Atmospheric pressure is the force with which a column of air presses on a certain unit area of the Earth. It is often measured in kilograms per square meter, and from there they are transferred to other units. Atmospheric pressure varies around the globe, depending on geographical location. Normal habitual blood pressure is extremely important to the human body for full functioning. You need to understand what atmospheric pressure is normal for a person, and how its changes can affect well-being.
When you rise to a height, the atmospheric pressure decreases, and when you go down, it increases. Also, this indicator may depend on the time of year and humidity in a particular area. In everyday life it is measured using a barometer. It is customary to indicate atmospheric pressure in millimeters of mercury.
The ideal atmospheric pressure is considered to be 760 mmHg, but in Russia and most of the planet in general, this figure is far from this ideal.
The normal force of air pressure is considered to be that at which a person feels comfortable. Moreover, for people from different habitats in which feeling normal, will be different. A person usually gets used to the indicators of the area in which he lives. If a resident of the highlands moves to the lowlands, he will experience discomfort for some time and gradually get used to the new conditions.
However, even at a permanent place of residence, atmospheric pressure can change. This usually happens with changing seasons and sudden changes in weather. In this case, people with a number of pathologies and congenital weather dependence may experience discomfort, and old diseases may begin to worsen.
It is worth knowing how you can improve your condition if there is a sharp drop or increase in atmospheric pressure. You don’t have to immediately run to the doctor - there are home techniques that have been tested by many people that can help you start feeling better.
Important! It is worth noting that people sensitive to change weather conditions, you should be more careful when choosing places to spend your vacation or move.
What indicator is considered normal for a person?
Many experts say: normal blood pressure for a person will be 750–765 mmHg. It is easiest to adapt to indicators within these limits. For most people living on plains, small hills, and lowlands, they will be suitable.
It is worth noting that the most dangerous thing is not increased or decreased indicators, but their sudden change. If changes happen gradually, most people won't notice them. A sudden change can lead to negative consequences: some people may faint during a sharp climb uphill.
Pressure norm table
In different cities of the country, the indicators will be different - this is the norm. Usually detailed weather reports tell you whether the atmospheric pressure is above or below normal. this moment time. You can always calculate the norm for your place of residence yourself, but it is easier to refer to ready-made tables. For example, here are the indicators for several cities in Russia:
| City name | Atmosphere pressure normal (in millimeters of mercury) |
| Moscow | 747–748 |
| Rostov on Don | 740–741 |
| Saint Petersburg | 753–755, in some places – up to 760 |
| Samara | 752–753 |
| Ekaterinburg | 735–741 |
| Permian | 744–745 |
| Tyumen | 770–771 |
| Chelyabinsk | 737–744 |
| Izhevsk | 746–747 |
| Yaroslavl | 750–752 |
It is worth noting that for some cities and regions large pressure drops are normal. Local residents are usually well adapted to them; only a visitor will feel unwell.
Important! If weather dependence occurs suddenly and has never been observed before, you should consult a doctor - this may indicate heart disease.
Effect on the body
For people with certain medical conditions and increased sensitivity to weather changes, pressure changes can negatively affect them, in some cases limiting their ability to work. Experts note: women are slightly more likely than men to react to weather changes.
People have different reactions to changes. Some people feel slight discomfort that easily goes away on their own after some time. Others require special medications to avoid exacerbation of any disease that may occur due to changing weather conditions.
The following groups of people are most prone to negative experiences during pressure changes:
- With various lung diseases, which include bronchial asthma, obstructive and chronic bronchitis.
- With heart and vascular diseases, especially hypertension, hypotension, atherosclerosis, and other disorders.
- With brain diseases, rheumatic pathologies, diseases of the musculoskeletal system, especially osteochondrosis.
It is also believed that changes in weather conditions provoke allergy attacks. Fully healthy people the changes usually have no significant effect.
People with weather dependence experience headaches, drowsiness, a feeling of fatigue, and pulse irregularities that are not observed under normal conditions. In this case, it is advised to consult a doctor to exclude the development of heart disease and nervous system.
People with various diseases, in addition to headaches and fatigue, may experience discomfort in the joints, changes in blood pressure, numbness in the lower extremities, muscle pain. In case of exacerbation of chronic diseases, you should take medications prescribed by your doctor.
What to do if you are weather dependent
If increased sensitivity to changing weather conditions is present, but there are no diseases leading to it, then the following recommendations will help you cope with unpleasant sensations.
In the morning it is advised to take a contrast shower, then drink a cup good coffee to keep yourself in good shape. It is recommended to drink more tea during the day. Better - green with lemon. It will be useful to do exercises, several times a day.
Towards evening it is advised to relax. Herbal teas and decoctions with honey, valerian infusion and other mild sedatives will help with this. It is recommended to go to bed early and eat less salty foods during the day.
Goals and objectives: to continue the formation of knowledge and ideas about the atmosphere; discuss new concepts and definitions with students; consider the types, magnitude, reasons for changes and methods of measuring At. D.; prove to students the existence of At. D.; show integration with biology - barometer plants; develop the ability to generalize, highlight the main thing, draw analogies, identify cause-and-effect relationships; to introduce geographical terms, to form a conscious discipline.
Lesson format:
conversation, demonstration of experience proving the existence of At. D (sheet of paper and glass of water). Solving practical problems in At. D.Lesson type:
explanation of new material.Equipment:
aneroid barometer, glass of water, sheet of paper, textbook, atlas for 6th grade.Terms and concepts:
At. D., normal pressure, mercury barometer, aneroid barometer. Evangelist Torricelli is explanatory, illustrative, reproductive, problematic.DURING THE CLASSES
1. Organizational moment.
2. New topic after practical work.
Every substance has its own weight and mass, and even air. Air exerts pressure on all objects it comes into contact with, for example, an experiment with a glass of water and a sheet of paper.
The mass of 1 m 3 of air above sea level is 1 kg 300 g
If we take a column of air from the earth's surface to the upper boundary of the atmosphere, it turns out that on 1 cm 2 of the surface, the air presses with the same force as a weight weighing 1 kg 33 g (1 m 2 = 10,000 cm 2 x 1.33 = 13 300 kg (13 t 300 kg)
Let's try to calculate the pressure exerted by the atmosphere on your palm.
Palm area is 60 cm 2 x 1.33 kg = 79.8 kg
Guys, why don’t we or other living organisms feel the pressure that puts pressure on us? (Because it is balanced by the internal pressure that exists inside the human body). Here we come to the definition - Atmospheric pressure is the force with which air presses on the earth's surface and all objects located on it ( write it down in your notebook).
Who measured and established what atmospheric pressure is?
In the 17th century The Italian scientist E. Torricelli proved that atmospheric pressure exists.
He conducted the following experiment: He took a tube 1 m high, sealed it at one end and poured in mercury (this is a liquid poisonous metal Hg), turned the tube over into a bowl of mercury and opened it, part of the mercury poured out, and some remained in the tube. If Atm. D. weakens, then the mercury will pour out a little more; if it increases, the column of mercury will rise.
What prevented the mercury from pouring out completely? (Air pressure puts pressure on the mercury in the cup and prevents the mercury from spilling out) as the experiment with a glass of water showed.
Now let's turn to the textbook, page 144
It has been established that normal Atm. D. is 760 mmHg. at sea level at parallel 45° (Fig. 72) write it down in your notebook.
How is Atm measured? D.?
Barometer (mercury) from the Greek baros - weight, metreo - measure. Used on everyone weather stations, where in addition there is also a barograph installed (graphic-writing).
An aneroid (without liquid) is a box from which air has been pumped out. If the pressure increases, the box contracts; if it decreases, the box expands; the arrow shows the change in its volume.
If Atm. D. goes down - then it’s to (to rain)
If it rises, then it’s to 
(to clear weather)
But how does atmospheric pressure change?
Let's look at Fig. again. 72
Conclusion: it means pressure will decrease with altitude. And after how many meters?
With altitude, the air becomes less dense, the oxygen in it decreases, and it becomes more difficult to breathe. Therefore, when a person climbs the mountains already at an altitude of 300 m, he begins to feel bad - shortness of breath, dizziness, and nosebleeds appear.
Every 10.5 m Atm. D. decreases by 1 mm Hg. Art.
Atmospheric pressure also varies with temperature. Warm air lighter (expands) – Atm.D. – low; cold air is heavier (compressed) Atm. D. – high.
In nature, there are plants that can sense changes in Atm.D. and predict the weather (clover, violet, adonis, field bindweed, white water lily - “Entertaining biology” p. 83; take flower reproductions from your biology teacher).
Where can you use the material you are currently studying in class? (Students' answers).
3. Consolidation
Question No. 2.
A) cold weather– Atm increases. D.
b) warm weather– Atm decreases. D.
Question No. 5. The height of Kazan according to the atlas is 200 m; latitude 54.5° N Do you need to find out what pressure is in Kazan? 200 m / 10.5 m = 19.04 mm; 760 mm – 19.04 =741 mm Hg.
Problem: At the foot of a mountain at an altitude of 2300 m above sea level, the air pressure is 756 mm, and at the top of the mountain at the same time it is 720 mm. Determine the relative and absolute height of the mountain?
756 mm – 720 mm = 36 mm x 10.5 m = 478 m (relative height)
478 m + 200 m = 678 m (absolute height)
Figure No. 1
Problem: If the pressure at the foot of the mountain is 760 mm, then what will the pressure be at an altitude of 336 m?
336 m / 10.5 m = 32 mm;
760 mm – 32 mm = 728 mm Hg.
4. Homework: § 38 question No. 3; No. 4
Caused by the weight of air. 1 m³ of air weighs 1.033 kg. For every meter of the earth's surface there is an air pressure of 10033 kg. This means a column of air with a height from sea level to upper layers atmosphere. If we compare it with a column of water, the diameter of the latter would have a height of only 10 meters. That is, atmospheric pressure is created by its own air mass. The amount of atmospheric pressure per unit area corresponds to the mass of the air column located above it. As a result of an increase in air in this column, pressure increases, and as air decreases, a decrease occurs. Normal atmospheric pressure is considered to be air pressure at t 0°C at sea level at a latitude of 45°. In this case, the atmosphere presses with a force of 1.033 kg for every 1 cm² of earth's area. The mass of this air is balanced by a column of mercury 760 mm high. Atmospheric pressure is measured using this relationship. It is measured in millimeters of mercury or millibars (mb), as well as in hectopascals. 1mb = 0.75 mm Hg, 1 hPa = 1 mm.
Measuring atmospheric pressure.
measured using barometers. They come in two types.
1. A mercury barometer is a glass tube, which is sealed at the top, and the open end is immersed in a metal bowl with mercury. A scale indicating the change in pressure is attached next to the tube. The mercury is acted upon by air pressure, which balances the column of mercury in the glass tube with its weight. The height of the mercury column changes with pressure changes.
2. A metal barometer or aneroid is a corrugated metal box that is hermetically sealed. Inside this box there is rarefied air. The change in pressure causes the walls of the box to vibrate, pushing in or out. These vibrations by a system of levers cause the arrow to move along a graduated scale.
Recording barometers or barographs are designed to record changes atmospheric pressure. The pen picks up the vibration of the walls of the aneroid box and draws a line on the tape of the drum, which rotates around its axis.
What is atmospheric pressure?
Atmospheric pressure on the globe varies widely. Its minimum value - 641.3 mm Hg or 854 mb was recorded over Pacific Ocean in Hurricane Nancy, and the maximum was 815.85 mm Hg. or 1087 MB in Turukhansk in winter.
Air pressure on the earth's surface changes with altitude. Average atmospheric pressure value above sea level - 1013 mb or 760 mm Hg. The higher the altitude, the lower the atmospheric pressure, as the air becomes more and more rarefied. In the lower layer of the troposphere to a height of 10 m it decreases by 1 mmHg. for every 10 m or 1 mb for every 8 meters. At an altitude of 5 km it is 2 times less, at 15 km - 8 times, 20 km - 18 times.
Due to air movement, temperature changes, seasonal changes Atmosphere pressure constantly changing. Twice a day, in the morning and in the evening, it increases and decreases the same number of times, after midnight and after noon. During the year, due to the cold and compacted air, atmospheric pressure is at its maximum in winter and at its minimum in summer.
Constantly changing and distributed across the earth's surface zonally. This occurs due to uneven heating of the earth's surface by the Sun. The change in pressure is affected by the movement of air. Where there is more air, the pressure is high, and where the air leaves - low. The air, having warmed up from the surface, rises and the pressure on the surface decreases. At altitude, the air begins to cool, becomes denser and sinks to nearby cold areas. Atmospheric pressure increases there. Consequently, the change in pressure is caused by the movement of air as a result of its heating and cooling from the earth's surface.
Atmospheric pressure in equatorial zone constantly reduced, and in tropical latitudes - increased. This happens due to constant high temperatures air at the equator. The heated air rises and moves towards the tropics. In the Arctic and Antarctic, the surface of the earth is always cold and the atmospheric pressure is high. It is caused by air that comes from temperate latitudes. In turn, in temperate latitudes, due to the outflow of air, a zone of low pressure is formed. Thus, there are two belts on Earth atmospheric pressure- low and high. Decreased at the equator and in two temperate latitudes. Raised on two tropical and two polar. They may shift slightly depending on the time of year following the Sun towards the summer hemisphere.
Polar high pressure belts exist all year round, however, in summer they contract and in winter, on the contrary, they expand. All year round areas of low pressure remain near the Equator and in southern hemisphere in temperate latitudes. In the northern hemisphere, things happen differently. In the temperate latitudes of the northern hemisphere, the pressure over the continents increases greatly and the field low pressure as if “broken”: it is preserved only over the oceans in the form of closed areas low atmospheric pressure- Icelandic and Aleutian minimums. Over the continents, where the pressure has noticeably increased, winter maximums form: Asian (Siberian) and North American (Canadian). In summer, the low pressure field in the temperate latitudes of the northern hemisphere is restored. At the same time, a vast area of low pressure is formed over Asia. This is the Asian low.
In the belt increased atmospheric pressure- in the tropics - the continents heat up more than the oceans and the pressure above them is lower. Because of this, subtropical highs are distinguished over the oceans:
- North Atlantic (Azores);
- South Atlantic;
- South Pacific;
- Indian.
Despite large-scale seasonal changes in its performance, belts of low and high atmospheric pressure of the Earth- formations are quite stable.
Atmospheric air is a gas mixture that has physical density and is attracted to the Earth. The weight of the air mass presses on the human body with great force, which in numerical terms is about 15 tons (1.033 kg/cm2). This load is balanced by tissue fluids of the body, enriched with oxygen, but the balance is upset if the force of the external air changes for any reason. In the era of global climate change it's worth figuring out which atmospheric phenomenon the norm for a person, what it depends on, what measures should be taken to eliminate discomfort.
From a physical point of view, the atmospheric pressure equal to 760 mm Hg is taken as the standard. column: it is recorded at sea level in the Paris region at an air temperature of +15 o C. This indicator is rarely recorded in most of the Earth. In the lowlands, plains, hills, and highlands, the air presses on a person with unequal force. According to the barometric formula, when rising from sea level for every kilometer, there is a pressure drop of 13% compared to ideal, and when lowering (for example, into a mine) there is an increase by the same amount. In addition, barometer readings depend on climate zone, degree of air heating during the day.
Please note: Pressure 760 mmHg. column corresponds to 1013.25 hPa in international system units. Otherwise, this indicator is called the standard atmosphere (1 atm).
When figuring out what atmospheric pressure is considered normal for a person, it should be noted: it should be comfortable, provide conditions for good health, not reduce performance, and not cause painful sensations. Standards differ in different areas of the world as people have adapted to local weather and climate conditions. Comfortable barometer readings for inhabitants of flat and slightly elevated areas of the planet are 750-765 mm Hg. Art., for residents of mountains and plateaus the numbers decrease.
In the regions of Russia, the values of the standards also differ from each other. On meteorological maps, the territory of the Russian Federation is conventionally divided into zones using isobar lines, each of which has approximately the same pressure (it also fluctuates throughout the year). For convenience, you can use a table that shows normal atmospheric pressure in mm Hg. pillar and its possible deviations for different cities of Russia.
|
City name |
Average annual pressure, mm Hg. |
Permissible maximums (according to long-term observations), mm Hg. |
| Moscow | 747-748 | 755 |
| Saint Petersburg | 753-755 | 762 |
| Samara | 752-753 | 760 |
| Tula | 746-747 | 755 |
| Yaroslavl | 720-752 | 758 |
| Rostov-on-Don | 740-741 | 748 |
| Izhevsk | 746-747 | 753 |
| Ekaterinburg | 735-741 | 755 |
| Chelyabinsk | 737-744 | 756 |
| Permian | 744-745 | 751 |
| Tyumen | 770-771 | 775 |
| Vladivostok | 750-761 | 765 |
When moving, most people gradually adapt to changing natural and climatic conditions, although mountaineers constantly feel discomfort in the lowlands, despite the length of stay in such an area.
The effect of pressure changes on the body
According to doctors, the optimal degree of exposure to the atmosphere on each of us is not assessed in average regional figures. An indicator that the level of mercury pressure is normal is satisfactory physical condition specific person. But there are common tendencies for all to deteriorate well-being under certain conditions.
- Daily fluctuations of 1-2 barometer divisions do not have any negative impact on health.
- Moving the mercury column up or down by 5-10 units has a more noticeable effect on well-being, especially with a sudden change in weather. If large pressure amplitudes are typical for a given region, local residents are accustomed to them, and visitors will react to these surges more strongly.
- When climbing mountains 1000 m, when the pressure drops by 30 mm Hg. pillar, some people experience fainting - this is a manifestation of the so-called mountain sickness.
The short answer to the question of what normal atmospheric pressure is optimal for a person is: the one that he does not notice. Rapid movement of the mercury column in one direction or another at a speed of more than 1 mm Hg. Art. 3 hours causes stress even in a healthy body. Many people feel slight discomfort, drowsiness, fatigue,... If these signs are more pronounced, we're talking about about weather dependence.
At-risk groups
An aggravated reaction to atmospheric processes is typical for people with various pathologies. When the pressure in the atmosphere fluctuates, the pressure in all body cavities (blood vessels, pleura of the lungs, joint capsules) changes more sharply, as a result of which the baroreceptors are irritated. These nerve endings transmit pain signals to the brain. The following groups of patients are most prone to deterioration in health due to weather conditions:
Symptoms of health problems at high and low atmospheric pressure
When as a result of movement air masses normal pressure the atmosphere is replaced by a higher one, an anticyclone sets in. If a low pressure area develops in a region, it is a cyclone. During periods of ups and downs in the mercury column, the human body experiences various manifestations of discomfort.
Anticyclone
Its signs are sunny, windless weather, stable temperatures (low in winter, high in summer), and lack of precipitation. High pressure negatively affects the condition of hypertensive patients, asthmatics, and allergy sufferers. The arrival of an anticyclone is indicated by the following signs:
Cyclone
It is characterized by variable temperatures, high humidity, cloudiness and precipitation. Hypotensive patients, heart patients, and patients with gastrointestinal diseases are most susceptible to the influence of the cyclone. A decrease in atmospheric pressure affects the body in the following way:
- Blood pressure drops, heart rate slows;
- breathing becomes difficult, shortness of breath increases;
- increases, migraine begins;
- activity is disrupted digestive system, gas formation is activated.
Neutralizing the effect of an approaching cyclone or anticyclone is especially important if weather dependence is caused by diseases of the heart, blood vessels, nervous system, and respiratory organs. Older people, whose well-being often depends on changes in atmospheric pressure, should also act proactively. 
A comprehensive plan of preventive measures, drawn up on the basis of medical recommendations and practical experience, will help not only alleviate suffering, but strengthen the body and make it less vulnerable to weather changes.
Coping with internal discomfort unfavorable days The following tips will help:
- in the morning it is better to take a contrast shower, then it is useful to cheer yourself up with a cup of coffee (this can also be done with a mild form of hypertension, but the drink should not be strong);
- It is recommended to drink during the day green tea with lemon, do what you can physical exercise, eat less salty foods;
- in the evening it is advisable to relax with the help of decoctions of lemon balm or chamomile with honey, valerian infusion or glycine tablets.
Still have questions? Ask them in the comments! A cardiologist will answer them.
All bodies in the Universe tend to attract each other. Large and massive ones have a higher force of attraction compared to small ones. This law is also inherent in our planet.
The Earth attracts to itself any objects that are on it, including the gas shell surrounding it -. Although air is much lighter than the planet, it has heavy weight and presses on everything that is on the earth's surface. This creates atmospheric pressure.
What is atmospheric pressure?
Atmospheric pressure refers to hydrostatic pressure gas shell to the Earth and objects located on it. At different altitudes and in different parts of the globe it has different indicators, but at sea level the standard is considered to be 760 mm of mercury.
This means that a column of air weighing 1.033 kg exerts pressure on a square centimeter of any surface. Accordingly, there is a pressure of more than 10 tons per square meter.
People learned about the existence of atmospheric pressure only in the 17th century. In 1638, the Tuscan Duke decided to decorate his gardens in Florence with beautiful fountains, but unexpectedly discovered that the water in the constructed structures did not rise above 10.3 meters.
Deciding to find out the reason for this phenomenon, he turned for help to the Italian mathematician Torricelli, who, through experiments and analysis, determined that air has weight.
How is atmospheric pressure measured?
Atmospheric pressure is one of the most important parameters of the gas shell of the Earth. Since it varies in different places, a special device is used to measure it - a barometer. Ordinary household appliance It is a metal box with a corrugated base, in which there is no air at all.
When the pressure increases, this box contracts, and when the pressure decreases, on the contrary, it expands. Along with the movement of the barometer, a spring attached to it moves, which affects the needle on the scale.
Liquid barometers are used at weather stations. In them, pressure is measured by the height of a mercury column enclosed in a glass tube.
Why does atmospheric pressure change?
Since atmospheric pressure is created by overlying layers of gas, it changes as altitude increases. It can be influenced by both air density and the height of the air column itself. In addition, pressure varies depending on the location on our planet, since different areas of the Earth are located at different altitudes above sea level. 
From time to time over earth's surface Slowly moving areas of high or low pressure are created. In the first case they are called anticyclones, in the second - cyclones. On average, pressure readings at sea level range from 641 to 816 mmHg, although internal pressures can drop to 560 mmHg.
How does atmospheric pressure affect the weather?
The distribution of atmospheric pressure across the Earth is uneven, which is associated, first of all, with the movement of air and its ability to create so-called baric vortices.
In the northern hemisphere, clockwise rotation of the air leads to the formation of downward air currents (anticyclones), which bring clear or partly cloudy weather to a specific area. complete absence rain and wind.
If the air rotates counterclockwise, then rising vortices are formed above the ground, characteristic of cyclones, with heavy precipitation, heavy winds, and thunderstorms. In the southern hemisphere, cyclones move clockwise, anticyclones move counterclockwise.
What effect does atmospheric pressure have on humans?
Each person is pressed by an air column weighing from 15 to 18 tons. In other situations, such a weight could crush all living things, but the pressure inside our body is equal to atmospheric pressure, so when normal indicators at 760 mm Hg we do not experience any discomfort.
If the atmospheric pressure is higher or lower than normal, some people (especially the elderly or sick) feel unwell, headache, note exacerbation of chronic diseases.
Most often, a person experiences unpleasant sensations when high altitudes(for example, in the mountains), since in such areas the air pressure is lower than at sea level.