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There is a state political organization society, possessing an apparatus of power.
The state serves society, solves problems facing society as a whole, as well as tasks reflecting the interests of individual social groups, territorial communities of the country's population. The solution to these problems of organization and life of society is the expression social purpose states. Changes in the life of the country and society, for example, industrialization, urbanization, population growth, put forward new tasks for the state in the field of social policy, in the development of measures for organizing the life of society in new conditions.
To the number most important tasks, in the resolution of which the social purpose of the state is expressed, includes ensuring the integrity of society, fair cooperation of various social groups, timely overcoming acute contradictions in the life of society and its constituent communities and groups.
The social purpose and active role of the state are expressed in ensuring strong public order, scientifically based use of nature, and protecting environment human life and activity. And the most important thing in characterizing the social purpose of the state is to ensure a decent life for a person and the well-being of the people.
The ideas of the social purpose of the state were concretized and developed in the concept (theory) of the “social state”. The provisions on the social state are enshrined in a number of constitutions of democratic states.
A democratic social state is designed to provide all citizens with constitutional rights and freedoms. To ensure not only material well-being, but also cultural rights and freedoms. A social state is a country with a developed culture. The International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, adopted on December 16, 1966, states that the ideal of the free human person, free from fear and want, can only be realized if conditions are created in which everyone can enjoy their economic , social and cultural rights, as well as civil and political rights.
IN modern conditions in Russia, the urgent tasks in the state’s social policy are ensuring the right to work and measures to overcome unemployment, labor protection, improving its organization and payment. It is necessary to multiply and improve measures to strengthen and state support family, motherhood and childhood. Social policy needs to stimulate assistance to older citizens, people with disabilities, strengthen health care, and other social institutions and services. The big tasks of the state's social policy are in the field of regulating the demographic processes of society, stimulating the birth rate, and enhancing the role of women in the life of the state's society.
(V.D. Popkov)
Show answer
The correct answer must contain the following elements:
1) an example of a task facing society as a whole, let’s say:
Ensuring strong public order;
Environmental protection of human life and activity;
2) an example of a task reflecting the interests of individual social groups, let’s say:
State support for family, motherhood and childhood;
Help for elderly citizens and disabled people.
Other tasks may be given
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Introduction
Human society is in a process of constant changes that occur under the influence of various factors. Social relationships between people become more complex, new needs appear, and, accordingly, types of activities that satisfy them appear. Therefore, the question of how society adapts to changing conditions is always relevant. The answer to it will reveal the mechanisms of adaptation of society that form the basis of its viability and stability. The ability of society to respond to the needs of individuals and to adapt to changing conditions is ensured by the political system. Thanks to the action of political institutions and structures, the political system influences various aspects of the life of society. The operation of the mechanisms of the political system is based on the ability to distribute values and resources within society by means of authority, to prescribe certain norms of behavior and standards to the population. In this regard, the political system also includes the interaction of the ruler and the ruled. Thus, the political system is a characteristic of the relationship between the state and society.
The concept and essence of the political system of the Republic
Belarus
The term “political system” was introduced into constitutional law by the Bulgarian constitution of 1971, which enshrined some principles of the “socialist political system”. The term was subsequently used in the constitutions of El Salvador 1983, Nicaragua 1987 and Ethiopia 1987 (the latter is currently defunct). The 1977 USSR Constitution contained an entire chapter devoted to the political system. In the vast majority of the constitutions of the countries of the world, the term “political system” is not used, but they all regulate one or another of its links, sides, elements: the state, the political regime, often political parties, sometimes political ideology. Therefore, the political system is traditionally the object of study of constitutional law, although long time Only its individual aspects were studied, and only in the last two decades has it become the object of study as a complex constitutional and legal institution.
Constitutional legislation does not contain a definition of the political system, and in modern social science (mainly political science) there are two approaches to this concept. The structural-functional approach in its behaviorist (behavioral) interpretation, formed on the basis of American political science, considers the political system as political behavior, a process within various human groups: parties, trade unions, firms, clubs, cities, etc. From this point of view, in any society there are many political (parapolitical) systems that are not necessarily associated with state power.
The institutional approach, represented in particular by French political science (although in last years and it is significantly influenced by American post-behaviorism), based on the existence in any state-organized society of one political system, which is associated with state power. Along with such institutions as the state, parties, etc., the concept of a political system usually includes a political regime, although some French political scientists identify the system with the regime, while others interpret it very broadly, understanding by it the entire political (and sometimes not only the political) ) life. In domestic literature, the political system is defined as a universal control system of a socially asymmetric society, the components of which (institutional - parties, state, etc., normative - political norms, including relevant branches and institutions of law, functional - political regime, ideological - political ideology) are united into a dialectically contradictory, but integral formation by “secondary” political relations - between the links of the system (“primary” political relations are the relations between large social communities of a given country). Ultimately, the political system regulates the production and distribution of social goods between various communities and individuals based on the use state power, participating in it, fighting for it.
The constitutions of countries contain provisions related to the political system. They proclaim the power of the people. In fact, the main role in political power in developed countries, the “middle class” plays the role, having good living conditions and interested in political stability, and the real levers of power are in the hands of the political elite of society. In a number of developing countries, political power belongs to a broader segment of the population, including the beginnings of the emerging “middle class,” or to a narrow group (political elite), which is not bound by the pressure of various segments of the population and acts in selfish interests (some countries Tropical Africa, Oceania).
State power in all countries is exercised by the relevant state bodies. They will be discussed below.
There are many classifications of political systems in the scientific literature. There are socialist, bourgeois-democratic and bourgeois-authoritarian political systems, political systems in countries of socialist and capitalist orientation, one-party, two-party and multi-party systems, etc. The most recognized is the division of political systems into democratic, authoritarian and totalitarian. In democratic systems, the main structural principle is pluralism, and the functional principle is role autonomy. There is a multi-party system (often there are more than a hundred or even a thousand parties, for example in Japan, among them the smallest), and political opposition parties are allowed (the principle of competition is sometimes enshrined in constitutions, for example, in the Czech Republic); the separation of powers is recognized (along with the principles of checks and balances and interaction between the branches of government); there are several decision-making centers; the right of decision-making by the majority and the protection of minority rights are recognized; fundamental human and civil rights are exercised; the principle of legal equality has been proclaimed and implemented; the ideas of the rule of law and legality are recognized and implemented; there is ideological pluralism; the election method is decisive in the formation of government leadership and various political associations; The main methods of resolving conflicts are compromise and consensus. In short, this system contains all the basic elements of democracy. This open system, and various segments of the population, “interest groups,” parties can achieve concessions and solutions to their problems with the help of various forms of peaceful pressure on state power. Changes in political groups and persons at the levers of power are carried out through free elections.
In an authoritarian system, the principles of pluralism and role autonomy may not be denied, but in fact they are reduced to a minimum. These principles apply only to a small part of society. Single-party rule has not been introduced, but only certain political parties and organizations are allowed to operate. The permitted parties are not genuine political opposition, but pro-government parties, a loyal quasi-opposition. Although there is a parliament and judicial bodies, the separation of powers, sometimes mentioned in the constitution, does not exist in practice: the executive branch, headed by a president re-elected 5, 6, or even 8 times (Paraguay), who is de facto and sometimes legally heads the ruling party and makes all the most important decisions; constitutions declare basic human and civil rights, but many of them are actually limited or not respected (some parties and publications are banned); socio-economic rights are not ensured/personal rights of citizens are violated by the all-powerful administrative apparatus; when forming various kinds of bodies, the principle of appointment often dominates, and elections in the context of a ban on opposition parties and publications give distorted results; there is an official dominant ideology enshrined in the constitution, although deviation from it is still not punishable by criminal law; when resolving conflicts, compromises are rarely used; the main method of resolving contradictions is violence (in the East the principle of consensus dominates, but this applies only to the regulation of relations in parliament, among the ruling elite and is not applied to the opposition part of the population).
In short, under this political system there are only minor elements of democracy, and even then in the texts of constitutions, but not in practice. It is almost a closed, semi-closed system. The opposition is virtually excluded from it; it is difficult for it to organize peaceful pressure on the state authorities in order to achieve certain concessions, and the state authorities respond to mass protests with brutal reprisals. But some elements of opposition may still be allowed.
Under the conditions of a totalitarian system, even limited pluralism is eliminated; there is no role autonomy for parts of the political system. A single, united total organization is created, linking together the state, the ruling party, and sometimes other authorized parties. The center for making all socially significant decisions is the top of the ruling party, essentially the only legal party (sometimes some small parties are allowed, but they recognize the leading role of the ruling party in society and the state and are its unique branches). In some countries, under the conditions of a religious-totalitarian system, all parties are prohibited (Kuwait, UAE, Saudi Arabia, Swaziland, etc.). They are usually prohibited during military coups, when military totalitarianism is established. Public organizations are viewed as the “transmission belts” of the party, and the state is often seen as its technical apparatus. The concept of separation of powers is rejected, the idea of unity of power dominates, headed by the Fuhrer, Duce, Caudillo, “President for Life.” Sometimes he is not proclaimed a lifer and is re-elected, but in fact remains in place until his death, ruling the country, in particular, with the help of the Politburo of the ruling party. It happens that the basic rights of a person and, in particular, a citizen are directly limited by law (for example, in accordance with the racist ideology of the regime, as was the case in South Africa) or proclaimed in constitutions, but are not actually implemented (repression of dissidents, placement of dissidents in psychiatric hospitals , the punitive role of all-powerful committees and ministries of state security, etc.). In fact, the principle of appointment prevails, only outwardly covered by elections, since only candidates from the ruling party are offered for election. Under a totalitarian system, there is a mandatory ideology (the idea of the “Aryan race” under fascism). Criticism of this ideology is not permitted and will result in punishment. A totalitarian system is a closed, closed system. Only illegal, underground opposition is possible, the activities of which are criminally punishable; it cannot exert peaceful pressure on state power, its leaders are expelled from the country and put in prisons and psychiatric hospitals.
Along with the three main types of political systems and within them, there are other gradations. Some countries have semi-democratic systems, while others have totalitarian systems under military regimes (for example, Haiti, Nigeria).
The state as a political organization of society. Organs
State power
Every structural element political system is a subject of social relations, which, depending on their content, occupies one or another place in the organization of society. Due to the difference in the content of social relations, their subjects - elements of the political system - have different competencies.
In the legal literature, there is a consensus that the state has a decisive place in the political system of society. However, in this context, the state should be considered not as a collection of disparate government bodies, but as an integral political institution.
Why does the state act as a special link in the structure of the political system of society? Why can’t his role and place in this system be identified, for example, with the ruling party or with another public organization? According to researchers, the special place and role of the state in the political system of society is determined by the following factors:
Firstly, having separated from society, the state becomes its main ruling political organization. State power is the main, unifying, organizing and coercive force in society. Its effect covers all persons living in the territory of the state. Consequently, the state is not just the most massive political association of citizens, but an association of all members of society who are in a political and legal connection with the state, regardless of class, age, professional and other affiliation. The activities of the state are associated with real and widest opportunities for all citizens to participate in the political life of society.
Secondly, the state has the unity of legislative, managerial and control functions; it is the only sovereign organization throughout the country. An extensive system of legal means allows the use of various methods of coercion and persuasion.
Thirdly, the state plays an important role in improving society as the owner of the main instruments and means of production, determines the main directions of its development in the interests of everyone.
Fourthly, the state has sovereignty. It is an official, a representative of the entire people within the country and in the international arena.
Fifthly, the state plays a creative role in the development of society, is the organizing principle of determining national policy. If the state ceases to serve the interests of social development, society has the right to make appropriate adjustments to the practical organization of its statehood.
However, history also shows that, occupying a decisive place in the political system of society, the state can absorb not only this system, but the entire society. Actually, this is what happens in states with a totalitarian, fascist or authoritarian regime. Therefore, an excessive increase in government intervention in the political life of society leads to the nationalization of the political system, lawlessness and arbitrariness. That is why it is so important to constitutionally establish and actually ensure the limits of the state’s activities, to remove from the scope of its action those social relations that should be free from state regulation, control and interference.
As for political systems based on class antagonism, they observe the fusion of the state and political organizations of the ruling classes, which act together. They are also opposed by their class and political opponents represented by their organizations. Of course, between these two poles there are intermediate layers, organizations that often occupy contradictory positions.
In conclusion, we note “that the state is one of the strictly political organizations, that, being equipped with a special apparatus of coercion and suppression with the corresponding “material appendages” in the form of prisons and other compulsory institutions, the state acts as the main force in the hands of the political forces in power , as the main conductor of their will and interests in life, as the most important means of exercising political power."
The specificity of any public authority is that it carries out the tasks and functions of the state and acts on its behalf, and is endowed with state powers. These powers consist in the right of the body to issue legal acts on behalf of the state, which are binding on those to whom they are addressed, and to apply measures to ensure the implementation of legal acts, including measures of persuasion, incentives and coercion.
A state body is an organized team that forms an independent part of the state apparatus, endowed with its own competence, performing public functions, the structure and activities of which are regulated by law.
It is characteristic of a state body that it is a political organization, i.e. endowed with state power. This implies the most essential feature of a state body - the presence at its disposal of powers of a state-imperious nature. The content of state power consists, firstly, in issuing legally binding acts on behalf of the state, i.e. binding on those to whom they are addressed; secondly, the state has the right to ensure the implementation of adopted acts by applying measures of education, persuasion and encouragement on behalf of the state; thirdly, in the right of state bodies to carry out, on behalf of the state, supervision (over the thief) over the fulfillment of the requirements of legal acts.
It is characteristic that when exercising state powers, state bodies, in order to protect the legal acts issued by them from violations, use coercive measures in necessary cases.
Thus, the main features of a state body are expressed as follows:
a) a state body is a link, part of the state apparatus;
b) a state body - an organization, a cell of society, a team organized in a certain way;
c) it is characteristic of a state body that it is a political organization (empowered with state power);
d) carries out its tasks and functions on behalf of the state;
e) has government powers;
f) has its own organized structure, territorial scale of activity, competence;
g) is formed in the manner prescribed by law, carries out the tasks assigned to it through one of the types of state activities;
h) bears responsibility to the state for its activities.
In the current legislation, the terms government body and state body almost coincide, however, the concept of a state body is broader, in contrast to the concept: government body.
Government bodies (executive power), being one of the types of government bodies, have the above characteristics. They differ from other bodies (legislative and judicial) in the purpose, content of their activities and their nature. They carry out state activities that are specific in their content, forms and methods - public administration, thus also being a governing body. Each government body, like any other government agency, has its own organizational structure, i.e. the system for constructing its internal, or working, apparatus, determined by the tasks of the body, the territorial scale of activity, the competence with the help of which its subjects of jurisdiction and powers are determined. Their formation, structure, and order of activity are mainly regulated by legal norms.
All government bodies have legal personality, which is determined by the charter or regulations on a particular body.
The competence of government bodies is enshrined in the Constitution of the Republic of Belarus, laws, decrees and decrees of the President of the Republic of Belarus, charters or regulations on a particular body.
The state is a political organization of society that has an apparatus of power.
The state serves society, solves problems facing society as a whole, as well as tasks reflecting the interests of individual social groups and territorial communities of the country's population. The solution to these problems of organization and life of society is an expression of the social purpose of the state. Changes in the life of the country and society, for example, industrialization, urbanization, population growth, put forward new tasks for the state in the field of social policy, in the development of measures for organizing the life of society in new conditions.
Among the most important tasks, in the resolution of which the social purpose of the state is expressed, is ensuring the integrity of society, fair cooperation of various social groups, and timely overcoming acute contradictions in the life of society and its constituent communities and groups.
The social purpose and active role of the state are expressed in ensuring a strong social order, scientifically based use of nature, and in protecting the environment of human life and activity. And the most important thing in characterizing the social purpose of the state is to ensure a decent life for a person and the well-being of the people.
The ideas of the social purpose of the state were concretized and developed in the concept (theory) of the “social state”. The provisions on the social state are enshrined in a number of constitutions of democratic states.
A democratic social state is designed to provide all citizens with constitutional rights and freedoms. To ensure not only material well-being, but also cultural rights and freedoms. A social state is a country with a developed culture. The International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, adopted on December 16, 1966, states that the ideal of the free human person, free from fear and want, can only be realized if conditions are created in which everyone can enjoy their economic , social and cultural rights, as well as civil and political rights.
In modern conditions in Russia, the urgent tasks in the social policy of the state are ensuring the right to work and measures to overcome unemployment, labor protection, improving its organization and payment. It is necessary to multiply and improve measures to strengthen and state support for the family, motherhood and childhood. Social policy needs to stimulate assistance to older citizens, people with disabilities, strengthen health care, and other social institutions and services. The big tasks of the state's social policy are in the field of regulating the demographic processes of society, stimulating the birth rate, and enhancing the role of women in the life of the state's society.
(V.D. Popkov)
Show answer
The correct answer must contain the following elements:
1) the answer to the first question: a political organization of society with an apparatus of power;
2) the answer to the second question: a system of institutions that has supreme power in a certain territory.
Elements of the answer can be given in other formulations that are similar in meaning.
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State, the main instrument of political power in a class society. In a broader sense, G. is understood as political form organization of social life, which develops as a result of the emergence and activity of public authority - a special management system that governs the main spheres of public life and, if necessary, relies on the power of coercion. Since G. is built according to territorial principle, this term is sometimes inaccurately used as a synonym for the concept of “country”. Various types of government are known: slaveholding, feudal, bourgeois, socialist; various forms of organization of G. - monarchy, republic.
The main features of government: 1) the presence of a special system of bodies and institutions that together form the mechanism of government. 2) the presence of law, that is, mandatory rules of behavior established or sanctioned by government. With the help of law, government as a political power consolidates a certain order of social relations, as well as the structure and order of operation of the state mechanism; 3) availability certain territory, within which the given state power is limited. Acting as a territorial organization, Germany actively contributed to the process of nation formation.
G. is the main, but not the only political institution of class society; Along with government, in a developed society there are various parties, unions, religious associations, etc., which together with government form the political organization of society. The difference between government and other political institutions of class society is that it has the highest power in society (sovereignty of state power). The supremacy of state power is specifically expressed in universality (its power extends to the entire population and public organizations of a given country), prerogatives (state power can cancel any manifestation of any other public power), as well as the presence of such means of influence that no other public power has (for example, a monopoly of legislation, justice).
G. is a social phenomenon limited by a certain historical framework. The primitive communal system did not know G. It arises as a result of the social division of labor, the emergence of private property and the split of society into classes. The economically dominant classes need to protect their privileges and consolidate the system of exploitation in a special power mechanism of political domination, which is what G. and his apparatus were. With the advent of government, this mechanism no longer coincides with society, as if it stands above it and is maintained at the expense of society (taxes, fees). No matter how different the historical forms of government, state power and organization of the apparatus of government may be, its essence, the nature of its relations with society is the political power of the ruling class (dictatorship of the class). With the help of government, the classes that own the means of production become politically dominant and thereby consolidate their economic and social dominance and leading role within a given society and in its relations with other societies and countries.
G., thus, is ultimately determined by the nature of production relations and the method of production as a whole. In the course of history, G. acquires independence. Its independent impact on the main spheres of social life, historical and social processes is very significant and is carried out in different directions, i.e. G. can contribute to the development of social relations or, conversely, slow it down. As state-organized society becomes more complex, the role of this influence increases.
44.Functions of the state. The concept of political power. Forms of power.
State- this is a system of organs of society that ensures the organized internal legal life of the people as a whole, protects the rights of its citizens, carries out the normal functioning of the institutions of power - legislative, judicial and executive, controls its territory, protects its people from external threats, guarantees the fulfillment of obligations to others states, preserves the natural environment and cultural values, contributing to the survival of society and its progress. Signs: 1) Separation of public authority from society, 2) Territory limited by a clearly defined border, 3) Sovereignty, 4) The right to collect taxes and fees from the population, 5) Mandatory citizenship. Functions of the state (internal): 1) Political
2) Economic
3) Social
4) Ideological
5) Cultural and educational
6) Ecological
7) Protection of the rights of citizens (According to lectures: 1Regulation of relations between layers, 2 Management of the general affairs of citizens living in a given territory and organizing in a state, functions are carried out through tasks 1-7)
1) Border protection
2) Integration into the global economy
3) Protection international security
Policy - represents participation in state affairs, in determining the direction
its functioning, in determining the forms, tasks and content of activities
states. The purpose of the policy is to maintain or create the most acceptable
for certain social strata or classes, as well as society as a whole, conditions and
ways of exercising power. Political power- this is a subtle art
government controlled. It is a collection of elements
who are officially recognized executors of political power (state apparatus,
political parties, movements, trade unions). These are the main elements of a ramified mechanism, with
through which political power is exercised in society.
Power- is always the organized will and power of any subjects, aimed at
people, regardless of their attitudes regarding such influence.
There are monarchical and republican forms board. Monarchy- This
a state whose head is a monarch; there is an autocratic or
limited power of one person (king, king, emperor), which is usually
is inherited and birth determines who will be the ruler. Republic -
form of government carried out by elected bodies, i.e. legally source
The popular majority is in power. A republic presupposes a legal order,
transparency and separation of powers.
Oligarchy - form of government in which government power is vested in
a small group of people, usually the most economically powerful.
Despotism- form government system and rule, under which the autocratic
the ruler has unlimited control in the state, acting in relation to
subject as lord and master.
Democracy- a form of government in which supreme power belongs to everything
Theocracy- a form of state in which both political and spiritual power
concentrated in the hands of the clergy (church).
45 Political and legal consciousness, their role in social life.
Political consciousness arose in antiquity as a response to the real need for understanding such new phenomena as the state and state power, cat. first arose with the split of society into anthological classes. Since the social division of labor leads to the emergence of classes, and therefore to sharp differences in the conditions, their life and activities, there is a need to maintain the existing class structure through state power, cat. most often, it naturally expresses the interests of the ruling class. Thus, political consciousness is a reflection of the production, economic and social relations of classes in their aggregate relationship to state power. This conditioning by direct economic and class interests is the specificity of political consciousness. The structure of state power is the central problem of political thinking. The political struggle to determine the structure, tasks and content of the state’s activities has historically taken on a variety of forms, ranging from public discussion of social problems, from parliamentary discussions and economic demands leading to private reforms, and ending with violent coups d’état and social revolutions.
(2var) It is political interests that are most often the core of all socially active associations, and even more so of social clashes. Not only the socio-political, but also the spiritual life of society depends on political interests.
Until classes (=the problem of state power) disappear, all the aspirations of the human spirit will be drawn, consciously or violently, into political contradictions. Legal consciousness- this is the form of social consciousness in which knowledge and assessment of normative social laws accepted in a given society as legal laws are expressed -economic activity various subjects rights (individual, enterprise, labor collectives, organizations. Officials, etc.) Legal consciousness is, as it were, intermediate between political and moral consciousness. If political consciousness is formed depending on objective socio-economic interests. then legal consciousness is more oriented towards rational and moral assessments.
The internal closeness of legal consciousness with rational and moral categories has historical reasons. In a classless primitive society with its mythological worldview, laws were considered as a moral tradition; they “took the form of institutions sanctioned by the gods” (Hegel).
The legal consciousness of society is always support for the very idea of regulated relations between the individual and the state, cat. are recognized as necessary to maintain society against the forces of anarchy.cat. need to be known and observed, but cannot be considered absolute, that is, free from critical assessment. Political and legal consciousness exist both at the socio-practical and at the theoretical levels.