home Secrets of medicine The year of birth of Stalin's wife. Favorite women of Joseph Vissarionovich

The year of birth of Stalin's wife. Favorite women of Joseph Vissarionovich

It was a short but, apparently, happy marriage. Because it was for love...

Catherine was introduced to her future husband, Joseph Dzhugashvili, by her brother Alexander, who, like Joseph, was passionate about religion - both studied at theological seminary - and... politics.

First of all, Joseph in love found it necessary to introduce his chosen one to his mother. Keka liked her son's bride and received a blessing for the marriage.

At that time, such things were still important for the future Soviet dictator.

It’s an amazing thing - dozens of books have been written about Stalin and his personal life. But at the same time, almost nothing is known about his first woman.

I had the opportunity to meet the descendants of those who personally knew both Joseph himself and his Kato. At the beginning of the last century, this was the name given to the future ruler of one-sixth of the land and his greatest love.

From their stories and memories I will try to recreate the story of the life and death of Ekaterina Svanidze.

She was an unusual woman. Already because for her sake, former seminarian Dzhugashvili went down the aisle.

On the night of July 16, 1906, in the monastery of St. David, located in Tiflis on Mount Mtatsminda, the wedding of the 19-year-old daughter of a Tiflis peasant and the 26-year-old son of a shoemaker from Gori took place. Dzhugashvili had just joined the Bolshevik Party and was not at all alien to the joys of family life.

At that time, Joseph was already in an illegal situation.

Therefore, the wedding took place secretly and at night. The only priest who agreed to perform the ritual was Soso’s classmate at the theological seminary.

The young Bolshevik had to get married under someone else's name. According to his passport, he was listed as Galiashvili.

The series of pseudonyms began...

Only four months will pass, and Ekaterina Svanidze will be able to fully experience what it means to be the wife of a revolutionary.

On November 13, the police came to her apartment on Freylinskaya Street, looking for Joseph. He was in Baku at that time. Therefore, the gendarmes - not to leave empty-handed - arrested Kato.

The formal reason for the arrest was that Svanidze showed the police her maiden passport, although her marriage was no longer a secret to anyone.

On the eve of the new year, which became the last in her life, Svanidze was released. Her relatives wrote a petition about this. The woman was five months pregnant, and the Tiflis police may have simply taken pity on the unfortunate wife of Joseph Dzhugashvili. Who, we must give him credit, also signed the petition. True, he appeared in it as the cousin of the arrested woman.

And after three months, the parents had to flee Tiflis. The reason for the escape was a raid on a postal carriage, which the young father organized on Erivan Square in Tiflis.

As a result of the attack, 250 thousand rubles were stolen - a huge sum at that time.

However, it later turns out that the real organizer of the famous robbery was the tsarist police. All stolen banknotes were marked, and when attempting to exchange them abroad, many wanted revolutionaries were arrested.

Only Soso, who at that moment was again hiding in Baku, escaped detention. Subsequently, such luck would give rise to speculation that he was a secret police officer.

But such conversations will arise later. In the meantime, the spouses were living an ordinary life, if you do not take into account the need to hide.

Catherine was offended by her mother-in-law, whom she called “old woman.” The reason was familiar to any young family: Keke refused to look after Yakov while his daughter-in-law and son were in Baku.

Kato had to turn to relatives for help, whose house would later become home to Yakov.

The only way Catherine could help her son was with money, which she passed on to her family. The woman was a popular dressmaker in Tiflis, who dressed the wife of the police chief himself.

Maybe that’s why the relationship between Keke and Kato didn’t work out in the end? Stalin's mother was just a simple laundress. And his son’s wife dressed all the city nobility.

Who knows if it was female rivalry that quarreled Joseph’s two main women?

During her stay in Baku, Ekaterina Svanidze fell ill with transient consumption. Her husband brought her back to Tiflis and returned to Baku again.

He arrived in the capital of Georgia only the day before his wife’s death, on November 21, 1907. The next day Svanidze passed away.

The marriage of Soso and Kato, as the young people were called by their friends, lasted a little over a year. According to contemporaries, Joseph truly loved Catherine.

Perhaps because from the first day she began to behave correctly - she looked up to her husband, without questioning his words in the slightest and not even daring to think that her Soso, forced every now and then to hide from the police and leave his young wife in loneliness, maybe something is wrong.

Although, of course, there were people who said the opposite. Thus, a certain Pyotr Mozhnov, who knew the owner of the Baku refuge Soso and Keto, recalled that “Joseph, returning home drunk, cursed his wife with the last words and kicked him”...

At the funeral of Ekaterina Svanidze, held at the Kukiya cemetery in Tiflis, Joseph Dzhugashvili told a friend: “This creature softened my stony heart; she died, and with her my last warm feelings for people died.”

When the coffin with Catherine's body was lowered into the ground, Joseph threw himself into the grave. One of Dzhugashvili’s friends, Gerontius Kikodze, who was present at the funeral, had to go down to the grave and almost by force pull his inconsolable comrade out of there.

A year after the death of his wife, Joseph Dzhugashivli took a pseudonym for himself, by which he went down in history, to this day forcing people to talk not only about himself, but also about members of his family.

Soso Dzhugashvili became Joseph Stalin.

There are many speculations about why Dzhugashvili chose this particular pseudonym. Personally, I am close to the version associated with the death of Ekaterina Svanidze.

Joseph's "heart of stone" now beat in a man of steel. Who thought only about power.

Ekaterina Svanidze’s brother Alexander, the same one thanks to whom Joseph’s meeting with his first wife took place, became a fiery revolutionary. He was the Minister of Finance of Soviet Georgia, worked for several years in Geneva, returning from where he headed Vneshtorgbank in Moscow. He and his wife were one of the most trusted people in Stalin's house.

In 1937, Svanidze was arrested and soon executed. His wife, upon receiving the news of her husband's death, died of a broken heart.

All ties with the past were severed. No one even dared to mention the name Svanidze in Stalin’s house.

The name of Catherine began to sound from Stalin’s lips only in last years life, when he loved to remember his youth, Georgia and his first love...

Favorite women of Joseph Vissarionovich

...We don’t want heavenly truth,
It is easier for us to lie on earth.

Joseph Dzhugashvili.
1896 poem in translation
from Georgian F. Chueva

When Stalin’s second wife passed away on the night of November 9, 1932, by pressing the trigger of a miniature Walther, he was not yet fifty-three. For a man - a blooming age. From 52-year-old Ivan the Terrible, who was one of the idols of the “leader of all nations,” his seventh wife gave birth to Tsarevich Dimitri, and the restless tsar sent his ambassador to England to woo his eighth wife.

Joseph Vissarionovich did not marry a third time, but it would be unfair to believe that he turned into a misogynist. Although he carefully hid his personal life from prying eyes.

Those who had the opportunity to communicate with Stalin almost unanimously note his charm, and many considered him handsome. “I also liked Stalin in everyday life, if I met him at his dinners. - Khrushchev recalled after he had debunked Stalin’s “cult of personality.” “They were such casual family dinners, with jokes and stuff.” Stalin was very humane at these dinners, and I was impressed by this.” “In his personal life, Stalin was very modest, he dressed simply,” adds Mikoyan, who only fell out of favor with him towards the end of the leader’s life. “Civilian clothes suited him very well, emphasizing his simplicity even more.” “He has a lovely smile,” notes Korney Chukovsky, Barmaley’s creator. “Stalin knew how to charm people,” Beria’s son testifies. “In general, Stalin was handsome,” states Molotov, the second person in the Stalinist hierarchy. “Women were supposed to be attracted to him.” He was a success."

And he really was successful with women. And in 1918 in Petrograd, one of them awarded him with a venereal disease (presumably gonorrhea). When Molotov was asked about this, he smiled:
- Well, it was like that.

Ekaterina Georgievna, the mother of Joseph Dzhugashvili, unhappy in her personal life (her husband, a shoemaker, drank like a shoemaker), predicted a career for her son as a clergyman and until her last days she blamed him for his disobedience. Having already become the “autocrat of All Rus',” he rarely saw her, although he repeatedly visited the Caucasus on vacation. His letters to his mother, also infrequent, are written as if according to a template, and rarely in any of them do notes of filial love break through:

“September 29, 1933.
Hello, my mother! How do you feel, how are you living? I received your letter. It's good that you don't forget us. Now I feel good and healthy. If you need anything, let me know. Whatever you instruct, I will do. Yours Soso.”

One can’t help but recall the description given to his idol by “Stalin’s People’s Commissar” Kaganovich: “Stalin did not recognize any personal relationships. For him there was no love, so to speak, for a person as a person. He had a love for faces in politics.”

And further. During the autopsy, doctors found that the left, responsible for thinking process, Stalin’s brain hemisphere is larger than the right, which forms emotions.

Stalin surrounded his mother with care, but with the care of strangers. Settled in Tbilisi in former palace Governor General, where she, deeply religious and alien to luxury, occupied one small and dark room. My son was here only once, in 1935. Is this the kind of concern that old Kate expected? God knows.

Stalin did not come to the funeral of his mother, who died on July 4, 1937: the closed trial of Marshal Tukhachevsky, army commanders Yakir, Uborevich, Eideman, Kork and Putna had just ended. They were shot. Next in line were Bukharin, Rykov... Things were up to their necks.

A wreath was placed on the grave of Ekaterina Georgievna Dzhugashvili, located on Mount David next to Griboedov’s grave, with the inscription on the ribbon: “To my dear and beloved mother from the son of Joseph Dzhugashvili (from Stalin).”

I was there. There is a funicular from Tbilisi to the mountain. An unremarkable grave of a simple Georgian woman who gave birth to the evil genius of the 20th century. Even Churchill stood before him.

In his personal archive, Stalin kept only documents to which he wanted to limit access or which evoked in him some unknown associations and feelings. For example, in the drawer of his desk under an old newspaper they found a note from Bukharin, written before the execution. “Koba,” Nikolai Ivanovich addressed his old friend, “why did you need my life?”

Among other papers, Stalin also kept in his archive a letter from a completely unknown, not very literate woman, although thousands and thousands of letters were received in his name, finding rest in the folders of the archives of the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks, ministries and departments. The letter arrived at Stalin's secretariat in April 1938 from a Muscovite M. Mikhailovskaya, who, as follows from the rather confusing text, is concerned about the fate of a certain Praskovya Georgievna Mikhailovskaya, the wife of her nephew. She disappeared in broad daylight in Moscow, where she had come from the Saratov region to fulfill the behest of her recently deceased mother: to give Stalin her childhood photographs.

“I met Pasha and her mother,” writes Mikhailovskaya, “in the first years of the Revolution. She was a tall, slender, black-eyed Georgian beauty. To my question to her mother - why is Pasha so black, because... the mother was bright, Pasha’s mother answered: her father is Georgian. But why are you alone? To this question, Pasha’s mother replied that Pasha’s father devoted himself to serving the people, and this is Stalin.

If you remember your youth and early youth (and this is never forgotten), then you, of course, remember the little black-eyed girl whose name was Pasha. She remembers you well. Your mother spoke Georgian, and Pasha remembered these words: “Dear dear child.”

I looked carefully at Pasha and see that she has your face, Comrade Stalin. The same general expression of an open, bold face, the same eyes, mouth, forehead. It became clear to me that Pasha is close to you by blood.”

In the “first years of the Revolution” Pasha was 18 years old. This means that she was born in 1899, when Stalin was expelled from the last class of the Tiflis Theological Seminary. Is this a coincidence?

On March 20, 1938, Praskovya Georgievna handed over a letter addressed to Stalin and her children’s cards to the reception of the Party Central Committee, and a few days later she disappeared. “She left me at 10 a.m. yesterday and didn’t come back. I waited for her all day and all night. I'm terribly worried that something bad has happened to her. She could have been hit by a tram; Wanting to get a date with you, she, driven by the futility of this, could commit suicide. By your order, it is not difficult to find Pasha.”

But it is difficult to say what happened to Praskovya Georgievna and M. Mikhailovskaya, given that Mikhailovskaya’s letter to Stalin came from the NKVD with a “top secret” covering note. Either the leader caressed the fruit of his sinless youth, taking a vow of silence in return, or he erased it into the camp dust along with his aunt, who learned what she was not supposed to know. But he kept her letter, just as he kept Bukharin’s note.

When Anna Alliluyeva, the sister of Stalin’s second wife, and Evgenia Zemlyanitsyna, her brother’s wife, were arrested in 1948, Stalin’s daughter Svetlana asked her father about the reasons for the arrest. “They knew too much, they talked too much. And this plays into the hands of the enemies,” replied Joseph Vissarionovich, whom Bukharin called “Genghis Khan with a telephone.”
According to the memoirs of contemporaries, Ekaterina Svanidze, Stalin’s first wife, “looked at her husband as if he were a demigod.” Although there seemed to be nothing special about it. “Height is two arshins and a half inches (that’s about 160 cm - L.B.). Average build. The second and third toes of the left foot are fused. Hair, beard and mustache are dark. The nose is straight and long. The forehead is straight and low. The face is elongated, dark, with pockmarks.” This is how he, twenty-three years old, appeared to police officials at the beginning of the twentieth century. But in the personal file of Joseph Dzhugashvili, aka Ryaboy, aka Koba, aka Zakhar Milikyan, aka Nisharidze, aka Stalin, who was arrested in 1912, his height is determined to be 1 meter 74 cm, which is by no means small for that time. And in the photographs he doesn’t look short. However, women have their own ideas about the merits of men.

Catherine, about whom little is known, was from the same village of Didi-Lilo near Tiflis, where Stalin’s father was from. In 1904, the already famous revolutionary Joseph Dzhugashvili fled from his first Siberian exile and settled in his native Georgia, where he soon secretly married his father’s countrywoman and herself beautiful girl village of Didi-Lilo. Judging by the few photographs that have survived, Ekaterina Svanidze was indeed a woman with an extraordinary appearance. Apparently, Stalin sincerely loved her. But in 1907 she died: either from typhus, or from pneumonia, or - there is such a version - from transient consumption (Stalin in the twenties was diagnosed with old, no longer active tuberculosis, which he acquired underground and could give it to your wife). Stalin took the loss seriously. “He was very sad. The pale face reflected the mental suffering that the death of a faithful life friend caused to this so callous person,” recalled a contemporary.

However, he also experienced the death of his second wife just as hard. “They thought then that he would commit suicide or go crazy,” testifies Stalin’s niece Kira Pavlovna Politkovskaya. The leader was a monogamous man, and it was difficult to part with what he was used to, and if he parted, it was without regret. Including clothes. “There was nothing to bury him in,” said Molotov. “The frayed sleeves of the uniform were hemmed and cleaned...”

Ekaterina Semyonovna Svanidze was buried according to the Orthodox rite. In the photograph depicting her in the coffin, Stalin, still with a small beard, stands at the head of the bed, his head lowered in unruly curls.
“This creature softened my stony heart,” Joseph Dzhugashvili said to his friend in the cemetery. “She died, and with her the last warm feelings for people died.

Kato left baby Jacob to her husband, who experienced the tragic fate of being the son of a “great leader and teacher.” He got to know his father closely only in 1921, when, as a fourteen-year-old teenager, he was sent from Georgia to Moscow. Before that, he lived serenely in the family of his maternal aunt Alexandra Svanidze.

The brother of Stalin's first wife and his wife, initially welcomed by the leader, were then repressed. They were arrested together in 1937. Alexander Semenovich, who was often called by his relatives by his underground nickname Alyosha, died in prison in 1942, and Maria Anisimovna, who idolized Stalin, died on a distant island of the Gulag archipelago. Their son, named Jonrid in honor of the American journalist John Reed, author of the famous book about the October Revolution, “Ten Days that Shook the World,” did not escape arrest and exile.

Between the death of his first wife and his second marriage, Stalin lived as a bog for twelve years. An uneventful life professional revolutionary The only diversification was arrests, exiles and escapes from them. And it’s not for nothing that they say: being single is like being mad. When in 1912, Joseph Vissarionovich, who had once again escaped from exile, settled in St. Petersburg in the same apartment with Molotov, he took away his girlfriend Marusya from Vyacheslav Mikhailovich, which Stalin’s minion did not fail to remember at the end of his life.

Lazar Kaganovich, after whom the Moscow metro was originally named and for whom Stalin forever remained an infallible idol, having already exchanged his tenth decade of life, once said to the poet and collector of Stalin’s people’s commissars Felix Chuev:
- And that perhaps Stalin had some kind of attachments. His wife died before the revolution. And he married Nadezhda Sergeevna in 1919. Until I was nineteen, I had the right to love anyone.

For the second time after his escape, exiled at the end of 1910 to the small Arkhangelsk town of Solvychegodsk, Stalin settled in the house of the widow Matryona Prokopyevna Kuzakova, who had five children from a legal marriage. All of them were fair-haired, and the sixth, bastard, had raven hair. He was named Konstantin Stepanovich Kuzakov.

“I didn’t immediately ask my mother about my father,” Kuzakov recalled. “She was a kind woman, but with an iron character. And very reasonable - until her last days. When I finally gathered my courage and asked if what they were saying about me was true, she replied:
- You are my son. Never talk about the rest to anyone.”

Indeed, a reasonable woman. Unlike the talkative relatives of Joseph Vissarionovich’s wives.

Stalin did not forget about his Solvychegodsk passion. He, as the Count of Monte Cristo, secretly supported his second son. Konstantin Stepanovich rose to high positions in the apparatus of the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks, edited the speeches of delegates at party congresses (then to retreat on the podium from the text approved by the editorial commission is the same as “a step to the left, a step to the right is considered an escape”). When clouds gathered over him, and clouds that smelled of lead (his deputy in the party Central Committee, for whom he vouched, was accused of transferring Soviet nuclear secrets to the Americans), Stalin delivered a verdict:
- I see no reason to arrest Kuzakov.

And although Konstantin Stepanovich saw his great father up close many times, he, being also a reasonable man, did not dare to speak to him.

After Stalin's death, Kuzakov was appointed editor-in-chief of television. And the leader’s niece, Kira Politkovskaya, who returned from exile, worked here as an assistant director. The relatives met.
“But Stalin’s children showed no interest in me,” said Kuzakov.

In February 1913, Stalin was arrested by the seventh and last time and were exiled to the Turukhansk Territory - first to the camp (small settlement) Kostino, and then to the very Arctic Circle - to the camp of Kureika (now in the Krasnoyarsk Territory). After this arrest and this exile, the time will come to arrest and exile him. By the way, the daughter of Marina Tsvetaeva served her Soviet exile in the same place as Stalin, and heard from the natives about his relationship with one of the local peasant women.

Kureika, with only eight houses and 67 inhabitants, is the only place of exile from which Stalin did not escape. Although there were conditions for this, which he himself indirectly admitted in 1930. They intended to dispossess his former Kurei guard Mikhail Merzlyakov. He wrote to Stalin, recalling his friendly relations with him in the pre-revolutionary years. Joseph Vissarionovich rescued the former gendarme from trouble by sending a note to the party control commission: “In “friendly” relations with Mikh. I couldn’t be Merzlyakov. However, I must testify that if my relationship with him was not “friendly,” it was not hostile either. Mich. Merzlyakov did not spy on me, did not bully me, did not find fault, and turned a blind eye to my frequent absences.”

At first, Joseph Vissarionovich and Yakov Mikhailovich Sverdlov, the future chairman of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee, who was driven into Kureika with him, settled in one hut, but soon quarreled. “My friend and I are now in different apartments, and we rarely see each other,” Sverdlov wrote in May 1914. And this despite the fact that they were the only political exiles among the illiterate aborigines.

Stalin moved to the poor hut of the Pereprygins, where there were no adults, and only orphaned teenagers and children lived. But there are a lot - two girls and five boys. The tenant occupied an extension, the entrance to which was only through the hut. “A small square room, in one corner there is a wooden trestle bed, opposite there is fishing and hunting gear: nets, whetstones, hooks. Not far from the window there is an oblong table covered with books; a kerosene lamp hangs above the table. In the middle of the room there is a small “potbelly stove” stove with an iron pipe,” this is how Stalin’s home was remembered by an exiled Bolshevik who once visited him in Kureika.

When in 1956 Khrushchev began “the fight against the cult of personality and its consequences,” he instructed the then chairman of the USSR KGB, Serov, to delve into Stalin’s past. The security officers reported, among other things: “According to the story of citizen Perelygina, it was established that I.V. Stalin, while in Kureika, seduced her at the age of 14 and began to live together with her. In this regard, I.V. Stalin was summoned to gendarme Laletin to face criminal charges for cohabitation with a minor. I.V. Stalin gave his word to gendarme Laletin to marry Perelygina when she became an adult. As I told you in May of this year. Perelygina, she had a child around 1913 who died. In 1914, a second child was born, who was named Alexander.”

But the February Revolution broke out, the gendarmes were outlawed, and the honest revolutionary word given to one of them lost its force. Stalin went to Petrograd to make a socialist revolution, and Perelygina (aka Pereprygina - passports were not issued in Kureika, and surnames were recorded by ear) married a local peasant Davydov, who adopted the third of Stalin’s surviving sons.

Unlike the Kuzakovs, Joseph Vissarionovich did not take any part in the fate of Lydia Perprygina and Alexander Davydov. Although Alexander’s son Yuri claimed (after his father’s death in 1987) that Stalin twice - at the end of Civil War and in the early thirties he tried to drag his father to Moscow. But without an illiterate mother.

The KGB memo was read and endorsed by members of the Politburo of the CPSU Central Committee, but not one of them, even on their deathbed, said a word about this episode in the biography of their defeated idol. For, as Kaganovich said, “the personal has no public significance.” The Bolshevik leaders were not puritans. Sergo Beria, the son of Stalin’s Malyuta Skuratov, who was choosing concubines, including young ones, on the street through the windows of a limousine, recounted Stalin’s memory from the first post-revolutionary years: “I was in one of the offices of the Central Committee, when I suddenly saw Krupskaya approaching, all in tears . To my perplexed question, she replied: “Vladimir Ilyich slept with all the girls in the secretariat, but this was not enough for him. Now he has chosen other places. I demand that Central Committee took action because with his unworthy behavior he discredits the entire government.” I was stunned, although I knew that Vladimir Ilyich was bleeding at that time. Then the leader was not particularly concerned about the indiscreet views of his guards.” At the meeting of the Central Committee, the men roared with laughter and “came to the conclusion that he was certainly guilty, but Krupskaya was even more guilty: having assumed numerous party responsibilities, she ignored her marital duty. We release her from all assignments and remind her that the main party task is to be the wife of Vladimir Ilyich. Krupskaya left the meeting room, loudly slamming the door.”

Somehow during the Great Patriotic War The chief political commissar of the Red Army, Mehlis, asked Stalin: what are we going to do - one of the marshals changes “front-line wives” every day. The Supreme Commander-in-Chief paused sternly, and then grinned:
- We'll be jealous!
“The favorite of the party,” according to Lenin’s definition, forty-year-old Bukharin became attached and tied to himself a fourteen-year-old girl, who married him, although she was already twenty.

Stalin screwed his second and last official wife in 1917. He was almost thirty-eight, she was almost sixteen. He did not wait for her to come of age and made her his wife without allowing her to finish high school, although they officially registered their marriage only in March 1919, when Nadezhda Sergeevna Alliluyeva turned eighteen.

The daughter of a revolutionary, she was born and spent her childhood in Georgia. Her mother, Olga Evgenievna - either a Georgian or, according to family legend, a gypsy - was an addicted woman and more than once cuckolded her husband. However, having learned about her daughter’s connection with Joseph Vissarionovich, whom she deeply respected and regularly sent him parcels to Kureika, she called her a fool. Father, Sergei Yakovlevich, an old friend of Stalin, did not oppose this strange marriage; rather, he was proud: “a wonderful Georgian,” as Lenin described Joseph Vissarionovich in one of his letters, became one of the key figures in the political arena.

Although not a beauty, Nadezhda Sergeevna was pretty and charmed with her youth and large dark eyes. “They say Nadya was a very cheerful girl, a laugher. But I didn’t see that anymore,” her niece recalled.

In 1918, Alliluyeva joined the Bolshevik Party and, together with Stalin, as his secretary, went on a special train to defend Tsaritsyn (then Stalingrad, and now Volgograd) from the Whites. Endowed with extraordinary powers by Lenin, Stalin showed remarkable organizational skills and his usual cruelty. Were it not Nadya’s “long, dry fingers,” as her daughter remembered them, who printed Stalin’s dispatches similar to ultimatums to Lenin: “I will myself, without formalities, overthrow all the commanders and commissars who are ruining the cause. This is how the interests of the matter tell me.” The “overthrown” commanders and commissars were loaded onto a barge, and the barge was sunk in the Volga.

The bloody honeymoon ended, Nadezhda Sergeevna returned with her husband to Moscow and entered the secretariat of the Chairman of the Council of People's Commissars Lenin, who got the newlyweds an apartment in the Kremlin. A romantic schoolgirl, who grew up, although in a revolutionary, but quite wealthy family, brought up on Chekhov, touching the mysteries of big and dirty politics (“She was entrusted with work of the most secret nature,” and Lenin, giving “highly secret” assignments, said: “Let it will do Alliluyev, she will do everything well"), withdrew into herself, fencing off her fragile inner world from harsh reality (“Mom was very secretive and proud,” her daughter Svetlana believed).

“I have absolutely no business with anyone in Moscow,” Nadezhda Sergeevna wrote in one of her letters in 1926. – Sometimes it’s even strange: for so many years not to have close friends, but this obviously depends on the character. Moreover, strangely, I feel closer to non-party people (women, of course).”

She sincerely believed in the cleansing mission of the revolution, tried to follow the ideal of a new woman drawn from books, devoting herself entirely to the struggle for a bright future for the working people, and was deeply distressed by the inconsistency of the established cruel world order with her ideas. Stalin, who had long ago abandoned romantic ideas about the revolution, Stalin, in whom “the last warm feelings for people had died”, and only a “heart of stone” and an insatiable thirst for power remained, he could not understand his “Tatka,” as he called his wife in letters, and “really disliked” it when she interfered in his affairs.

Khrushchev, who studied with Nadezhda Alliluyeva at the Industrial Academy, recalled: “I felt sorry for Alliluyeva on a purely human level. She was so different from Stalin! She was a nice person. Yes, and a modest person in life. She came to the academy only by tram, left with everyone else and never got out as a “wife” big man" And the daughter-in-law of Kamenev, one of Stalin’s friends and enemies, had a different opinion: “Very uninteresting. Gray. Boring. She looked older than her age. In general, it was noticeable that she was a little “that one.” As they say now, with violets in your head.” “She had the skull of a suicide,” Maria Svanidze, the wife of Alliluyeva’s brother, wrote in her diary the opinion of the doctor who performed the post-mortem X-ray of Nadezhda’s body.

“Mom was never at home near us,” stated Svetlana Iosifovna. “In those days, it was generally indecent for a woman, and even a party member, to spend time around children.” But Stalin needed a wife at home. He hated women who dried themselves in the herbarium of class struggle. Stalin hated Lenin’s wife Krupskaya, an example of such a woman dried up by the revolution, and motivated his feelings like this: “Well, because she uses the same outhouse as Lenin, I should value and recognize her just as much as Lenin? "

At the request of her husband, Alliluyeva intended to leave her job in the secretariat of the Chairman of the Council of People's Commissars. The head of the secretariat, Fotieva, complained to Lenin.
“If he doesn’t show up for work tomorrow, tell me, and I’ll talk to him,” Vladimir Ilyich threatened.
Alliluyeva went to work. Upon learning of this, Lenin commented:
- Asian!
It was not given to Nadezhda Sergeevna to be just a wife, even the wife of “the great Stalin”. She allowed herself to have her own opinion, which often differed from Stalin’s, and this left a painful imprint on the relationship between the two loving friend people's friend. Quarrels, interspersed with reconciliations, followed one after another. There was no reason behind it. Stalin could not talk to his wife for a month due to the fact that she, 22 years younger than him, for a long time did not dare to switch from “you” to “you” in addressing him. Nadezhda gave birth to her first child not in the Kremlin hospital, where everything was ready for childbirth, but in an ordinary maternity hospital on the outskirts of Moscow, before leaving the Kremlin determined to leave her husband forever.

But she left him forever only after eleven years.

There are several versions of the cause of the death of Nadezhda Sergeevna Alliluyeva. One of them is another quarrel at a banquet hosted by Voroshilov in honor of the 15th anniversary of the Great October Socialist Revolution. As if a tipsy Stalin was accurately throwing bread pellets into the neckline of the wife of either the future Marshal Tukhachevsky or the future Marshal Egorov, who was sitting opposite. Daughter Svetlana says that her mother was offended when Stalin shouted to her at that ill-fated banquet:
- Hey, drink!
- I’m not saying “hey” to you!

Molotov considered the cause of Nadezhda Alliluyeva’s suicide to be unbridled jealousy. “Jealousy, of course. In my opinion, completely unfounded. There was a hairdresser whom he went to for a shave. The wife was unhappy with this. A very jealous person." Equally, we would add, like Stalin. When one day he caught his wife walking along the path of her dacha in Zubalovo in the company of Bukharin, he crept up behind Nikolai Ivanovich and hissed: “I’ll kill you!” And he killed him as the organizer of the right-wing Trotskyist bloc.

Khrushchev, referring to the head of Stalin’s guard, Vlasik, puts forward his own version. After a quarrel at Voroshilov’s banquet, Nadezhda Sergeevna, reassured by Molotov’s wife Zhemchuzhina (later repressed), began looking for her husband by phone: he left the Voroshilovs and did not return home. I called the dacha in Zubalovo. The newbie on duty innocently reported to her:
- Comrade Stalin is here.
- Who's with him?
- Gusev’s wife is with him.

According to those who saw her, the wife of Sergei Ivanovich Gusev ( real name– Yakov Davidovich Drabkin), one of the associates of Stalin and Voroshilov in the Civil War, was a very beautiful woman.

The lifeless body of Nadezhda Sergeevna was first discovered by the housekeeper of the Stalinist family, Karolina Vasilievna Til, who went to wake Alliluyeva up for breakfast. “Mom was lying covered in blood next to her bed; in her hand was a small Walter pistol, once brought to her by Pavlusha (brother) from Berlin. The sound of his shot was too weak to be heard in the house. She was already cold.” The rose that Nadezhda had pinned in her hair while getting ready for the banquet was lying by the door. Then it, already cast from cast iron, was placed on the grave of Nadezhda Sergeevna.

There were persistent rumors that Stalin's wife did not shoot herself, but was shot by her husband in a fit of anger. In any case, the home doctor of the Stalinist family I.N. Kazakov refused to sign Nadezhda Sergeevna’s suicide certificate, being sure that the shot was fired from a distance of several steps. Academician Boris Zbarsky, who embalmed Lenin’s body, said: “No matter what happens later, I will not embalm him (Stalin). He did not have to retract his words: he, as a “cosmopolitan,” was arrested a year before the leader’s death and released only nine months after his death.

When Larisa Vasilyeva, a researcher of the Kremlin elite, turned to the KGB of the USSR with a request to provide her with the Alliluyeva case, she was told that “Stalin gave the order not to initiate a criminal case” into the death of N.S. Alliluyeva.

It was rumored that Nadezhda left Joseph a suicide letter of a political nature. In 1932, the millstones of collectivization and dispossession were turning with all their might, and the country was gripped by famine. Dissatisfaction with Stalin's policies grew, and the person closest to the leader found himself on the other side of the barricades. But this letter, if it existed, was not read by anyone except the addressee.

The death of his wife shocked Stalin. At the moment of farewell before the funeral, he said with tears in his eyes:
- I didn’t save...

There is a legend that late autumn In 1941, when all the vital objects of Moscow had already been mined in case of its surrender to the Germans, and the dacha in Zubalovo was blown up, Stalin visited his wife’s grave at night Novodevichy Cemetery. What were Joseph Vissarionovich and Nadezhda Sergeevna silently talking about?

Apparently, in the first years after the death of Nadezhda Sergeevna, Joseph Vissarionovich did not abandon his intention to get a new wife. In any case, there is evidence from Vera Alexandrovna Davydova, a singer at the Bolshoi Theater, which Stalin loved to visit: “Stalin really proposed to me. I refused, citing my strong marriage and my loyal love for the leader, incompatible with everyday love.” The leader was satisfied with her explanations. Vera Davydova became a People's Artist of the USSR and the Georgian SSR, a three-time winner of the Stalin Prize and died in her husband's homeland - in already independent Georgia in 1993.

Stalin made no further attempts to tie himself with the knot of Hymen. And it’s not appropriate for a “great leader and teacher” to throw a wedding in his old age: you won’t end up with rumors and slander. And this could cause irreparable damage to the image of the disinterested “father of the people”, crystallized over years of work, caring day and night for their well-being to the detriment of even his personal life. Stalin regretted that in his famous speech to graduates of military academies on May 4, 1935, when he put forward the slogan “Cadres decide everything,” he forgot to add: “Our leaders came to power as bastards and remain so to the end. They are driven solely by ideas, but not by acquisitions.”

“After the death of Nadezhda Sergeevna,” Khrushchev recalled, “I met for some time at Stalin’s house a young beautiful woman, a typical Caucasian. She tried not to meet us on the way. As soon as her eyes sparkle, she immediately disappears. Then they told me that this woman was Svetlana’s teacher. But this did not last long, and she disappeared. From some of Beria’s remarks, I realized that this was his protégé. Well, Beria, he knew how to select “teachers.” We are talking here about Alexandra Nikolaevna Nikashidze, the hostess sister in Stalin’s house, a lieutenant, and then a state security major. She did not know how to cook, spoke Russian poorly, but she took excellent care of Stalin’s children and relatives and pawned them to their stern father and, out of duty, to Beria. She was funny and good-natured and willingly eavesdropped telephone conversations wards. However, when Molotov was asked whether his phone was tapped, he, once the second man in the “Stalin empire,” replied:
“I think I’ve been eavesdropped on my whole life.”

Sashenka Nikashidze was replaced by Valentina Vasilievna Istomina. She, the only one, mourned the deceased leader like a human being, like a woman. Molotov recalled: “Valentina Istomina is already at the dacha. She brought the dishes. And if she was a wife, who cares?”

The officer of Stalin's guard remembered her, a beauty, as “a sweet, charming, incredibly slender and neat woman who knew how to not only maintain tact and accuracy in everything, but also ethical standards of behavior.” Not knowing her position at Stalin's court, the guards tried to flirt with her. “Valentina Vasilievna came out of the situation with honor, cooling the streams of lovers’ expressions with exactly the right quiet and a firm word" The state security officer was amazed that “none of the alleged suitors received penalties.” This was extraordinary in a country where denunciation had become the cornerstone of the regime.

Stalin died on March 5, 1953 at 21.50 from a cerebral hemorrhage. Beria went out into the corridor and ordered:
- Khrustalev, car!
A new era was beginning.

Svetlana Alliluyeva recalled: “Valentina Vasilyevna Istomina came to say goodbye - Valechka, as everyone called her, the housekeeper who worked for her father at this dacha for eighteen years. She fell to her knees near the sofa, fell with her head on the dead man’s chest and began to cry out loud, as in the village. For a long time she could not stop, and no one stopped her. In recent years, Valechka knew much more about him and saw more than I, who lived far away and aloof. And until her last days she will be convinced that there was no better person in the world than my father.”

According to eyewitnesses, on November 7, 1932, in Voroshilov’s apartment, on the eve of his death, another quarrel occurred between Alliluyeva and Stalin.

On the night of November 8-9, 1932, Nadezhda Sergeevna shot herself in the heart with a Walter pistol after locking herself in her room.

This self-restraint, this terrible internal self-discipline and tension, this dissatisfaction and irritation, driven inside, compressed inside more and more like a spring, should, in the end, inevitably end in an explosion; the spring had to straighten out with terrible force...

And so it happened. But the reason was not so significant in itself and did not make any special impression on anyone, like “there was no reason.” Just a small quarrel at a festive banquet in honor of the 15th anniversary of the October Revolution. “Just everything,” her father told her: “Hey, you, drink!” And she “just” suddenly screamed: “I don’t tell you - HEY!” - and got up and left the table in front of everyone...

...They told me later, when I was already an adult, that my father was shocked by what happened. He was shocked because he did not understand: for what? Why was he stabbed so horribly in the back? He was too smart not to understand that a suicide is always thinking of “punishing” someone - “here, they say,” “here, here you are,” “you will know!” He understood this, but he could not understand why? Why was he punished like that?

And he asked those around him: was he inattentive? Didn't he love and respect her as a wife, as a person? Does it really matter that he couldn't go with her? once again to the theatre? Is it really important?

The first few days he was shocked. He said that he himself did not want to live anymore. (This was told to me by the widow of Uncle Pavlusha, who, together with Anna Sergeevna, stayed in our house day and night for the first few days). They were afraid to leave my father alone, he was in such a state. At times he felt some kind of anger and rage. This was explained by the fact that his mother left him a letter.

Apparently she wrote it at night. I never saw him, of course. It was probably destroyed right there, but it was there, those who saw it told me about it. It was terrible. It was full of accusations and reproaches. This was not just a personal letter; it was a partly political letter. And, after reading it, my father could think that my mother was only with him for appearances, but in fact she was walking somewhere next to the opposition of those years.

He was shocked and angry by this, and when he came to say goodbye to the civil memorial service, he approached the coffin for a minute, suddenly pushed it away from him with his hands and, turning, walked away. And he didn't go to the funeral.

Svetlana Alliluyeva “Twenty letters to a friend”

Housekeeper Carolina Vasilyevna Til always woke up Nadezhda, who was sleeping in her room, in the morning. I.V. Stalin lay down in his office or in a small room with a telephone, near the dining room. He slept there that night too, returning late from the same festive banquet from which Nadezhda had returned earlier. Early in the morning, Karolina Vasilievna, as always, prepared breakfast in the kitchen and went to wake up Nadezhda Sergeevna. Seeing that Alliluyeva was lying covered in blood right next to the bed, and that in her hand she had a small, almost silent Walther pistol, which her brother had once brought to her from Berlin, shaking with fear and unable to utter a word, she I ran to the nursery and called the nanny. Decided I.V. We didn’t wake Stalin and went into the bedroom together. Both women laid the body on the bed and tidied it up.

Then they ran to call those who were closer to them - the head of security, Enukidze, Polina Molotova, Nadezhda’s close friend. Soon everyone came running. Molotov and Voroshilov also came. Nobody could believe it. Finally, I.V. Stalin went out to the dining room. “Joseph, Nadya is no longer with us,” they told him. This happened on the night of November 8-9, 1932. Stalin was shocked.
He said that he himself did not want to live anymore.

On November 9, 1932, Professor Alexander Solovyov wrote in his diary: “Today is a hard day. Arriving at the Industrial Academy to give a lecture, I found great confusion. At night, Comrade Stalin’s wife, N.S., tragically died at home. Alliluyeva. She is much younger than him, about thirty years old. She became a wife after the revolution, working as a young employee of the Central Committee. Now I have been studying for the last year at the Industrial Academy at the Faculty of Chemistry. I attended my lectures. At the same time she graduated from the Mendeleev Institute at the Faculty of Artificial Fiber. And this mysterious death.

There is a lot of talk and speculation among pro-Makademy people. Some say Comrade Stalin shot her. Long after midnight he sat alone in his office behind papers. I heard a rustling behind the door, grabbed a revolver and fired. He became very suspicious, it seemed as if someone was making an attempt on his life. And this is the wife coming in. Immediately on the spot.

Others say they had big political differences. Alliluyeva accused him of cruelty towards oppositionists and dispossession. During the argument and temper, Comrade Stalin shot at her.

Still others claim the misfortune was due to a family quarrel. Alliluyeva stood up for her father, an old Leninist, and for older sister, party. She accused her husband of unacceptable, heartless persecution of them for some disagreement with him. Comrade Stalin could not stand the reproaches and shot.

I found a lot of other rumors and gossip.

The Central Committee called: stop all speculation and fiction. Do what you’re supposed to do – study.” (Quoted from the book “The Death of Stalin” by L. Mlechin. M. 2003. P. 264 – 265).

Stalin’s granddaughter Galina Dzhugashvili, referring to the words of her relatives, left the following description: “Grandfather was talking to the lady sitting next to him. Nadezhda sat opposite and also spoke animatedly, apparently not paying attention to them. Then suddenly, looking point blank, loudly, to the whole table, she said some kind of caustic thing. Grandfather, without raising his eyes, answered just as loudly: “Fool!” She ran out of the room and went to her apartment in the Kremlin.”

Vyacheslav Molotov, who was present at the banquet, said the following: “We had a large company after November 7, 1932 at Voroshilov’s apartment. Stalin rolled up a ball of bread and, in front of everyone, threw the ball at Yegorov’s wife. I saw it, but didn't pay attention. As if that played a role. Alliluyeva was, in my opinion, a bit of a psychopath at that time. All this had such an effect on her that she could no longer control herself. From that evening she left with my wife, Polina Semyonovna. They walked around the Kremlin. It was late at night, and she was complaining to my wife that she didn’t like this, she didn’t like this. About this hairdresser... Why did he flirt so much in the evening... But it was just like that, he drank a little, a joke. Nothing special, but it had an effect on her. She was very jealous of him. Gypsy blood."

“After Nadya’s death, of course, my personal life was difficult. But, never mind, a courageous person must always remain courageous.”

But Leon Trotsky gives his interpretation of the reason for Nadezhda Alliluyeva’s suicide: “On November 9, 1932, Alliluyeva died suddenly. She was only 30 years old. Soviet newspapers were silent about the reasons for her unexpected death. In Moscow they whispered that she had shot herself and talked about the reason. At an evening with Voroshilov, in the presence of all the nobles, she allowed herself a critical remark about the peasant policy that led to famine in the village. Stalin loudly responded to her with the rudest abuse that exists in the Russian language. The Kremlin servants noticed Alliluyeva’s excited state when she returned to her apartment. After some time, a shot was heard from her room. Stalin received many expressions of sympathy and moved on to the order of the day.”

It is known that Joseph Vissarionovich Stalin often visited his wife’s grave and sat for a long time on the marble bench opposite.

It's interesting that in official biography Alliluyeva has information about 10 abortions. Experts found the relevant data in medical card Hopes.

The funeral of Nadezhda Sergeevna Alliluyeva took place at the Novodevichy cemetery. Stalin was absent from the funeral ceremony. Although some argue that Joseph Vissarionovich is present in the photo.

There is a mention of depression in Stalin’s wife shortly before her death in the memoirs of Alexander Barmin, a defector Soviet diplomat who saw her with her brother Pavel Alliluyev on Red Square on November 7, 1932: “She was pale, looked tired, it seemed that everything that was happening was not enough for her interested. It was clear that her brother was deeply saddened and concerned about something."

In one of the old monographs, Yuri Alexandrov found evidence of Molotov. When asked whether jealousy was the cause of Alliluyeva’s death, Molotov replies: “Jealousy, of course. In my opinion, completely unfounded... Alliluyeva was, in my opinion, a bit of a psychopath at that time...” The version of jealousy is also in Khrushchev’s memoirs. Nikita Sergeevich said: during the celebration of the 15th anniversary of the October Revolution, Stalin did not come home to spend the night. Nadezhda Sergeevna began calling the dacha in Zubalovo. She was informed that Stalin was in the company of a beautiful woman... Hearing this, Alliluyeva committed suicide. “According to eyewitnesses,” says Yuri Alexandrov, “Alliluyeva was jealous of Stalin’s wives of his associates and even the hairdresser from whom Stalin shaved. - And to the opera singer Vera Davydova, the heroine of the book “Confession of Stalin’s Mistress,” with whom he allegedly often visited Sochi? “We can assume that Alliluyeva knew about their relationship,” says Alexandrov. - Stalin met Davydova in the spring of 1932, and judging by the active participation he took in her move from Leningrad to Moscow, Davydova made a great impression on Stalin. When I talked to old workers at Stalin’s Sochi dacha, none of them could remember Davydov. But sister-hostess and librarian Elizaveta Popkova (mother of the pilot, Hero of the Soviet Union Vitaly Popkov, friend of Stalin’s son Vasily) told me that his second cousin, an opera singer named Mchedlidze, often came to see Stalin. I searched for information about Mchedlidze for a long time and found it in... Soviet encyclopedia: “Vera Davydova (Mchedlidze), opera singer, People's Artist THE USSR". By the way, according to Yuri Alexandrov, the famous Sochi Winter Theater was built by Stalin specifically for Vera Davydova.

Finally, we find the third version of the reason for Nadezhda Alliluyeva’s suicide in the memoirs of Nikita Khrushchev. “I saw Stalin’s wife,” says the former leader, “shortly before her death in 1932. It was, in my opinion, at the celebration of the anniversary of the October Revolution (that is, November 7). There was a parade on Red Square. Alliluyeva and I stood next to each other on the podium of the Lenin Mausoleum and were talking. It was a cold, windy day. As usual. Stalin was in his military overcoat. The top button was not fastened. Alliluyeva looked at him and said: “My husband is again without a scarf. He will catch a cold and get sick." From the way she said it, I could conclude that she was in her usual, good mood.

The next day, Lazar Kaganovich, one of Stalin’s close associates, gathered the party secretaries and announced that Nadezhda Sergeevna had died suddenly. I thought: “How can this be? I just talked to her. Such beautiful woman". But what to do, it happens that people die suddenly.

A day or two later, Kaganovich again gathered the same people and declared:

I speak on behalf of Stalin. He asked to gather you and tell you what really happened. It was not a natural death. She committed suicide.

He didn't give any details and we didn't ask any questions.

We buried Alliluyeva. Stalin looked sad as he stood at her grave. I don’t know what was in his soul, but outwardly he was grieving.

Another version is that Stalin himself shot his wife out of jealousy. Alliluyeva seemed to have a close relationship with Yakov, Stalin’s son from his first marriage, and this is what prompted the leader to murder. However, historians consider it absurd.

Joseph Dzhugashvili allegedly had an affair with Alliluyeva's mother, and Nadezhda was in fact Stalin's daughter. When she asked Stalin if he had an affair with her mother, he replied that he had many affairs, possibly with her mother. After this conversation, Alliluyeva shot herself.

Nadezhda Alliluyeva was only 31 years old.

Alliluev Sergey Yakovlevich

1866 - 1945

Born on October 7, 1866 in the village of Ramonye, Novokhopyorsky district, Voronezh province, in the family of peasants Yakov Trofimovich and Marfa Prokofievna Alliluyev.
Since 1890, mechanic and assistant driver in Tiflis.

Member of the RSDLP party since 1896.
Until 1907 he was active in revolutionary activities in Tiflis, Baku, Moscow, Rostov-on-Don: arrested 7 times, exiled 2 times.
In 1901 moves to Baku, where party comrade Krasin got him a job at a power plant.
In 1903, he first meets the young party militant Joseph Dzhugashvili, Soso (see the memoirs of A.S. Alliluyeva below), before transporting a manual printing press from Tiflis to Baku.

A Voronezh peasant, he soon took up all kinds of crafts, and being very capable of all kinds of technology - he had truly golden hands - he became a mechanic and ended up in the railway workshops of Transcaucasia. Georgia, its nature and sunny abundance became my grandfather’s lifelong affection; he loved the exotic luxury of the south, knew and understood the character of Georgians, Armenians, and Azerbaijanis well. He lived in Tbilisi, Baku, and Batum. There, in workers' circles, he met with the Social Democrats, with M. I. Kalinin, with I. Fioletov...
Grandfather was never a theorist or any significant figure in the party - he was its soldier and laborer, one of those without whom it would have been impossible to maintain connections, conduct everyday work, and carry out the revolution itself.

After the ban on life in the Caucasus, he first moved to Rostov, and then (1907-1918) worked in St. Petersburg.
Alliluyev’s apartment in 1912-17 was a permanent secret hideout for the Bolsheviks. During February Revolution 1917 was a member of the plant committee of the power plant "Society of 1886".

Stalin, who returned from Turukhansk exile to Petrograd after the February Revolution of 1917, lived with S. Ya. Alliluyev.
After the July events of 1917 V.I. Lenin was hiding in the same apartment

Alliluyev was an active participant in the October Revolution in Petrograd.
During the Civil War, he conducted underground work in Ukraine and Crimea. In 1921 - Member of the Yalta Revolutionary Committee.

After the end of the Civil War, he worked in the field of electrification, built the Shaturskaya hydroelectric power station, and worked at Lenenergo.
Then in managerial economic work in Moscow, Leningrad, and Ukraine.

S. Ya. Alliluyev died in Moscow from stomach cancer on July 27, 1945.
He was buried at the Novodevichy cemetery.

Family:
Wife - Olga Evgenievna Alliluyeva.
Children:
Pavel Sergeevich Alliluev
Anna Sergeevna Alliluyeva (Redens)
Fedor Sergeevich Alliluev
Nadezhda Sergeevna Alliluyeva (Stalina)

Allilueva Olga Evgenievna

1877-1951

Activist of the revolutionary movement in Russia.
Born in 1877 in Tiflis in large family Ukrainian, carriage maker Fedorenko and German Protestant Magdalene Eichholtz.
Of nine children, Olya was the eldest, and therefore she had to leave school to help her mother with the housework.
The Fedorenko family spoke German and Georgian. Olga only later learned Russian and spoke with a Caucasian accent all her life.

At the age of 14, having left her parents, she ran away to a low-income 20-year-old mechanic at the Tiflis railway workshops S.Ya. Alliluyev and married him.
She soon became a professional revolutionary, and in 1898 she joined the RSDLP.

Grandmother and grandfather were a very good couple.
My grandmother had a four-year education, probably the same as my grandfather. They lived in Tiflis, Batum, Baku, and grandmother was a wonderful, patient, faithful wife.
She was privy to his activities, she herself joined the party even before the revolution, but still often complained that “Sergei ruined” her life, and that she saw “only suffering” with him.
Their four children - Anna, Fyodor, Pavel and Nadezhda - were all born in the Caucasus and were also southerners - in appearance, in childhood impressions, in everything that is invested in a person at the most early years, unconsciously, latently.
The children were all amazingly beautiful, except for Fedor, who was the smartest, and so talented that he was accepted into midshipmen in St. Petersburg, despite his low origin “from the philistines.”
Everyone in the family was friendly, warm-hearted and kind - these were their common traits. .

In 1901 she moved with her husband and children to Baku, where she gave birth to her middle daughter Nadezhda, Stalin’s future wife.
This is followed by a new arrest of the husband, party work in other cities of Russia.
During the First World War, she worked in hospitals, where she cared for the wounded.

Participant in three Russian revolutions.
During the Civil War, she was a cryptographer in the secret department of the army headquarters. Worker of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee.

In the last years of her life she lived separately from her husband.

She died at the age of 76, in 1951.
She was buried in Moscow at the Novodevichy cemetery.

“An honest and devoted comrade, who provided many valuable services to our party,” is how O.E. described him. Alliluyev M.I. Kalinin.

Olga Evgenievna with children - Pavel, Fedor, Nadezhda, Anna (1905)

Alliluev Pavel Sergeevich

1894 – 1938

Soviet military leader.
Participant in the Civil War. One of the founders and leaders of the Main Armored Directorate of the Red Army, deputy head of the department for political affairs.

In the early 1920s, he was a participant in N. N. Urvantsev’s expedition to the Far North, which discovered large ore deposits on the river. Norilka, where the city of Norilsk later arose.

Returning from the trip in 1925, he graduated from the Military Academic Courses for Higher Command Staff of the Red Army.

In 1926-1932 he worked at the USSR Trade Mission in Berlin, monitoring the quality of aircraft and engines purchased under secret contracts concluded between the USSR and Germany. His family was there with him - his wife Evgenia Alexandrovna and children. The family returned to Moscow in the spring of 1932.

The last years of his life he held the position of Military Commissar of the ABTU RKKA USSR (Armored Directorate of the Red Army).
In the summer of 1938, among others, he turned to Stalin with a proposal to stop repressions in the Red Army.

He died at work in his office on November 2, 1938 from a broken heart, but there is a version that he could have been poisoned.

He was buried in Moscow at the Novodevichy cemetery.
His wife E.A. is buried next to him. Alliluyeva (1898-1974).

Allilueva (Redens) Anna Sergeevna

1896-1964

She was born in Tiflis in February 1896.
From October 1917 to August 1918, Anna Alliluyeva worked in the secretariat of the first Council of People's Commissars in Petrograd, in the credentials committees of congresses, and then in the military department of the Supreme Economic Council.
From August 1918 he was again in the Council of People's Commissars, serving as technical secretary, but in February 1919 he left for Ukraine. In Ukraine, she works in the Small Council of People's Commissars and, on the recommendation of M.I. Ulyanova becomes a member of the CPSU(b).
She was then sent to the headquarters of the 14th Army, where she worked as a cryptographer for the Secret Department until August 1919.
In August 1919 he returned to Moscow.

In 1920 marries Stanislav Frantsievich Redens, an associate of Dzerzhinsky, head of Gubchek of Odessa.
In 1920 - 1921, S. F. Redens became chairman of the Kharkov Cheka.
In 1921 - 1922 - deputy chief, and then head of one of the Directorates of the Cheka of the OGPU - a member of the OGPU Collegium.
From 1922 to 1924 he worked as chairman of the GPU of Crimea and head of the Special Department of the Black Sea Fleet.
Since 1928 - plenipotentiary representative of the OGPU for the Trans-SFSR and chairman of the Transcaucasian GPU.

One of the organizers of dispossession in Ukraine, later also organized the trial of Zinoviev and Kamenev, in 1937 - 1938. was one of the organizers of repressions in the Red Army. In November 1938, he was removed from the post of People's Commissar of Internal Affairs of the Kazakh SSR.

In 1946, the publishing house “Soviet Writer” published the book “Memoirs” by A. S. Alliluyeva (Redens). According to Svetlana Alliluyeva, these “Memoirs” aroused terrible anger in her father, which resulted in imprisonment for Anna Sergeevna.

In 1948, she was arrested and convicted “for espionage.”
After spending several years in solitary confinement, she was released with obvious signs of a mental disorder, did not recognize her adult sons, and was indifferent to everything.
Rehabilitated in 1954

She died in 1964. in the Kremlin hospital. She was buried at the Novodevichy cemetery.

Alliluev Fedor Sergeevich

1898 - 1955

Fedor was born in 1898 at the Mikhailovo station, where Sergei Yakovlevich Alliluyev worked as an assistant driver in the depot.
In his youth he was a gifted person, he grasped knowledge on the fly. He graduated from high school with a gold medal and entered the midshipmen.

Fedor's fate was tragic.
In 1917 he joined the party and volunteered for the Red Army.
From April 1918 he worked as Stalin's secretary.
During German offensive in Petrograd he fought on the Pskov front, then ended up on the Tsaritsyn front, and in 1919, during the attack on St. Petersburg, Yudenich again defended Petrograd.

In 1920 he was struck down by severe typhus. Having not yet recovered, he ends up in a special purpose unit under the command of S.A. Ter-Petrosyan, the legendary Kamo.
Kamo was an inventive, courageous and decisive man. One day he decided to inflict a mortal test on his soldiers: at night he staged a raid by the “whites” and captured some of the Red Army soldiers. So that everything would be as in reality, the prisoners were beaten and dragged to be “executed” to the ditch, where machine guns were already standing at the ready. Half of the fighters knew about the “comedy”; they screamed the most and writhed “in pain” as they fell into the ditch.
The impressionable Fedor received severe mental trauma and remained disabled for the rest of his life.

He was given a personal pension, and he lived in Moscow in a small one-room apartment.

F. S. Alliluyev died in 1955.
He was buried on Novodevichy, next to his parents, brother and sister.

Alliluyeva (Stalina) Nadezhda Sergeevna

From the book "Memoirs" by A.S. Alliluyeva

This book was written based on the memories of our Alliluyev family. The work of my father S.Ya. Alliluyev - his memories of the revolutionary struggle of the working class of Russia, the struggle of the Bolshevik Party - gave me the idea to supplement his work. After all, many of the events, of the activities of people who went down in history, happened before my eyes, in front of the rest of the family members.
The stories of my mother O.E. Alliluyeva and brother F.S. Alliluyev complemented my memories. Most of the chapters of the book were created by us together, and the bright images of brother Pavel and sister Nadezhda invariably accompanied me in my work.

(...) Now (1901 - our note) my father cannot find a job in Tiflis, but an organization came to the rescue. My father was sent to Baku, where Leonid Borisovich Krasin helped him enter the power plant being built at Cape Bailov.

Chapter Five

Cape Bailov goes far into the sea. The mountainous street stretches along the cape, connecting it with the Baku embankment. At the end of the street, the oil fields of Bibi-Heybat begin.
From our windows in the house at the power plant we can see regular rows of drilling rigs. The sea foams below; near the courtyard, the oil-covered water shimmers like a rainbow.

It is not for nothing that Azerbaijan named its capital Baku (Bakue) - “the city of winds”. In early spring and autumn, the nord shook the walls of the house. Sand clogged into the cracks of closed windows and covered the window sills and floor in a thick layer.
When oil burned in the fields, a black cloud covered the sky, and soot fell in heavy, greasy flakes onto the city. Trees could not survive in the poisoned air. There was no greenery in Baku. How this struck us, who grew up in the green, blooming Didube!

We arrived in Baku in the summer. Nadya was born this fall. Mom returned from the maternity hospital, and we watched with curiosity as she carefully swaddled the girl. Then they gave Nadya a bath. It was new entertainment for us to watch her flounder in the water, pink and smiling.

My father worked as a senior fireman at a power plant. In the evening he went on the night shift, and we were left alone with my mother. I didn't want to sleep. We could not get used to the howling of the wind, to the glow of oil fires. To ward off fear, we asked them to read aloud to us.

I remember oil was burning in the fields. Reflections of flames danced in the windows. A storm roared at sea. We sat around the table and listened to poems about a Caucasian prisoner. Everything was so unusual around... Mom slammed the book, - it's time to sleep...
I did not sleep. Shadows moved in the corners, and the wind howled with a human voice. Pavlusha was tossing and turning nearby. I understood that he was scared too. And suddenly he screamed. It was impossible to calm him down... The doctors found that Pavlusha had a nervous shock. It would be good, they advised, to take him to the gardens and greenery.
In the smoky Baku, saturated with oil and fuel oil, there was no greenery or fresh air for us. Father remembered our friends Rodzevyachs, who lived in Kutais. He wrote to them, and Pavlusha was taken to Kutais. There he soon recovered.

Quite recently, I had a chance to visit present-day Baku.
An elegant embankment, flowers and tropical plants, clean asphalt streets stretching evenly from the center to the fishing area, a new beautiful and well-maintained city. I didn’t recognize him as an old acquaintance of my childhood.

Now you don’t see that you are walking on the ground from which oil is being drawn right next to it. And then it oozed from everywhere. As soon as you walked a little away from the main - Velikoknyazheskaya - street and walked towards the factory district that began at the station - the "Black City", you had to carefully jump over shiny multi-colored oil puddles.

In the Black City, in the Rothschild oil fields, my father worked at the end of 1901, when, due to problems with the administration, he was forced to leave the power plant. Now there is no trace of this Black City. Then it really was black, as if soot had just rained over it.
Oil drainage pipes stretched along the length of all the streets and nooks of Chernogorod. To cross the street, you had to climb over pipes and dance along the bridges that replaced the sidewalk.
And the people who walked around the Black City were dirty, stained with fuel oil and oil. But everyone got used to the dirt, the soot, the greasy sand floating in the air, and the suffocating smell of fuel oil.

Children were playing around the barracks where the workers lived. Pieces of iron and fragments of rails lying in greasy puddles, old kerosene vats became toys. They sat on sticky pipes. workers to have lunch here with a bunch of green onions and a slice of churek.

Walking somewhere with my mother, we looked around at passers-by. Dark faces, shiny from sweat and dirt, heads wrapped in turbans, loud talk of different tribes.
Azerbaijanis, Persians, Armenians, Georgians, and Russians worked in the fields in Baku.
The owners tried to keep them apart. In the barracks of the Black City, where it was as dirty as on the streets, where they slept side by side on mats spread on the earthen floor, Persians and Armenians, Russians and Azerbaijanis lived separately...

On a flat, bare island like the coast of Absheron, where country festivities were held in the spring, Baku workers celebrated the First of May.
Forever preserved in my memory are pieces of a sunny day, steamboats on which music thunders, a deck on which children run and where Pavlusha and I rise, trembling with delight. We went to the May Day with families and children. It was necessary for people on the shore to think that they were going to an ordinary holiday celebration.
They landed on the island to the music. The children were playing games and playing pranks, and a rally was going on nearby - speakers were talking about international workers' solidarity.

(...)
In the same year (1902), even earlier, my father was arrested. In the morning he left home and did not return. He was arrested as a participant in the revolutionary organizations of Tiflis and on the same day was transported from Baku to Metekhi.
We learned all this later. Our hard-earned life was cut short. We need to leave somewhere, vacate the government apartment as soon as possible... And again my father’s comrades helped. We were accommodated in the apartment of one of them.

House on Cemetery Street. The Turkic cemetery began immediately behind it. A dull sun-scorched field with flat stone slabs. Veiled women walked like ghosts between the graves and lingering guttural screams filled the air.
There was no news from my father. The mother was sad, she was tormented by anxiety and concern. Yes, it was difficult. She couldn't find work and sold everything we had. With this money we got to Tiflis.

Chapter Seven

At the end of 1903, an underground printing house was set up in Baku. Tiflis railway workers made a printing press for the printing house. The Tiflis residents also got the font. The father and V.A. Shelgunov were entrusted with transporting this property to Baku.
In the basket that Uncle Vanya brought under New Year a printing press was hidden under beer bottles. It was kept among the old household rubbish in my grandmother’s attic until the day when my father and Vasily Andreevich, having divided the luggage into two parts, left the house one by one.

And the day before, my father went to see one of his comrades, Miho Bochoridze, - in his apartment, in a house near the Veriisky Bridge, the font was kept. Baba, a relative of Bochoridze, met her father...
A thin, dark-haired young man appeared from the next room. The pale face with sharply arched eyebrows, brown, inquisitive and attentive eyes seem familiar to my father.
“Get to know each other,” says Babe. - This is Coco. Coco! A young propagandist who worked with railway workshop workers. He brought the Batumi workers to a demonstration.
“I’m very glad,” says the father and shakes hands with his young comrade. -Where from now?
- From afar! - throws Coco.
Coco spoke sparingly and briefly about how from prison, where he spent many months, he was sent to the Irkutsk province, to the village of Uda.
- I decided to run away from there. At first it didn’t work - the guard didn’t take his eyes off me. Then the frosts began. He waited a little, took out some warm clothes and left on foot. I almost froze my face. The bashlyk helped. And then I got there. First to Batum, and then here. How are you doing here? What are the people of Baku doing?
The father talks about Baku affairs, about the printing house, about the assignment, shares his doubts: will he and Shelgunov be able to safely transport the heavy, bulky cargo - the machine, the drum from it and also the type?
Coco listens carefully.
- Why do you need to bring everything at once? - he says. - The machine is really great. Take it apart and transport it separately. Sit in different carriages and do not show that you are traveling together. Let them bring the font later, others...
I remembered my father’s story about his first meeting with young Stalin. This was at the beginning of January 1904.

Chapter Twelve

Again (1905 - our comment) I see myself in the house of the Baku power plant, where four years ago we all lived together. There, in the rooms above, I first saw Nadya swaddled. At that time the house was not yet completed. And now it has been refinished. The balconies, hanging without railings, were surrounded by iron bars. Now mom wouldn’t be afraid that we might fall out of there. Oh, how Pavlusha suffered when he was once found hanging from a narrow stone ledge! Mom herself almost cried as she dragged Pavel back into the room.
And the same shore, on the large flat stones of which we loved to jump. And further, behind the house, there is a pier where ships dock. What a joy it was when my mother took us for a walk there, and we stopped at the high piers wrapped in thick ropes and watched how dark, loud-mouthed boys floundered and dived into the sea at the bathhouses under the pier.

I remembered this pier because once my dad almost drowned here. Even now I vividly imagine this funny, almost tragic incident, in which all of our decisive and persistent father was revealed.
We were walking along the pier when the wind suddenly threw my new, just bought straw hat into the sea. I didn’t have time to cry out sadly, like dad.
throwing off his jacket and trousers, he threw himself into the water and swam for his hat. But she, as if fleeing persecution, rushed along the waves further and further into the sea. Numb with surprise, we stood frozen on the pier...
The treacherous Baku Nord, as always, broke out suddenly. The waves rose higher, and the hat rushed along them, mocking us all. Dad swam deftly and quickly, but could not grab her. - Dad, come back, come back!.. - we cried and rushed around the pier.
But dad didn’t hear us and stubbornly chased after the barely visible light straw circle.
We have never seen the sea so rough. We screamed louder. But now we are laughing through our tears.
Dad was approaching, and the hat stood proudly on his head, the bow swelled triumphantly next to his father’s beard.

My dad and I live in the apartment of his old friend Nazarov. Dunya is his wife. She is simple, cheerful, and I like her just as much as I like Ivan Nazarov, who is gloomy in appearance but so caring towards me. I like everything about them...
The Nazarovs sometimes have a guest whom I noticed right away. Blue-eyed, fair-haired, he stands out among the rest. His name is Peter Montin, and he often jokes with me, laughing loudly and loudly.
Montin has a pleasant, soft, booming voice, and it seems to me that everyone loves to listen to him. When Montin speaks, the room falls silent and everyone looks at him.
Uncle Vanya also comes to the Nazarovs. On Sundays he takes me for walks and buys me kishmish-lablabo - sweet, crumbly peas with raisins and bada-buds - corn flakes sprinkled with sugar. Tatar sellers roast sweets on coals at their stalls, right there on the street.

Here everything happens on the street. People cut and shave on the street. I stop Uncle Vanya to watch how the street barbers work. The men rise from the low benches and put dirty, dirty caps on their shaved heads. These are heavy lifters, big men - that’s what they’re called in Baku. I see them walking in the middle of the street, bending and trembling under the enormous burden. It seems to me that they are about to fall. With rope stretchers under their heads, the big guys sleep in the dust, right on the sidewalk...

Without looking at anyone, the venerable red-bearded Turks walk importantly. And behind them, incomprehensible figures rustling with silk, gliding along, tapping their heels. They have silk masks on their faces, and living black eyes sparkle in the slits. I look after them with fear and curiosity. One of the passers-by says:
- These are Turkish wives with their husbands.

(...) They bring me again to Tiflis, to Didube, to my grandmother.

Chapter Thirteen

My father remained in Tiflis. Why is it sad in the house today... and my father greets me so absentmindedly? He pats me on the cheek and goes back to his comrades.
You can't hear the usual jokes or greetings. In my father’s hands I see a piece of paper. When the comrades are seated, the father reads aloud a telegram from Baku, just a few words: “Yesterday evening Pyotr Montin was shot in the head.”
The father's voice is trembling. He puts a crumpled piece of paper on the table. There is silence in the room for a long time.

My heart sank sadly. After all, I remember Peter, his voice, so ringing when he spoke, soft and deep when he began to sing.
Why was he killed? Someone stands up and says:
- Our beloved comrade has passed away. He fought for people's freedom, and for this he was killed.
I listen to the words spoken in trembling voices. I see tears on faces. Montin, it means, was very loved.
I remember Dunya Nazarova saying:
- Peter was called elusive. It was never possible to keep him in prison; he always escaped. One day a cart with bread arrived at the prison. Peter was taken out for a walk. The sentries did not even notice how he ended up under the cart. Before they had time to grab it, he was already outside the gate.

The Baku people sent Montin to Tiflis for the Caucasian Bolshevik Conference, which was held under the leadership of Stalin. Montin returned to Baku, and on the same day he was shot on the street by an assassin sent by the secret police.

Baku workers in a crowd of thousands came out into the street to see off the body of their fallen comrade. Their speeches were full of anger and bitterness. The coffin with Montin's remains was taken to Tiflis. There Peter was born, there, in Didube, in the railway workshops he began his path as a revolutionary fighter.

The Tiflis police could not prevent the funeral meeting. Montin's coffin was put on display in the square, armed railway workers lined up next to the body of their comrade: a guard of honor. The red flag is lowered.
The crowd moves in a silent stream to where the zinc coffin stands on a pedestal. I'm in the crowd with Varya and Shura.
Flowers in people's hands. Flowers on the coffin. Roses, chrysanthemums, asters - everything that Tiflis autumn is generous with. The funeral march breaks the silence. I look around people are crying.
We come closer and rise to the coffin. Parting the branches, I look into the glass embedded in the head of the coffin. Montin's face seems alive to me. I recognize his large features, broad forehead. Only your eyes are closed and you can see a dark, caked spot at your temple.
A little wrinkled old woman stands at the coffin, someone hugs her.
“This is Peter’s mother,” Aunt Varya whispers. - They lived in Didube, next to us. And then Peter left for Baku, and they brought Him here to bury him in his homeland. Everyone here knows him.
A comrade comes forward.
- We will fight for what our Montin died for...
Simple words. Children will remember them.
Montin's funeral showed the authorities the strength of the Tiflis proletariat. Armed guards for the workers maintained exemplary order. The Black Hundreds did not dare to interfere. The line of railway workers did not let the police get close.
Montin's funeral marked the beginning of the December events in Tiflis. On December 12, Transcaucasian railway workers declared a general strike. This was a response to the armed uprising in Moscow on Presnya.
(...)

Chapter fifteen

Very soon my father comes to my grandmother for me.
“Get ready,” he says, “we’ll go to Baku...
...my father and I are leaving.
Mom, Pavlusha, Fedya and Nadya arrive (from Moscow - our comment) to the house on Bailovo, where father found us an apartment. It's in the lower basement. The windows face the street. At the back, a rocky courtyard slopes gently down to the sea. I like that the sea is so close.
The day has finally come when we are together again. How Fedya and Nadya have grown! At the table there are stories about Moscow.
(...)
We have plenty of sea and sun in Baku. Multi-colored waves splash silently. At a distance from the house, the pier's footbridge extends into the sea. At the end of it, Pavlusha sits on a log. He has a new hobby - he learned to fish. With his legs dangling over the water, he freezes with his fishing rod. A bluish-silver cluster hangs on the rope - tiny gobies, other fish do not take Pavlushin’s bait.
Today is Sunday because mom dressed me and Nadya in the most elegant white dresses. But where to go if Pavlusha is fishing on the pier? Holding hands, we approach him. The caught bulls flutter, glisten in the sun, and I bend down to touch them. And suddenly there was a piercing scream from behind. It turns into a plaintive cry. Nadia!
I let go of her hand, and she fell down from the edge of the swaying board - into the sea, into the dirty oil waves. But before I have time to scream, Pavlusha is already downstairs. He gets up with Nadya, dusts off her dress and places his sister in front of me. The dress is destroyed, but Nadya is unharmed and laughs again. I can’t hide the trouble from my mother, and, picking up Nadya in my arms, I carry her home.

Life on Bailovo, by the sea, does not please for long with its tranquility. We again feel the fragility of the environment. The father returns home frowning. Adult friends who get together in the evening forget about us. They talk about their own things for a long time, and now the flow of the day in the house is disrupted. My father doesn’t go to work; my comrades come to see us in the morning.
“They’re on strike,” says Pavlusha. - The power plant is on strike. Dad is on the strike committee.
The strike ends, and Pavlusha is the first to know about it. What will be next? Life gets hectic again. We run to the sea, it splashes as if nothing had happened, but we came to say goodbye to it. At home, mom packs things. We must go help her. Tomorrow we are leaving for Tiflis.
(...)

Chapter Seventeen

I see myself again in Baku. The sea again... I'm not alone, little Nadya and my mother are with me. We are in Baku because my father was arrested again. He is in a Baku prison, his mother came to work for his release.
Along the dusty Baku street with me and Nadya, my mother is in a hurry somewhere.
-Where are you going, mom? - I try to ask her, but mom doesn’t answer.
She walks hastily, and Nadya and I have to run after her.

In a large room, where chairs are placed along the walls, my mother makes me and Nadya sit down. A man in a uniform with shiny buttons is talking to his mother.
My father was arrested at a meeting of the Baku Bolshevik Committee.

On the advice of her comrades, my mother, having arrived in Baku, went to the mayor. She managed to prove to him that her husband suffered innocently.
“He is in such good standing with his superiors, they can confirm this to you,” she said.
“Find guarantors for your husband, and we will free him,” said the mayor.
- He looked at you and Nadya. You sat on the chair, hugging each other, so sad and scared,” my mother said.
Flerov, Krasin and Winter took part in the liberation of their father. Leonid Borisovich himself was with his mother at the mayor’s and handed him a guarantee signed by Winter.
And so my mother and I returned to Tiflis. Dad disappeared from Baku under a false name.

Booker Igor 06/17/2019 at 15:00

When telling stories about political figures who have not lost their relevance (even if these are their love stories), you always need to clearly indicate your position. The muse of history, Clio, does not like precision, but the lady is very principled. Depending on the writer’s predilections, Stalin’s second wife Nadezhda Sergeevna Alliluyeva either committed suicide or was killed.

The daughter of professional revolutionary Sergei Yakovlevich Alliluyev, Nadezhda was 20 years younger than Joseph Dzhugashvili. She became not only Stalin’s party comrade (after Lenin’s secretariat, she worked in the editorial office of the magazine “Revolution and Culture” at the newspaper “Pravda”), but also the mistress of his house. Nadezhda gave birth to her husband two children: in 1921 - Vasily, in 1926 - Svetlana.

Her letters to her husband, whom she called “Dear Joseph,” breathe love: “It’s very, very boring without you.” Stalin answered her jokingly, calling her “Tatka.” As her nephew Vladimir Alliluyev wrote: “One day after a party at the Industrial Academy, where Nadezhda studied, she came home completely sick because she had sipped a little wine, she felt bad. Stalin put her to bed, began to console her, and Nadezhda said: “And you’re all “You still love me a little.” This phrase of hers, apparently, is the key to understanding the relationship between these two close people. In our family they knew that Nadezhda and Stalin loved each other.”

On the day of the 15th anniversary of the Great October Revolution, Nadezhda Sergeevna had a painful headache. Despite the gloomy autumn morning, she walked in the festive column of the Industrial Academy and, together with everyone, greeted the leaders of the party and the country standing on the podium of the newly built marble mausoleum. The next day, Stalin and his wife attended dinner with the Voroshilov couple, where a quarrel broke out between them. Here, versions of what happened also differ, as do statements about whether murder or suicide occurred later. There is no final answer to both questions and it is unlikely that there will ever appear, except for the next hypotheses.

On November 9, 1932, 31-year-old Nadezhda Alliluyeva shot herself with a small Walter pistol, brought by her brother as a gift from Berlin. Why did he have such a present? Civil War participant Pavel Alliluyev, at the suggestion of Stalin, who respected him very much, was seconded to the Soviet trade mission in Germany as a military representative. Upon his return in the spring of 1932, he held the position of military commissar of the Automotive and Armored Directorate of the Red Army of the USSR.

Svetlana Alliluyeva transferred the relationship between parents to a purely political plane. Her mother "realized in her heart, in the end, that her father was not the same new person how he seemed to her in her youth, and she suffered a terrible, devastating disappointment here." Stalin's daughter drew her conclusions on the basis of supposedly later stories of her old nanny. Svetlana Alliluyeva wrote that her mother was deeply depressed in last days before her death: “the nanny heard my mother repeating that “everything is boring,” “everything is disgusting,” “nothing makes me happy.”

The already mentioned nephew of Nadezhda Sergeevna, on the contrary, is inclined to see the reason in the medical diagnosis. Unfavorable heredity had an effect: in their family there were people with weak psyches. V. Alliluyev recalled: “Apparently difficult childhood It was not in vain, Nadezhda developed a serious illness - ossification of the cranial sutures. The disease began to progress, accompanied by depression and headaches. All this had a noticeable effect on her mental state. She even went to Germany for consultations with leading German neurologists... Nadezhda more than once threatened to commit suicide.”

Diagnostics and diseases. Medicines from A to Z