible to ignore an essay about terrorism, or an essay about the fight against terrorism. So we decided to help and write an essay on the topic of Terrorism.
So, terrorism is an evil against humanity, and in the essay I would like to say how difficult and painful it is to see the suffering of people affected by this disaster, that the worst thing is that no one knows and cannot be sure that tomorrow the disaster will not affect specifically him or his family members. But we go down the subway every day, every day we stand at stops waiting for transport, every day we walk in parks, we gather in squares. All these places are under the target of terrorists, because where there are large crowds of people, massive harm can be caused to people. And this is exactly what terrorists need.
Terrorism, in its scale, destructive power, and cruelty, has become a problem for all of humanity. This is the plague of modern life, this is the evil that has enslaved the whole world, keeps it in terror and fear, and something needs to be done about it.
Fight against terrorism
It is necessary to fight terrorism and terrorist acts, the state needs to direct all its forces to protect the civilian population, which is innocent of anything, but it is very difficult to eradicate terrorism, especially alone. It is necessary for countries to unite in the fight against terrorism, and only in this way, by comprehensively studying the problem, building an effective mechanism to counter terrorist threats, and finding out the nature of the manifestation of terrorism, can we, if not completely eradicate terrorism, which is very difficult and probably impossible, then at least reduce its manifestation .
Every year, terrorist attacks (acts of terrorism) become more organized and more brutal towards the civilian population. Terrorists use various types of explosives and materials in their acts, modern weapons and ammunition, etc. At the same time, terrorist organizations carefully conceal their activities, and in connection with this, a system of companies, funds and banks operates as a cover.
These organizations also have their own training camps for new terrorists, underground medical bases for treatment and warehouses where they store weapons and ammunition, explosives, uniforms, medicines and other equipment.
I share the scientific approach that, despite a significant number of international legal acts (according to experts, there are 27 global and regional agreements) and international organizations and bodies coordinating the fight against international terrorism, a universal international legal act has not yet been developed that would unambiguously characterized this socially dangerous and complex socio-political phenomenon, defined not only the concept, legally significant features, but also gave an accurate legal description, assessment and legal responsibility for this type of crime, and also allowed for joint and effective actions to combat terrorism.
Countering terrorism should become one of the most important tasks for international organizations and all interested states of the world community.
The main international legal acts aimed against terrorism include:
- Convention for the Suppression of Unlawful Seizure of Aircraft (1970).
- UN Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of Crimes against Internationally Protected Persons, including Diplomatic Agents (1973).
- European Convention for the Suppression of Terrorism (1977).
- UN Declaration on Measures to Eliminate international terrorism"(1994) and others.
It is generally accepted that the world's leading organization, including the one coordinating the fight against international terrorism, is the UN. The General Assembly and the UN Security Council regularly discuss problems of combating terrorism and adopt relevant resolutions. Within the UN, among the specialized organizations, the role of the International Criminal Police Organization (Interpol) is best known, and a specialized Counter-Terrorism Committee (CTC) of the UN Security Council has also been created.
As facts show, terrorist acts are committed in different countries of the world, both in underdeveloped countries - Afghanistan, Iraq, Syria, etc., and in highly industrialized countries - the USA, France, Israel, etc.
Acts of terrorism are also committed in Russia, examples of this include: explosions in the Moscow metro on March 29, 2010, where 41 people were killed and 88 people were injured; On January 24, 2011, a suicide bomber detonated a bomb at Moscow's Domodedovo Airport, killing 37 and injuring 130 people.
At the present stage of development Russian state, its society, as well as the world community as a whole, faces quite acute problems of preventing and combating terrorism, as well as improving forms of international legal cooperation and interaction with other states.
In my opinion, the complex modern situation in the fight against terrorism in Russia constantly requires, following the example of foreign countries (Turkey, Israel, France, etc.), tightening measures of civil and criminal liability, as well as a special procedure for conducting criminal procedural actions in relation to persons involved in terrorist activities
Terrorism today is one of the most difficult problems for the world community.
Terrorism has a global spread, which threatens the lives of many people, regardless of their country of residence, and only on the basis of international legal acts and decisions of international organizations, joint and coordinated actions of all interested states can help cope with this complex socio-political and social crisis. a dangerous phenomenon in the world, affecting the lives of every inhabitant of our planet.
Currently, terrorism equally threatens public, national and international security and is a well-organized form of influence on organs state power on the part of international terrorist and extremist organizations in order to destabilize the control system. It is impossible to cope with this kind of threat through one-time force actions. A long-term, coordinated strategy is needed international cooperation.
Success in countering modern terrorism requires joint efforts of the entire world community, coordination of actions at the global, regional and national levels.
Cooperation between states in the fight against international terrorism is based on fundamental principles international law, which are enshrined in the Declaration of Principles of International Law concerning Friendly Relations and Cooperation between States in accordance with the UN Charter.
International legal cooperation in the fight against terrorism is developing quite dynamically. However, its potential has not yet been exhausted and has a significant reserve. To improve the effectiveness of anti-terrorist cooperation, it is necessary to continue to improve the legal framework and give it a truly universal character.
It is also important to expand the circle of participants in existing international anti-terrorism treaties. It is absolutely clear that joint efforts of states and international organizations can produce effective results in the fight against terrorism. And it is also very important to prevent the use of interference of one country in the internal affairs of another under the pretext of support for terrorism by that country.
List of sources used
1. Volevodz A. G. Legal regulation new directions for international cooperation in the field of criminal justice. M., 2015.
2. Zhdanov Yu. N., Lagovskaya E. S. European criminal law. M., 2014.
3. Akkaeva Kh. A. New trends in legislation on extremism and terrorism in the Russian Federation // Historical, philosophical, political and legal sciences, cultural studies and art history. Questions of theory and practice. 2015. No. 10-2 (60). pp. 16-18.
4. Kanunnikova N. G. Foreign experience in countering international extremism and terrorism // Legal science and law enforcement practice. 2014. No. 3 (29). pp. 163-168.
5. Chumakova A. S., Buzinova A. A. On the issue of terrorism in modern conditions// Volga region pedagogical search. 2013. No. 1 (3). pp. 137-139.
Essay on the topic “Terrorism as an international problem of our time” updated: April 7, 2019 by: Scientific Articles.Ru
The forces of international terrorism are attacking Europe, the forces of international terrorism have attacked Russia... A lie amazing in its scale! There is no single international terrorist organization and never has existed. There are separate terrorist organizations, each of which has its own ideology. In some cases, this ideology has religious foundations, in others it is expressed by the doctrines of the national liberation struggle, and thirdly, by various social teachings (anarchist, Trotskyist, Maoist). But they prefer not to talk about the ideology that motivates terrorist attacks.
In our de-ideologizing times, the very posing of the question that ideological alternatives are possible existing system livelihoods are perceived as a greater threat than terrorism itself. Meanwhile, without deconstructing the ideological motivators of terrorism, it is impossible to resist it.
BLURRY IDEOLOGICAL ESSENCE OF THE CATEGORY “INTERNATIONAL TERRORISM”
Terrorism is currently not only an expression of political realities, but also an information phenomenon. It is identified today in the list of global threats as one of the main challenges facing humanity.
Terrorism is positioned as an enemy of internationally recognized nation states, including Russia. The war in Chechnya was characterized precisely as an attack on the Russian Federation by the forces of international terrorism. International terrorism is the only named enemy of Russia in the Strategy national security. The topic of threats of international terrorism is in fact the main problematic motive in the US National Security Strategies. This entire information discourse looks like an attempt to retouch the true nature of the challenges considered under the terrorist marker. Terrorism itself cannot be defined as an enemy, since it is not a subject. Terrorism is a tactic that can be resorted to by a variety of ideological forces. But they prefer not to say what the ideology of terrorism is, because in this case questions will be raised that are not entirely desirable for the beneficiaries of the modern world and national systems.
The President of Russia has spoken more than once about the fact that aggression was committed against Russia by the forces of international terrorism. Words about this aggression were contained, in particular, in the Presidential Addresses to the Federal Assembly.
2002: “With joint efforts, we managed to solve the most important strategic task - to eliminate the most dangerous center of international terrorism in Afghanistan. Stop it negative impact on the situation in other regions of the world, to eliminate the threat emanating from there to you and me.
After September 11 last year, many, many people in the world realized that the Cold War was over. We realized that now there are other threats, there is another war going on - the war against international terrorism. Its danger is obvious; it does not require new evidence. I would like to note: this fully applies to Russia.”
2004: “Russia was one of the first countries to face the large-scale threat of international terrorism. As we all know, not so long ago this threatened the most territorial integrity Russian Federation. After the well-known terrible tragedies that occurred as a result of terrorist attacks, an anti-terrorist coalition was formed in the world. It was formed with our active participation, in cooperation with the United States of America, with other countries and in the situation with Afghanistan, and showed its high efficiency in the fight against the threat of terror.
Russia values the established anti-terrorist community, values it as an instrument for coordinating interstate efforts in the fight against this evil. Moreover, successful cooperation within the framework of a coalition and on the basis of international law can become good example consolidation of civilized states in the fight against common threats."
2005 year: “The integrity of the country was violated by the terrorist intervention and the subsequent Khasavyurt surrender.”
So, we were attacked, and it is undesirable to say who attacked - "some dark forces". In the Russian case, as in the case of terrorist attacks in Western countries, it would be necessary to analyze the phenomenology of the currents of modern Islam and deal with the ideology of jihad. But neither the Russian nor the Western expert communities are ready for this. Meanwhile, without such an analysis, Islamist movements using terror tactics will only intensify.
And such an analysis should lead to the conclusion that traditional Islam and jihadist versions of Islam contradict each other. The very category of jihad of traditional Islam cannot be adapted to modern terrorist practice. The idea of struggle is contained in any religion and cannot but be contained. Any religion is built on a rigid dichotomy of good and evil. And fighting evil is a moral imperative for any believer. Jihad precisely expresses this philosophy of struggle. Exist different kinds jihad, including the fight against criminals, the fight against one’s own bad thoughts. Naturally, there is a gulf between terrorism and the fight against one’s own bad thoughts. The jihadists have made a fundamental change. The imperative to fight evil was actually replaced by the imperative of genocide - the physical destruction of others. This is a direct substitute for Islam and has nothing to do with the great religion.
All traditional religions affirm human life as one of their basic values. Religious terrorism seems to act on behalf of religion. But the very fact of taking a person’s life contradicts the original religious value foundation. It is significant that the spiritual authorities of all the leading traditional religions terrorism is condemned today. Terrorist acts cannot be interpreted in this sense as a struggle of the religious world against the secular world. This is how the forces interested in producing conflict want to present it. In reality, terrorism contradicts both religious and humanistic secular systems of value coordinates.
HISTORY OF TERRORISM IN THE CONTEXT OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE INFORMATION SOCIETY AND PROSPECTS FOR GLOBAL POLITICAL TRANSFORMATION
In a certain sense, the history of terrorism is correlated with the history of humanity. However, in ancient and medieval eras it was mainly represented in the form of tyranomachy. The genesis of modern terrorism is associated with the emergence of the beginnings of the information society.
Although both in the Middle Ages and in antiquity, a terrorist attack not only had a personal orientation, but also assumed an incipient excitative function, i.e. served as a form of propaganda or intimidating message. Moreover, there was a mythological layer of the sacralized pantheon of terrorist heroes. Judith and Brutus, Zealots and Assassins, Robin Hood represent variations of the terrorist pattern of archaic periods of history. The terrorist is perceived as a cult figure, even a ritual one, in the culture or counterculture for the sake of whose ideas he carried out the terrorist attack. Thinking with double standards is expressed in the fact that “foreign” terrorism is presented as a crime, when “our own” terrorism is assessed as a feat. In the first case, a terrorist is defined as a criminal and a bandit, in the second - a rebel, underground fighter, or partisan. It is impossible to overcome this axiological dichotomy. Its emergence as a mass phenomenon dates back to the last quarter of the 19th century. Since its formation, it has been articulated within three ideological directions: anarchist terrorism (USA and Western Europe), socialist terrorism (Russia), ethno-confessional terrorism (Ireland, Poland, India, the Middle East).
It cannot be said that terrorism a century ago was different in content and was aimed at specific government figures. Indeed, the Socialist Revolutionary terrorist attacks were mainly personalized. But terrorist attacks carried out by anarchists or maximalists were directed against “bourgeois society” as a whole, which was expressed, for example, in the bombing of public institutions, bombing of cafes, “agrarian” and “factory” terror.
A terrorist attack in the information society is aimed at public resonance. In the absence of information, it becomes meaningless. Consequently, the creation of an information vacuum around the activities of terrorist groups is effective way fight against terrorism. But the principles of openness and freedom of the media are the cornerstones of the organization of civil society, and therefore to limit them, even in order to prevent a terrorist threat, it would be necessary to abandon the existing ideological model.
There is another universal way of preventing terrorist attacks, known since ancient times - hostage taking. Even in ancient times, when making peace, the practice of exchanging hostages was widely used, which was the most significant factor keeping peoples from attacking each other. Hostage served as an effective deterrent mechanism for the local population in the colonization policy of Tsarist Russia on the national outskirts. But positioning in accordance with the marker of “civilization” did not allow representatives of its own intelligentsia to be taken hostage, and as a result, the Russian Empire, which successfully prevented the development national terrorism, was overwhelmed by the terrorist wave of social revolution. By the way, the Bolsheviks did not hesitate to use the hostage procedure. Thus, in 1922, the execution of the sentence for the Socialist Revolutionaries was postponed with the proviso that the execution of the accused would take place if the Socialist Revolutionary Party continued to use terrorist methods of struggle against Soviet power.
The threat of death will not frighten a terrorist. According to a long-established view, the motivation for a terrorist attack is suicidal psychopathology. The terrorist seeks death, and the prospect of the scaffold turns out to be desirable for him. But by sacrificing himself, a terrorist will not always sacrifice his comrades or relatives who are being held hostage. However, the practice of hostage-taking is naturally also incompatible with the concept of “human rights”. Accordingly, the promotion of the topic of terrorism logically leads to the conclusion that in order to “ensure security” it is necessary to curtail the system of human rights and freedoms. In the perspective of global trends, the designated landmarks can be defined as a projection of the new fascisation of the world.
TERRORISM AS A MANIFESTATION OF THE NEW CIVILIZATIONAL WAR
Negative axiology of terrorism by the ideological attitudes of the victorious or dominant side. But terrorism has often been the only way to defend one’s rights and dignity when the legitimate path turns out to be ineffective.
The Armenian genocide would have been largely unnoticed by the world community if not for the Dashnak terror. “After all, who talks today about the extermination of Armenians?”- A. Hitler asked a rhetorical question over time to justify the possibility of genocide against the Jews. However, the high-profile political murders of persons involved in the genocide by the Dashnaks forced the world community to recognize the existence of the Armenian issue. Of course, terror cannot be recognized as an acceptable means from a humanistic standpoint. But politically, as a method, it often turns out to be almost the only possible way to convey one’s position.
In interstate wars, as is known, there are winners and losers. It is, in principle, impossible to win civilizational wars. The action force is equal to the reaction force. Translating this formula of Isaac Newton into the language of the humanities, we can use the metaphor of a “civilizational pendulum.” The greater the amplitude of the pendulum movement in one direction, the more significant its movement in the other will be. The suppression of civilizational identity in the first phase will inevitably lead to civilizational rejection in the second phase. A counterattack against the civilizational aggressor is also inevitable.
The movement of the “civilizational pendulum” is clearly illustrated in this regard by the history of the Middle East and the Eastern Mediterranean. Persian aggression in the West - Alexander the Great's campaigns in the East - Parthian offensive in the West - Roman offensive in the East - Invasion of the Huns in the West - Byzantine imperial restoration of power in the East - Arab campaigns in the West - Crusades in the East - Ottoman aggression in the West - Western colonialism aggression to the East. The modern terrorist attack in Europe and the spread of anti-Western jihadism is the next phase of this pendulum movement. Stopping the bloody pendulum can only be done by abandoning the practice of civilizational aggression.
It is impossible to justify the practice of terrorism from a humanistic position. But this does not mean that its genesis should not be explained. An explanatory analysis objectively leads to the conclusion about the responsibility of the Western neo-Crusaders. Was there really no understanding that aggression - military and informational - could lead to nothing other than the spread of the extremist ideology of irreconcilable struggle - jihadism, the strategy of waging a “war without borders”, the tactics of individual terror? The logic of countering superior enemy forces should have led to exactly this outcome.
The words of Muammar Gaddafi, who was overthrown by a “broad coalition” of forces and who, a few months before his death, addressing the Western community, warned: “Neglecting the stability of Libya will lead to the collapse of world peace through instability in the Mediterranean. If our power in Libya has to end, millions of Africans will pour illegally into Italy, into France... Europe will become black in a very short time. It is our strength that blocks illegal immigration. It is thanks to us that stability reigns in the Mediterranean Sea, the entire length of 2 thousand kilometers along the Libyan coast. We prevent immigration, we contain the development and advancement of Al Qaeda... Thus, if the stability in Libya is disrupted, it will immediately have bad consequences for Europe and for the Mediterranean. Everyone will be in danger!.
And what could such actions as the publication of cartoons regarding Muhammad and Islamic shrines lead to? The incident with the Charlie Hebdo cartoons was not an exceptional case in this regard, being part of a series of anti-Islamic demonstrations. How to evaluate this kind of action as an expression of freedom of opinion, or a deliberate provocation?
And here is another example lying in the dualism between the right to freedom and provocation. In 2003, after the overthrow of Saddam Hussein's regime in Iraq, one of the first steps taken by the new authorities was to decriminalize homosexual relations. This is an unprecedented step for an Islamic country! It was obvious how Muslims would perceive this legislative innovation. The birth of ISIS with these kinds of steps was programmed. The talk of modern political figures is also characteristic, no, and even those who accept concepts from the arsenal religious wars medieval era. On September 12, 2011, the day after the high-profile terrorist attack on the United States, George W. Bush spoke about a new war against terrorism, using the phrase “crusade.” For Islamic countries after this, virtually everything became clear. Subsequently, the American president admitted that the words about a “crusade” were inappropriate. But the slip took place. And the subsequent rhetoric sounded completely in the spirit of the appeals of the initiator of the first crusade, Pope Urban II.
“And we,” says the American president in the style of a messianic sermon on the fifth anniversary of the events of September 11, “ let us go forward with confidence in our national spirit, in the justice of our goals, and with the faith of God who has made us all free... We are now in the very early stages of the battle between tyranny and freedom. Despite the violence, many still wonder: do the people of the Middle East want freedom? For 60 years, these doubts have determined our policy in this region. And then, on a clear September morning, it became obvious to us that the peace we had seen in the Middle East was just a mirage. Years of trying to achieve stability were wasted. And we changed our policy".
An amazing recognition is made - whether the peoples of the region want or not freedom in its American interpretation does not matter - the policy of appeasement is over, a different kind of politics is beginning. And what is a policy opposite to pacification (and you can only pacify someone whom you consider an immanent enemy) is clear - this is a policy of suppression.
Russia, if it is serious about taking on the role of opposing the lawlessness happening in the Middle East, should finally decide with whom it is ideologically fighting. Terrorism is not an ideology, but a means of warfare that can be resorted to by completely different organizations. To say that we are fighting terrorism is an understatement. To say that we are fighting ISIS is also not enough, since the ISIS organization has a very specific ideology. But they don’t want to be afraid to determine the essence of a hostile ideology. They don’t want to be afraid that the conflict will go beyond the scenario of a “small victorious war” in this case - because, having declared the enemy’s ideology, they will have to declare their own ideology and rebuild the entire existing system of life according to it. Do it - sooner or later you will have to do it anyway.
INFORMATION PROMOTION OF THE TOPIC OF THE WORLD TERRORIST THREAT
The challenge of the terrorist threat would seem to be more than obvious. Terrorist attacks directly undermine the existing system of government, chaotic the life of society, and cause a state of panic. But isn’t the rise in the frequency of terrorist attacks a consequence of the corresponding information promotion? This assumption was tested by comparing the dynamics of terrorist attacks with the dynamics of mentioning the problem of terrorism in the headlines of the world's leading newspapers. As a result, it was discovered that the heating up of the topic of the terrorist threat began earlier than the increase in the number of terrorist attacks. The creation of relevant information issues in the media led to real terrorism as a response. The result was an articulated dilemma - freedom of private life in exchange for security.
International terrorism is now not only a real threat, but also a special kind of bogeyman. The card of a terrorist threat looming over the world is being actively played out.
Content analysis of the media, identifying the frequency of the topics being dealt with allows us to do enough today accurate forecasts in relation to political processes. The experiment was to establish a chronological sequence between the phenomenon and its information promotion. According to general logic, the event occurs first, and only then its information dissemination. If information initially appears, then it is precisely this information that brings the phenomenon to life. What did you find? Initially, there was an increase in publishing activity on terrorism, and only then an increase in the dynamics of terrorist acts. This suggests that it is the media that programs this kind of action. The technology of information wars is evident. Remembering Jean Baudrillard's aphorism, sooner or later a murder will occur in a room where there is a TV.
The dynamics of terrorist attacks in the world, as calculations have shown, are not increasing. But at the same time, the topic of terrorism, as an informational occasion, does not cease to be promoted. Consequently, information promotion does not pursue the goals of combating the terrorist threat, but some other unadvertised strategic guidelines.
The Western world is presented as the main victim of aggression from international terrorism. In reality, the geography of the distribution of the number of terrorist attacks and their victims in different regions of the world is completely different.
Consequently, information promotion of the topic of international terrorism has a project-oriented nature. The resonance of messages about terrorist attacks, not even the terrorist attacks themselves, turned out to be in political demand. The point here is not in the terrorists themselves - puppets of someone else's geopolitical game, but in the interests of the corresponding information dump.
DOUBLE GAME AND THE PROBLEM OF GLOBAL GOVERNANCE OF INTERNATIONAL TERRORISM
The experience of studying the history of terrorism allows us to state the existence of an invariable connection between terrorists and representatives of government agencies and law enforcement. Russian terrorist organizations of the early 20th century were filled with provocateurs and operated under the hood of the Police Department. “Azef’s case” is just the tip of this iceberg. The murders of Plehve, Sergei Aleksandrovich Romanov, and Stolypin occurred, at least, with the connivance of the secret police. There is now no doubt that a significant part of the terrorist attacks of the Stalin era were initiated by the NKVD. So, if in historical retrospect terrorism almost always turned out to be directed by the authorities, then why cannot this kind of pattern be applied to the modern era? It is known that al-Qaeda was originally an American project, and Osama bin Laden fought with the support of the Americans against Soviet troops in Afghanistan. The possibility of connecting international terrorism with a global beneficiary in this logic cannot be recognized as something fundamentally impossible.
Look for who benefits... The terrorist attack of September 11, 2001 in the United States was a catalyst for the growth of patriotic discourse. The consequence of the terrorist attack was an attempt by George W. Bush to consolidate the American nation against an external enemy. Passed in October 2001, the Federal Act "Uniting and Strengthening America by Providing Appropriate Means Required to Suppress and Obstruct Terrorism," which gave the government broad powers to surveil citizens and restrict freedoms, was informally known as the Patriot Act. Sixteen years later, the law has not been repealed. The geopolitical consequence of the September 11 terrorist attack was American expansion into Iraq and Afghanistan. In both cases, there was no evidence linking the terrorists to the respective states. But the general information context - an attack on the United States by terrorists - legitimized in the mass perception the possibility of a retaliatory invasion of other countries and even participation in the “crusade” proclaimed by George W. Bush.
TERRORISM AND THE THREAT OF NEW FASCIZATION
The creation of any civilizational system involves constructing an image of the enemy. If there is no real enemy, he can be removed artificially. There is no doubt that we are on the verge of establishing a new global system of governance.
International terrorism is positioned as the main enemy of the modern globalized world. The reproduction of the theme of the global terrorist threat is the specific mechanism for the implementation of political globalization. However, the construction of a global totalitarian system is hampered by the ideological relapse of the era of modernization - “human rights”. Through the development of the topic of international terrorism, the mass public consciousness is prepared to perceive the involution of civil liberties. Society is already ready to recognize the appropriate formula: “human rights in exchange for security.”
The topic of this essay is terrorism, its causes and impact on society. IN
Lately the fear of simply gathering in large groups in places has increased
mass gatherings of people. The most recent reason for this is the capture
hostages during the screening of the musical “Nord-Ost” at the theater center in Moscow.
People's opinions about what government policy should be in this
direction are also different. On the one hand, many believe that
the only solution may be to strengthen the police regime and actively
anti-terrorist actions. On the other hand, many do not accept such
means that result in the death of civilians. After all, the death of many
hostages, after being released from Nord-Ost, it is not the terrorists’ fault, but
intelligence services
Let's go over the definitions. Terrorism is a type of political extremism in
its most violent form. According to the accepted practice in the American
political science concept, terrorism is “the threat or use of violence
political purposes by individuals or groups who act as
side and against the existing government, when such actions
aims to influence more people than
direct victims."
Terrorism has nihilism as a cultural basis - a rejection of the common
There is poverty in the world, the misery of the masses of the population. This is just a nutrient medium, and
also a convenient excuse. It would be naive to imagine a terrorist as having been driven
to the complete despair and hopelessness of a person who, being no longer in
able to endure the hardships and suffering of their fellows, in a fit of rage
spontaneously grabs the weapon.
Turning points lay the groundwork for extremism in that
significantly increase the interest of people experiencing frustration and depression in
historical traditions. Traditionalism, brought to its logical
end, is the main prerequisite for various manifestations of such
radical ideological movement, such as fundamentalism. For example, in
post-Soviet period, positive self-affirmation of Russians was carried out
mainly due to the resuscitation of traditional national values and
symbols, as well as mythologization and glorification of the past of their people. Height
traditionalism increases people's desire for cultural isolation,
causes the growth of xenophobia (fear of strangers), causes contradictions in
development, hindering the processes of modernization and globalization.
Unfinished urbanization, specific
forms of industrialization, changes in the ethno-demographic structure of society,
especially in conditions of rapid unregulated migration processes.
The main conclusion made by scientists long ago: terrorism arose along with the media and
inextricably linked with them. Modern terrorism is the brother of television. He
would not make sense if television did not convey its results to every
house. Today Russian television is an accomplice of terrorists, it is thoughtful and
creatively does exactly what terrorists need - talks about them and
shows the results of their activities.
This leads to interesting mass behavior effects. One has been installed for a long time
of media phenomena - the fame created with their help does not have a plus sign or
"minus". That's why terrorists become TV characters like
and athletes or show business stars, and heroes are usually imitated. From here -
epidemics of imitative behavior sweeping society almost immediately
after high-profile events widely covered by the media.
Thus, the problem of determining the role and place of the media in the fight against terrorism
(and the position of a “third-party observer” is unlikely for them in crisis situations
appropriate) requires the participation in its resolution of both editors and journalists, and
lawyers, in the end - the whole society, which is now increasingly becoming
collective hostage in the hands of terrorists.
If the media did not cover so-called “symbolic” acts, then such
the shares would lose all meaning.
In addition to mass imitation, widespread coverage of terrorist activities in the media
causes other socio-psychological effects. For example, Bin Laden
Today he has become one of the world-class sex symbols.
The work of the media in covering the actions of terrorists is fraught with other dangers:
· A kind of “glorification” of criminals and their actions (in
depending on the place given to them in publications)
· Danger of causing imitators to become active
Possible impact of interviews with criminals on police interviews
negotiation
· Interviewing child victims of terrorists
· Constant declassification of deployment, strength and equipment
police trying to resolve the incident
· Unnecessary trauma to the victims' loved ones
Potential impact on upcoming litigation
Of course, terrorist organizations existed long before the advent of
television and the media in general - then the number of people
those who read newspapers were generally insignificant. And in those days terrorists took into account
demonstration effect: they sought to influence not so much
population as a whole, how many for the state, more precisely for its ruling circles,
whom they declared war on. This is explained by the fact that “old” terrorism
had a class or pseudo-class, rather narrow political character:
Suffice it to recall the Russian Narodnaya Volya and Socialist Revolutionaries. After the First World War
war, ethnic motives of terrorism came to the fore.
A striking example of terrorism, which has a strong ethnic overtones, is
“time of troubles” (Troubles), as they call it in Northern Ireland
decades of internecine war, in which with cruelty and mercilessness
the so-called paramilitaries on both sides are killing each other - Catholic
Irish Republican Army and Protestant Loyalist units.
Fear of terrorism is actively used to infiltrate mass consciousness
"the image of the enemy." For example, the image of “Islamic terror” serves to encourage
unification of the West as a counterweight to the South-Eastern “Terrorist Threat”. WITH
with its help they simultaneously split the Islamic world, dividing its states into
"terrorist" and "non-terrorist".
Fear of Terror is an Effective Tool in the Fight for Change
public opinion in favor of expanding the intelligence services, their powers and
financing.
In the West they are increasingly saying that terrorism is an inevitable reverse
side of increasing civil liberties, which it is desirable to limit.
The term “police democracy”, which appeared in the West, is quickly losing its popularity
society its negative meaning against the backdrop of fear skillfully whipped up by the media.
The process of group manipulation is divided into three stages:
· The first stage is “emotional actualization of xenophobia.” Such
psychological treatment carried out with the help of special literature and
media, is aimed at touching the most
sensitive strings of the human psyche, affecting honor and personal
the dignity of each representative of a given religious group or ethnic group.
· The second stage is “practical orientation of groups.” Mass consciousness
(“compatriots” or “co-religionists”), fueled by the propaganda of the “folk
indignation", is directed towards specific achievements with the help of attractive
political goals, programs.
· The third stage – goals planned for implementation, specific program
attitudes and practical steps must be morally sanctioned
prevailing public opinion in a given environment, after which any actions
this national movement, even if they are associated with inevitable
riots and bloodshed will certainly be perceived as morally
justified, meeting the highest interests of the nation or confession.
It is this type of terrorism that goes beyond local boundaries that is recognized today,
perhaps the main danger threatening humanity in the coming century.
And we have to admit that in this area of terrorist activity
prevails what is commonly – and incorrectly – called “Islamic
terrorism." Using this formulation is approximately the same as calling
colonization of Africa in the 19th century. "Christian colonization" on the grounds that
the colonial states were Christian.
The vast majority of people know nothing at all about Islam, and interest in
This religion, for obvious reasons, has recently been growing rapidly, and increasingly
a myth is spreading about special belligerence, almost even bloodthirstiness
Islam, which supposedly demands from its followers a merciless fight against
“infidels,” that is, with people of other faiths.
It is wrong to blame Islam for crimes allegedly committed in the name of this
religion. And yet - the fact remains: the most ruthless, massive,
"global-scale" acts of terror are committed by people calling themselves
Muslims, and are justified by the teachings of Islam.
In the late 70s - early 80s, there was a trend in the Muslim world towards
strengthening the positions of Islamic extremism and fundamentalism, which in general was
due to the general politicization of Islam (as well as the Islamization of politics).
The strengthening of the position of Islam in the countries of the Muslim East also contributed to
a number of objective factors:
1) Changes in the geopolitical situation in the world as a whole played a special role
after the collapse of the world socialist system and the USSR. Strengthening the US position in
as the only world "hegemon" have also become a kind of
a catalyst for a departure from European models and a search for original ways
development.
2) Conflict of different types of civilizations - Muslim and European,
manifested itself in almost all spheres of Muslim society and showed
impossibility of blind copying Western society on Islamic soil.
Historically, most countries in the Middle East are currently experiencing
difficult stage. The recent experience of the past decades has shown the inconsistency
borrowing both “capitalist” and “socialist” paths
development, the unacceptability of their mechanical copying.
3) Current socio-economic situation in the countries of the Arab East
characterized by a number of common features: agricultural overpopulation and the presence
large quantity workers not involved in agriculture;
too rapid urbanization of cities at the expense of people from villages;
inability to provide jobs to the urban population, rising unemployment;
strong wealth stratification in society.
Speaking about modern “Islamic” terrorism and its threat, it is necessary
emphasize that the main and immediate reason for the development of terrorism in
Union. As a result of the collapse of the USSR with the bankruptcy of ideas that preceded it
socialism in many states of the Near and Middle East (Egypt, Iraq,
Syria, Libya, Afghanistan, etc.), ideological vacuum there, and then in
Muslim regions of Russia quickly began to be filled with Islam. Last
appears primarily in its most militant form - in the form of radical
Wahhabism, demanding with the help of a “holy war” to return the Muslim world to
caliphate. Recording the intensification of Islam in the Muslim East and Russia,
experts note that Islam, which is characterized by a hostile attitude towards
liberal values and which can only lead to tyranny and impoverishment,
seeks to fill the vacuum left by the collapse of communism.
The main goal of Islamic radicalism is to change the place and role of religion
in the life of society, as a result of which representatives of this movement reject
the dominant ideology, political practice of the existing secular
regime and government system as not meeting the standards
Muslim religion.
Thus, Islamic extremists pursue the following goals: establishing
in society the foundations of the Islamic theocratic state, an introduction to
social practice of Sharia norms and, finally, the restoration of the caliphate in
as a single state entity of all Muslims.
As evidenced by extensive world practice, radical Islam is not
will stop within the fixed boundaries of the geographical residence of a certain
communities of Muslims, since their cherished dream is to unite
of the entire Muslim Ummah of the world within the framework of a single political state
formation - caliphate. In this case, the process seems inevitable
“spreading” of Islamic radical ideology and practice to others
“Muslim” territories, both within Russia, the CIS and other states
In journalism and scientific literature, attempts are common to directly link
the rise of political extremism with poverty, social disadvantage and
low cultural level of certain regional, ethnic or religious
groups. However, in closed, stagnant societies, such as the Bushmen of the South
Africa or among the Mayans in Mexico, which are at extremely low levels
economic and social development, there is nothing like political
extremism, and even more so terrorism. However, these phenomena are noticeable in
societies that have embarked on the path of transformation, and are concentrated in social
layers of society, characterized by a bizarre combination of traditional and new
features of culture, incomplete change in status and living conditions. Manifestations
extremism grows during periods of begun but not completed historical
Now there is a special one, new feature terrorist acts. Classical
terrorism has always been a form of blackmail of the authorities or the world community and openly
(and even demonstratively) put forward his demands, for example, to pay a ransom,
release like-minded people from prisons, stop hostilities, etc. But in
Lately, anonymous terrorist acts have been increasingly committed with
implicit goals. One of them may be consolidation or expansion of one’s own
ranks in response to provoked acts of retaliation. In this case, the state
(or a group of states), carrying out such actions, plays according to the scenario,
imposed on him (or them) by extremists.
According to Huntington, “the main problem facing the West is not
Islamic fundamentalism is Islam, a different civilization, the peoples of which
convinced of the superiority of their culture and dejected that their power is much greater
below. And the problem for Islam is the West, another civilization whose people
are convinced of the universal nature of their culture and believe that their
superior, albeit diminishing, power imposes on them the duty
spread this culture throughout the world."
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