Peter I Alekseevich - the last Tsar of All Rus' and the first All-Russian Emperor, one of the most outstanding rulers Russian Empire. He was a true patriot of his state and did everything possible for its prosperity.
From his youth, Peter I showed great interest in various things, and was the first of the Russian tsars to make a long journey through European countries.
Thanks to this, he was able to accumulate a wealth of experience and carry out many important reforms that determined the direction of development in the 18th century.
In this article we will take a closer look at the characteristics of Peter the Great, and pay attention to his personality traits, as well as his successes in the political arena.
Biography of Peter 1
Peter 1 Alekseevich Romanov was born on May 30, 1672 in. His father, Alexei Mikhailovich, was the Tsar of the Russian Empire, and ruled it for 31 years.
Mother, Natalya Kirillovna Naryshkina, was the daughter of a small nobleman. Interestingly, Peter was the 14th son of his father and the first of his mother.
Childhood and youth of Peter I
When the future emperor was 4 years old, his father Alexei Mikhailovich died, and Peter’s older brother, Fyodor 3 Alekseevich, took the throne.
The new tsar began raising little Peter, ordering him to be taught various sciences. Since at that time there was a struggle against foreign influence, his teachers were Russian clerks who did not have deep knowledge.
As a result, the boy was unable to receive a proper education, and until the end of his days he wrote with errors.
However, it is worth noting that Peter 1 managed to compensate for the shortcomings of basic education with rich practical training. Moreover, the biography of Peter I is notable precisely for his fantastic practice, and not for his theory.
History of Peter 1
Six years later, Fedor 3 died, and his son Ivan was to ascend to the Russian throne. However, the legal heir turned out to be a very sick and weak child.
Taking advantage of this, the Naryshkin family, in fact, organized a coup d'etat. Having secured the support of Patriarch Joachim, the Naryshkins made young Peter king the very next day.
26-year-old Peter I. The portrait by Kneller was presented by Peter in 1698 to the English king However, the Miloslavskys, relatives of Tsarevich Ivan, declared the illegality of such a transfer of power and the infringement of their own rights.
As a result, the famous Streletsky revolt took place in 1682, as a result of which two kings were on the throne at the same time - Ivan and Peter.
From that moment on, many significant events occurred in the biography of the young autocrat.
It is worth emphasizing here that with early years the boy was interested in military affairs. On his orders, fortifications were built, and real military equipment was used in staged battles.
Peter 1 put uniforms on his peers and marched with them along the city streets. Interestingly, he himself acted as a drummer, walking in front of his regiment.
After the formation of his own artillery, the king created a small “fleet”. Even then he wanted to dominate the sea and lead his ships into battle.
Tsar Peter 1
As a teenager, Peter 1 was not yet able to fully govern the state, so his half-sister Sofya Alekseevna, and then his mother Natalya Naryshkina, became his regent.
In 1689, Tsar Ivan officially transferred all power to his brother, as a result of which Peter 1 became the only full-fledged head of state.
After the death of his mother, his relatives, the Naryshkins, helped him manage the empire. However, the autocrat soon freed himself from their influence and began to independently rule the empire.
Reign of Peter 1
From that time on, Peter 1 stopped playing war games, and instead began to develop real plans for future military campaigns. He continued to wage war in Crimea against the Ottoman Empire, and also repeatedly organized the Azov campaigns.
As a result of this, he managed to take the Azov fortress, which became one of the first military successes in his biography. Then Peter 1 began building the port of Taganrog, although there was still no fleet as such in the state.
From that time on, the emperor set out to create a strong fleet at all costs in order to have influence on the sea. To this end, he made sure that young nobles could learn the ship's craft in European countries Oh.
It is worth noting that Peter I himself also learned to build ships, working as an ordinary carpenter. Thanks to this, he gained great respect among ordinary people who watched him work for the good of Russia.
Even then, Peter the Great saw many shortcomings in the state system and was preparing for serious reforms that would forever inscribe his name in.
He studied government system major European countries, trying to adopt the best from them.
During this period of biography, a conspiracy was drawn up against Peter 1, as a result of which a Streltsy uprising was supposed to occur. However, the king managed to suppress the rebellion in time and punish all the conspirators.
After a long confrontation with Ottoman Empire Peter the Great decided to sign a peace agreement with her. After this he started a war with Sweden.
He managed to capture several fortresses at the mouth of the Neva River, on which it would be built in the future. nice city Peter the Great - .
Wars of Peter the Great
After a series of successful military campaigns, Peter 1 managed to open access to the Baltic Sea, which would later be called the “window to Europe.”
Meanwhile military power The Russian Empire was constantly growing, and the fame of Peter the Great spread throughout Europe. Soon the Eastern Baltic states were annexed to Russia.
In 1709, the famous Battle of Poltava took place, in which the Swedish and Russian armies fought. As a result, the Swedes were completely defeated, and the remnants of the troops were taken prisoner.
By the way, this battle was superbly described in the famous poem “Poltava”. Here's a snippet:
There was that troubled time
When Russia is young,
Straining strength in struggles,
She dated the genius of Peter.
It is worth noting that Peter 1 himself took part in battles, showing courage and bravery in battle. By his example he inspired Russian army, who was ready to fight for the emperor before last straw blood.
Studying Peter's relationship with the soldiers, one cannot help but recall famous story about a careless soldier. Read more about this.
An interesting fact is that at the height of the Battle of Poltava, an enemy bullet shot through Peter I’s hat, passing just a few centimeters from his head. This is in Once again proved the fact that the autocrat was not afraid to risk his life for the sake of victory over the enemy.
However, numerous military campaigns not only took the lives of valiant warriors, but also depleted the country's military resources. Things got to the point that the Russian Empire found itself in a situation where it was necessary to fight on 3 fronts simultaneously.
This forced Peter 1 to reconsider his views on foreign policy and make a number of important decisions.
He signed a peace agreement with the Turks, agreeing to give them back the fortress of Azov. By making such a sacrifice, he was able to save many human lives and military equipment.
After some time, Peter the Great began organizing campaigns to the east. Their result was the annexation of such cities as Omsk, Semipalatinsk and Kamchatka to Russia.
Interestingly, he even wanted to organize military expeditions in North America and India, but these plans were never destined to come true.
But Peter the Great was able to brilliantly carry out the Caspian campaign against Persia, conquering Baku, Derbent, Astrabad and many fortresses.
After his death, most of the conquered territories were lost, since their maintenance was not profitable for the state.
Reforms of Peter 1
Throughout his biography, Peter 1 implemented many reforms aimed at the benefit of the state. Interestingly, he became the first Russian ruler who began to call himself emperor.
The most important reforms concerned military affairs. In addition, it was during the reign of Peter 1 that the church began to submit to the state, which had never happened before.
The reforms of Peter the Great contributed to the development of industry and trade, as well as a departure from an outdated way of life.
For example, he imposed a tax on wearing a beard, wanting to impose European standards on the boyars appearance. And although this caused a wave of discontent on the part of the Russian nobility, they still obeyed all his decrees.
Every year, medical, maritime, engineering and other schools were opened in the country, in which not only the children of officials, but also ordinary peasants could study. Peter 1 introduced the new Julian calendar, which is still used today.
While in Europe, the king saw many beautiful paintings that captured his imagination. As a result, upon arriving home, he began to provide financial support to artists in order to stimulate the development of Russian culture.
To be fair, it must be said that Peter 1 was often criticized for the violent method of implementing these reforms. Essentially, he forced people to change their thinking and also to carry out the projects he had in mind.
One of the most striking examples of this is the construction of St. Petersburg, which was carried out under difficult conditions. Many people could not withstand such stress and ran away.
Then the families of the fugitives were put in prison and remained there until the culprits returned back to the construction site.
Winter Palace of Peter I Soon Peter 1 formed a body of political investigation and court, which was transformed into the Secret Chancellery. Any person was prohibited from writing in closed rooms.
If anyone knew about such a violation and did not report it to the king, he was subject to the death penalty. Using such harsh methods, Peter tried to fight anti-government conspiracies.
Personal life of Peter 1
In his youth, Peter 1 loved to be in the German settlement, enjoying foreign society. It was there that he first saw the German Anna Mons, with whom he immediately fell in love.
His mother was against his relationship with a German woman, so she insisted that he marry Evdokia Lopukhina. An interesting fact is that Peter did not contradict his mother and took Lopukhina as his wife.
Of course, in this forced marriage, their family life could not be called happy. They had two boys: Alexey and Alexander, the latter of whom died in early childhood.
Alexei was to become the legal heir to the throne after Peter 1. However, due to the fact that Evdokia tried to overthrow her husband from the throne and transfer power to her son, everything turned out completely differently.
Lopukhina was imprisoned in a monastery, and Alexei had to flee abroad. It is worth noting that Alexei himself never approved of his father’s reforms, and even called him a despot.
Peter I interrogates Tsarevich Alexei. Ge N. N., 1871In 1717, Alexei was found and arrested, and then sentenced to death for participating in a conspiracy. However, he died in prison, and under very mysterious circumstances.
Having divorced his wife, in 1703 Peter the Great became interested in 19-year-old Katerina (nee Marta Samuilovna Skavronskaya). A whirlwind romance began between them, which lasted for many years.
Over time, they got married, but even before her marriage she gave birth to daughters Anna (1708) and Elizabeth (1709) from the emperor. Elizabeth later became empress (reigned 1741-1761)
Katerina was a very smart and insightful girl. She alone managed, with the help of affection and patience, to calm the king when he had acute attacks of headache.
Peter I with the sign of the Order of St. Andrew the First-Called on a blue St. Andrew's ribbon and a star on his chest. J.-M. Nattier, 1717 They officially got married only in 1712. After that, they had 9 more children, most of whom died at an early age.
Peter the Great truly loved Katerina. The Order of St. Catherine was established in her honor and the city of Yekaterinburg in the Urals was named. The Catherine Palace in Tsarskoye Selo (built under her daughter Elizaveta Petrovna) also bears the name of Catherine I.
Soon, another woman, Maria Cantemir, appeared in the biography of Peter 1, who remained the emperor’s favorite until the end of his life.
It is worth noting that Peter the Great was very tall - 203 cm. At that time, he was considered a real giant, and was head and shoulders taller than everyone else.
However, the size of his feet did not correspond to his height at all. The autocrat wore size 39 shoes and had very narrow shoulders. As an additional support, he always carried a cane with him on which he could lean.
Death of Peter
Despite the fact that outwardly Peter 1 seemed very strong and healthy person, in fact, he suffered from migraine attacks throughout his life.
IN last years During his life, he also began to be tormented by a kidney stone disease, which he tried to ignore.
At the beginning of 1725, the pain became so severe that he could no longer get out of bed. His health condition worsened every day, and his suffering became unbearable.
Peter 1 Alekseevich Romanov died on January 28, 1725 in Winter Palace. The official cause of his death was pneumonia.
Bronze Horseman- monument to Peter I on Senate Square in St. Petersburg However, an autopsy showed that death was due to inflammation of the bladder, which soon developed into gangrene.
Peter the Great was buried in the Peter and Paul Fortress in St. Petersburg, and his wife Catherine 1 became the heir to the Russian throne.
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- 6336In March 1697, Peter 1 went on a year and a half trip abroad to study various sciences and wrote tender letters from there to his beloved wife and missed everything Russian. But he returned from there a completely different person!
He even lost his relatives upon returning to Russia!
He suddenly calls the Russian population animals, and, without even seeing his family, he orders his wife and sisters to be imprisoned in a monastery, and essentially in prison.
Destroys his own Moscow Streltsy army, in which, by the way, persistent rumors were already spreading that the Tsar had been replaced...
Even before Peter’s arrival, his mentors and friends die under mysterious circumstances.
Then Peter will order the death of his son Alexei! For what? So that no one exposes the substitution?
Fragment from the book: “The Return of Paradise to Earth” Part II, § 11. Satanic coup in Russia, series “In Search of the Hidden”, V.A. Shemshuk:
Most effective method management of us - replacement of the leader.
I never thought that I would have to write on this topic, so I did not specifically try to remember all the sources of information that I encountered as a collector of rare books. Passion for rare books, as my experience has shown, is far from a safe activity; my library was robbed four times. After the fourth time, I no longer kept the books, but tried to better remember what I managed to read.
Meeting people, old Orthodox faith, from whom it was possible to learn something, penetrating into special storage facilities under various pretexts, I received more and more evidence of the satanic coup committed in Russia. Let me present the essence here without much reference to sources, because naming the books means signing a death warrant for them.
In his work “Antichrist” he noted a complete change in the appearance, character and psyche of Tsar Peter I after his return from the “German lands”, where he went for two weeks and returned two years later. The Russian embassy accompanying the Tsar consisted of 20 people, and was headed by A.D. Menshikov. After returning to Russia, this embassy consisted only of the Dutch (including the well-known Lefort), only Menshikov remained from the old composition.
This “embassy” brought a completely different tsar, who spoke Russian poorly, did not recognize his friends and relatives, which immediately betrayed the substitution: This forced Tsarina Sophia, the sister of the real Tsar Peter I, to raise the archers against the impostor.
As you know, the Streltsy rebellion was brutally suppressed, Sophia was hanged on the Spassky Gate of the Kremlin, the wife of Peter 1 was exiled to a monastery by the impostor, where she never reached, and he summoned his wife from Holland.
False Peter killed “his” brother Ivan V and “his” little children Alexander, Natalya and Lavrenty immediately, although the official history tells us about this in a completely different way. And the youngest son Alexei was executed as soon as he tried to free his real father from the Bastille.
Peter the impostor made such transformations with Russia that it still comes back to haunt us. He began to act like an ordinary conqueror:
crushed Russian self-government - “zemstvo” and replaced it with a bureaucratic apparatus of foreigners, who brought theft and drunkenness to Russia and intensively propagated it here;
transferred the ownership of the peasants to the nobles, thereby turning them into slaves (to whiten the image of the impostor, this “event” is blamed on Ivan IV);
defeated the merchants and began to plant industrialists, which led to the destruction of the former universality of people;
defeated the clergy - the bearers of Russian culture and destroyed Orthodoxy, bringing it closer to Catholicism, which inevitably gave rise to atheism;
introduced smoking, drinking alcohol and coffee;
destroyed the ancient Russian calendar, rejuvenating our civilization by 5503 years;
ordered all Russian chronicles to be taken to St. Petersburg, and then, like Filaret, he ordered them to be burned. Called in German “professors”; write a completely different Russian history;
under the guise of fighting the old faith, he destroyed all the elders who lived more than three hundred years;
prohibited the cultivation of amaranth and the consumption of amaranth bread, which was the main food of the Russian people, which destroyed longevity on Earth, which then remained in Russia;
abolished the natural measures: fathom, finger, elbow, vershok, present in clothing, utensils and architecture, making them fixed in the Western manner. This led to the destruction of ancient Russian architecture and art, to the disappearance of the beauty of everyday life. As a result, people ceased to be beautiful, since divine and vital proportions disappeared in their structure;
replaced the Russian title system with a European one, thereby turning peasants into an estate. Although “peasant” is a title higher than the king, as there is more than one evidence of;
destroyed Russian writing, which consisted of 151 characters, and introduced 43 characters of the writing of Cyril and Methodius;
disarmed the Russian army, exterminating the Streltsy as a caste with their wonderful abilities and magical weapons, and in the European manner introduced primitive firearms and piercing weapon, dressing the army first in French and then in German uniforms, although Russian military uniform was herself a weapon. The new regiments were popularly called “amusing” ones.
But his main crime was the destruction of Russian education (image + sculpture), the essence of which was to create three people subtle bodies, which he does not receive from birth, and if they are not formed, then the consciousness will not have a connection with the consciousnesses of past lives. If in Russian educational institutions a man was made into a universalist who could, from his bast shoes to spaceship, to do everything himself, then Peter introduced a specialization that made him dependent on others.
Before Peter the impostor, people in Russia did not know what wine was; he ordered barrels of wine to be rolled out onto the square and given to the townspeople for free. This was done to remove the memory of a past life. During the period of Peter, the persecution of infants born who remembered their past lives and could speak continued.
Their persecution began with John IV. The mass destruction of babies who had the memory of a past life placed a curse on all incarnations of such children. It is no coincidence that today, when a talking child is born, he lives no more than two hours (but there are still rare exceptions).
After all these deeds, the invaders themselves were reluctant to call Peter great for a long time.
And only in the 19th century, when the horrors of Peter the Great had already been forgotten, a version arose about Peter the innovator, who did so much useful for Russia, even brought potatoes and tomatoes from Europe, supposedly brought there from America. Nightshades (potatoes, tomatoes) were widely represented in Europe before Peter the Great. Their endemic and very ancient presence on this continent is confirmed by the great diversity of species, which took more than one thousand years.
On the contrary, it is known that it was during the time of Peter that a campaign was launched against witchcraft, in other words, food culture (today the word “witchcraft” is used in a sharply negative sense). Before Peter there were 108 types of nuts, 108 types of vegetables, 108 types of fruits, 108 types of berries, 108 types of nodules, 108 types of cereals, 108 spices and 108 types of fruits, corresponding to the 108 Russian gods.
After Peter, there remained only a few sacred species used for food, which a person can see for himself. In Europe this was done even earlier. Cereals, fruits and nodules were especially destroyed, since they were associated with human reincarnation.
The only thing that Peter the impostor did was to allow the cultivation of potatoes (potatoes, like tobacco (!), belong to the nightshade family. The tops, eyes and green potatoes are poisonous. Green potatoes contain very strong poisons, solanines, which are especially dangerous to the health of children.), sweet potatoes and pears, which are rarely eaten today.
The destruction of sacred plants that were consumed at a certain time led to the loss of the complex divine reactions of the body (remember the Russian proverb “every vegetable has its time”).
Moreover, the mixing of nutrition has caused putrefactive processes in the body, and now people, instead of fragrance, exude a stench. Plants - adaptogens - have almost disappeared, only weakly active ones remain: “root of life”, lemongrass, zamanikha, golden root. They contributed to a person’s adaptation to difficult conditions and kept a person youthful and healthy. There are absolutely no metamorphosing plants left that promote various metamorphoses of the body and appearance; for about 20 years the “Sacred Coil” was found in the mountains of Tibet, and even that has disappeared today.
The campaign to impoverish our diet continues and at the present time, kalega and sorghum have almost disappeared from consumption, and it is prohibited to grow poppy.
Of many sacred gifts, only names remain, which are given to us today as synonyms for famous fruits. For example: gruhva, kaliva, bukhma, lily of the valley, which are passed off as rutabaga, or armud, kvit, pigva, gutey, gun - disappeared gifts that are passed off as quince. Kukish and dulya back in the 19th century meant a pear, although these were completely different gifts; today these words are used to describe the image of a fig (also, by the way, a gift). A fist with an inserted thumb used to denote the mudra of the heart, but today it is used as a negative sign. Dulya, fig and fig were no longer grown because they were sacred plants among the Khazars and Varangians.
Already in Lately Proska began to be called “millet”, barley - barley, and millet and barley cereals disappeared forever from human agriculture.
What happened to the real Peter I?
He was captured by the Jesuits and placed in a Swedish fortress. He managed to deliver the letter to Charles XII, King of Sweden, and he rescued him from captivity.
Together they organized a campaign against the impostor, but the entire Jesuit-Masonic brethren of Europe, called to fight, together with Russian troops (whose relatives were taken hostage in case the troops decided to go over to Charles’s side), won a victory near Poltava.
The real Russian Tsar Peter I was captured again and placed away from Russia - in the Bastille, where he later died. An iron mask was placed over his face, which caused a lot of speculation in France and Europe. The Swedish king Charles XII fled to Turkey, from where he again tried to organize a campaign against the impostor.
It would seem that if you killed the real Peter, there would be no hassle. But that’s the point, the invaders of the Earth needed a conflict, and without a living king behind bars, neither the Russian-Swedish war nor the Russian-Turkish war, which in fact were civil wars that led to the formation of two new states, would have succeeded : Turkey and Sweden, and then a few more.
But the real intrigue was not only in the creation of new states. In the 18th century, all of Russia knew and said that Peter I was not a real tsar, but an impostor.
And against this background, it was no longer difficult for the “great Russian historians” who arrived from the German lands: Miller, Bayer, Schlözer and Kuhn, who completely distorted the history of Russia, to declare all the Dmitry kings False Dmitrys and impostors, not having the right to the throne, and some not They managed to criticize, they changed the royal surname to Rurik.
The genius of Satanism is Roman law, which forms the basis of the constitutions of modern states. It was created contrary to all ancient canons and ideas about a society based on self-government (self-power).
For the first time, judicial power was transferred from the hands of the priests to the hands of people without clergy, i.e. the power of the best was replaced by the power of anyone.
Roman law is presented to us as the "crown" of human achievement, but in reality it is the pinnacle of disorder and irresponsibility. State laws under Roman law are based on prohibitions and punishments, i.e. on negative emotions, which, as we know, can only destroy. This leads to a general lack of interest in the implementation of laws and to the opposition of officials to the people. Even in the circus, work with animals is based not only on the stick, but also on the carrot, but man on our planet is valued by the conquerors below animals.
Let us remember how the Byzantine historian Procopius of Caesarea wrote about the Slavs: “They had all the laws in their heads.” Relations in ancient society were regulated by the principles of kon, from where the words “canon” (ancient - konon), “from time immemorial”, “chambers” (i.e. according to kon) came to us.
Guided by the principles of kon, a person avoided mistakes and could incarnate again in this life. The principle is always higher than the law, since it contains more possibilities than the law, just as a sentence contains more information than one word.
The word “law” itself means “beyond the law.” If a society lives by the principles of law, and not by laws, it is more vital. The commandments contain more than the story and therefore surpass it, just as a story contains more than a sentence. The commandments can improve human organization and thinking, which in turn can improve the principles of law.
In contrast to Roman law, the Russian state was built not on prohibitory laws, but on the conscience of citizens, which established a balance between incentives and prohibitions.
As the wonderful Russian thinker I.L. wrote. Solonevich, on own experience Having known the delights of Western democracy, in addition to the long-lived Russian monarchy, resting on the people's representation (zemstvo), merchants and clergy (meaning pre-Petrine times), democracy and dictatorship were invented, replacing each other after 20-30 years.
However, let’s give him the floor: “Professor Wipper is not entirely right when he writes that modern humanities are only “theological scholasticism and nothing more”; this is something much worse: it is deception. This is a whole collection of deceptive travel signals, luring us to the mass graves of hunger and executions, typhus and wars, internal ruin and external defeat. The “science” of Diderot, Rousseau, D’A-Lambert and others has already completed its cycle: there was famine, there was terror, there were wars, and there was the external defeat of France in 1814, in 1871, in 1940.
Coincidence in timing of the replacement of Tsar Peter I (August 1698) and the appearance of a prisoner in “ Iron mask"at the Bastille in Paris (September 1698). In the lists of Bastille prisoners, he was listed under the name Magchiel, which may be a distorted entry of Mikhailov, the name under which Tsar Peter traveled abroad. His appearance coincided with the appointment of a new commandant of the Bastille of Saint-Mars. He was tall, carried himself with dignity, and always wore a velvet mask on his face. The prisoner was treated respectfully and kept well. He died in 1703. After his death, the room where he was kept was thoroughly searched, and all traces of his presence were destroyed.
The Orthodox Tsar, who preferred traditional Russian clothing, left for the Grand Embassy. There are two portraits of the tsar made during the trip, in which he was depicted in a Russian caftan, and even during his stay and work at the shipyard. A Latin returned from the embassy, wearing only European clothes and never again wearing not only his old Russian clothes, but even the royal attire. There is reason to believe that Tsar Peter I and the “impostor” differed in body structure: Tsar Peter was shorter and denser than the “impostor”; the size of his boots was different; the “impostor”, with a tall height of more than 2 meters, had a clothing size corresponding to modern size 44.
In the portraits of Peter I (Godfried Kneller), made during the Great Embassy, Peter has curly hair, short, in brackets, not at the shoulders, as “Peter the Great” later wore, a mustache slightly breaking through, a wart on right side nose There are no warts on the lifetime portraits of “Peter the Great”. The age of “Peter the Great,” as confirmed by lifetime portraits dating back to 1698-1700, is no less than 10 years older than Tsar Peter.
The impostor did not know the location of the library of Tsar Ivan the Terrible, although this secret was passed on to all the kings, and even Tsar Peter’s sister, Princess Sophia, knew and visited this place. It is known that “Peter the Great” tried to find the library immediately after returning from the “Great Embassy” and even carried out excavations in the Kremlin for this purpose.
After returning from the Great Embassy, “Peter the Great” hid surrounded by conspirators, did not appear in public and did not even visit his closest relatives until the bloody executions of the Streltsy were carried out, and the bloody “initiation” of the impostor’s new associates took place (Surikov’s painting is not corresponds to historical reality). It was precisely the investigation into the “streltsy revolt” that began at the direction of, probably Lefort, and perhaps Golovin, and the subsequent executions that, in fact, became a coup d’etat, the purpose of which was primarily the destruction of the old armed forces that could oppose the impostor. Secondly, this became the bloody “baptism” of the new nobility - the “new Russians”, who for the first time in Russia played the role of executioners.
In memory of the suppression of the “streltsy revolt,” a medal was struck for the destruction of the streltsy, which depicted Samson standing over the defeated serpent. All inscriptions are in Latin only. It is known that Samson was from the line of Dan, from where, according to prophecies, the Antichrist should come. It is also noteworthy that “Peter the Great,” unlike Tsar Peter I, wore long hair, which is a sign of descent from the Danish family. Later, on the occasion of the victory in the Battle of Poltava, a medal with the image of Samson was also knocked out. Even earlier, a medal was struck on the occasion of the “Great Embassy”, which depicts a horseman slaying a serpent. The image is not typical for those times - St. George the Victorious was always depicted without a headdress and without armor, and on the medal he was a full-fledged knight of the Western European type.
Tsar Peter visited Arkhangelsk and the Solovetsky Monastery, where he personally made a wooden cross in memory of salvation in the storm. He liked it there. “Peter the Great” consigned Arkhangelsk to oblivion. He visited Arkhangelsk only once, in connection with the outbreak of the Northern War, to inspect defensive capabilities, but at the same time he tried to avoid meeting old friends and acquaintances.
The people at that time spoke directly about the replacement of the Tsar abroad, but these rumors and attempts to clarify this were brutally suppressed and were called a conspiracy or rebellion. It was with the aim of preventing such rumors that the Secret Order was formed.
A change in attitude towards his wife, with whom he lived in harmony for eight years. Unknown to those around the “king” and historians the real reason Peter's cooling towards his wife after returning from abroad. There are only versions that the queen allegedly participated in a conspiracy against her husband, which, generally speaking, is incredible (did she encourage the archers to act against her husband’s beloved tsar?) and another that Peter became interested in Anna Mons. The relationship with Anna Mons, who in fact was always Lefort's mistress, was invented by rumor. Although the king gave royal gifts to her family for some services. The proof of this is that upon returning from abroad and sending her wife into exile, Anna Mons does not enjoy his attention, and after the sudden death of young Lefort, Anna Mons is completely under house arrest. Since 1703, Catherine has been living with the “tsar”. The “tsar” did not meet with his wife, Queen Evdokia, after his return, and she was immediately sent to a monastery. In exile, Queen Evdokia is in strict isolation, she is even forbidden to talk to anyone. And if this is violated, then the culprit is severely punished (Stepan Glebov, who was guarding the queen, was impaled).
Debauchery. The strange behavior of the “tsar” is noted after his return from abroad. So he always took a soldier to bed with him at night. Later, after the appearance of Catherine, he simultaneously kept concubines. Similar debauchery existed in the royal palace only under the impostor False Dmitry.
The abolition of the Patriarchate in Rus' and the subordination of the management of the church to secular power through the Synod, the organization of an amusing Council of the choice of the Patriarch. An attempt to “Protestantize” the Orthodox Church and even bring it under subordination to the Vatican. Subordination of the management of the Orthodox Church to a person from the Vatican, who is entrusted with reforming the Church. Tries to oblige priests to convey what they say in confession if the penitent talks about plans against the king or other crimes.
Destruction of the Russians folk traditions, fight against them. Establishing the superiority of Latin Western culture over traditional Russian. Organization of Masonic lodges (1700).
The introduction of tobacco smoking in Rus', considered the greatest sin in Orthodoxy. Encouragement and enforcement of drunkenness.
The murder of Tsarevich Alexei, although in Orthodox traditions for disobedience, from the point of view of his father, he could only be sent to a monastery, as Tsarevich Alexei asked for this.
The transfer of the capital of Russia from Moscow to St. Petersburg to the very outskirts of the Russian Empire, while the traditions of all states were to place the capital in the center of the state. Perhaps St. Petersburg was conceived by him or his advisers as the capital of a future united Europe, in which Russia, within the borders of Muscovy, was to be a colony?
The division of the Russian people into nobles and serfs by birth, the introduction of serfdom, in its meaning, corresponding to the creation of a slave state with slaves from its people, in contrast to ancient states that made slaves only prisoners of war.
Weakening and even freezing of the development of the Russian economy due to the tightening of ruinous taxes, the introduction of serfdom, convict industry and serf factory workers, the cessation of development of the regions of the Northern Urals, Arkhangelsk, Eastern Siberia, for almost 150 years until the abolition of serfdom in 1861.
Tsar Peter - “the first revolutionary on the throne” - was the great destroyer of the country’s national structure, a symbol of the stupid, hasty and overly cruel in its impatience of the desire to imitate the West in everything. Pushkin, starting to write “The History of Peter I” in 1831, was full of stormy delight and wanted to praise the autocrat, as he did in the poems “Poltava” and “The Bronze Horseman”, but a more thorough acquaintance with the actions of the tsar-reformer did not leave him this delight and trace: Pushkin hated Peter and called him nothing less than a Protestant, tyrant and destroyer of Russia.
Let us ask ourselves an unexpected question: was Peter I a Russian person?
This question is not as absurd as it seems at first glance. And they first started asking it not now, but more than three hundred years ago, but mostly in a whisper. With fear and confusion in their hearts, looking at the strange quirks and terrible amusements of the tsar, the Russian people felt a vague suspicion: the Germans had replaced the tsar!..
The question of the personality of Peter I and the significance of his reforms for the historical formation of Russia has long become a cornerstone and even a kind of border line in the worldview, irreconcilably dividing Westerners and supporters of the original Russian path of development of the country. The first to see in Peter statesman a huge scale that gave Russia science, developed industry, a regular army, navy, European culture and thereby saved the country from inevitable death in the historical dead end where it involuntarily entered, adhering to political and cultural self-isolation.
For others, Peter is the great destroyer of the country's national structure, a symbol of the stupid, hasty and barbarically carried out Europeanization of Russia.
In this regard, Peter's decrees on the introduction of European dress in Russia - shoes, stockings, short caftans, wigs - are very noteworthy.
For those who did not comply with these decrees, provisions were made for the whip, hard labor, enlistment as soldiers, and even the death penalty! Is it possible to see in these extremely unreasonable and extremely humiliating decrees for an entire nation a movement “from non-existence to being” (this is how his enthusiastic supporters characterized all of Peter’s activities), to feel in them the brilliant spirit of a “great man” (the words of the historian S.M. Solovyov)?
What is more visible in them is the absurd and petty nonsense of mediocrity, which has lost its head from its own omnipotent power.
But this nonsense turned into a real tragedy for Russia, since reprisals for non-compliance with these decrees were truly draconian.
It was because of them that a popular riot broke out in Astrakhan in 1705. Somewhat later, Peter softened these requirements and allowed a Russian person, after paying a certain tax, to wear his usual clothes and even keep a beard. But this relaxation was caused by more selfish interests than respect for one’s own people.
Special mention must be made of the impression that Peter I makes with his actions. Any person who is superficially familiar with the era of the reformer tsar involuntarily experiences enthusiastic interest and sympathy for his activities: the thunder of victories, access to the seas, Russian proud pennants on stormy waves, the development of science, industry and art, windows and doors wide open to Europe...
But as soon as one takes a closer and deeper look at the events of “those glorious days,” sympathy for the king gives way to feelings that are almost the opposite. So Pushkin, starting to write “The History of Peter I” in 1831, was full of stormy delight and wanted to praise the autocrat, as he did in the poems “Poltava” and “The Bronze Horseman”.
But a more thorough acquaintance with the actions of the reformer tsar left no trace of this delight: Pushkin hated Peter and called him nothing more than a Protestant, a tyrant and a destroyer. And he no longer had the desire to compose songs of praise in honor of the time when “young Russia matured with the genius of Peter.” The book conceived by the poet was never written.
Polish historian Kazimir Waliszewski, in a creative and emotional aspect, almost literally repeated Pushkin’s path - from delight to deep disappointment. Having begun to write his work about Peter with a firm conviction of his genius and the special exclusivity of his deeds, as he studied historical materials, he noticeably cooled towards his hero, his associates and his transformations.
And although the book about Peter was completed, many unsightly facts from the life of the Russian Tsar, which the author could not omit without questioning his objectivity, seriously distorted the original plan. After reading this book, the reader is presented not with a hero, as Valishevsky would have liked, but with a rather mediocre sovereign, a mediocre commander, a dubious reformer and a highly immoral person.
The first Russian historians, M.M. Tatishchev and N.M. Karamzin, did not favor Peter, and the last Russian Emperor Nicholas II treated him poorly, giving preference to Peter’s father, Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich, as a reasonable ruler, cautious in his innovations.
But, on the other hand, one can name a long series of names of those who treated and continue to treat Peter I with a special feeling of sincere admiration and respect: Derzhavin, S.M. Solovyov, V.I. Buganov, N.I. Pavlenko. For them, his services to Russia and history are undeniable.
These same supporters of Peter I include Viktor Aleksandrovich Saulkin, who published his extensive article “Sovereign Emperor Peter the Great” on RNL. For him, the most valuable thing about Peter’s reforms is that they helped create a strong army, a combat-ready fleet and opened the door for Russia to the political affairs of Europe. Realizing at the same time that these reforms were both burdensome and very harsh for the Russian people, Viktor Alexandrovich briefly notes:
“Of course, the reforms of Russian public life, in contrast to the reform of the army, were ambiguous. Some of Peter I's reforms caused great harm folk life. The consequences of some of Tsar Peter's mistakes turned out to be too severe. The sovereigns did not have enough time to correct them Alexandra III and Tsar-Martyr Nicholas II. Two last emperor they sought to return to Russian life much of the good that existed in Muscovite Rus', but it turned out to be damaged and destroyed by Peter’s reforms. The Muscovite kingdom, becoming the Russian Empire, suffered serious losses and losses.”
And I would like to say a few words about these losses. If you look closely at the results of Peter’s actions, you involuntarily come to the conclusion that all the victories and achievements of the Tsar the Transformer are canceled out by the losses at the cost of which they were achieved. Essentially, all his victories are Pyrrhic victories, which almost led the country to disaster. And if it withstood the blows of these destructive reforms, it was only due to the inexhaustible resources of the country and the holy patience of the Russian people.
We will begin our search for an answer to this question by summing up some preliminary results of Peter the Great’s journey through Western Europe, taking into account our version of the “substitution.”
Many people who personally saw and communicated with him in Moscow, Voronezh and other cities of Muscovy recognized him, and he also recognized them. They had a long and friendly relationship.
In this regard, if there was an intention to “replace” Peter the Great with a “double,” then those interested in such a “replacement” had only the time from Peter’s return from England until his arrival in Moscow.
Do we know that Peter the Great came from Holland to Venice, but didn’t get there and turned to Vienna to see Emperor Leopold I?
This is one of the most foggy and unclear periods of time in the entire history of Peter the Great's travels.
The question also remains open: Well, if there was no need to go to Venice since it had already signed a peace treaty with the Turks, then what about a visit to the Pope? After all, a mandatory meeting was planned, or not?
But, alas, neither Russian sources nor the so-called Western European ones give us an answer to this question either:
"
Was Peter the Great in Rome?"
It seems that this meeting did take place!
How else can one explain the subsequent abolition of the position of Patriarch in the Russian Orthodox Church and its resubordination personally to the Russian tsars of the Romanov dynasty? And why would the Pope send his personal representative, Feofan Prokopovich, to Moscow?
Who appeared in Moscow for a reason, but under Peter the Great almost took the “place of the “Russian patriarch”!
Well, if not the “Patriarch”, then the “spiritual father”, or at least, as I now write in the media, “personal representative – “for press relations” - Feofan Prokopovich under Peter the Great occupied this place firmly and for a long time.
Around May 1698, the Great Moscow Embassy headed by Peter the Great. Arrived in Vienna.
Here we are forced to pause before considering the issue of “replacing” Peter with his “double” and briefly consider the very issue of the appearance of “doubles” in European history.
Were there such precedents, and how did it all end?
The answer will surprise the reader inexperienced in politics. From time immemorial, there has been a belief that the appearance of people absolutely similar to each other is the work of the devil, who, in spite of God, creates an exact copy of His creation. It is known that the great villains and tyrants of all times and peoples tried to find their double in order to avert heavenly punishment for their sins. What about Peter the Great, that in his time and right up to our days, the rulers of empires had and continue to have doubles with them in the hope of deflecting the blow of the organizers of possible assassinations on them.
Let's take three small examples!
Napoleon I
Under Napoleon Bonaparte, an order was given to search for his doubles throughout Europe. As a result, four Frenchmen were found. Subsequently, their fates developed differently.
A misfortune soon befell one, and he became a cripple, worthless for anything. The second one turned out to be weak-minded.Third for a long time secretly accompanied the emperor and even stayed with him during his exile on the island of Elba. There he was killed under mysterious circumstances shortly before the Battle of Waterloo.
The fate of the fourth double of Emperor François Eugene Robo remains a mystery. After the defeat at Waterloo, on June 18, 1815, Napoleon was exiled to St. Helena. And François Robot returned to his peasant house in the village of Baleycourt.Official history states that Napoleon lived on a tiny island in Atlantic Ocean until his death in 1821. However, a number of mysterious events indicate that the ex-emperor could have fled from St. Helena, leaving a double in his place!
In 1818, something very unusual happened in the village of Baleikur: a luxurious carriage drove up to Robo’s house and stood there for at least two hours.
The owner of the house later told his neighbors that the man who came to him first wanted to buy hares from him, then for a long time he tried to persuade him to hunt together, but he allegedly did not agree. However, soon after this, François Robo disappeared from the village along with his sister.
Later, the authorities came to their senses and began to look for the former double of the emperor. In the end, they found only his sister, who lived in the city of Tours, and in luxury that came from nowhere.
She stated that the money was given to her by her brother, who went on a long trip, but she did not know where exactly. Subsequently, François Robo never showed up anywhere else.
After Robo disappeared, a certain Revar, a Frenchman, appeared in the Italian city of Verona, who, together with his partner, opened a small store there. The behavior of the visiting Frenchman was very strange: he rarely showed up in his shop, and never went outside at all. At the same time, all the neighbors noticed that he was very similar to Napoleon, and gave him the nickname Emperor.
Around the same time, the famous captive on the island of St. Helena suddenly became very forgetful, lost his memory, confusing the obvious facts of his former life in his stories.
And his handwriting suddenly changed a lot, and he himself became very clumsy. The French authorities attributed this to the influence of not very comfortable conditions of confinement on a lonely island.
And on May 5, 1821, Napoleon died. And two years after this, the shop owner Revar, who looked like an emperor, unexpectedly abandoned everything and left Verona forever. Two weeks later, in the Vienna suburb of Schönbrunn, a man was killed, who supposedly managed to say before his death that he was in a hurry to the castle, where Napoleon’s son was dying of scarlet fever.
When authorities examined the body of the murdered man, the police immediately cordoned off the castle. For what? There were no explanations. And at the same time, Napoleon's wife demanded that the murdered man be buried on the castle grounds.
The mysterious stranger was subsequently buried where the graves of Napoleon Bonaparte's wife and son appeared.
Thirty years later, the Italian Petrucci, who was a business partner of the mysterious Napoleon double, who ran a store in Verona, admitted that he was paid one hundred thousand gold crowns.
Marshal Ney
Napoleonic Marshal Ney, “the bravest of the brave,” as Napoleon himself called him. His fate is mysterious.
When Napoleon was finally defeated and exiled to the island of St. Helena, on the orders of Louis XVIII, Marshal Ney was shot at the wall of the Luxembourg Gardens.
If you believe historical documents, this happened on the morning of December 7, 1815.
Four years later, on the other side of the Atlantic, in North Carolina, a man appeared who called himself Peter Stuart Ney.
At that time there were many Frenchmen in America, former Bonapartists who emigrated after the Bourbon restoration.
They enthusiastically greeted this man as Marshal Ney.
When Colonel J. Lechmanovsky, a Polish officer who served for many years in Napoleon's army, accidentally met him on the street, he rushed to hug his former commander with tears.
For twenty-seven years, until his death, Peter Ney taught without revealing his secret to anyone.
The famous forensic expert David N. Carvalho, whose conclusion played such an important role in the “Dreyfus case,” became interested in Ney’s personality. After conducting a thorough examination of the letters of Marshal Ney and the surviving notes of school teacher Peter Ney, he established the complete identity of the handwritings. The marshal's letters to the emperor and entries in the school journal were written with one hand!
Here's a story from our time.
Beginning in 1933, A. Hitler began training “doubles”. These “doubles”, very similar to Hitler in appearance, learned to imitate his manner of behavior and speech, in order to replace Hitler himself at various public ceremonies. On September 29, 1938, Hitler was allegedly poisoned.
Since then, his place has been taken by one of the “doubles”, a certain Maximilian Bauer.
As we see, the practice of replacing one or another statesman with his “double” has a centuries-old practice.
Having dealt with the background of the issue, we can now move on to Peter the Great. The floor is given to Academician N. Levashov:
So, “in the surviving papers of the Grand Embassy, it is not mentioned that the constable Pyotr Mikhailov (young Peter went with the embassy under this name) fell ill with a fever, but for the embassy officials it was no secret who “Mikhailov” actually was.” .
And a person returns from a trip, sick with a chronic fever, with traces of long-term use of mercury drugs, which were then used to treat tropical fever.
For reference, It should be noted that the Great Embassy traveled along the northern sea route, while tropical fever can be “earned” in southern waters, and even then only after being in the jungle.
In addition, after returning from the Great Embassy, Peter The first, during naval battles, demonstrated extensive experience in boarding combat, having specific features, which can only be mastered through experience.
And we know that the real Peter the Great was exclusively engaged in mastering the construction of ships and drinking with the Dutch and English!
But boarding combat skills require personal participation in many boarding battles.
All this together gives us the suspicion that the man who returned with the Great Embassy was an experienced sailor who participated in many naval battles and sailed a lot in the southern seas.
Peter the Great before his trip to Europe on the seas, except White Sea, which is simply impossible to call tropical, I have not been. And Peter the Great did not visit it often, and then only as an honorary passenger.
And if we add to this the fact that his beloved wife (Queen Eudokia), whom he missed and often corresponded with when he was away, upon returning from the Grand Embassy, without even seeing her, without explanation, he sent to a nunnery . The above facts are worth thinking about!
But let's continue. There are also alarming facts! Upon returning from the Great Embassy, almost simultaneously, P. Gordon, who was the “mentor” of young Peter, and his “friend” Lefort, “suddenly” died.
But it was precisely at their suggestion that young Peter had the desire to travel incognito with the Great Embassy.
We can continue to list the differences between the person who went to the Grand Embassy and the one who returned from it.Next, the author will quote the facts that academician N. Levashov collected in his book. For the honor of these discoveries belongs to him!
“Many facts speak in favor of the substitution of Peter the Great during this trip. Most likely, the substitution occurred due to the fact that the real Peter turned out to be far from being as accommodating as the owners of P. Gordon and Lefort wanted him to be.
In such a scenario, no one will envy the fate of the real Peter.
One way or another, the real Peter the Great, or “double,” accomplished all his “Great Deeds” only after his return from the Great Embassy.
Let's refresh our memory of these "great things":
1. Introduction, immediately after the arrival, of the Christian calendar from the summer of 7208 from S.M.Z.H. or from 1700 A.D. Raised as an Orthodox sovereign, he knew very well about the Christian calendar, but, nevertheless, did not even think about chronology reform. Even in the very word “chronology” there are ancient Russian traditions of counting – summer... from the Creation of the World in the Star Temple.
Thus, the millennia-long history of the Russian people disappears, as if by magic. magic wand, and conditions arise for the fabrication, somewhat later, of a modern version of this story by the “great Russian historiographers”... Bayer, Miller and Schlozer. After several generations, few people remembered what and how it was before Peter the Great.
2. The introduction of serfdom, actually slavery, for one’s own people,
3. Peter's "reforms" and wars also had a negative economic effect. The population fell from 18 to 16 million people between 1700 and 1725. The introduction of serfdom, with its slave labor, set the economy far back.
While almost all countries Western Europe freed themselves from the remnants of slavery, realizing that without this they are doomed, their protege is introducing slavery in Muscovy, then this can only mean the following:
a) He is a useless statesman and political figure who should not be allowed within a shot of running the state.
b) Peter the Great is a mentally and mentally retarded person, who, moreover, should not be allowed to the helm of the state.
c) Peter the Great was recruited or zombied by anti-Russian forces during his trip with the Grand Embassy. Recruitment is doubtful, due to the fact that the recruiters could not offer him anything that he would not already have, being an absolute monarch.
d) Peter the Great was lured into the Grand Embassy by cunning by his false friends and, in one of the countries visited by the embassy, he was replaced by an outwardly similar person who was not even a double.
Numerous differences between the person who left with the Great Embassy and the one who returned from it and the analysis of actions after his return make this assumption very probable and, in principle, the only logical one.
4. Petrine church reforms were directed both against Orthodox Christianity and against the Magi-guardians of Slavic-Aryan Vedism who went underground.
Peter the Great ordered the removal of old books from all monasteries, cities and villages for “making copies”, and no one saw the books brought to the capital after that, just as no one saw the copies “made” of these books. It is also curious that failure to comply with this order was punishable by deprivation of life. It's a strange concern for books, isn't it?
5. The expulsion of Cossack hordes (troops) from the borders of Muscovy forced Peter 1 to begin forming an army according to the Western European model.
For this purpose, Peter The first attracted military personnel from European countries, providing them with enormous benefits and privileges in relation to Russian officers. Foreigners despised everything Russian and mocked the Russian men, driven into the army by the monarch's will. The dominance of foreigners in the army, on public service, in the system of education and upbringing of the younger generation, led to the emergence of confrontation between the aristocracy and the people. Refusal to use Cossack troops because of their support for old traditions was a big strategic mistake. It was the principle of Cossack lavas that the Bolsheviks used when creating their cavalry armies, which played decisive role in the civil war of 1918-1924.
6. Destruction Swedish army led to the weakening of Sweden and the loss of its influence on European countries, which led to their strengthening due to the victories of Russian troops. The territorial gains were incommensurate with the losses suffered by the country - two million people.
At that time, the entire population of Europe did not exceed twenty million. It was with Peter I that the genocide of the Russian people and the Slavs as a whole began.
It was from Perth I that the lives of Russians became a bargaining chip in the dirty political games of Western European politicians.
7. Peter the Great “opened a window” to Europe, ensured Russia’s access to the Gulf of Finland, after the return of the old Russian territories, as a result of the victory over the Swedes.
It would be correct to say that he “opened a window” to Muscovy for European countries. Before Peter the Great, the penetration of foreigners into the lands of Muscovy was very limited. Basically, embassy people, some merchants and a very small number of travelers received the right to cross the border.
Under Peter the Great, crowds of adventurers and adventurers poured into Muscovy, eager to fill their empty pockets with the riches of the Russian land. It is curious that all of them were provided with enormous benefits and advantages in relation to both the truly Russian aristocracy and the Russian merchants and business people.
8. To maintain his army, Peter I needed huge funds, most of which were immediately stolen, both by Russian rogues and by his beloved foreigners.
Moreover, most of them were stolen by foreigners, many of whom, in their homeland, were poor or came from impoverished noble families, or were second, third, etc., sons and could not hope for any inheritance. Some of them, having filled their pockets with unprecedented wealth, returned to their homeland, while others preferred to continue making money at the expense of the people who were strangers to them.
9. Peter I introduces many taxes to replenish the rapidly emptying treasury. It is he who brings vodka from Sweden and creates a state vodka monopoly.
Vodka was sold in state taverns, taverns and pits (horse changing stations).
Before the Romanovs, drunkenness was a vice in Rus', for which, even in the time of Ivan IV, people were imprisoned and subject to a heavy fine.
It was Peter the Great who began to spread drunkenness in Rus', launching a wide advertising company, promoting drunkenness at all levels of society, by example forcing people to drink.
The vodka monopoly brought fabulous profits to the treasury, which was necessary for his goals. The money paid by the treasury began to quickly return back, at minimal cost.
All the “great activities” of Perth the First, by the time of his death, had led Muscovy (which, under him, became known as the Russian Empire) to a deplorable economic state, comparable only to the Time of Troubles, in the creation of which the Romanovs and their relatives played a significant role.
The victories over Sweden brought enormous disasters to the Russian people, or more precisely, to the part of them groaning under the yoke of the Romanovs, a real yoke, and not the Mongol-Tatar yoke invented by them, which simply never existed.
Why and how did the replacement of Tsar Peter I take place, and then the reform of Russia at the turn of the 17th - 18th centuries?
You can approach this issue from different positions. By itself high level here you can see the biblical and eschatological meaning and significance, as an approach to the end of the world - the apocalypse, because the Orthodox people considered “Peter the Great” to be the Antichrist.
One level lower is conspiracy theory - a conspiracy of secret societies to seize power in Russia, and then throughout the world.
And at the lowest level it is betrayal and fear, vanity and deceit. close circle, which together led to this crime.
Can be divided by questions: Why did this happen? How did this happen, and could it have been avoided?
In the conflict between Tsar Peter I and Princess Sophia, the boyars sided with Peter I only because Sophia (or rather, her entourage) was a consistent promoter of pro-Western reforms, and the tsar, both by upbringing and by conviction, was devoted to the old Orthodox traditions.
After all, his first teacher, approved by his godfather and Tsar Theodore and the Patriarch, was the Old Believer Nikita Zotov (Note: from 3 to 4 years old, the Scotsman Pavel Gavrilovich Mezenius was considered his teacher). But why did Peter I, being a deeply religious man of the old rite, begin to reform the state?
Russia needed military and economic reforms in order to correspond to the level of military science and technology, economics and the emerging industrial production, which Western European countries had reached by this time, and confrontation with which in the future was inevitable.
But most of all, Tsar Peter I strove for the Black Sea, and his main dream was the liberation of Constantinople from the Turks.
The need for military reform was determined by the fact that the combat effectiveness of the Streltsy army, which had even partial economic self-sufficiency, was inferior even to the Turks.
For a future war with the Turks, it was necessary to fundamentally reform and create a professional army, consisting entirely of state support, and a navy, which Russia never had at all.
The first victories near Azov confirmed that the young tsar’s plan was correct.
The trouble with Peter I was that there were a lot of foreigners in Moscow.
This was a consequence of the fact that already from the 16th century the Moscow princes and tsars favored all kinds of adventurers, religious schismatics, reformers, Lutherans, Protestants who had fallen away from catholic church and those expelled from their countries or in hiding due to crimes committed. Catholics were not allowed into Moscow, but for all its enemies and apostates, welcome, please. And I must say that these were not simple people, and, as a rule, educated, enterprising and often unprincipled people.
They tried to convert ordinary Muscovites to their faith; there were many complaints, indignations and even beatings of foreigners about this. For this reason, they lived in a separate colony in a German settlement. But the kings, who needed, as they would now say, specialists, attracted them to military and sovereign service, and the nobility communicated with them, and even became friends.
It must be said that in Rus', and then in Muscovy, there was always a significant layer of court nobility who bowed, as they would now say, to Western values. This was precisely the main reason for the Jewish heresy of 1470 - 1530, then the oprichnina, the invasion of the Poles and the Time of Troubles. This fifth column has been in Russia since very ancient times; one might say it appeared with the advent of the Varangians. It was thanks to the activity of this fifth column that all the regicides took place in Russia, palace coups and revolution.
For Peter I, communication with foreigners opened up a world of natural and military sciences and maritime affairs unknown to Muscovy.
For example, Franz Timmermann, either a teacher or a merchant, as he stated, knew mathematics, artillery, and the rules for constructing fortifications well.
But Captain F. Lefort did not know military affairs at all, but he was cunning and courteous as a diplomat and amiable as a lackey. Who they really were can only be guessed at.
However, the main reason for Peter I’s decision to go to the Western rulers was not so much the desire to see another world and learn intelligence, but the desire to enter into an alliance with Christian states in the fight against the Ottoman Empire.
Someone from Peter I's entourage managed to convince him of this; well-known literary sources claim that it was F. Lefort.
After the departure of Peter I, the fifth column began to prepare a coup d'etat in the interests of Princess Sophia.
This future coup was supposed to finally resolve the dispute between the two palace parties, the old traditions and church rites and the hostile pro-Western one; historians define them as the parties of the Naryshkins and Miloslavskys, according to the families of the second and first wives of Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich.
Already from the beginning of 1698, the archers stopped paying salaries, were forbidden to return to their families in Moscow, and began to be driven along with the cannons along the outskirts of Russia.
The conspirators, having aroused the indignation of the archers and spread the rumor that the Tsar had been replaced, wanted to enthrone Queen Sophia, a great admirer of Western values.
But the archers limited themselves to petitions and a small fight with their superiors. By the way, there were a lot of foreign officers in the Streltsy army.
They were the source of all incitements and conspiracies. The pseudo-rebellion of the Streltsy failed, when a former convict and sea pirate was brought to them from abroad as a gift from the underworld, whose name and origin are not yet possible to establish. The rumor, initially false, became a reality.
How the conspirators, representing completely different, even opposing forces, managed to coordinate their actions and unite, and among them were Venetian Jews, Jesuits, Polish-German Catholics, Protestants, Lutherans, court nobility and local degenerates, remains a mystery. Explaining this only with hatred of Russia and its people will probably not be enough.
While the pretender to the Russian throne was hiding in a German settlement, bloody reprisals were urgently organized against the would-be rebels. Innocently shed blood cemented and united the “brotherhood”, which now had only two paths - to the throne of the impostor or to the chopping block.
Already near the throne of the impostor, new showdowns began - who will rule the new liar, the Moscow nobility who gave him power, or the foreigners who brought the impostor tsar?
The first victims of these intrigues were the former associates of the young Tsar Peter I and the central figures of the conspiracy to replace him - P. Gordon and F. Lefort, who died suddenly in less than a year, according to the liar, and who, by the way, were related to each other.
It must be said that 1699 -1700 among the entourage of “Peter the Great” there was a very high sudden mortality rate, here are the most noticeable:
1. Boyarin Shein Alexey Semenovich (1662 - 1700), pacified the indignation of the archers in 1698.
2. Voznitsyn Prokofy Bogdanovich in the ambassadorial order from 1668, on behalf of Peter I in 1698, as his ambassador, negotiated with the Turks; upon returning from Turkey in 1699, despite urgent requests, he was not accepted by the tsar and soon missing.
3. Patriarch Adrian, 10th and last All-Russian Patriarch (born in 1636, † October 15, 1700).
The winner of the court squabbles was the impostor himself, who relied not on the local nobility, and not on foreigners, whom, by the way, he soon he pressed him quite tightly, and on the “new Russians”, a new palace and political elite, without clan or tribe, a typical representative of which was A. Menshikov.”
The same N. Levashov also compiled specific differences between the real Peter the Great and his “double”
Attitude to the Church and the clergy
The real Peter: Deeply religious, sings in the church on the choir, visits monasteries, respects the clergy, friendship with the Metropolitan of Arkhangelsk, during a visit Solovetsky Monastery made a wooden cross with his own hands, in disputes and conversations he often quotes the Bible, which he knows almost by heart
Double: He mocks the clergy, does not observe fasts, does not attend church, a Protestant view of the Church and Faith, abolishes the Patriarchate, establishes secularism over the Church synodal administration, is trying to legitimize by a special decree the violation of the secret of confession for the purpose of informing on penitents. Transfers the relics of Alexander Nevsky, but not because of his veneration, but in order to save St. Petersburg from flooding.
Begins brutal persecution of the Old Believers, which further divided the people and generally weakened Orthodox Church, closes monasteries, despite the presence of metal suitable for casting cannons, orders the removal of bells from churches
Attitude towards the army and leadership abilities
The real Peter: He spends his entire childhood in war games, developed military skills, including command and control, and distinguished himself during the capture of Azov.
He is highly educated, knows mathematics, astronomy and military engineering. Amazing his interlocutors with his knowledge, the Bishop of Canterbury admires the intelligence and knowledge of Tsar Peter
Double:“Lack of military skills, transfers control of troops to Menshikov or foreigners, when trying to command troops he always loses. Shows personal skills in boarding combat
He is striking in his ignorance and lack of education, speaks Russian poorly, he almost “forgot” the Russian language after returning from the Grand Embassy and never learned it until the end of his life, in his notes he writes Russian words in Latin letters.
Education
The real Peter the Great:He masters carpentry and shipbuilding, he himself made a memorial cross for the Archangel Cathedral on the occasion of salvation in the storm, he does not know turning.
Double:He loves turning, he sharpens very professionally, but he does not know carpentry
Character and disposition
The real Peter the Great: Physically healthy. I do not smoke. He drinks wine, but not much. Facial tic when nervous. The cause of the tic, as historians explain, was fear experienced in childhood, during the Streltsy riot
Double:Sick of fever, there is reason (historian Pokrovsky) that “Peter the Great” was treated all his life with mercury drugs and died of syphilis. Facial tic when nervous. Smokes and drinks a lot
Personal life
The real Peter the Great: He loves and respects him very much, misses his wife, often corresponds with her when he is away
Double:He despises his wife, Queen Evdokia, for her piety, backwardness and conservatism, and from the very wedding she dreams of how to get rid of her. It’s a completely different matter with Catherine (approx. an illiterate commoner and former regimental girl), who understands him and is his closest assistant in all matters.Upon his return, he refuses to meet with his wife and sends him to a monastery without explanation.
Well, how could it be otherwise! If the double in bed would have been immediately exposed that “the king is not real”!
Appearance
The real Peter the Great:
Double:
The real Peter the Great:He prefers traditional Russian clothes, even wears Russian clothes abroad; he is indifferent to the European, everyday environment, preferring everything Russian.
Royal crown size 61 cm.
Royal plate with barms length 166.5.
Above average height, thick build, has short, bowl-length hair down to his neck, the great embassy began when Peter was 26 years old and returned at the age of 28, this can be seen from his lifetime portraits
Double:Tall, thin (jacket size 44), wears long hair to his shoulders. The age of the man in the portraits of Peter the Great in 1701 is about 40 years.
After returning from the Great Embassy, he never wore royal clothes and a crown.
It is quite possible that they could not fit in size. And the crown simply could not stay on my head.
Prefers only Latin, Western clothes. He cannot live in Russian huts and even in royal palaces; European housing is urgently built: houses, and even palaces according to Western European traditions, with appropriate furniture and furnishings
The murder of Tsarevich Alexei, although in Orthodox traditions for disobedience, from the point of view of his father, he could only be sent to a monastery, as Tsarevich Alexei asked for this.
The first reform of the Russian language, which returned the style of letters to the ancient Aryan alphabetic symbols.
The transfer of the capital of Russia from Moscow to St. Petersburg to the very outskirts of the Russian Empire, while the traditions of all states were to place the capital in the center of the state. Perhaps St. Petersburg was conceived by him or his advisers as the capital of a future united Europe, in which Russia was to be a colony?
The organization of Masonic lodges (1700) even earlier than in Europe (1721), which practically seized power in Russian society to this day.
Well, the last and most incredible version about Peter the Great! I think that Dumas Father and son are resting. But, nevertheless, there is something in it!
Here is the information broken down:
Coincidence in time of the substitution of Tsar Peter I (August 1698) and the appearance of a prisoner in the “Iron Mask” in the Bastille in Paris (September 1698).
In the lists of Bastille prisoners, he was listed under the name Magchiel, which may be a distorted entry of Mikhailov, the name under which Tsar Peter traveled abroad. His appearance coincided with the appointment of a new commandant of the Bastille of Saint-Mars. He was tall, carried himself with dignity, and always wore a velvet mask on his face. The prisoner was treated respectfully and kept well.
He died in 1703. After his death, the room where he was kept was thoroughly searched, and all traces of his presence were destroyed.
Returning to the story of the substitution of Peter the Great, it must be said that in the matter of his “substitution” the truth can only be revealed by an independent international genetic examination of the remains.
In the course of which, by conducting a comparative analysis of particles from the bodies of Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich, Tsarina Natalya Naryshkina, Peter the Great himself and his son Alexei.
Technically, its implementation is not difficult, but politically..., especially if the fact of the substitution of Peter the Great is proven, then it’s the same as nuclear explosion under all of recent Russian history!