Are the statements true?
A) During the reign of Peter II, the position of immigrants from Courland strengthened.
C) The failure of the “supreme bosses’ venture” was explained by fear of a peasant war.
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Are the statements true?
A) The reign of Elizabeth I preceded the reign of Catherine II.
C) The Supreme Privy Council was established by Catherine I.
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Are the statements true?
A) Accession of Kazakhstan to Russia in the second quarter of the 18th century. contributed to the aggravation of relations with Turkey.
B) Rumyantsev P.A. and Saltykov P.S. - military leaders.
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Are the statements true?
A) The era of palace coups covers the period 1725-1762.
C) The concept of “sovereigns” is associated with the reign of Elizabeth I.
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An excerpt from which work is given:
“A young nobleman, or nobleman, if he is perfect in learning, and especially in languages, in horse riding, dancing, in sword fighting, and can carry out a good conversation and is educated in books, he can be a direct court person... Order yourself twice about one thing do not give. Be willing to go to churches and schools, and not past them.”
The strengthening of the role of ________ in state affairs became the cause of palace coups in the 18th century.
___ and _____ are architectural monuments created in the first quarter of the 18th century.
_____ is an architectural monument, created in the Petrine era
_____ and ____ - these new features appeared in culture in Peter’s times
_______ - this was the goal of opening the Russian Academy of Sciences
"Baby on the Throne"
In 1714, by decree of Peter I, state primary comprehensive schools were created, which were called
In the first quarter of the 18th century. style dominated in architecture
The leading genre in painting in the first quarter of the 18th century. becomes
Second ruler of the Age of Palace Coups
They fought for influence over Peter II:
Social system based on private property, market relations, wage labor:
The founder of Russian secular painting in the first quarter of the 18th century.
By decision of the Supreme Privy Council, he was exiled to the city of Berezov (indicate first and last name)
An attempt to limit autocracy was made by the leaders in...
Rulers of the era of palace coups, whose reign lasted less than 3 years:
Russia's opponent in the Seven Years' War was
The area covered by the uprising led by E. Pugachev:
Place in reverse chronological order:
Place in the correct order:
Place in chronological order:
Arrange the rulers in chronological order of their lives and activities:
The Russian Academy of Sciences was opened on the initiative of
Events relating to the reign of Elizabeth Petrovna:
Condition, totality of material assets
Indicate the correspondence between the number of manufactories and the year:
Indicate the correspondence between industries and their centers:
Please indicate the match:
Please indicate the match:
Please indicate the match:
Please indicate the match:
Anna Ioanovna's favorite
Members of the Supreme Privy Council:
The era of palace coups ends with the accession of...
The era of palace coups lasted... years.

Of the year. Not paying attention to the will of Catherine I, her offspring were removed from the throne under the pretext of the youth and frivolity of Elizabeth, the youngest daughter of Peter I and Catherine, and due to the infancy of their grandson, the son of Anna Petrovna and the Duke of Holstein; The candidacy of Peter II’s grandmother, nun Lopukhina, was also removed; No one attached any importance to the words of Prince Alexei Grigorievich Dolgoruky about the election of his daughter Catherine, the bride of the late Emperor Peter II, to the throne. The issue of electing a sovereign was decided by the influential voice of Prince Dimitry Mikhailovich Golitsyn. He stated that the house of Peter I was cut short by the death of Peter II and therefore one should turn to the senior line, whose rights were then forgotten by everyone, especially since the reign of Ivan Alekseevich itself was considered and in fact was only nominal. Under the pretext that Ivan Alekseevich's eldest daughter, Catherine, was married to the Duke of Mecklenburg, Golitsyn proposed electing Anna, the childless widow of the Duke of Courland.

This unexpected candidacy is explained, firstly, by the aristocratic arrogance with which Golitsyn and the high-born dignitaries of that time treated the marriage of Peter I with a Livonian captive peasant woman and her daughters; secondly, Golitsyn’s hatred of Peter’s reforms and borrowing from foreigners. “Why do we need innovations,” Golitsyn used to say? Can’t we live as our fathers lived, without foreigners coming to us and giving us laws?” This narrow tendency was also joined by the plans of the leaders to change the form of government, which, of course, seemed easier to do with childless Anna. Before the announcement of the said candidacy, two more members were elected to the Supreme Council: field marshals Prince Mikhail Mikhailovich Golitsyn and Prince Vasily Vladimirovich Dolgoruky. This appointment, says Soloviev, was a sign of the union of the two most powerful families. Then the chancellor, Count Golovkin, announced that the council had decided to offer the crown to the Duchess of Courland if the assembled officials agreed. Consent, of course, followed. Feofan Prokopovich, Archbishop of Pskov, showed particular sympathy for the said election. He was afraid of the dominion of the Dolgorukys, who were personally hostile to him.

But the mood of Feofan Prokopovich and the majority of the clergy in general changed when they learned that Golitsyn and other leaders proposed writing to Anna Ioannovna clauses or conditions that limited her power in favor of the Supreme Privy Council. By these conditions, Anna obliged not to enter into marriage, not to appoint an heir for herself, not to declare war without the consent of the Supreme Privy Council, not to make peace, not to impose taxes, not to promote to ranks above the rank of colonel; fiefdoms and villages are not to be liked.

In these conditions, the majority of the noble and ignorant nobility, as the nobility was then called, saw the intention to create an oligarchy in Russia, assigning to two families the right to elect a sovereign and change the form of government. Volynsky's letter expressed the general mood. Volynsky, who was then the governor of Kazan, wrote: “God forbid that instead of one autocrat there should not be ten autocratic and powerful families; We, the nobility, will then be completely lost.” Many thought that not only the nobility, but Russia would also perish from the inevitable discord among families in the future. This opinion was shared by the most enlightened people of that time: Antioch Cantemir and Vasily Nikitich Tatishchev. Prosecutor General P. I. Yaguzhinsky also joined the ranks of opponents of the members of the Supreme Privy Council. At first he was on the side of the Supreme Leaders, hoping that he would be elected as a member of the Supreme. Privy Council But when field marshals M.M. Golitsyn and V.V. Dolgoruky took their places in Verkh. t. council, but he was bypassed; when it turned out that four Dolgorukys and two Golitsyns were sitting on the council, and only the other two members, Golovkin and Osterman, did not belong to the tribe of St. Vladimir, like the Dolgorukies, or to the tribe of Gediminas, like the Golitsyns - then Yaguzhinsky realized that there would be no place in the council for people of low birth, even if they were associates of Peter. Therefore, Yaguzhinsky turned sharply in the other direction. Having learned that V. had sent an embassy to Mitava, headed by Vasily Lukich Dolgoruky, Yaguzhinsky, for his part, sent chamberlain Sumarokov to Mitava, who was supposed to warn Anna Ioannovna not to trust Vasily Lukich Dolgoruky and that the whole truth she finds out in Moscow. Sumarokov managed to see Anna Ioannovna and convey Yaguzhinsky’s order to her; but the ambassadors of the supreme leaders found out that he was in Mitau, ordered him to be seized and the arrested person sent to Moscow. At the same time, on February 2, news came from Mitava that Anna Ioannovna agreed to the conditions, which was announced on February 3 at the general meeting of the Supreme Privy Council, the Senate, the Synod, and the generals. Everyone declared that they were pleased with Her Majesty’s mercy, and cemented their pleasure with assault. There were up to five hundred signatures. But then Prince Cherkassky verbally demanded that he and others be allowed to submit an opinion on the new state structure. V. had to agree, which gave rise to various gentry circles to draw up projects. These projects, insignificant in essence, had no influence on the course of affairs and are interesting only as a monument to the insignificance of the political development of this class and the limitations of its mentality, as expressed in the 18th century. , that is, concepts about state forms of government. Many did not understand what was going on at all and signed up out of fear of the leaders. At the same meeting, it was decided to arrest Yaguzhinsky. This further increased the excitement among the nobility; in the supreme council itself, Golovkin, Yaguzhinsky’s father-in-law, was dissatisfied. I had to release the latter and restore it to its previous value; but Yaguzhinsky did not want mercy and forgiveness, not admitting guilt: “you have stained me,” he said, “but you cannot cleanse me.” The difficulty of the leaders was further complicated by the fact that, as a result of their own improvidence, at a prayer service on February 3 in the Assumption Cathedral, the protodeacon proclaimed Anna Ioannovna autocrat.

On February 10, Anna Ioannovna arrived in the village of Vsesvyatskoye near Moscow. The petty adventures that followed did not bode well for the cause of the supreme leaders. At Vsesvyatsky, the Empress declared herself a colonel of the Preobrazhensky Regiment and captain of the cavalry guards. On February 14, V. presented Anna Ioannovna with the Order of St. Andrew the First-Called; she said: “Yes, it’s true, I forgot to put it on,” and ordered one of the gentlemen of the order who surrounded her to put the order on herself; but not to a member of the Supreme Privy Council. On February 15, the Empress entered Moscow and the oath began. The leaders did not develop a new form of oath, and the only change was that they swore allegiance to the empress and the fatherland. This addition did not bring any benefit to the leaders. They say that Prince Vasily Vladimirovich Dolgoruky invited the Preobrazhensky Regiment to swear allegiance to the Empress and the Supreme Privy Council, but the officers threatened to break his legs for such a proposal. Meanwhile, Feofan Prokopovich, the relatives of the Empress Saltykov and others were intensively undermining the supreme leaders. On February 25, the Senate, the generals and the nobility, numbering 800 people, gathered in the palace and submitted a petition to the Empress so that a correct and good form of government would be established by majority vote. The request was signed by a few people, but those present declared that all the nobility approved of it. Prince Vasily Lukich Dolgoruky invited the empress to think over the matter together with the Supreme Council; but Ekaterina Ioannovna, Anna Ioannovna’s sister, persuaded her to sign right there. Suddenly the guard officers rose up and demanded the restoration of complete autocracy, shouting: “We don’t want the empress to prescribe conditions.”

Although Anna Ioannovna allowed the nobility to reconsider its standards, it did not dare to enter into a dispute with the armed forces. At 4 o'clock on the same February 25, returning to the palace, it asked Anna Ioannovna to become an autocrat following the example of her ancestors; at the same time, it petitioned to abolish the Supreme Privy Council and the High Senate, and restore the Governing Senate, as it was under Peter I, and that the nobility be elected by ballot for the lost seats, the Senate, governors and presidents. This request was signed by Chancellor Gr. Golovkin, two princes Trubetskoy, etc., up to 150 people in total. The Empress seemed surprised and said: “Weren’t the points that were presented to me in Mitau drawn up at the request of an entire people? So, Prince Vasily Lukich, you deceived me? She immediately tore up the clauses signed by Anna Ioannovna in Mitau in front of the entire meeting.

Creation of the Council

The decree on the establishment of the Supreme Privy Council was issued in February 1726. Field Marshal General His Serene Highness Prince Menshikov, Admiral General Count Apraksin, State Chancellor Count Golovkin, Count Tolstoy, Prince Dimitry Golitsyn and Baron Osterman were appointed as its members. A month later, the empress's son-in-law, the Duke of Holstein, was included in the number of members of the Supreme Privy Council, on whose zeal, as the empress officially declared, we can fully rely.

The Supreme Privy Council, in which Alexander Danilovich Menshikov took the leading role, immediately subjugated the Senate and collegiums. The ruling Senate was humiliated to such an extent that decrees were sent there not only from the Council, but also from the Synod, which was previously equal to it. Then the title “governor” was taken away from the Senate, replacing it with “highly trusted”, and then simply “high”. Even under Menshikov, the Supreme Privy Council tried to strengthen government power for itself; ministers, as members of the Supreme Privy Council were called, and senators swore allegiance to the empress or to the regulations of the Supreme Privy Council. It was forbidden to execute decrees that were not signed by the Empress and the Council.

Strengthening power, Catherine's testament

According to the testament (testament) of Catherine I, the Supreme Privy Council during the minority of Peter II was granted power equal to the power of the sovereign, only in the matter of the order of succession to the throne, the Council could not make changes. But no one looked at the last point of the testament when the leaders, that is, members of the Supreme Privy Council, elected Anna Ioannovna to the throne.

Alexander Danilovich Menshikov

When created, the Supreme Privy Council included almost exclusively “chicks of Petrov’s nest,” but even under Catherine I, Count Tolstoy was ousted by Menshikov; then, under Peter II, Menshikov himself fell into disgrace and went into exile; Count Apraksin died; the Duke of Holstein has long ceased to be in the Council; Of the original members of the Supreme Privy Council, three remained - Golitsyn, Golovkin and Osterman. Under the influence of the Dolgorukys, the composition of the Supreme Privy Council changed: dominance passed into the hands of the princely families of the Dolgorukys and Golitsyns.

Conditions

In 1730, after the death of Peter II, half of the 8 members of the Council were the Dolgorukovs (princes Vasily Lukich, Ivan Alekseevich, Vasily Vladimirovich and Alexey Grigorievich), who were supported by the Golitsyn brothers (Dmitry and Mikhail Mikhailovich). Dmitry Golitsyn drew up a draft constitution. However, part of the Russian nobility, as well as Council members Osterman and Golovkin, opposed the Dolgorukovs’ plans. However, part of the Russian nobility, as well as Osterman and Golovkin, opposed the Dolgorukovs’ plans.

Prince Dmitry Mikhailovich Golitsyn

The rulers chose the Tsar's youngest daughter, Anna Ioannovna, as the next empress. She lived in Courland for 19 years and had no favorites or parties in Russia. This suited everyone. They also found it quite manageable. Taking advantage of the situation, the leaders decided to limit autocratic power by demanding that Anna sign certain conditions, the so-called “Conditions”. According to the “Conditions,” real power in Russia passed to the Supreme Privy Council, and the role of the monarch for the first time was reduced to representative functions.

Conditions

On January 28 (February 8), 1730, Anna signed the “Conditions”, according to which, without the Supreme Privy Council, she could not declare war or make peace, introduce new taxes and taxes, spend the treasury at her own discretion, promote to ranks higher than colonel, grant estates, without trial, deprive a nobleman of life and property, enter into marriage, and appoint an heir to the throne.

Portrait of Anna Ioannovna on silk,1732

The struggle between the two parties regarding the new government system continued. The leaders sought to convince Anna to confirm their new powers. Supporters of autocracy (A. I. Osterman, Feofan Prokopovich, P. I. Yaguzhinsky, A. D. Cantemir) and wide circles of the nobility wanted a revision of the “Conditions” signed in Mitau. The ferment arose primarily from dissatisfaction with the strengthening of a narrow group of Council members.

Anna Ioannovna tears up the Conditions. Abolition of the Council

On February 25 (March 7), 1730, a large group of nobility (according to various sources from 150 to 800), including many guards officers, came to the palace and submitted a petition to Anna Ioannovna. The petition expressed a request to the empress, together with the nobility, to reconsider a form of government that would be pleasing to all the people. Anna hesitated, but her sister Ekaterina Ioannovna decisively forced the Empress to sign the petition. Representatives of the nobility deliberated briefly and at 4 o'clock in the afternoon submitted a new petition, in which they asked the empress to accept full autocracy and destroy the points of the “Conditions”. When Anna asked the confused leaders for approval for the new conditions, they only nodded their heads in agreement. As a contemporary notes: “It was their luck that they did not move then; if they had shown even the slightest disapproval of the nobility’s verdict, the guards would have thrown them out the window.”

Anna Ioannovna breaks the Conditions

Relying on the support of the guard, as well as the middle and minor nobility, Anna publicly tore up the “Conditions” and her letter of acceptance. On March 1 (12), 1730, the people took the oath for the second time to Empress Anna Ioannovna on the terms of complete autocracy. By the Manifesto of March 4 (15), 1730, the Supreme Privy Council was abolished.

After the death of Peter II, members of the Supreme Privy Council gathered, most of whom at that time already belonged to old aristocratic families (Dolgoruky, Golitsyn). They had to choose a ruler.

At the suggestion of the oldest member of the Council, D. M. Golitsyn, they chose the 37-year-old Dowager Duchess of Courland Anna Ivanovna (Ivanovna), the niece of Peter I.

• Show Courland on the map.

Golitsyn immediately raised the question of “freedom” for the nobility. Thus, he spoke about the political reorganization of Russia, its transition from an autocratic form of government to an aristocratic one, in which power would be in the hands of the Supreme Privy Council, the top of the Russian aristocracy.

After some thought and doubt whether they would be able to retain power, the leaders began to develop the conditions (conditions) for inviting Anna Ioannovna to the Russian throne.

Firstly, the new ruler could not marry and appoint a successor for herself. Thus, the hereditary monarchy ceased to exist in Russia, and the country moved to an elective monarchy. Secondly, the ruler should not have made key decisions without the consent of the Supreme Privy Council. This meant a genuine limitation of autocratic power. At the end of the condition there was a formidable phrase: “And if I do not fulfill this promise and do not keep it, then I will be deprived of the Russian crown.” Essentially, it was a question of a kind of constitution regulating the relations between the monarch and the elite of society.

Member of the Supreme Privy Council V.V. Dolgoruky.
18th century portrait

However, in Russia there were many supporters of autocratic power. When the representatives of the supreme leaders left Moscow for Courland in good condition, the envoys of their opponents galloped there too. So, P.I. Yaguzhinsky advised the duchess to first sign and then refuse all the conditions. Therefore, Anna signed the conditions with a light heart and left for Moscow.

After the enthronement of his wife Catherine I after the death of Peter I, power was concentrated in the hands of Prince A.D. Menshikov. The latter tried in every possible way to reduce the role of the Senate, and on the other hand, was forced to reach an agreement with the other “chicks of Petrov’s nest.”

By decree of Catherine I of February 8, 1726, the Supreme Privy Council was established, which actually assumed the functions of the Senate, which, according to Peter I, exercised the supreme leadership of the country during his absence. Members of the Council were formally supposed to give the Empress “secret advice on political and other important State affairs.” The Senate, which was now called not the Governing, but the High, as well as the collegiums, were placed in a subordinate position to the Council, in which all the main levers of power in the empire were now concentrated. All decrees were sealed not only with the signature of the Empress, but also with the members of the Council.

Menshikov got Catherine I to add a clause to her will before her death that during Peter II’s minority, the Council would receive the same power as the reigning monarch (in fact, a collective regency was established), while the Council was prohibited from making any changes in the order of succession to the throne. .

In the field of domestic policy, the Council’s activities were focused primarily on solving financial, economic and social problems associated with the crisis in which Russia was in the last years of the reign of Peter I. The Council considered it a consequence of Peter’s reforms, and therefore intended to correct them in a more traditional way for Russia (for example, the country's capital was returned to Moscow). In current practice, the Council tried to streamline the system of accounting and control over public finances, as well as reduce costs and find additional ways to replenish the state budget, including reducing spending on the army, reducing the officer corps, etc. At the same time, the number established by Peter was eliminated, and the number of officials was reduced. At the same time, to attract foreign merchants, a number of restrictions on trade were lifted, incl. the protective customs tariff of 1724 was revised.

Composition of the Council

The Empress assumed the chairmanship of the Council, and the following were appointed as its members:

Field Marshal His Serene Highness Prince Alexander Danilovich Menshikov,

Admiral General Count Fedor Matveevich Apraksin,

State Chancellor Count Gavriil Ivanovich Golovkin,

Actual Privy Councilor Count Pyotr Andreevich Tolstoy,

Acting Privy Councilor Prince Dmitry Mikhailovich Golitsyn

Vice-Chancellor Baron Andrei Ivanovich Osterman.

The composition of the Council changed: in March 1726, Duke Karl Friedrich of Holstein-Gottorp, married to the daughter of the Empress, Princess Anna Petrovna, was added to its composition.

The most serious changes in the composition of the Council occurred in connection with the death of Catherine I. Due to disagreements regarding her heir, Count Tolstoy was sentenced to death in May 1727 (with the replacement of exile), and after the accession to the throne of Peter II, the Duke of Holstein Gottorpsky withdrew from participation in the Council.

In 1727, Princes Alexey Grigorievich and Vasily Lukich Dolgorukov, who enjoyed the support of Peter II, were introduced into the Council, along with Field Marshal General and President of the Military Collegium, Prince Mikhail Mikhailovich Golitsyn; in 1828, Field Marshal General Prince Vasily Vladimirovich Dolgorukov. Thanks to the intrigues of the Dolgorukovs and Osterman, Menshikov was sent into exile on September 7, 1727, and Peter II announced that all instructions from now on would come only from him. In November 1828, Count Apraksin died.

Enthronement of Anna Ioanovna

After the death of Emperor Peter II in January 1730, a crisis of succession to the throne arose in Russia, where power was completely controlled by the “sovereigns.” Seven members of the Council took part in resolving issues of succession to the throne, as well as the favorite of Peter II, Prince Ivan Alekseevich Dolgorukov (son of Council member Alexei Grigorievich).

On January 18 (29), meetings of the Council began to determine the heir. The candidacy of the eldest daughter of Tsar John Alekseevich Catherine, who was married to the Duke of Mecklenburg-Schwerin. A compromise candidate was her younger sister Anna Ioanovna, the Dowager Duchess of Courland, who did not have strong support at court, or even in Courland. By 8 o'clock in the morning on January 19 (30), the decision was made, only Prince A.G. Dolgorukov opposed her election. Simultaneously with the proposal, Duchess Anna was elected, Prince D.M. Golitsyn proposed limiting her power to a number of conditions written down in the “Condition”. In accordance with them, the empress, upon ascending the throne, had to undertake to preserve the Supreme Privy Council, which consisted of 8 people, and in the future without its consent: not to start a war; do not make peace; do not introduce new taxes; not to appoint to ranks (court, civil and military) older than the colonel, but to transfer the guard and army under the control of the Council; do not favor estates and estates. In addition, the Council had to approve all sentences depriving nobles of life, property or dignity, and also received complete control over government revenues and expenditures. Later Prince D.M. Golitsyn wrote a draft constitution, according to which the rule of the highest aristocracy was established in Russia with limited power of the monarch, which provided for the creation, incl. representative institutions. This plan, however, was not approved by the Council; without reaching agreement, the “higher-ups” decided to submit the issue to the consideration of the nobility gathered in Moscow (the future Legislative Commission). Various groups came up with their own projects (all implied restrictions on the monarchy), but none of them were supported by the Council.

Prince V.V. spoke out against the “Conditions”. Dolgorukov, Baron A.I. Osterman and Count G.I. Golovkin. However, their opinion was not taken into account and Prince V.L. Dolgorukov with “Conditions” left for Mitava on January 20 (31) to visit Duchess Anna. On January 28 (February 8), Anna Ioanovna signed the “Conditions”, after which she left for Moscow.

She arrived in the capital on February 15 (26), where she took the oath of office and troops in the Assumption Cathedral. swore allegiance to the empress. The struggle between the groups moved into a new stage: the “supreme” tried to achieve official confirmation (“Conditions” were only a preliminary document, an “agreement of intent”), and the group opposing them (A. I. Osterman, P. I. Yaguzhinsky, etc. ), who enjoyed the support of the ordinary nobility, advocated a return to an autocratic monarchy.

On February 25 (March 7), a large group of nobles submitted a petition to Anna Ioannovna with a request to reconsider - together with the nobility - the future structure of the country. Anna Ioanovna signed the petition, after which, after a 4-hour meeting, the nobility submitted a new one, in which they advocated the restoration of autocracy. The “Supreme”, who did not expect such a turn of events, were forced to agree, and Anna Ioanovna publicly tore up the “Conditions” and her letter, in which she had previously agreed to their acceptance.

Liquidation of the Council

By the manifesto of March 4 (15), 1730, the Council was abolished, and the Senate was restored to its former rights. Representatives of the Dolgorukov family, as those who most actively participated in the conspiracy, were arrested: I.A. and A.G. The Dolgorukovs were sent into exile, V.L. Dolgorukov was executed. The remaining members of the Council were not formally injured, Prince V.V. Dolgorukov was arrested only in 1731, Prince D.M. Golitsyn - in 1736; Prince M.M. Golitsyn died in December 1730. G.I. Golovkin and A.I. Osterman not only retained their posts, but began to enjoy the favor of the new empress.