Memory is one of the most important cognitive processes. Its place in our lives is difficult to overestimate, because success in any activity depends on how quickly we remember and retain the necessary information for a long time. Wanting to improve our memory, make it more efficient and use it at our service, we do not always think about what kind of memory we need. After all, this phenomenon of our psyche manifests itself differently in different areas of our lives.

It is not for nothing that memory is classified as a cognitive process. Like any process, memorization and preservation take time and have their own levels or stages, which are also considered as types of memory.

RAM

Although this type relates to the processes of memorization, it stands somewhat apart. RAM serves human activities. Information at this level is not stored for long, but, most importantly, the brain does not consider it at all as something that needs to be remembered. Why? Because we need it exclusively to carry out specific operations. For example, to understand a sentence, you need to store the meanings of the words you read in your memory. Sometimes, however, there are such long sentences that by the time you read to the end, you forget what happened at the beginning.

RAM is superficial and short-lived; it is working memory. But it is necessary for successful activity, it can be developed and increased in volume. She trains exclusively in activities. So, while reading, we gradually learn to understand more and more complex and longer sentences, largely due to the improvement of RAM. Good RAM is what sets professionals apart.

Sensory memory

This is the very first stage of the process of memorizing information, which can be called the physiological or reflex level. Sensory memory is associated with a very short-term retention of signals arriving at the nerve cells of the sensory organs. The duration of storing information in sensory memory is from 250 milliseconds to 4 seconds.

The two most well-known and studied types of sensory memory are:

• visual,
• auditory.

Moreover, sound images are stored somewhat longer. This feature allows us to understand speech and listen to music. The fact that we perceive not individual sounds, but an integral melody is a merit of sensory memory. But a newborn child, whose senses are not yet fully developed, sees the whole world as a cluster of color spots. The ability to perceive a holistic picture is also a result of the development of visual sensory memory.

The information that attracted our attention moves from sensory memory to short-term memory. True, this is a very small part of the signals received by our senses; most do not attract our attention. American inventor T. Edison wrote: “The average person’s brain does not perceive even a thousandth part of what the eye sees.” And often memory problems are actually related to a lack of ability to concentrate.

Short-term memory

This is the first stage of processing information intended for storage. Almost everything that attracts our attention comes to the level of short-term memory, but stays there for a very short time - about 30 seconds. This is the time the brain needs to begin processing the received data and determine the degree of its need.

• The volume of short-term memory is also small - 5-7 elements unrelated to each other: words, numbers, visual images, sounds, etc.
• At this level, the process of evaluating information occurs; the one you need is duplicated, repeated, it has a chance to end up in longer-term storage.

To retain information for a longer period of time (but no more than 7 minutes), it is necessary to maintain focused attention, which is a signal that the information is needed. A failure in the area of ​​attention leads to a phenomenon called substitution. It occurs when the flow of information entering the brain is large enough that it does not have time to be processed in short-term memory. As a result, the newly received data is replaced by new ones and is irretrievably lost.

This situation occurs when preparing students for an exam, when, trying to “swallow” as much information as possible in a limited period of time, the student prevents his brain from assimilating it normally. You can prevent replacement, retain a large amount of material in short-term memory for a longer period, and ensure its transfer into long-term memory through conscious repetition and pronunciation. The longer information is retained in short-term memory, the more durable it is remembered.

Long-term memory

This is a warehouse of various data, which is characterized by almost indefinite storage and huge volume. Sometimes, for example, a student before an exam complains that it is simply impossible to remember so much. And since there is too much information, your head is literally full of it and can’t fit in anymore. But this is self-deception. We cannot store information in long-term memory not because there is no space there, but because we remember incorrectly.

The level of long-term memory receives and is stored for a long time only:

• included in the activity;
• meaningful;
• processed information, linked by semantic and associative connections to what is already there.

How more people knows, the easier it is for him to remember subsequent information, since connections between the new and the already known are established faster.

Problems with storing data in long-term memory may also be due to other reasons. Information stored in long-term storage may not be so easy to retrieve. The fact is that long-term memory has two layers:

1. The top one, where frequently used knowledge is stored. Remembering them requires no effort; they seem to always be at hand.
2. The lower level, which contains “closed” information that has not been used for a long time, is therefore assessed by the brain as insignificant or even unnecessary. To remember it, effort and special mnemonic (related to memory processes) actions are required. The less often information is used, the deeper layers of long-term memory it is stored. Sometimes drastic measures are required to get to the bottom of it, for example, hypnosis, and sometimes some minor event is enough to trigger a chain of associations.

But the variety of types of memory is not limited to stages that differ in the duration of information storage.

Types of memory: what we remember

In our lives, we are faced with the need to remember very diverse information that comes to our brain through different channels and in different ways. Depending on what mental processes are involved, types of memory are distinguished.

Figurative memory

The largest amount of information in our memory is stored in the form of sensory images. We can say that all senses work on our memory:

• visual receptors supply visual images, including information in the form of printed text;
• auditory – sounds, including music and human speech;
• tactile – tactile sensations;
• olfactory – smells;
• gustatory – a variety of tastes.

Images in the brain begin to accumulate literally from birth. This type of memory is not only the largest storage of information, it can also be literally phenomenal in accuracy. The so-called eidetic memory is known - photographically accurate, detailed memorization of images. The most studied cases of such memorization are in the visual field. Eidetics are extremely rare and usually have some kind of mental abnormality, for example:

• autism;
• schizophrenia;
• suicidal tendencies.

Motor or movement memory

This is a very ancient type of memorization that arose at the dawn of evolution. But memory for movements still plays a huge role, and not only in sports activities. So we go to the table, take a mug, pour tea into it, write something in a notebook, talk - all these are movements, and they are impossible without motor memory. What can we say about the importance of motor skills in work or sports. Without motor memory it is impossible:

• teaching children to write;
• mastering the skills of knitting, embroidery, drawing;
• Even teaching babies to walk requires active motor memory.

Emotional memory

Memory for feelings is less noticeable in Everyday life people and seems less significant. But that's not true. Our whole life is saturated with emotions, and without them it would lose its meaning, and its attractiveness too. Of course, vivid, emotionally charged events are remembered best. But we are able to remember not only the bitterness of resentment or the fireworks of first love, but also the tenderness of communication with our mother, the joy of meeting friends or getting an A in school.

Emotional memory has a pronounced associative nature, that is, memories are activated in the process of establishing a connection - an association with some phenomenon or event. Often, some insignificant detail is enough for us to once again experience a waterfall of feelings that we once experienced. True, feelings-memories never reach the strength and energy that was inherent in them for the first time.

Emotional memory is also important because emotionally charged information associated with strong feelings is best remembered and stored longer.

Verbal-logical memory

This type of memory is considered exclusively human. Pet lovers might argue that animals, such as dogs and cats, can also remember words well. Yes it is. But words for them are simply combinations of sounds associated with one or another visual, auditory, olfactory image. In humans, verbal-logical memory has a semantic, conscious character.

That is, we remember words and their combinations not as sound images, but as certain meanings. And a striking example of such semantic memorization can be the story of A.P. Chekhov “The Horse's Name.” In it, the person remembered the surname according to the meaning, and then for a long time remembered this “horse” surname. And she turned out to be Ovsov. That is, it was associative-semantic memorization that worked.

By the way, verbal-logical memory works better when you need to remember not individual words, but their meaningful structures - sentences combined into a text that has a more detailed meaning. Verbal-logical memory is not only the youngest type, but also requires conscious, purposeful development, that is, associated with memorization techniques and voluntary mental activity.

Types of memory: how we remember

The abundance of information entering the brain requires its sorting, and not everything we receive through sensory channels is remembered by itself. Sometimes it takes effort to remember. Depending on the degree of activity of mental activity, memory is divided into involuntary and voluntary.

Involuntary memory

The dream of every schoolchild and student is for knowledge to be remembered by itself without any effort. Indeed, a lot of information is memorized involuntarily, that is, without volitional effort. But for the mechanism of involuntary memory to turn on, an important condition is necessary. We remember involuntarily what attracted our involuntary attention:

• bright, strong and unusual information (loud sounds, strong flashes, fantastic pictures);
• vital information (situations associated with a threat to the life and health of the person himself and his loved ones, important, key events in life, etc.);
• data related to a person’s interests, hobbies and needs;
• emotionally charged information;
• something that is directly related to professional or included in labor, creative activity.

Other information is not stored by itself, unless a smart student can captivate himself and become interested in the educational material. Then you will have to make a minimum of effort to remember it.

Arbitrary memory

Any training, be it schoolwork or mastering a professional activity, contains not only bright, exciting information, but also simply necessary information. It is necessary, although not very interesting, and should be remembered. This is what voluntary memory is for.

This is not only and not so much a simple convincing of oneself that “this is something that must be kept in one’s head.” Voluntary memory is, first of all, special memorization techniques. They are also called mnemonics techniques after the ancient Greek muse of memory Mnemosyne.

The first techniques of mnemonics were developed in Ancient Greece, but they are still used effectively, and many new techniques have been created to make it easier to memorize complex information. Unfortunately, most people are not very familiar with them and simply use repeated repetition of information. This is, of course, the simplest, but also the least effective memorization technique. Up to 60% of information is lost in it, and it requires a lot of effort and time.

You have become acquainted with the main types of memory that are studied by psychology and which are of fundamental importance in a person’s life, in mastering knowledge and professional skills. But in various fields of science one can also encounter other types of this mental process. For example, there are genetic, autobiographical, reconstructive, reproductive, episodic and other types of memory.

In the structure of memory, several types can be distinguished according to five different criteria: according to content, randomness of use, time of storing received information, the use of mnemonic devices, and the participation of thinking in memory processes.

Motor memory- this is the memorization, preservation and reproduction of various movements and their systems. It serves as the basis for the formation of walking, writing, labor and other skills.

Emotional memory- This is a memory for feelings. It allows you to regulate behavior depending on previously experienced feelings, provides the ability to sympathize and empathize.

Figurative memory- this is a memory for ideas, for pictures of nature and life, as well as for sounds, smells, tastes. It can be visual, auditory, tactile, olfactory, gustatory. Her ideas, in particular, are related to professional activities. Verbal - logical memory - with this memory, thoughts expressed in words are remembered, reflecting the essence of the phenomena being studied . This type of memory is unique to humans.

According to the degree of randomness of use:

Involuntary memory, in which memorization and reproduction occurs without volitional effort, of course.

Arbitrary memory- memory controlled by the will of a person, when he consciously sets himself the goal of remembering or remembering something.

By duration of information storage:

Short-term memory is a method of storing information for a short period of time. In short-term memory, not a complete, but only a generalized image of what is perceived, its most essential elements, is stored.

RAM This is a memory designed to store information for a certain, predetermined period, ranging from several seconds to several days. The storage period of information in this memory is determined by the task faced by a person, and is designed only for solving this problem. After this, information may disappear from RAM.

Long-term memory This is a memory capable of storing information for an almost unlimited period. Information that has entered the storage of long-term memory can be reproduced by a person as many times as necessary without loss. Moreover, repeated and systematic reproduction of this information only strengthens its traces in long-term memory. The latter presupposes the ability of a person, at any necessary moment, to recall what was once remembered by him. When using long-term memory, recall often requires thinking and willpower, so its functioning in practice is usually associated with these two processes

On the participation of thinking in processes:

Mechanical memory based on simple, repeated repetition of material. With its help, multiplication tables, formulas, etc. are memorized.

Logical memory, is based on understanding, comprehension of the material, on its presentation in the form of an easily memorized diagram.

22. Formation and development of memory:

Memory - a form of mental reflection, consisting in consolidation, preservation and subsequent reproduction of past experience, making it possible reuse in activity or return to the sphere of consciousness.

P.P. Blonsky formulated a genetic theory of memory development. In his opinion, different kinds memories present in an adult are different stages of its development in phylogeny: motor, emotional, figurative and logical. In the history of human development, these types of memory consistently appeared one after another.

In ontogeny All types of memory are formed in a child quite early and also in a certain sequence. The earliest in time of occurrence are motor and affective types of memory - 6 months. The beginning of figurative memory is associated with the 2nd year of life, and logical memory begins to form in a child from 3-4 years of age. Their full development is achieved only in adolescence and young adulthood.

L.S. Vygotsky considered the development of memory in phylogenesis in close connection with the development of thinking and other mental processes. Developing historically, a person develops more and more advanced means of memorization (writing, counting, etc.). The very development of stimuli-means for memorization is subject to the following pattern: first they act as external actions (for example, “tying knots for memory”, using various objects for memorization), and then they become internal, mnemonic actions (feeling, image, thought, association) . Mnemonics, according to A.N. Leontiev, changed the fundamental structure of the act of memorization: from direct, immediate it becomes indirect. The leading role in the formation of internal means of memorization belongs to speech, its transformation from a purely external function into an internal function.

The initial manifestation of memory can be considered conditioned reflexes observed already in the first months of a child’s life, for example, the cessation of crying when the mother enters the room. The manifestation of memory is revealed more clearly when the child begins to recognize objects. The child recognizes his mother, other people who constantly surround him, things with which he often deals. Gradually, the range of objects that the child recognizes increases. First of all, the child manifests recognition, but reproduction appears much later. The first signs of reproduction are observed only in the second year of life. Initially, memory is involuntary. In preschool and preschool age Children usually do not set themselves the task of remembering anything. The development of voluntary memory in preschool age occurs in games and in the process of education. Children remember better what interests them. It should also be emphasized that at preschool age children begin to remember meaningfully, that is, they understand what they remember. In this case, children primarily rely on visually perceived connections of objects and phenomena, rather than on abstract logical relationships between concepts.

Rapid development of memory characteristics occurs in school years. This is due to the learning process. The process of assimilation of new knowledge predetermines the development, first of all, of voluntary memory. Under the influence of school demands, memorization and reproduction become increasingly voluntary and become much more active.

23. Definition of memory:

Memory - the ability to reproduce past experience, one of the main properties nervous system, expressed in the ability to store information for a long time and repeatedly enter it into the sphere of consciousness and behavior.

Memory is the basis of mental activity. Without it, it is impossible to understand the basics of behavior, thinking, consciousness, and subconsciousness. Its absence is called amnesia.

Basic memory processes :

Memorization– a process aimed at preserving received impressions in memory, a prerequisite for storage.

Preservation– the process of active processing, systematization, generalization of material, mastery of it.

Reproduction and recognition– processes of restoration of what was previously perceived. The difference between them is that recognition takes place when the object is encountered again, when it is perceived again. Reproduction occurs in the absence of an object.

Forgetting- loss of the ability to reproduce, and sometimes even recognize, what was previously remembered. Most often we forget what is insignificant. Forgetting can be partial (reproduction is incomplete or with an error) and complete (impossibility of reproduction and recognition). There are temporary and long-term forgetting.

Basic memory properties:

· speed

· accuracy

· strength

Types of memory according to the method of learning:

Mechanical memory- this is the memorization of information through repeated repetition in the form in which it is perceived, without its transformation and analysis.

Semantic memory- this is not memorization external form, but the meaning of the information being studied.

According to the participation of the will in the process of memorization:

Involuntary memory is a memorization process that occurs without any effort, as if “automatically.” This type of memorization is typical for strong or unusual signals. external environment, evoking emotions and feelings, in particular, interest.

Arbitrary memory- this is a process when a person is faced with the task of remembering this or that information and the person makes certain volitional efforts to implement this task.

By the nature of mental activity :

In figurative memory images are stored: sights, sounds, smells. Accordingly, visual, auditory, tactile, olfactory, gustatory and other types of memory are distinguished separately.

In emotional memory contains memories of feelings and emotions that a person once experienced.

Motor memory underlies the memorization and reproduction of movements.

Verbal-logical memory contains information not in the form of images, but in the form of verbal concepts (including abstract logical ones) or numbers. This is memory for the meaning of the presentation, its logic, for the relationship between elements of information received in verbal form.

24. Conditions for successful memorization:

Memorization- This is the process of imprinting and subsequent storage of perceived information. Based on the degree of activity of this process, it is customary to distinguish two types of memorization: unintentional(or involuntary) and deliberate(or arbitrary).

Unintentional remembering- this is memorization without a predetermined goal, without using any techniques or demonstrating volitional efforts. This is a simple imprint of what affected a person and retained some trace of excitation in the cerebral cortex.

Intentional remembering– this is a manifestation of volitional efforts in the form of setting a memorization task. Repeated repetition allows you to reliably and firmly remember material that is many times greater than the capacity of individual short-term memory.

Conditions necessary for successful memorization:

1. An important condition for learning material to be remembered quickly and for a long time is presence of interest to what you remember, and attention in the process of assimilation and reproduction of the material.

2. Of great importance for memorization are feelings. Everything that is associated with joy, sadness, anger, as a rule, is remembered better than something to which a person is indifferent.

3. An important condition for good memorization is understanding what needs to be learned. If the thoughts that need to be remembered are not clear to the student, he begins to memorize them mechanically, memorizing them word for word; such study work only harms him mental development, and what is learned in this way is quickly forgotten.

4. It is also very important set yourself a task- to learn firmly and for a long time. If you study a lesson only in order to answer tomorrow, then usually what you learn for this purpose is quickly lost in memory. If you teach with the idea that this material must be remembered for a long time, since it will be useful in life, then its assimilation will be faster and more durable.

5. Great value for learning educational material It has connecting memorization with human activity, requiring thinking and activity. If, in the process of memorization, one compares, generalizes, and draws conclusions, then under these conditions the process of assimilation becomes especially conscious and therefore proceeds more successfully.

6. Availability of knowledge That's why academic subject, by which the material is assimilated, also serves as a favorable condition for memorization, since in this case the new is more easily and more firmly connected with what is already known.

7. Memorizing is work, and sometimes the work is not easy, so an important condition mastering educational material is perseverance, perseverance in work, the ability not to give up halfway, but to achieve complete and lasting memorization. These are strong-willed qualities, without which serious mental work is impossible.

25. The role of imagination in human life:

Imagination - this is a process of creative transformation of ideas that reflect reality, and the creation on this basis of new ideas that were not previously available.

Types of imagination:

Active imagination- using it, a person, through an effort of will, at will evokes corresponding images.

Passive imagination– his images arise spontaneously, regardless of the will and desire of a person.

Productive imagination- in it, reality is consciously constructed by man, and not simply mechanically copied or recreated. But at the same time, she is still creatively transformed in the image.

Reproductive imagination– the task is to reproduce reality as it is, and although there is also an element of fantasy here, such imagination is more reminiscent of perception or memory than creativity.

In human life, imagination performs a number of specific functions:

1. Consists of represent reality in images and be able to use them when solving problems. This function of imagination is connected with thinking and is organically included in it.

2. C will cost in regulation of emotional states. With the help of his imagination, a person is able to at least partially satisfy many needs and relieve the tension generated by them. This vital function is especially emphasized and developed in psychoanalysis.

3. Related to his participation in the voluntary regulation of cognitive processes and human states, in particular perception, attention, memory, speech, emotions. With the help of skillfully evoked images, a person can pay attention to the necessary events. Through images, he gains the opportunity to control perceptions, memories, and statements.

4. Consists of in the formation internal plan actions- the ability to perform them in the mind, manipulating images.

5. Consists of in planning and programming activities, drawing up such programs, assessing their correctness, and the implementation process.

With the help of imagination, we can control many psychophysiological states of the body and tune it to upcoming activities.

Thanks to imagination, a person creates, intelligently plans and manages his activities. Imagination takes a person beyond his immediate existence, reminds him of the past, and opens up the future. Possessing a rich imagination, a person can “live” in different times, which no other can afford Living being in the world. The past is recorded in memory images, arbitrarily resurrected by an effort of will, the future is presented in dreams and fantasies.

Imagination is the basis of visual imaginative thinking, allowing a person to navigate a situation and solve problems without direct intervention practical actions. It helps him a lot in those cases of life when practical actions are either impossible, or difficult, or simply impractical.

26. Types of imagination:

Imagination is a process of creative transformation of ideas that reflect reality, and the creation on this basis of new ideas that were not previously available.

Functions of imagination:

1. Representation of reality in images, which makes it possible to use them when performing operations with imaginary objects.

2. Formation of an internal action plan(creating an image of a goal and finding ways to achieve it) under conditions of uncertainty.

3 . Participation in the voluntary regulation of cognitive processes (memory management).

4. Regulation of emotional states(in auto-training, visualization, neuro-linguistic programming, etc.).

5. Basis for creativity a – both artistic (literature, painting, sculpture) and technical (invention)

6. Creating images, corresponding to the description of the object (when a person tries to imagine something that he heard or read about).

7. Producing images, which do not program, but replace activities (pleasant dreams replacing boring reality).

Imagination can be of four main types:

Active imagination– is characterized by the fact that, using it, a person, of his own free will, by an effort of will, evokes in himself the corresponding images. Active imagination is a sign of a creative type of person who constantly tests his inner capabilities and spiritual values. Her mental activity is supraconscious and intuitive.

Passive imagination lies in the fact that his images arise spontaneously, regardless of the will and desire of a person. Passive imagination can be unintentional or intentional. Unintentional passive imagination occurs with weakening of consciousness, psychosis, disorganization of mental activity, in a semi-drowsy and sleepy state. With deliberate passive imagination, a person arbitrarily forms images of escape from reality-dreams. The unreal world created by a person is an attempt to replace unfulfilled hopes, make up for bereavements, and alleviate mental trauma. This type of imagination indicates a deep intrapersonal conflict.

Productive imagination- differs in that in it reality is consciously constructed by man, and not simply mechanically copied or recreated. At the same time, this reality is creatively transformed in the image. This type of imagination underlies artistic, literary, musical, design and scientific activities.

Reproductive imagination– when using it, the task is to reproduce reality as it is, and although there is also an element of fantasy here, such imagination is more reminiscent of perception or memory than creativity. For example, when reading literature, when studying a map of the area, or historical descriptions the imagination recreates what is depicted in these books, maps, stories.

Other types of imagination:

Dreams can be classified as passive and involuntary forms of imagination. Their true role in human life has not yet been established, although it is known that in human dreams many vital needs are expressed and satisfied, which, for a number of reasons, cannot be realized in life. Hallucinations are called fantastic visions that apparently have almost no connection with surrounding a person reality. Usually they are the result of certain mental or bodily disorders and accompany many painful conditions.

Dreams Unlike hallucinations, this is a completely normal mental state, which is a fantasy associated with a desire, most often a somewhat idealized future.

Dream It differs from a dream in that it is somewhat more realistic and more connected with reality, i.e. is in principle feasible.

27. Definition of thinking:

Thinking- This is the highest form of human cognitive activity, a socially conditioned mental process of indirect and generalized reflection of reality, the process of searching and discovering something essentially new.

Individual psychological characteristics of thinking:

Thinking, like other human cognitive processes, has a number of specific qualities. These qualities are present to varying degrees in different people, and are important to varying degrees in solving various problem situations.

Quick thinking- ability to find the right solutions under time pressure

Flexibility of thinking- the ability to change the planned action plan when the situation changes or the criteria for the right decision change

Depth of thinking- the degree of penetration into the essence of the phenomenon being studied, the ability to identify significant logical connections between the components of the problem

Types of thinking:

Subject-effective thinking(ages 1 to 3 years), that is, thinking in the form of practical actions. Little children learn the world and make the first conclusions about its structure by testing objects with their hands, disassembling them and breaking them.

Visual-figurative thinking in the form of visual images and representations (visual, auditory, tactile). It is most developed between the ages of 4 and 7 years, but persists in adults. This thinking is based on practical reality, but can already create and store images that have no direct analogue in sensations (fairy-tale characters).

Creative thinking, which is most developed among artists, musicians, etc., the material for solving the problem is not concepts, but images - often visual and auditory. They are either retrieved from memory or recreated by imagination. The predominant role in this type of thinking is played by right hemisphere person.

Abstract-logical thinking works in the form of abstract concepts, symbols and numbers. In this case, a person operates with concepts without dealing with experience gained through the senses. For example, the ethical terms “justice” and “conscience”, the mathematical terms “degree” and “derivative”.

Thinking operations:

Comparison, analysis, synthesis, abstraction, generalization, specification.

Analysis- mental division of an object into its constituent elements with their subsequent comparison.

Synthesis- combining individual components into a whole.

Abstraction- highlighting one side of an object or phenomenon that in reality does not exist as a separate side. As a result of abstraction, concepts are formed. Generalization- highlighting common essential properties in compared objects. Specification- an operation inverse to generalization, the identification of characteristics of an object or phenomenon that are characteristic of it, not related to the features common to the class of the object or phenomenon.

Forms of thinking:

Understand e - a thought that reflects the general, essential characteristics of objects and phenomena.

Judgment– is a reflection of the connections between objects and phenomena or between their properties and characteristics.

Inference- a connection between concepts or judgments, as a result of which we obtain a new judgment from one or more judgments

Example on forms of thinking:

1.All fish swim.

2.Pikes are fish.

3.Pikes swim.

28. Basic types of thinking:

Thinking– This is the process of reflecting significant connections and relationships, objects and phenomena.

Main types of thinking:

A type of thinking based on the direct perception of objects, real transformation in the process of actions with objects.

Visual-figurative thinking- a type of thinking characterized by reliance on ideas and images; the functions of figurative thinking are associated with the representation of situations and changes in them that a person wants to obtain as a result of his activities that transform the situation. Very important feature imaginative thinking - the formation of unusual, incredible combinations of objects and their properties.

Verbal and logical thinking- a type of thinking carried out using logical operations with concepts.

Creative thinking- this is thinking, the result of which is the discovery of a fundamentally new or improved solution to a particular problem.

I. Kalmykova highlights:

Reproductive thinking- this is a type of thinking that provides a solution to a problem, based on the reproduction of already known to man ways. The new task is correlated with an already known solution scheme.

Productive thinking- this is thinking in which a person’s intellectual abilities and his creative potential are fully manifested. Creative possibilities are expressed in the rapid pace of assimilation of knowledge, in the breadth of their transfer to new conditions, in independent operation of them.

Forms of thinking:

In psychological science there are such logical forms thinking: concept; judgment; inference.

Concept- is a reflection in human consciousness of general and essential

properties of an object or phenomenon.

Judgment- the main form of thinking, during which connections between objects and phenomena of reality are affirmed or denied.

Inference- is a derivation from one or more propositions

new judgment.

Example on forms of thinking:

1.All criminals must be punished.

2. Some people are criminals.

3. Some people should be punished.

29. Thinking operations:

Thinking - this is the purposeful use, development and increase of knowledge, and in a more general sense - the mental process of reflecting reality. Understanding plays an important role in thinking.

Types of thinking:

Visual-effective thinking – the ability to solve practical problems using the necessary objects. This type of thinking is often called lower, elementary. It is found in the behavior of children or animals. However, research shows that visual-effective thinking is also characteristic of many types professional activity. With its help, inventors, surgeons, managers, and generals solve quite complex problems.

Visual-figurative thinking . This type of thinking is based on resolving a problem situation using an image of an object, reproduced from memory or in the imagination.

Complex Thinking is built on the basis of generalizations. Characteristic of children or peoples at the primitive stage of development. With complex thinking, the same object or phenomenon can be included in a variety of complexes.

Practical thinking takes place during practical activities. Unlike theoretical thinking aimed at solving abstract problems, practical thinking is associated with solving practical issues and is based on a generalization of practical experience.

In psychology, the following operations of thinking are distinguished:

Comparison- this is a comparison of objects and phenomena with wholes to find similarities and differences between them. Comparison can be aimed either at establishing the similarity of objects, or at establishing differences, or at both at the same time.

Analysis- this is the mental division of an object or phenomenon into its constituent parts, the identification of elements, features and properties in it.

Synthesis- this is a mental connection individual elements, parts and characteristics into a single whole.

Abstraction. Abstraction is the mental selection of essential properties and features of objects or phenomena while simultaneously abstracting from non-essential features and properties. Example: we release air, glass, water into them common feature-transparency and we can think about transparency in general; observing the movement of celestial bodies, human cars, animals, we identify a common feature - movement and think about movement in general as an independent object.

Generalizations- mental association of objects and phenomena into groups according to those common and essential features that are highlighted in the process of abstraction. Generalization usually manifests itself in conclusions, definitions, rules, classification.

Specification- this is a mental transition from the general to the individual, which corresponds to this general. To specify means to give an example, an illustration, a specific fact that confirms a general theoretical position, rule, law.

30. Forms of thinking:

Thinking is a process of cognitive activity of an individual, characterized by a generalized and indirect reflection of reality. Objects and phenomena of reality have properties and relationships that can be known directly, with the help of sensations and perceptions.

The first feature of thinking- its indirect nature. What a person cannot know directly, directly, he knows indirectly, indirectly: some properties through others, the unknown - through the known. Thinking is always based on the data of sensory experience - sensations, perceptions, ideas - and on previously acquired theoretical knowledge.

The second feature of thinking- its generality. Generalization as knowledge of the general and essential in the objects of reality is possible because all the properties of these objects are connected with each other. The general exists and manifests itself only in the individual, in the concrete. People express generalizations through speech and language.

Main types of thinking:

Visual-figurative thinking associated with the presentation of situations and possible changes in them. With its help, the entire variety of various actual characteristics of an object is most fully recreated, since the image can capture the simultaneous vision of objects from several points of view.

Verbal and logical thinking involves the use of concepts as well as logical constructions. It operates on the basis of language tools.

Visual-effective thinking constitutes genetically the earliest and simplest type of thinking. It is characterized by the fact that the solution to the problem is carried out through physical transformation of the situation, knowledge of the properties of objects by direct influence on them.

There are three logical forms of thinking:

Concept- this is a reflection in the human mind of the distinctive features of objects and phenomena, their general and specific characteristics, expressed in a word or group of words. Concrete concepts reflect objects, phenomena, events of the surrounding world, abstract concepts reflect abstract ideas. For example, “person”, “autumn”, “holiday” are specific concepts; “truth”, “beauty”, “good” are abstract concepts.

Judgment- this is the establishment of connections between concepts about objects and phenomena or about their properties and characteristics. Judgments can be general, particular and individual. In general, something is stated about all objects of a certain group, for example: “All rivers flow.” A particular judgment applies only to some of the objects of the group: “Some rivers are mountainous.” A single judgment concerns only one object: “The Volga is the largest river in Europe.”

Inference- this is the derivation of a new judgment from two (or more) existing judgments. A person uses mainly two types of inferences - inductive and deductive.

Induction- this is a way of reasoning from particular judgments to a general judgment, the establishment of general laws and rules based on the study of individual facts and phenomena.

Deduction- this is a way of reasoning from general judgment to private judgment, knowledge of individual facts and phenomena based on knowledge of general laws and rules

More complex forms of inference are deductive and inductive inferences.

Example on forms of thinking:

1.Petrov is a lawyer.

All lawyers are lawyers.

Petrov is a lawyer.

31. Types of speech:

Speech is the main means of human communication. Without it, a person would not have the opportunity to receive and transmit a large amount of information, in particular that which carries great semantic load or captures in oneself something that cannot be perceived with the help of the senses.

Speech is the activity of communication, expression, influence, communication - through language, speech is language in action.

Speech is language functioning in the context of individual consciousness. This communication involves two parties - the speaker and the listener. The speaker selects the words necessary to express his thoughts and connects them according to the rules of grammar, and pronounces them through the organs of speech. The listener perceives. Both should have same rules and means of transmitting thoughts.

There are three functions of speech : communicative, regulating and programming.

Communication function speech presupposes the influence of one organism on another, in which contact is established between them, leading to a change in the behavior of one of the participants in communication or to the constancy of behavior with the possibility of changing the situation.

Regulatory function speech is realized in conscious forms of mental activity. Its distinctive feature is its arbitrary direction. Speech shapes voluntary, volitional human behavior. First, with the help of speech, a person learns to regulate the behavior of another individual, then he uses the same techniques to regulate his own behavior. As a result of the transformation of external speech into internal speech, the latter becomes the mechanism through which a person masters his own voluntary actions.

Programming function speech consists of constructing semantic schemes speech utterance, grammatical sentence structures. In this case, a transition occurs from the intention of the speech utterance to an external, detailed speech reaction.

There are two types of speech:

Inner speech- speech “to oneself”, speech in the form of which a person thinks. Inner speech has a very significant significance in a person’s life, being connected with his thinking. She organically participates in all thought processes aimed at solving some problems, etc.

External speech addressed to other people. Through it, a person transmits and perceives thoughts.

External speech in turn is divided into two types: oral And written.

Oral speech- speech directly addressed to someone. It is expressed in sounds and is perceived by other people through hearing. Oral speech is the most ancient in origin. Children also learn oral speech first, and then written speech. Oral speech manifests itself in monologue and dialogic forms.

Dialogue speech means a conversation between two or more persons. The one who speaks in this moment, acts as an active person, and the one who listens is passive in relation to the speaker.

Monologue speech- this is the speech of one person. He speaks and others listen. This type of speech includes various speeches by one person before an audience: a lecture, a report, a message, a deputy’s speech, an actor’s monologue, etc. A monologue is a speech that is continuous and unsupported by listeners.

32. Concept of consciousness:

Consciousness This is the highest form of mental reflection of reality formed in the process of social life in the form of a generalized and subjective model of the surrounding world in the form of verbal concepts and sensory images.

It can be argued that a newborn child does not have consciousness, since he does not yet have knowledge. He acquires them gradually, in the process of education, including as speech develops, i.e. as they become acquainted with universal human knowledge. The first signs of emerging consciousness, according to J. Eccles, is the child’s ability to recognize himself in the mirror - that is, the ability to distinguish himself from the environment. The further stage of the formation of consciousness consists in the child acquiring the ability to use the pronoun “I”. The level of an individual’s familiarization with human knowledge also determines the level of his consciousness. Since speech arises as a result of the child’s communication with adults, it can be argued that in ontogenesis consciousness is based on communication between people and develops as individual experience is acquired and as a result of mastering speech. Consciousness, therefore, has a social aspect, which lies in the fact that consciousness acts as the ability for such processing of knowledge, which ensures the directed transfer of information from one person to another in the form of abstract symbols of speech as the main means of interpersonal communication.

Consciousness as a mental phenomenon, in essence, is what fundamentally separated man from the animal world and endowed him with unlimited possibilities for adaptation. Consciousness, therefore, is the basis of the spiritual world of the individual and human society as a whole.

Such a human mental function as memory is special. Other functions cannot be performed without her participation. Manifestations of memory are very diverse and multifaceted. We present to your attention a classification of types of memory in psychology.

Types of human memory in psychology

According to the storage time of the material

1. Short-term memory. The material is not stored for long, about twenty seconds, and the volume of elements that is simultaneously retained in memory is small - from five to nine.
2. Sensory memory. Information is stored at the receptor level; if it is not subsequently transferred from the receptor storage to another form of storage, it is lost irretrievably. The storage time is very short - up to one second. This memory is most often used in newborns.
3. Long-term memory. It ensures long-term preservation of the material; storage time and volume of information are not limited. Long-term memory, unlike short-term memory, processes received information differently. Long-term memory optimally “arranges” information – this ensures its optimal storage. This phenomenon is called “reminiscence”; the volume of the required material increases, and the quality also improves.
4. RAM. It is an intermediate storage between long-term and short-term memory. Stores material for a certain required period.

By the nature of mental activity

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Types of human memory

All the diversity of human life and activity is impossible without memory. Existing types and types of human memory are determined by the accumulated experience and characteristics of the individual’s activities. Types of memory are determined by the individual characteristics of the individual, but types are distinguished by the nature of the goals of the activity, as well as the duration of fixation and storage of material.

What types of memory do humans have?

According to the time of information reservation, the following are distinguished:

• Instant memory is the simplest type. It ensures the storage of information only during its perception;
• short-term memory. It makes it possible to save data for approximately 30–40 seconds from the moment it is acquired. This type of memory is characterized by the maximum number of symbols, images and objects that an individual is able to recreate within one minute from the moment of receipt. When it is filled with 10 units, replacement occurs, that is, new data replaces old ones with the latter being deleted without a trace;
• RAM is designed to store data for a certain period of time. Most often, a few minutes or days after receiving information, data from RAM begins to be erased;
• In psychology, such a type of human memory is also distinguished as long-term. Here information is stored for a long time, but in order for a person to reproduce it, it is necessary to make an effort and start the thought process. It is this memory that people use most often;
• Storage of genetic memory is carried out in genes and is inherited.

Human memory, its features and types in accordance with the goals of the activity

We are talking about involuntary and voluntary memory. If a person remembers or remembers something without pursuing a special purpose for this, then involuntary memory works. If an individual sets a goal to remember some material, then they talk about voluntary memory. In this case, memorization and reproduction are possible thanks to special, mnemonic actions. It is these two types that ensure the consistent development of the entire memory as a whole.

Types of memory. Their brief description

The role of involuntary memory in human life it is difficult to overestimate, because it is precisely this that ensures the formation of the main part of life experience.

However, often a person resorts to the need to manage his memory. Voluntary memory gives him the opportunity to deliberately remember something, memorize it, and then use it when necessary.

What other types of memory do humans have?

Speaking about types, one cannot fail to note the types of memory that are determined by the individual characteristics of the human psyche. There are visual, auditory, olfactory, tactile, emotional and other types. They all function in organic unity and do not occur separately. There are people who have a highly developed specific memory - artists have visual memory, and musicians have auditory memory, but for the majority they function together.

Moreover, in psychology, the types of human memory, in addition to the fact that they are individual, in each particular case can be voluntary or involuntary, short-term or long-term, etc. Motor, figurative, auditory and other types cannot exist separately also because, first of all, identical characteristics of objects and phenomena of the surrounding world, and therefore the forms of their reflection, are connected with each other. Complex successive connections can be traced between involuntary and voluntary memory, and short-term and long-term memory are two stages of one process. It all starts with short-term memory, bypassing which the information goes into long-term memory.

How to improve memory after 50 years?

This article will tell you how to improve and strengthen your memory after 50 years. You will also learn what rules need to be followed so that memory after 50 years develops and does not weaken, and about exercises that help strengthen memory.

Memory types

There are a variety of types of memory, determined by the individual characteristics of the human psyche. They do not occur separately, but always function together, although in some people one type of memory may predominate over others.

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Definition of memory. Types of memory

Definition of memory

Memory- this is a mental property of a person, the ability to accumulate, (memorize) store, and reproduce experience and information. Another definition says: memory is the ability to remember individual experiences from the past, realizing not only the experience itself, but its place in the history of our life, its placement in time and space. Memory is difficult to reduce to one concept. But let us emphasize that memory is a set of processes and functions that expand a person’s cognitive capabilities. Memory covers all the impressions that a person has about the world around him. Memory is a complex structure of several functions or processes that ensure the recording of a person’s past experiences. Memory can be defined as a psychological process that performs the functions of remembering, preserving and reproducing material. Three specified functions are fundamental to memory.

Classification of main types of memory

Another important fact: memory stores, restores very different elements our experience: intellectual, emotional, and motor-motor. Memory of feelings and emotions can last even longer than intellectual memory of specific events.

Basic features of memory

The most important features, integral characteristics of memory are: duration, speed, accuracy, readiness, volume (memorization and reproduction). How productive a person’s memory is depends on these characteristics. These memory traits will be mentioned later in this work, but for now - a brief description of Memory productivity traits:

1. Volume - the ability to simultaneously store a significant amount of information. The average memory capacity is 7 elements (units) of information.

2. Speed ​​of memorization- differs from different people. The speed of memorization can be increased with the help of special memory training.

3. Accuracy - accuracy is reflected in the recall of facts and events that a person has encountered, as well as in the recall of the content of information. This trait is very important in learning.

4. Duration– the ability to retain the experience for a long time. A very individual quality: some people can remember the faces and names of school friends after many years (long-term memory is developed), some forget them after just a few years. The duration of memory is selective.

5. Ready to play - the ability to quickly reproduce information in the human mind. It is thanks to this ability that we can effectively use previously acquired experience.

Types and forms of memory

There are different classifications of types of human memory:

1. By the participation of the will in the process of memorization;

2. By mental activity, which predominates in the activity.

3. By the duration of information storage;

4. The essence of the subject and method of memorization.

By the nature of the participation of the will.

Based on the nature of the target activity, memory is divided into involuntary and voluntary.

Schematic representation of memory

1) Involuntary memory means remembering and reproducing automatically, without any effort.

2) Arbitrary memory implies cases where there is specific task, and volitional efforts are used to remember.

It has been proven that material that is interesting to a person, that is important, that is of great importance is involuntarily remembered.

By the nature of mental activity.

According to the nature of mental activity with the help of which a person remembers information, memory is divided into motor, emotional (affective), figurative and verbal-logical.

3) Figurative memory - associated with memorizing and reproducing sensory images of objects and phenomena, their properties, and relationships between them. This memory begins to manifest itself by the age of 2 years, and reaches its highest point to adolescence. Images can be different: a person remembers both images of various objects and general idea about them, with some abstract content. In turn, figurative memory is divided according to the type of analyzers that are involved in memorizing impressions by a person. Figurative memory can be visual, auditory, olfactory, tactile and gustatory.

By duration of information storage:

1) Instantaneous or iconic memory

This memory retains material that was just received by the senses, without any processing of information. The duration of this memory is from 0.1 to 0.5 s. Often, in this case, a person remembers information without conscious effort, even against his will. This is a memory-image.

The individual perceives electromagnetic vibrations, changes in air pressure, changes in the position of an object in space, giving them a certain meaning. A stimulus always carries certain information that is specific only to it. The physical parameters of the stimulus affecting the receptor in the sensory system are converted into certain states of the central nervous system (CNS). Establishing a correspondence between the physical parameters of a stimulus and the state of the central nervous system is impossible without memory work. This memory manifests itself in children even in preschool age, but over the years its importance for a person increases.

2) Short-term memory

Storing information for a short period of time: on average about 20 seconds. This type of memorization can occur after a single or very brief perception. This memory works without conscious effort to remember, but with the intention of future reproduction. The most essential elements of the perceived image are stored in memory. Short-term memory “turns on” when the so-called actual consciousness of a person operates (i.e., what is realized by a person and somehow correlates with his current interests and needs).

— Information is entered into short-term memory by paying attention to it. For example: a person who has seen his own hundreds of times wrist watch, may not answer the question: “Which numeral - Roman or Arabic - represents the number six on the clock?” He never purposefully perceived this fact and, thus, the information was not deposited in short-term memory.

— The volume of short-term memory is very individual, and there are developed formulas and methods for measuring it. In this regard, it is necessary to mention such a feature as substitution property. When the individual memory capacity becomes full, new information partially replaces what is already stored there, and previous information often disappears irretrievably. A good example It may be difficult to remember the abundance of names and surnames of people we have just met. A person is able to retain no more names in short-term memory than his individual memory capacity allows.

- By making a conscious effort, you can retain information in memory longer, which will ensure its transfer to working memory. This is the basis of remembering by repetition.

In fact, short-term memory plays a vital role. Thanks to short-term memory, a huge amount of information is processed. The unnecessary is immediately eliminated and what is potentially useful remains. As a result, long-term memory does not become overloaded with unnecessary information. Short-term memory organizes a person’s thinking, since thinking “draws” information and facts from short-term and operative memory.

3) RAM is memory designed to retain information for a certain, predetermined period. The storage period for information ranges from a few seconds to several days.

After solving the task, information may disappear from RAM. A good example would be the information that a student is trying to absorb during an exam: the time frame and task are clearly defined. After passing the exam, there is again complete “amnesia” on this issue. This type of memory is, as it were, transitional from short-term to long-term, since it includes elements of both memory.

4) Long-term memory - memory capable of storing information indefinitely.

This memory does not begin to function immediately after the material has been memorized, but after some time. A person must switch from one process to another: from memorization to reproduction. These two processes are incompatible and their mechanisms are completely different.

Interestingly, the more often information is reproduced, the more firmly it is fixed in memory. In other words, a person can recall information at any necessary moment through an effort of will. It is interesting to note that mental ability is not always an indicator of memory quality.

Psychology of memory.

For example, in mentally retarded people, phenomenal long-term memory is sometimes found.

Why is the ability to retain information necessary to perceive information? This is due to two main reasons. Firstly, a person deals at each moment with only relatively small fragments of the external environment. In order to integrate these temporally separated influences into a holistic picture of the surrounding world, the effects of previous events when perceiving subsequent ones must be, so to speak, “at hand.” The second reason is related to the purposefulness of our behavior. The acquired experience must be remembered in such a way that it can be successfully used for the subsequent regulation of forms of behavior aimed at achieving similar goals. The information stored in a person’s memory is assessed by him from the point of view of its significance for controlling behavior and, in accordance with this assessment, is retained in varying degrees of readiness.

Human memory is not in the least bit a passive repository of information—it is an active activity.

Types of memory in psychology

The classification of types of memory in psychology allows us to isolate significant details from one rather voluminous concept. After all, human memory is a complex function that has many nuances. For understanding characteristic features a person simply needs to imagine what forms of memory there are in psychology.

Types of memory in psychology

Depending on individual characteristics, each person has a stronger development of one of several basic types of memory: visual, auditory, motor or mixed. Knowing which type of memory is more developed in you, you will learn arts and sciences faster, using the fastest and most convenient channel of perception for this.

Let's look at these memory types in more detail:

1. Visual type. In this case, in order to remember, a person needs to see clearly. His entire memory consists of visual images, and to memorize it is never enough for him to just hear information.
2. Motor type of memory. People with this type of memory rely specifically on motor sensations in their memories. For example, knowing exactly how to touch-type text on the keyboard, they will not be able to write down the order in which the letters are written on it (or it will take quite a lot of time).
3. Auditory type of memory. In this case, a person only needs to hear it once, and they can easily reproduce the essence of the information. In order to remember visual information or text, they should speak it out loud.
4. Mixed memory type. In this case, a person’s abilities are distributed either evenly, or, which is more common, a person has two types of memory at once - for example, motor and visual.

Classes in schools and universities are structured in such a way as to use all types of memory at once: a person perceives information by ear, writes it down, turning to motor memory, and looks at visual materials, connecting visual memory as well.

Types of memory in psychology

There are many different classifications of memory. We will look at how types of memory are divided based on the characteristic features of information.

1. Visual-figurative memory. This type of memory represents events that are recorded immediately after a signal from receptors or sensory organs. This type of memory is incredibly important in creative fields. For example, beginning dancers use this type of memory to record the necessary movements and tricks shown by the teacher. If the explanation were only in words, learning would be much more difficult.
2. Verbal-logical (semantic) memory. In this case, it is not images of objects and actions that are recorded in memory, but the words with which the material was explained. That is why the second name of this type is semantic memory. Having read something, a person does not remember everything word for word, but he can easily retell the meaning of what he read - this is the essence of such memory.
3. Motor memory. Motor memory allows you to remember muscle combinations that allow you to accurately repeat learned movements. This is how the fingers remember the strumming and chords of the guitar, and the whole body remembers the sequence of dances.
4. Emotional memory. This type of memory allows a person to plunge again and again into experiences and emotions experienced once in the past. When you remember the past, you can capture feelings of success or uncertainty, fear or delight. The brighter the emotion, the better and more clearly it is remembered later.

These types of memory are simply necessary for the learning and development of a person, without which life would be boring and aimless.

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In this article we will look not only at all types of memory, but also show the importance of each of them.

Psychologists classify memory in different ways:

• By time;
• By the senses;
• According to the nature of the goals of the activity.

Types of memory by time

Instant

It is associated with retaining a complete and accurate picture of the information just perceived. This type of memory is characterized not by the processing of received information (it does not do this), but by the direct reflection of information by the senses. It is rather an image that we receive from encountering an event. The duration of instant memory is from 0.1 to 0.5 seconds.

Short term

This is the type of memory that we often use in dialogue or discussion. Its duration is up to 20 seconds. Someone who has developed it retains in short-term memory all the most important things that happened during this period; it is rather a generalized image of what was perceived. It also has such an important property as volume. For most people, it ranges from 5 to 9 pieces of information. It can be increased: with this approach, a person watches what is happening very carefully and is able to notice more details. Sherlock Holmes probably had a short-term memory capacity of more than ten. Do you want to be like Holmes?

Operational

This is a type of memory in which a person sets himself to store information for a certain period of time - from several seconds to several days. This usually happens when a person needs to work on some project, book or coursework: that is, a certain task is set that needs to be solved. Both when the computer is turned off, and in the case of a person, the RAM can be erased after the task has been solved. However, it can also move into long-term memory.

When you decide logic problem and you need to keep several conditions in mind, then you use RAM.

Long-term

This is memory that allows you to store information for an unlimited period. It all depends on the person himself and how much he needs it. The more he repeats information, the more it is imprinted. For this you need developed thinking and efforts of will. This is why memory training is not only necessary for memorization: in parallel with it, extremely important abilities are developed.

Genetic

This memory is stored in the genotype and is inherited. We cannot influence it, because it is outside our zone of influence - in the genes.

Types of memory by sense organs

Figurative

This memory is responsible for remembering sights, smells, tastes and sounds. It is not difficult to guess which sense organs are developed in artists, sommeliers, chefs and musicians. However, figurative memory is quite easy to develop because we always have training tools at hand.

Verbal-logical

This is remembering and reproducing our thoughts. We also remember the content of a film, a conversation, a song.

Memory is not simply called verbal-logical. This type of memory manifests itself in three cases:

1. Only the meaning of the information is remembered.
2. Not only the meaning of information is remembered, but also the literal verbal expression of thoughts.
3. The literal verbal expression of thoughts is remembered, but not the meaning.

Surely it has happened to everyone when we memorized a text word for word, but could not retell it in our own words. Or they didn’t remember the text, but could reproduce the essence.

Motor

This memory plays a key role for athletes and people who, as part of their profession, must remember a certain sequence of movements. For example, actors not only learn to get used to the role in order to look truthful on stage, but also sign up for dances - the more developed the motor memory, the easier it is to improvise and perform non-standard movements.

Emotional

This memory is associated with experiences, both positive and negative. With its help, both phobias and level are formed. The higher the emotional intensity, the better person will remember the experience. This memory is often used to learn foreign words, trying to emotionally “attach” one’s experiences to the word being studied.

By the nature of the goals of the activity

free

We set ourselves the task of remembering information, prepare for this, pay conscious attention to the source of information and make every effort of our own will.

Involuntary

Such memorization occurs automatically, without human effort. Involuntary memory can be used both for harm and for benefit. In the first case, something can be suggested to a person by manipulating him. In the second, with the help of a game or a work of art, convey an important idea that will be remembered for a long time only because the information bypassed the conscious mind and penetrated the subconscious.

As we see, we do not need memory to remember everything that happens around us. There are the most different types memory and those who learn to manage them correctly will be able to achieve many goals.

We wish you good luck!

Hello, dear readers! Has it ever happened to you that you cannot remember some basic thing? Or did the smell of tangerine suddenly bring back an image of a picture from last New Year? All such events are directly related to human memory. It is this amazing phenomenon that we will talk about. Today I will tell you what types of memory a person has.

Memory Study

Psychology has long been studying memory, trying to answer the questions: what forms and types does memory have; how a person better perceives, processes and assimilates information. If you want to understand this mental process in more detail, then you will definitely need the book by Lyubov Cheremoshkina “ Psychology of memory».

In studying memory, psychologists have resorted to experimental methods. Experiments were carried out on both humans and animals. For example, the famous labyrinths for laboratory mice or the practice of the world famous Ivan Petrovich Pavlov. But Lev Semenovich Vygotsky, together with his students, studied the issue of the highest form of memory in children.

Agree that the process of memorization is extremely important not only in everyday life, but also in professional activities. Some people are said to possess, while others are not able to retain information for more than a few seconds.

There are serious memory disorders when a person does not remember anything from his past or is unable to remember current events. To better understand the issue, to understand which memory you have developed best, you need to delve into the understanding of several types of this mental process.

Types of memory

How many types of memory are there? It is not possible to answer this question unambiguously. But we can say with confidence that the basis for categorizing types of memory is the dependence of certain characteristics of memory on the process of direct memorization and further reproduction of the received information.

Today, 3 main categories can be distinguished: the nature of mental activity; the nature of the activity's purpose and duration. Let's look at each category in more detail.

Mental activity

Here we are dealing with figurative, emotional, motor and verbal-logical memory, depending on what types of analyzers or sensory systems are included in the memorization process.

Figurative memory works with images that we remember through various sensory systems. Therefore, there are several categories here.

Visual. A person with good visual memory better remembers information in the form of pictures and visual images. My classmate had excellent visual memory and during exams he could easily imagine the necessary tables in his head and give the correct answers.

He captured the entire page: where the desired paragraph, formula or definition is located. Such memory is essential for artists, engineers, and other visual professions;

Auditory. As you may have guessed, this memory is responsible for reproducing sounds. So, when talking about a good ear for music, what we really mean is excellent auditory memory when a person easily reproduces notes, melodies, rhythm of a song, and so on.

Tasty. We're talking about tastes here. The acidity of lemon, the sweetness of tea, the bitterness of pepper, the taste of your favorite dish, and so on. Taste memory is well developed, for example, among tasters.

Olfactory. As the name suggests, we're talking about about smells. Which is also extremely important for the taster. The smell of freshly cut grass, an old book, your favorite perfume, fresh milk.

Tactile. This type of memory helps to leave a feeling of warmth from a fire, the softness of a woolen scarf, the silkiness of a mother’s hands, and so on.

Figurative memory is extremely important when learning. But here it is worth emphasizing that it is necessary to use different sensory systems when memorizing. Experiments have shown that students are able to reproduce only 10% of the entire volume of a lecture during a one-time listening session.

If the lecture is studied visually, then the percentage increases to 30. If you combine visual and auditory perception, then the figure increases to 50%. And the figure of 90% can only be achieved by applying the information received in practice, that is, repeating the material studied.

If you can determine which form of memorization is better developed for you, then you will be able to use your capabilities more effectively and not memorize information, but create the necessary conditions for better assimilation of the necessary material.

Emotional memory works with feelings. It must be said that this type of memory is extremely important for humans.

The peculiarity of emotional memory is that if it is poorly developed or completely absent, then a person will not be able to. It is reduced emotional memory that is often found in sick people or murderers.

We are talking about empathy here. When a person is able to empathize with others, sympathize, support in difficult times, and rejoice for someone else’s success. In addition, this type of memory can be called the most reliable. A person remembers very well the feelings that he had to experience in a given situation.

This memory may recall previously experienced feelings or secondary feelings. Secondary feelings can sometimes be very different from the original ones or even change their sign. So, for example, what previously frightened a person can become his desire and object of desire. Or what brought joy now makes you sad and sad.

Motor or motor memory is responsible for movement, as the name suggests.

So, we remember how to walk, run, ride a bike, and so on. All work skills are associated with this type of memory. People in whom it is well developed are often called a person with “golden hands.”
If we did not have such memory, then each time we would have to relearn how to walk, breathe, blink or write by hand, for example.

Verbal-logical memory is responsible for thoughts, logical conclusion, perception of the meaning of what was said or seen. A person can reproduce both the general meaning of what is understood and the specific definition in exact words and expressions.

How strongly such a process as thinking will be involved at the moment of memorization can be distinguished between mechanical and logical. If memorization occurs through repetition of the necessary material, memorization without understanding the general essence, then we are talking about mechanical.

Logical, in turn, relies on the construction of semantic connections between various objects. Thus, teachers constantly give examples from past lectures that relate to the new topic.

Purpose of activity

Everything is quite simple here. If at the moment you have a specific goal, then you use random memory. So, by force of will you force yourself to remember something specific. For example, before meeting with an important person, the manager tries to remember the name, occupation of this person, his characteristics and other useful information, which may be needed at the meeting.

Involuntary memory does not require setting a task. The process happens by itself, automatically. For example, when a child remembers a picture of a giant line in a store.

Duration

How long does the information received stay in our head?
Short-term memory allows you to retain received information for a fraction of a second, unless further processing occurs. Typically, a person remembers the last 5-9 objects from the information presented.

If a person makes a conscious effort and tries to remember, then it becomes possible to retain information in short-term memory for a longer period.

Long-term memory is a giant storage facility. Information that is often used in life is stored there. It can be said that here lies the basis for all lasting knowledge. There are two ways to retrieve information from this repository:

• the first - at will;
• the second - when a certain stimulus appears.

Short-term memory is a kind of transit point for information. If the material is not repeated, it disappears.
Random access memory is similar to short-term memory, but its peculiarity is that it allows you to store information that relates directly to the process being performed.

So, when you solved an example at school, you memorized the necessary numbers, factors, variables, and so on. But after the decision, all this information was erased from your memory after some time.

Do you know which type of memory you have developed better than others? What is the easiest way for you to remember information? Do you often experience déjà vu?

I wish you good memories for the rest of your life!