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Udmurt State University

Faculty of Advanced Training for Teachers

on the course "Vocabulary"

on the topic: "Dictionaries of slang words"

Performed by Osinkina E.D.

Checked by T.N. Fomina

Izhevsk, 2016

Plan

  • Introduction
  • Types of jargons
  • Conclusion
  • Literature

Introduction

Jargon (also known as slang, argot), in other words, the internal language of diverse communities, has played and continues to play a large role in interpersonal communication in Russian.

Jargon itself is used primarily by representatives of specific social groups, but very often words and expressions that belonged to jargon became commonly used. In practice, many, if not most, use one or another argot from time to time, sometimes without even noticing it. Slang vocabulary is very heterogeneous in origin. It includes both specific slang words that are not represented in standard Russian, as well as words and expressions that exist in the common civil language, reinterpreted in jargon.

There are even dictionaries of slang words.

Among the recently published jargon dictionaries, we can mention the dictionary “Russian Fenya” by V. Bykova (1994), “Dictionary of Russian Slang” by I. Yuganov and F. Yuganova (1997). Dictionaries of English slang are well known in Russia, in particular the “English-Russian Dictionary of American Slang” edited by E.I. Tuzovsky (1993), which is based on the Dictionary of American Slang by R. Spears, or The Oxford Dictionary of American Slang (Oxford Dictionary of Modern Slang) by J. Eito and J. Simpson (Oxford, 1992).

What is jargon? From the history of jargons

What is jargon?

The word “jargon” itself, as is clear, comes from the French “jargon”. From French it is translated as “the language of crime”; according to the Great Soviet Encyclopedia, it supposedly came from the Gallo-Roman “gargone” - chatter.

Jargon is a social dialect that differs from the general spoken language in its specific vocabulary and expressiveness of phrases, but does not have its own phonetic and grammatical system. This is a conventional language, understandable only in a certain environment; it contains many artificial, sometimes conventional words and expressions.

Jargon has no specific history (as well as authors and schools). If we call fenya one of the types of jargon (which is actually debatable, since some dictionaries claim that the current fenya refers rather to argot), then we can get at least some idea of ​​the first jargon. Dahl's dictionary interprets the word "jargon" as the development of the language of the Ofeni peddlers; this is how the Fenya language appeared - then Rus' was in the Middle Ages. The Ofeni came up with new roots, leaving the traditional Russian morphology, and used a new language to communicate "not for the ears of others." Jargon develops in the environment of more or less closed collectives, various professional groups, which will be described below. It is worth noting that the jargon of one collective or group can be used by other collectives or groups, since the spheres of functioning of different groups may converge. The vocabulary of the language is constantly changes; jargon is also changeable. In other words, it is characterized by instability and the rapidity of change of the most popular vocabulary. The prerequisites for the emergence of slang words also vary; they change from group to group, but basically similar ones can be identified. Thus, one of the key prerequisites The emergence of jargon can be called a desire to add expression to speech, giving it a certain amount of irony or contempt. Also, a prerequisite for the emergence of jargon can be called the desire to shorten a particular word in order to reduce the time it takes to pronounce it or to simplify its memorization. On the one hand, jargon seems to be an “ulcer” on the body of the Russian language, displacing classical, literary speech, making it not so much “democratic” as vulgar. The media also contribute to this, “spreading” the jargon of one group to the masses, making it the norm. The masses, out of habit, consider announcers, and now simply presenters, as standards, and, without noticing it, they begin to use new words, often not without mistakes. So words become shorter, speech becomes more primitive, “difficulties” become a thing of the past; in my opinion, it is logical to assume that if our thoughts become simpler, then we ourselves become stupider. But on the other hand, jargon is already an integral, organic part of our language, without which it is difficult to imagine our everyday speech. To some extent it has become a necessity. Our communication seems to become “uncomfortable”, “confusing” without it.

According to experts, jargon is the future of our language.

Thus, the prerequisites for the emergence, and at the same time the goals of using jargon, can be called, firstly, the convenience of communication between people of one group or several groups. Secondly, jargon is used to hide the true meaning from “strangers” or uninterested persons; however, as mentioned above, it is not closed. Thus, jargon is needed to separate one group from others. Thirdly, jargon gives expression to our words, i.e. makes speech brighter, livelier, more emotional. In fiction, jargon is also present, showing the character of a particular hero, his belonging to a social class or group.

Types of jargons

Types of jargon: army jargon, journalistic jargon, computer slang, gaming jargon, network jargon, scum jargon, Fidonet jargon, youth slang, amateur radio jargon, drug addict slang, football junkie slang, criminal jargon, fenya.

Let's look at some of them.

For example, youth slang.

Youth slang, examples of which we will give below, is growing every year. Perhaps the most voluminous collection of “spoiled” words is the slang of youth. Their vocabulary mainly consists of words and phrases borrowed from a foreign language. Foreign speech in the Russian version has achieved such distribution thanks to its widespread use. Therefore, modern youth slang is increasingly similar to the speech of an American with a Russian accent. The most commonly used examples of youth slang words are the following:

· Freebies, hack work - free, irresponsible.

· Krasava - well done.

· Earn money, catch a jackpot - make money, sometimes illegally.

· Sniffed - I understood, and sometimes in the meaning of “sneaked away” - I left, ran away.

· To run away - to run for something.

· To storm, to smoke, to be carried away - to be under the influence of narcotic substances.

· Bratella, brother - brother, same age.

· Hanging out, hanging out - dancing, going to clubs and parties.

· Rodaki are parents.

· Dad, grandfather - dad, father.

These words of youth slang are familiar to almost all of us, as they have firmly entered our vocabulary due to their prevalence and recognition.

Statistics show that slang is characteristic of young people from 12 to 22 years old. When young people enter conscious adult life, they stop actively using slang expressions.

Girlfriends from the 2010s are making plans for the evening:

“We won’t be able to go for a walk today, the weather is just crap, it’s been raining all day and it’s cold! That’s why go to the club, I think. Just don’t ask me to take a DSLR, it’s too heavy for shock. I’ll take a soap dish, enough for us to take pictures. And my friend this hipster , don’t take it. He may be a crazy guy, but he’s too wild when he drinks. Whenever I’m at your stop, I’ll give it to the beggar, otherwise there’s no money on the phone. Get out there right away.”

Criminal jargon.

Criminal jargon can be defined as a natural phenomenon that reflects the specifics of the criminal subculture, the degree of organization and professionalization of the criminal environment.

The reasons for the emergence of criminal (thieves') jargon, according to Yu. Dubyanin, a major expert on the criminal subculture, lie, first of all, in the perverted psychology of criminals - repeat offenders, the essence of which is characterized by the peculiarity of their personality. By artificially creating and instilling in themselves and others the opinion of their exclusivity, devotion, extraordinaryness and superiority over others, they contribute to the spread of the opinion of the supposedly real integrity of criminal authorities.

Criminal jargon (fenya, criminal music, etc.) is in constant development. Currently it contains more than 15,000 words and phrases. Depending on the region, the meanings of individual words may not be the same. The main part of it is thieves' or prison jargon. The jargon of pimps and prostitutes, drug addicts, minors, etc. is highlighted as its constituent parts.

Most researchers believe that the thieves' jargon is based on the language of the ofeni (peddlers) - small traders who walked around the country and sold goods, so to speak, consumer goods: linen, icons, jewelry, certain types of products, etc.

Many researchers believe that in the process of developing thieves' (criminal) jargon, it absorbed a significant number of words from the jargon of sailors, beggars, etc.

Why was criminal jargon invented and why does it exist? First of all, it is intended to encrypt messages so that the uninitiated cannot understand what is being said, or would misunderstand.

One of the functions of criminal jargon is to identify individuals sent by law enforcement agencies. Usually, persons posing as thieves in law, other major authorities, or simply introduced into the criminal environment to carry out some task, successfully fail the language “exam.”

Criminal jargon also provides the internal life of the criminal community, associated with entertainment, sex life, work, etc.

It should be noted that criminal jargon spreads very quickly among minors. The reason for this is its expressiveness, imagery, mystery, etc.

Many words and phrases have long and firmly entered the everyday language and are no longer perceived as vocabulary related to criminal jargon. For example, almost no newspaper article can do without the capacious slang word “lawlessness.” The expressions “put up against the wall” (sentenced to capital punishment), “tower” (execution), “cop, garbage” (OVD officer), “informer” (informant), etc. have become common.

Nowadays, naturally, no one speaks completely in criminal jargon, and no one can do it. Another thing is that the speech of criminals, and not only criminals, is often “diluted” to a greater or lesser extent with vocabulary from criminal jargon. It is used quite often in prison lyrics, for example:

I’m hiding, I’m staring at the kent, and the cop is winding behind him. “There are two on the side,” I shout, “Kiryukha!” God sent, the grouse is falling.

We fell into the charabanc and rushed to the ban. It was a lucky night - two corners fell off: lepen, kempel, prokhorya. Our Kali is a good guy, he spent a few pennies. Having thought this way and that, we went to the tavern. They tied us up with garbage, we're done with this.

Translation.

I'm walking and I see a friend who is being watched by a policeman. “Friend, there’s a policeman nearby,” I shout. God sent us a taxi, which we got into. And we went to the station. It was a good night. 2 suitcases were stolen: clothes, hats, shoes. The buyer of stolen goods is a great guy, he paid with money. After some thought, we went to the restaurant. The police detained us there. At this point we stopped stealing.

The fight against criminal jargon, as experience shows, is ineffective due to, as already noted, its capacity, expressiveness, accuracy, irony and other factors. Particularly ineffective are coercive measures—punishments for using slang words.

Conclusion

Jargons unite people of the same occupation, and in the case of youth jargon, people of the same age. Although studying at school or college is a different type of activity. But schoolchildren are growing up - and it is quite possible that in a few decades “lace” or “hawala” will become common words for “the great and mighty.” Here, it seemed like a decent word - “manhole”. But no, it was once just as informal and had the same meaning as the current word “brake”. Diverging slightly from the Russian language, I will say that in some languages ​​there are also similar transformations. Thus, the French word tete (head) comes from the Latin testa. But in Latin the head was called caput, and teata meant “hard shell.” So in modern Russian the head is called either a filly or a skull.

No one can predict the fate of this or that jargon. A word can be forgotten in a year, or it can remain for centuries.

jargon social dialect

Literature

1. V. Kolmanovsky “On literary language and jargon.”

2. “Modern Russian language”: A textbook for university students studying in the specialty “Philology” / P.A. Lekant, E.I. Dibrova, L.L. Kasatkin and others.; Ed. P.A. Lekanta. - 3rd edition, stereotype. - M.: Bustard, 2002. - 560 p.

3. Free encyclopedia "Wikipedia".ru

4. "Explanatory dictionary of the Russian language." Ed. S.G. Barkhudarova

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Social dialect– the language of certain social groups. Such a language differs from literary language only in vocabulary. There are professional languages ​​(hunters, shoemakers, fishermen); corporate or group jargon (students, soldiers, etc.); argo is a special language of a limited professional or social group (the language of hunters, fishermen, military men, thieves' argot), which is used to conceal the subject of communication. The vocabulary of social dialects does not have its own grammar, but is based on the system of the literary language. The following is a list of professional and actual slang dictionaries.

For a detailed bibliography on slang dictionaries, see, for example: Elistratov V. S. Dictionary of Russian Argo. M., 2000, p. 683-692.

    Uspensky A. Continuation of the Ofen dialect. M., 1822. (The dictionary contains about 60. A sample of coherent text in the Ofen conventional language is given.)

  • Uspensky A. Comparison of Ofen words with words of an unknown language printed in the Proceedings of the Society, used by residents of different Russian provinces. M., 1828. (Parallel explanatory dictionary of about 200 words used in Kostroma and other provinces, and words of the Ofen artificial language used in the Vladimir province.)
  • Counting list of the Ofen dialect. M., 1828. (The dictionary contains about 70 counting units of the Ofen conventional language.)
  • Makarov M. N. The experience of a Russian common language interpreter. M., 1846-1948. (About the Ofeni language.)
  • Ofeni of the Vladimir province and a dictionary of their artificial language. M., 1857. (Dictionary of Ofen words, about 300). Characteristics of the lexical and grammatical features of the Ofen conventional language.)
  • Collections of expressions and phrases used in conversation by St. Petersburg scammers. St. Petersburg, 1859. (Dictionary of thieves' argot, about 170 words.)
  • Stsepuro F. Russian-beggar dictionary, compiled from the conversation of beggars of Slutsk district, Minsk province, Semezhov town. St. Petersburg, 1881. (Dictionary of the conventional argot of beggars, about 450 words.)
  • Kulikovsky G.I. Dictionary of the regional Olonets dialect in its everyday and ethnographic application. St. Petersburg, 1898.
  • Betz V. Bosyatsky dictionary of expressions used by tramps. Odessa, 1903.
  • Karpov A. B. Collection of words and expressions used by Amur Cossacks. St. Petersburg, 1909.
  • Karpov A. B. Collection of words and expressions used by the Ural Cossacks. Uralsk, 1913.
  • Klykov A. A. Brief dictionary of fishing words. M., 1968.
  • Kramer A. Dictionary<непризнанных>words and jargon. Trenton, 1966.
  • Flegon A. Beyond Russian dictionaries. London, 1973.
  • Bondaletov V.L. Conventional languages ​​of Russian artisans and traders. Ryazan, 1974.
  • Author's reference dictionary / Compiled by: Gilberg L. A., Frid L. I. M., 1979.
  • Ben-Jacob Armor. Dictionary of GULAG argot. Frankfurt am Main, 1982.
  • Kopylova E.V. Fishing word (dictionary of fishermen of the Volga-Caspian Sea). Volgograd, 1984.
  • Dictionary of obscene words / Compiled by: D. A. Drummond, G. Perkins. 3rd ed., rev. and additional Oakland, 1987.
  • Hunter's Dictionary / Comp. N. F. Reimers. M., 1985.
  • Explanatory dictionary of criminal jargons / Team of authors. Under general ed. Yu. P. Dubyagin and A. G. Bronnikov. M., 1991. (The dictionary includes about 10,000 words and expressions; the dictionary entry provides a general literary translation of the slang word.)
  • Dictionary of the thieves' language. Words, expressions, gestures, tattoos. Tyumen, 1991.
  • Snegov S.A. The language that hates. M., 1991.
  • Rozhansky F.I. Hippie slang: Materials for the dictionary. St. Petersburg; Paris, 1992.
  • New words: Reflect the events of 1991: Dictionary-reference book. Paris, 1992 / Les mutations de la lange russe. Ces Mots qui dissent l`actualite: par Dola Haudressy. Paris, 1992. (The dictionary consists of 320 entries, each of which includes one or more lexical innovations. These are actually new words, their derivatives, new meanings of words, updated and rethought vocabulary, new phrases and abbreviations. There are approximately 800 such words. All words accompanied by detailed descriptions and examples.)
  • International Dictionary of Obscenity: A Guide to Obscene Words and Indecent Expressions in Russian, Italian, French, German, Spanish, English / Ed. Kokhteva A.N.M., 1992.
  • Grachev M.A. Language from darkness - thieves' music and fenya: Dictionary. Nizhny Novgorod, 1994.
  • Bykov V. Russian fenya: Dictionary of modern interjargon of asocial elements. Munchen, 1992.
  • Dictionary of prison-camp-thieves' jargon (speech and graphic portrait of a Soviet prison) / Author-comp. D. S. Baldaev, V. K. Belko, I. M. Isupov. M., 1992. (The dictionary published an article by D. S. Likhachev<Черты первобытного примитивизма воровской речи. Картёжные игры уголовников>; Applications: 1. Synonymous rows of the dictionary of prison-camp-thieves' jargon; 2. Letters and notes from speakers of prison-camp-thieves jargon; 3. Sayings, proverbs, jokes used in the camp-thieve environment; 4. Text thieves tattoos; 5. Dictionary of people's thieves' toponyms of Leningrad and the region; 6. A short catalog of thieves' tattoos; 7. Drawings of people convicted of criminal offenses.)
  • Bykov V. Russian fenya: Dictionary of modern interjargon of asocial elements. Smolensk, 1993; 2nd ed. Smolensk, 1994.
  • Dubyagin Yu. P., Teplitsky E. A. Concise English-Russian and Russian-English dictionary of criminal jargon. M., 1993. (According to the bibliography, a dictionary with parallel jargons in two languages ​​was published for the first time.)
  • Bui V. Russian cherished idiom. M., 1995.
  • Yuganov I., Yuganova F. Russian jargon of the 60-90s: Dictionary experience / Ed. Baranova A.N.M., 1994.
  • Elistratov V.S. Dictionary of Moscow argot: (Materials 1980-1994): Ok. 8000 words, 3000 idioms. expressions. M., 1994.
  • Tomas M. Der homosexuell Wortschatz im Russischen: Einvernehmliche und Lagersexualitat zwischen Mannern. Munchen, 1995.
  • Jargon and tattoos of drug addicts: A brief dictionary-reference book. Nizhny Novgorod, 1996.
  • Baldaev D.S. Dictionary of thieves' jargon: In 2 volumes. M., 1997.
  • Maklovsky T., Klein M., Shchuplov A. Jargon-encyclopedia of the musical party. M., 1997.
  • Dictionary of Russian criminal jargon with Hungarian equivalents / Balogh Istvan. Orosz buno zo zsargon szotar. Nyiregyhaza, 1997.
  • Vaulina E. Yu. Explanatory dictionary of RS user. St. Petersburg, 1998.
  • Nikitina T.G. This is what young people say: Dictionary of youth slang. 2nd ed., rev. and additional St. Petersburg, 1998.
  • Arbatsky L.A. Swear correctly: A fairly explanatory dictionary of Russian swearing. M., 1999
  • Grachev M. A., Mokienko V. M. Historical and etymological dictionary of thieves' jargon. St. Petersburg, 2000.
  • Dulichenko A.D. Dictionary of offensive words: Names of persons with negative meaning. Tartu, 2000.
  • Plutser-Sarno A. Large dictionary of obscenities. T. 1. St. Petersburg, 2001. (The dictionary is dedicated to the well-known three-letter word. The subtitle of this publication: “Experience in constructing a reference and bibliographic database of lexical and phraseological meanings of the word “...””. It is planned to publish two more volumes. Material for the dictionary was collected For many years, informants were representatives of various professions: from workers and drivers to doctors. Extensive literary material was used to illustrate the use of the described unit.)
  • Mokienko V. M., Nikitina T. G. Dictionary of Russian abuse: matisms, obscenisms, euphemisms. SPb., 2003 (Description of expressive words and expressions of the Russian language - over 8400 units - both vulgar, "obscene" and their quite decent euphemisms. Brief information about the origin of words, detailed stylistic notes. Preface ("Russian swear words: censorship and obscene", p. 10-61), Abbreviations (p. 62-64); How (not) to use a dictionary (p. 65-70); Dictionary (p. 71-410); Literature (p. 412-446 ; the list contains over 600 source names).

Jargon is, in simple terms, a type of dialect, which is characterized by special vocabulary and phraseology, expressiveness of phrases and specific word-formation means. It is characteristic only of certain social groups - people who are united by their interests, occupations, occupation, social status, profession, etc.

And no language can exist without such sociolects. However, in Russian there are many more of them, and they are of particular interest. So now it’s worth taking a closer look at this topic and paying attention to examples of jargon.

Professional area

Surely everyone has come across specific expressions that came from one or another specialized area. There are plenty of examples of professional jargon. But their highlight is that only people who are related to a particular specialty understand them. Here are some examples common among computer scientists:

  • "Upgrade". In fact, this is the English word upgrade. To “upgrade” something means to improve it, to improve it.
  • “Send to email” - send something to an email address.
  • "Klava" - keyboard.
  • "User" is a derogatory name for a user.

There are interesting examples in the medical field. Here are some of them:

  • "Helicopter" - gynecological chair.
  • “Start the patient” - restore the rhythm after cardiac arrest.
  • “Client” is an emergency room patient.
  • “Lezhak” - a bedridden patient.
  • “Parachutists” are people who were injured during a fall.
  • "TV" - fluoroscopy.

And there are hundreds of such words in any field. As a rule, they have a comic or associative origin.

School slang

It can be described as stable. Lexemes related to the educational process remain virtually unchanged. Only words related to the spheres of everyday life and leisure are “transformed”. But this is normal, since it cannot be done without the influence of fashion and other extralinguistic factors.

Lexemes are formed, as a rule, by affixal methods. There are also metonymic and metaphorical transfers, as well as fusions.

What about character? Due to the specific nature of its distribution, school slang is characterized by a playful, funny coloring. Negative lexemes are fought against in educational institutions, where they are formed en masse. By the way, many people call this type of jargon the school of word creation.

Dictionary of school jargon

Now we can give some examples of words and their meaning in jargon. Words from the school sphere are simple and understandable even without explanation. Here are some of them:

  • "Algebroid" - algebra teacher.
  • "Dirik" - director.
  • “Zamrila” is an excellent student, a diligent student.
  • "Hysterical" - history teacher. There is a letter change here. Similar to the colloquial “historian”.
  • “Ancestors”, “ancestors” or “persens” (from English parents ) - parents.
  • "Rep" - tutor.
  • “Physicist-schizo” - a physics teacher, formed on the basis of rhyme.
  • "Shamovochnaya" - dining room.

There are many other examples of school jargon. Many lexemes are commonly used, and some exist only in certain circles. Surely in all schools there are teachers whom, within the framework of the institution, students call one or another slang word - most often derived from their surname.

Student jargon: features

He usually wears a familiar coloring. It is generally accepted that student jargon, examples of which will be given below, began its journey with abbreviations for the names of subjects.

A little later, disciplines began to be replaced by the names of teachers conducting lectures on them. For example: “Are you going to see Ivanov?”

Conventionally, student slang is divided into traditional, which is passed on from one generation to another, and new. It includes words that constantly replenish the vocabulary of students. Although, by the way, student slang is widespread not only among them. It is also actively used by teachers.

Examples

Here are some jargons from the student sphere that can be considered traditional:

  • “Abitura” - graduates and applicants entering the university.
  • "Academ" - academic leave.
  • “Alaska”, “gallery”, “Kamchatka” - the back rows in the audience.
  • "Spur" - cheat sheet.
  • "Botan" is an excellent student.
  • “Record book” is a record book.
  • "Kursach" - course work.
  • "Stipuh" - scholarship.

The above examples of jargon have been in circulation for so long that they are no longer even considered slang. But those that are new, perhaps not even familiar to everyone:

  • "Bachok" - bachelor.
  • "Mag" - master.
  • "Zaruba" - foreign literature.
  • "Matan" - mathematical analysis.
  • “Pervak” is a freshman.

The student sociolect is perhaps one of the most frequently updated. Therefore, this jargon has a “living” character. And it will exist until the social group itself disappears.

Youth slang

It is also very common. Examples of youth slang are numerous. Surely many have come across the following lexemes:

  • “Theme” is a good, interesting idea or idea. It’s also not uncommon to hear an exclamation of approval, “Oh, that’s a topic!” addressed to something/someone.
  • "Bro" is a friend. Comes from the English brother ("brother").
  • “For scrap” - too lazy to do something.
  • “Bummer” is a characteristic of a situation where reality does not coincide with expectations.
  • “In kind”, “here”, “there is life” - conviction.
  • “Lave”, “loot”, “coin”, “cash” - money.

As a rule, most lexemes have a crudely familiar connotation. If we talk about the most developed semantic fields, then these will be leisure, housing, clothing, appearance and people. Youth jargon, examples of which are ubiquitous, is very variable. Generations change, and with them slang.

Literature

Slang words and expressions are also found in the works of great figures. It’s not surprising, because they are able to convey exactly the meaning that the author puts into the lines and give the text a certain expression. Here are just some examples of jargon in fiction:

  • S. A. Yesenin - “Letter to Mother.” The following words are found there: “sadanul” (jargon), “very good” and “drunkard” (colloquial). In the poems of the “Moscow Tavern” cycle there are many other examples, and in swearing poems there are even things that censorship does not allow through.
  • M. A. Sholokhov - “Quiet Don”. In this work, the speech of the main characters and descriptions of nature are interspersed with words characteristic of the Don villages. Such as “platyugans”, “bursaks”, etc.
  • N.V. Gogol - “Dead Souls”. In this poem, many characters speak in simple language.
  • V. S. Vysotsky and A. I. Solzhenitsyn. These literary figures are known for their love of jargon and “strong” words, so you can find them in almost every one of their works.

But they are also found in the literary works of other writers and poets. There are many examples of jargon in the literature. It’s just that sometimes we don’t even perceive them as such. Previously, there were different times, customs, language norms, and modern people simply consider most words a literary feature of the era. Here are some examples: shameless (shameless), buoy (impolite), sail (sail), gaer (jester), ephor (bishop), zabobony (superstition), capon (castrated rooster), mask (mask), oratay (plowman).

Prison slang

It cannot be ignored when looking at examples of jargon. It developed among the declassed elements of society, which are criminals both at large and in correctional institutions.

Criminal jargon is a system of expressions and terms that identify members of the criminal community as a separate, isolated part of society. This feature is its main specificity. If the same school jargon, examples of words from which were given above, can be understood by everyone, then the meaning of “thieves” expressions is difficult to perceive.

Because you need to be enlightened in this matter. For criminal jargon reflects the internal hierarchy of the criminal world. “Respectful” words are assigned to authoritative, powerful, and influential individuals. Offensive and offensive are reserved for the “inferior”.

Some "thieves" words

They are worth listing at the end of the topic. A dictionary of criminal slang, if published in book format, would be as thick as a weighty brochure. It’s impossible to list all the words and phrases, so here are the most striking examples of criminal jargon:

  • “Baklan” is a hooligan, convicted under Art. 213 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation. The word carries a connotation of contempt.
  • “Huckster” is a speculator, buyer of stolen goods. Either a person convicted of profiteering, or someone who sells cigarettes, tea and other goods in prison.
  • “Blatnoy” is a professional, respected criminal from the highest status group. He follows the “concepts”, recognizes prison law, and has a “pure” past.
  • “Grev” is food and money illegally sent to criminals in prison by someone from freedom.
  • “Dushnyak” - especially unbearable conditions.
  • "Gimp" - harm to one prisoner by others.
  • “Goats” are a whole group of prisoners who openly cooperate with the administration of the correctional facility. One of the most serious insults in the zone.
  • “Assault” is an aggressive provocation.
  • "Soldering" - government products.
  • "Godfather" is the most authoritative prisoner.
  • “Cutting” - reduction of time.
  • "Torpedo" - bodyguard.
  • "Bullshit" is a lie.
  • “Khimik” is a criminal released on parole.
  • “Master” is the head of the colony/prison.
  • "Shmon" - search.

Considering that there are hundreds more such words, one can imagine how incomprehensible the communication of prisoners will seem to an ordinary person. In fact, there are many more examples of jargon in the Russian language, but prison is the most specific and interesting from the point of view of word formation. It is not without reason that many scientific works are devoted to its study.

In modern linguistic literature the term "jargon" used to denote various branches of the national language, which serve as a means of communication between different social groups (class jargons: noble, merchant; jargon of students, professional jargons).

The collection of slang and argotic vocabulary, as well as the publication of the first dictionaries, occurs at the end of the 19th - beginning of the 20th centuries. Thus, in 1908, in St. Petersburg, the dictionary “Blatnaya Music (Prison Jargon)” by V. Trakhtenberg appeared, and in 1927 in Moscow - “Dictionary of Criminal Jargon. Thieves' music" S.M. Potapova.

According to the observations of V.A. Kozyrev and V.D. Chernyak, “in the post-Soviet era, due to the general emancipation of Russian speech and the massive penetration of substandard vocabulary into various spheres of functioning of the Russian language, including the media, public interest in this layer of the national language intensified, which, in turn, stimulated development of dictionaries of substandard vocabulary” (“The Universe in alphabetical order: Essays on dictionaries of the Russian language.” – St. Petersburg, 2000. – P. 266).

Among such dictionaries, a special group consists of youth slang dictionaries. So, at the end of the 20th century. Several relatively small dictionaries are published: “Dictionary of Youth Slang” by M.A. Gracheva, A.I. Gurova (1989), “Dictionary of youth slang. Words. Expressions. Nicknames of rock stars. Nicknames of teachers” edited by I.A. Sternina (1992) and others.

Among those published, the most complete is the dictionary by T.G. Nikitina “This is what young people say. Dictionary of youth slang"(SPb., 1998).

In the “Preface” the author writes: “This dictionary, in contrast to the small lexicographic experiments that appeared earlier in describing youth jargon (slang) of the 70–90s, aims to provide a complete, systematic description of the youth lexicon. This is the slang of the former hip system, “worldview” youth groups close to it and associations of a narrower specialization - breakers, bikers, bodybuilders, metalheads, etc. New materials in recent years reflect the increased interest of young people in commerce, business, computer games, and rave music. Traditionally, school, student and army jargon is widely represented in the dictionary.”

The dictionary entry in this dictionary is structured as follows: the head word is accompanied by marks that reflect the grammatical and emotive-expressive characteristics of the word, the scope of its use. Then an interpretation is given, text-illustrations are provided; samples of live speech are indicated by the year of recording, in some cases the region of distribution is called. In addition to the headword, the article provides its phonetic variants, phraseological units and non-phraseological compound names. Word-formation variants interpret individual dictionary entries.



Sample dictionary entry:

FAILED I TH, I Yu, I no, owls 1. Go somewhere Dude, how to get to Nevsky? Yes, not to pass, but to heal, and not to Nevsky, Crap, and on Brod. Yuganovs, 286.

2. Be successful; deserve approval. So I wrote an ad, is it bad? (Recorded 1992). Do you think this zakos sick? (Recorded 1993). He still has to spoil this album. (Recorded 1994)

At the end of the dictionary there is a list of sources containing 93 titles; periodicals, radio and television stations and channels are indicated.

In 2003, the first “Dictionary of modern jargon of Russian politicians and journalists” A.V. Mochenova, S.S. Nikulina, A.G. Niyasova, M.D. Savvatova.

The basis for it was a huge array of media texts for the entire post-Soviet era, stored in a full-text electronic archive of Russian-language periodicals (about 1,600 newspapers and magazines) since 1990 (Public.ru). In addition to central newspapers, regional publications and information from regional agencies, foreign Russian-language publications published in the countries of the former USSR, the USA and Western Europe were also used. In some cases, Internet resources were also used.

In addition to the slang words and expressions that are given in the first part, the second part of the dictionary contains nicknames, epithets of politicians, businessmen, public figures, and the third presents aphorisms and slogans launched by famous Russian newsmakers.

The dictionary ends with a name index containing 476 surnames with numbering of pages on which the surname is mentioned.

Sample dictionary entry:

WISYAK, CARCIENCIE. In the media, the term is borrowed from police slang. Denotes a hopeless, unsolved case (usually a murder).

"Capercaillie"- this is what they call an unsolved crime in police jargon. Unfortunately, recently this “bird” is increasingly nesting in the prosecutor’s offices of the city and region. The main reason is that murders and other serious crimes are prepared in cold blood and carefully. Sometimes the victims themselves or those around them refuse to help the investigation (“Komsomolskaya Pravda in Kaliningrad” (Kaliningrad), 08/02/2002).

Among the dictionaries of jargon, a special group is formed by dictionaries of argotisms (that is, prison, camp, thieves jargon).

The study of jargon, which is one of the forms of the national language, is important at the present stage of linguistics. This is due to the fact that jargons are used not only in a colloquial style, but also in an artistic one.

General information

Jargons are words and phrases that are used by a certain group of native speakers, united by social or age sphere of use.

The term "jargon" in Russian is associated with a section of vocabulary.

Jargons are words limited in their sphere of use, which means that not all native Russian speakers can understand them.

Jargon is a type of speech that is a non-literary form of language.

Features of jargon

Jargons differ in that they are used to denote concepts that already have generally accepted names. Common words are reinterpreted by a certain group of people, who create new words with the help of bright and expressive means of language. The meaning of jargon is understandable only to a certain circle of people.

Types of jargons

There are different types of jargons: jargons based on interests and hobbies, class jargons, computer jargons, youth jargons, school jargons, etc.

Here are examples of slang words according to their types.

  • Jargons for interests and hobbies: steering wheel - zero (sports area), beard - tangled fishing line (fishing area);
  • class jargons: a wolf is a stealing peasant, a hoe is a spendthrift (such expressions are typical for the historical period of obvious class division);
  • computer: soap - email, keyboard - keyboard;
  • youth: record book - grade book, cabbage - money;
  • school: five - mark “five”, dirik - director.

These examples of jargon can be continued indefinitely.

Some researchers separate youth slang from jargon.

What have we learned?

Jargons are words used by a group of people united by a social or age group. Since jargon is limited to the sphere of use, they do not belong to the literary form of the language, but are part of the national language. Many jargons can only be understood by people of a certain circle. Jargons are based on class, computer, youth, school, and also based on interests and hobbies.