home Pregnancy and children Multiple launch rocket system "Hurricane. "Tornado-S": new long-range missiles of the Russian army Multiple launch rocket system storm

Multiple launch rocket system "Hurricane. "Tornado-S": new long-range missiles of the Russian army Multiple launch rocket system storm

Materials provided by: S.V. Gurov (Tula)

The Uragan multiple launch rocket system (MLRS) is designed to destroy manpower, lightly armored and armored vehicles of enemy motorized infantry and tank units in places of concentration and on the march, destruction command posts, communication centers and military-industrial infrastructure facilities, remote installation of anti-tank and anti-personnel minefields in the combat zone at a distance of 10 to 35 km.

Taking into account the adoption of the M-21 Field Rocket System in 1963, the Tula State Research Institute of Precision Engineering, on its own initiative, in 1963-1964, carried out exploratory work to study the possibility of creating a more powerful system in terms of quantity explosive in a salvo, longer-range, with the help of which it would be possible to carry out operational combat missions at ranges ranging from 10 to 35-40 km.

In June 1964, the “Project of a field MLRS of the Uragan system with a projectile range of 35 km was sent to the Ministry of Mechanical Engineering for consideration. The project proposed a system with high maneuverability, a movement speed of up to 70 km/h, high maneuverability and the ability to open salvo fire behind a short time, which could be used to combat manpower, both openly located and hidden in field-type structures, fire weapons, tanks, nuclear and chemical weapons and other enemy targets and objects at ranges of up to 35-40 km.

Based on the order of the Ministry of Defense Industry (MOP), dated December 28, 1966, the research work "Creation of a high-precision multiple launch rocket system "Uragan" (NV-121-66) was started in 1967. The work was completed in December 1967 with confirmation of the possibility obtaining specified characteristics, carrying out theoretical studies, bench tests of engines, a mechanism for delayed deployment of the stabilizer, a separation mechanism, aerodynamic blowing and firing of model projectiles and is recommended for development work (R&D).

The results of the work carried out were approved by subsection No. 1 of section 1 of the Scientific and Technical Council of the IOM and the topic was recommended for carrying out development work after eliminating the noted deficiencies.

There are other data according to which in 1967 the research project was completed and a preliminary design of the complex was developed, confirmed by bench tests of the projectile components and launcher, as well as firing tests with model projectiles. As a result of the work carried out, a conclusion was made about the possibility and feasibility of creating the Uragan complex with the following characteristics:

The “Hurricane” complex with the given characteristics was superior to the standard “Grad” system and significantly superior to well-known domestic models, therefore it was recommended for development work.

Based on the order of the Minister of Mechanical Engineering and the Minister of Defense Industry of February 27, 1968 No. 18/94 on the basic requirements of the military. 64176 (ref. no. a/774378 dated March 30, 1968) in the third quarter of 1968. The preliminary design of the Uragan complex was completed.

The Uragan complex was designed to suppress and destroy enemy manpower and equipment in areas of concentration at ranges of up to 35 km.

The complex was developed consisting of:

unguided rocket;
combat vehicle;
command vehicle;
transport-charging machine.

As a result of the work carried out, we received the following characteristics complex:

For the Uragan complex, the possibility and feasibility of creating a high-explosive fragmentation warhead, a warhead with a special filling, as well as cluster fragmentation warheads was shown. These combat units were recommended for development work.
Regarding combat units for remote mining of anti-personnel and anti-tank mines and fire units, it was necessary to carry out research work with the manufacture and testing of prototypes.
As a result of the auto project, the possibility of using radio-technical zeroing was shown in order to increase shooting accuracy. In the case of using radio-technical zeroing, the firing accuracy of the Uragan complex could be obtained no worse than ±1000 m.
The radio-technical sighting vehicle could be created either as an independent command vehicle or as a modification of a combat vehicle. In the latter version, the number of guides had to be reduced to accommodate radio-technical sighting equipment.
The question of the feasibility of creating a radio-technical mounting in the Uragan complex required further study.
The preliminary design of the Uragan complex was approved by the 2nd Main Directorate (conclusion ref. No. I-6226 dated 27.2.68) and the decision of subsection No. 2 of section No. I of the Scientific and Technical Council of Minmash (ref. I-6224 dated 4.I2.68) and recommended for development work.

There is also data according to which, in order to eliminate these shortcomings discovered during research, on the basis of order MM and MOP No. 18/94 in 1968, a preliminary design of the Uragan multiple launch rocket system was developed and in September 1968 the work was recommended for implementation Design and development work (from a document from TULGOSNIITOCHMASH (Tula) from the early 70s).

In 1969 - early 1970, work was carried out to draw up and adjust the tactical and technical requirements for development work: “Army multiple launch rocket system” “Grad-3” (as amended in early 1970, “Hurricane”). This is probably the TTT No. 0010 of military unit 64176. It should have included fighting machine, transport vehicle, command vehicle, arsenal equipment. The following types of warheads were proposed: high-explosive (with a specified fragmentation of the hull), cluster fragmentation warheads, and cluster warheads for remote mining of terrain. The decision to develop other types of warheads (cumulative, incendiary, agitation and specially loaded) was to be made by the Ministry of Defense and the Ministry of Mechanical Engineering based on the results of the preliminary project in the second quarter of 1970. The design of the projectiles was to use a single solid fuel jet engine for all types of warheads with an unregulated nozzle(s) throughout the entire operating temperature range. Replacement nozzles were not allowed. The ZIL-135LM chassis was proposed as a base. On the stage preliminary design options for combat and transport vehicles on the chassis of the MT-S tracked transporter-tractor were to be worked out (see the option for the Grad-3 (Hurricane) MLRS) and for the modification of the command vehicle for the Grad-3 (Hurricane) system The number of guides was set to 20 when using the ZIL-135LM chassis and 24 when using the MT-S chassis. However, their exact number had to be clarified based on the results of consideration of the preliminary design. An option on a wheeled chassis was also considered as the base of the transport vehicle truck Kraz-253.

From a letter from A.N. Ganichev (TULGOSNIITOCHMASH) in military unit 64176 Elagin (GRAU) learned that Minmash and the Ministry of Defense Industry approved the following implementing organizations for the "Grad-3" system:

Scientific Research Institute of Chemical Technology (Lyubertsy, Moscow region, post office box A-7210) for development of a powder charge with an ignition system;
Plant "Krasnoarmeyets" with the State Design Bureau... of instrumentation (Leningrad, post office B-8475) for ignition means;
Kazan Research Institute of Chemical Industry (Kazan, post office box B-2281) for expelling charge for cassette warheads;
Plant named after Maslennikov (Kuibyshev, post office box R-6833) for a contact fuse for a high-explosive warhead and a mechanical remote tube for cluster warheads;
Institute "Geodesy" (Krasnoarmeysk, Moscow region, post office box R-6766) for testing and assessing the effectiveness of combat units;
Research Institute "Poisk" (Leningrad, post office B-8921) on a contact fuse for the combat element of cluster warheads;
Krasnoarmeysk Research Institute of Mechanization (Krasnoarmeysk, Moscow region, post office box A-7690) for equipping a high-explosive warhead and an explosive charge for the combat element of cluster warheads);
Orsk Mechanical Plant (Orsk, Orenburg region, p/o R-6286) for the production of engine casings and warheads.

MINOBOROMPROM:

Perm Machine-Building Plant named after. IN AND. Lenin (Perm, post office box R-6760) for combat and transport vehicles;
All-Union Research Institute "Signal" (Kovrov, Vladimir region, p/o A-1658) for the modification of the command vehicle.

Work on the creation of the “Hurricane” system was carried out on the basis of Decree of the Council of Ministers of the USSR dated January 21, 1970 No. 71-26 (Order of the Minister of Mechanical Engineering dated January 28, 1970 No. 33).

In January-February 1971, in order to test activities related to work to increase the firing range, firing of Uragan system shells from a ballistic installation on an ML-20 carriage in the amount of 30 pieces was planned. Projectiles with three types of fins were to be supplied:

knife type, with a feather thickness of 7 mm, and the opening of the feathers at an angle of 90° to the longitudinal axis of the projectile (probably meant up to an angle of 90°);
according to the "Grad" projectile design;
combined (combining the tail of a Grad projectile and a knife type).

When TsAGI tested variants of projectiles with three types of fins, positive results were obtained. The stability margin was ~12%.

The letter dated April 26, 1972 mentions work on fiberglass pipes for the guide packages of the 9P140 and 9P139 combat vehicles.

In 1972, TulgosNIItochmash carried out work on the topic NV2-154-72 “Single-channel angular stabilization system for projectiles of the “Grad” and “” type (start of work - 1st quarter of 1972, completion - 2nd quarter of 1973).

In 1972, research into the design of a single-channel angular stabilization system was carried out in two directions:

based on an angular velocity sensor using gas-dynamic actuators;
based on a contact angle sensor with powder pulse actuators.

According to the TulgosNIITochmash report on work in 1972, in 1972 theoretical calculations, modeling on analog electronic machines, and experimental laboratory studies of a single-channel angular stabilization system and its elements for unguided rockets of the Grad and Uragan types were carried out: The basic requirements for system and its elements.

The single-channel angular stabilization system included an angular displacement sensor, an electronic converter unit, and gas-dynamic (or pulse) type actuators.

It was determined that the use of a single-channel angular stabilization system in projectiles such as "Grad" and "Uragan" improves their characteristics in terms of firing accuracy by 1.5-2 times.

Drawings were developed for the elements of the angular stabilization system, prototypes were made and tested in laboratory conditions. At the time of compilation or submission of the report, a batch of blocks of a single-channel angular stabilization system was being produced for flight testing.

In 1972, on the basis of the order of the head of the 2nd Main Directorate of the Ministry of Mechanical Engineering dated December 20, 1970 No. 17, TulgosNIITochmash carried out research work on the topic “Research on ways to create long-range projectiles for systems such as “Grad” and “Uragan” (topic NV2-110 -71g).

In accordance with the target objective of the topic, theoretical and experimental work was carried out, which demonstrated the possibility of increasing the firing range of projectiles of the Grad and Uragan systems through the use of durable materials for the body and high-impulse fuels.

In 1972, factory testing was completed, and the system was presented for field testing in the following composition:

unguided rockets with high-explosive (100-105 kg) and cluster fragmentation warheads (80-85 kg);
9P140 combat vehicle on the ZIL-135LM chassis;
transport-loading vehicle 9T452 on the ZIL-135LM chassis;
arsenal equipment.

At the stage of factory testing, system characteristics were obtained that satisfied the basic tactical and technical requirements:

the maximum firing range of shells with a high-explosive warhead is 34 km, with a cluster warhead - 35 km;
shooting accuracy:
- projectile with a high-explosive warhead: in range Vb/X = 1/197, in direction Vb/X = 1/174.
- projectile with a cluster warhead: in range Vb/X = 1/261, in direction Vb/X = 1/152.
The reduced area of destruction by a cluster warhead, provided that the combat elements approach the target at 85-90°:
- openly located manpower (Eud. = 10 kgm/cm 2) - 22090 m 2
- military equipment (Eud. = 135 kgm/cm 2) - 19270 m 2
The reduced area affected by a high-explosive warhead: military equipment (Eud = 240 kgm/cm 2) - 1804 m 2;
Funnel size: diameter 8m, depth 4.8m.

The number of guides for the combat vehicle is 18; salvo time - 9 s, transportable ammunition load on the transport-loading vehicle - 1 set.

Chief designer of the combat vehicle Yuri Nikolaevich Kalachnikov.

According to data dated 1986, the Uragan MLRS (in the source, BM-27 combat vehicles) were in service not only in units Soviet army, but also in the Syrian army, and according to some sources in the Libyan army.

Currently, the system is in service with the armies of Russia, Kazakhstan, Belarus, Ukraine, Yemen and Syria.

The Uragan MLRS was widely used in combat operations in Afghanistan, during which it was used to engage area targets, especially for launching surprise attacks from behind various natural shelters, as well as for fire support during tactical helicopter raids and operations to destroy ground targets. goals. In the early 80s, it was deployed and used by the Syrian military at the initial stage of the war with Israel. The system was used in Transcaucasia (as of 1991), by Russian federal troops in the Chechen Republic and during the Georgian-South Ossetian conflict of 2008 by Russian troops. In 2014-2015, the system was used by the Ukrainian Armed Forces (AFU) against militias.

In Ukraine, work was carried out to install an artillery unit on a KrAZ-6322 truck chassis modified for its installation. The time for the work has not been established.

Compound

The Uragan MLRS includes the following combat weapons:

BM 9P140 combat vehicle (see diagram)
Transport-loading machine 9T452 (see diagram)
Missiles
Automated fire control complex (AFC) 1V126 "Kapustnik-B"
Educational and training facilities
Vehicle for topographic survey 1T12-2M
Radio direction-finding meteorological complex 1B44
Set of special arsenal equipment and tools 9F381

The 9P140 combat vehicle is built on the chassis of a four-axle all-terrain vehicle ZIL-135LMP (8x8 wheel arrangement). The artillery unit includes a package of sixteen tubular guides, a rotating base with guidance mechanisms and sights, balancing mechanism, as well as electrical and hydraulic equipment. Guidance mechanisms equipped with power drives make it possible to direct the package of guides in the vertical plane from 5° to a maximum elevation angle of +55°. Horizontal guidance angle ±30° from the longitudinal axis of the machine. To increase the stability of the launcher when firing, two supports are mounted in the rear of the chassis, equipped with manually operated jacks. Missiles can be transported directly in the guides. The BM is equipped with communications equipment (radio station R-123M) and a night vision device.

Tubular guides are smooth-walled pipes with a screw U-shaped groove along which the pin of the rocket slides when fired. This ensures the initial spin of the projectile to give it the necessary stability in flight. When moving along the trajectory, the rotation of the projectile is supported by the blades of the drop-down stabilizer, installed at a certain angle to the longitudinal axis of the projectile. A salvo of one combat vehicle covers an area of more than 42 hectares. The main method of shooting is from a closed position. It is possible to fire from the cockpit. BM 9P140 crew - 6 people (in Peaceful time- 4): BM commander, gunner (senior gunner), driver, crew number (3 people).

The package of guides is mounted on a cradle - a welded rectangular platform (see layout diagram). The cradle is connected to the upper machine by two semi-axes, around which it rotates (swings) when aimed at the elevation angle. The totality of the package of guides, the cradle, a number of parts and assemblies of the locking mechanism, the ignition system, the sight bracket, etc. makes up the swinging part. The rotating part of the BM serves to give the package of guides the required azimuth angle and includes a swinging part, an upper machine, balancing, lifting and turning mechanisms, shoulder straps, a gunner's platform, a manual guidance drive, a locking mechanism for the swinging part, a hydraulic lock for the swinging part, a locking mechanism for the rotating part . The balancing mechanism serves to partially compensate for the moment of the weight of the swinging part and consists of two torsion bars and fastening parts. The lifting and rotating mechanisms are used to guide the package of guides along the elevation angle and in the horizontal plane. The main method of guidance is by electric drive. In case of failure and during repairs, a manual drive is used. Locking mechanisms secure the moving parts of the unit when moving. The hydraulic lock of the swinging part prevents the aiming from being lost in the elevation angle and relieves the load on the lifting mechanism when firing.

The combat vehicle is equipped with a D726-45 mechanical panoramic sight. The standard PG-1M gun panorama is used as a sighting and goniometric device in the sight.

The BM 9P140 launch system provides:

safe operation of the crew servicing the BM during firing,
conducting single and salvo fire when the crew is in the cockpit,
conducting single and salvo fire when the crew is in cover at a distance of up to 60m from the combat vehicle,
firing when the main units of firing circuits and power sources fail.

The launch system provides the possibility of salvo firing at a constant rate (all 16 missiles are launched at a rate of 0.5 s), as well as the so-called. “ragged” rate of fire (the first 8 missiles at a rate of 0.5s, the remaining 8 missiles at a rate of 2s). Thanks to the use of a “ragged” rate of fire, it is possible to significantly reduce the amplitude and frequency of BM vibrations, and, consequently, improve the accuracy of fire.

The launcher is loaded using the 9T452 transport-loading vehicle, developed on the same wheeled chassis as the combat vehicle. Each TZM 9T452 carries 16 rockets and provides loading and unloading without special preparation of the position, incl. from any transport vehicle, from another vehicle and from the ground. The reloading process is mechanized and takes 15 minutes. The lifting capacity of the TZM crane is 300 kg.

The TZM equipment consists of a frame, a tray with a rammer, a crane, cargo trolleys, an operator platform, a load-handling device, a docking device, a crane rotation gearbox, a rod, an alignment mechanism, electrical equipment, and spare parts. The tray with the rammer is a folding beam along which the pusher with the rocket moves. The alignment mechanism is designed to align the axis of the rocket located in the tray with the axis of the guide pipe. The left and right carts are designed to accommodate missiles. The TZM has three electric drives: lifting (lowering) missiles, turning the crane, sending missiles into the guides.

The BM is loaded from the upper tier in the following sequence: lift the missile and place it in the tray, unhook the load-handling device and send the missile into the guide (see the diagram of the relative position of the BM 9P140 and TZM 9T452 during loading and the diagram of the location of the BM battery at the firing line).

A special feature of the four-axle wheeled chassis of the ZIL-135LMP vehicle is the location of the power plant behind the four-seat crew cabin. This power plant consists of two V-shaped eight-cylinder ZIL-375 carburetor engines. Each of these engines at 3200 rpm develops a maximum power of 180 hp. With. The transmission is made according to the on-board scheme: the wheels of each side are driven by an independent engine through a separate gearbox, transfer cases and final drives. The wheels of the first and fourth axles are steerable and have independent torsion bar suspension with shock absorbers. The wheels of the middle axles are close together, do not have elastic suspension and are rigidly attached to the frame. The machine is equipped centralized system regulating air pressure in tires. The vehicle has very high maneuverability and good speed characteristics. When driving on a highway with a full load, it reaches speeds of up to 65 km/h, and can overcome fords 1.2 m deep without preliminary preparation. The fuel range is 500 km.

with a detachable head part of volumetric detonating action.

The maximum firing range is 35 km; for shooting at shorter distances, rings are put on the missile to slow it down in flight. With a small ring, the flight range of cluster shells is from 11 to 22 km, NURS 9M27F - from 8 to 21 km. When using a large brake ring, the flight range of cluster shells is from 9 to 15 km, 9M27F - from 8 to 16 km.

Operation of the complex is possible in conditions where the enemy uses nuclear, chemical, and bacteriological weapons at any time of the year and day, in various climatic conditions at ambient temperatures from -40°C to +50°C.

The Uragan MLRS can be transported by rail, water, or air.

To organize serial production of hull parts for the Uragan and Smerch MLRS, industry enterprises purchased specialized mills of the PPT-200, PPT-200S, PPT-350 and other models, which, as of 2005, were successfully used at a number of enterprises for the production of hull details.

Performance characteristics

Combat vehicle 9P140
Weight of BM in combat position, t	20
BM weight without shells and crew, t	15.1
Dimensions in stowed position, m	9.6302.83.225
Wheel formula	8x8
Number of guides, pcs	16
Rotation of guides, degrees	240
Recharge time, min	15
Cruising range on the highway, km	500
Time to transfer the BM from the traveling position to the combat position, no more than, min	3
Time to urgently abandon a firing position after a salvo, no more than, min	1,5
	-40..+50
Surface wind, m/s	up to 20
Relative humidity air at 20..25°С, %	up to 98
Dustiness surface air, g/m 3	up to 2
Altitude above sea level, m	up to 3000
Missiles. General characteristics
Caliber, mm	220
Mass of solid propellant powder charge, kg	104,1
Maximum firing range, km	35
Minimum firing range, km	8
Temperature Range combat use, °С	-50..+50
Temperature range for short-term (up to 6 hours) stay RS, °C	-60..+60

Testing and operation

According to data dated July 2018, the Soviet side sold rockets and other components of the Uragan system (should be understood as Uragan MLRS) to the Syrian side. Some of these rockets were transferred to the Hezbollah movement in the early 2000s.

In 2002, Vadim Rashitovich Aljazhedinov and Viktor Andreevich Skirda were awarded the S.I. Mosin for work

Introduction

The URAGAN multiple launch rocket system is a very old product. I had to remember about it only because Ukraine is actively using the URAGAN MLRS in the war against the Donetsk and Lugansk republics.

Design and development history of the URAGAN MLRS

As usual, it all started with the desire to create a rocket system that could fire at the enemy from a distance excluding a retaliatory strike. In the fifty-first year of the last century, it was adopted rocket launcher BMD-20. It had a rocket with a caliber of two hundred millimeters and a length of about three meters. The warhead contained thirty kilograms of explosives. The main disadvantage was the short firing range - only eighteen kilometers. The rocket's non-folding stabilizer caused many problems. Because of this, the launch guides turned out to be very bulky.
Therefore, development began on various versions of the missile with a folding stabilizer and increased range. The caliber of the rocket gradually increased and reached two hundred and twenty millimeters. I don’t know why, but this caliber is organically not pleasant to me. I would make a missile of two hundred and forty millimeters in caliber, since missiles of this caliber were in service with the Soviet army.
The launch guide itself is a pipe with two grooves. The rocket enters these grooves with its protrusions and receives a slight rotational movement upon launch. At first they tried to place twenty launch tubes, but it turned out a little cumbersome. Therefore, the URAGAN MLRS with sixteen launch tubes was adopted for service. The funny thing is that a hurricane cannot shoot during a hurricane. When the wind is more than twenty meters per second, it is prohibited to shoot, apparently they are afraid that the wind will bend the rocket when leaving the guides.
The guides themselves are installed on a ZIL-135LM all-terrain vehicle, which has four drive axles and large-diameter wheels.

The bottom photo shows two jacks that are lowered to the ground before the salvo. These jacks reduce the rocking of the vehicle during a salvo and improve the accuracy of fire.
The machine has two engines with a capacity of one hundred and eighty horsepower, which are located immediately behind the cabin. The fuel reserve is five hundred liters. The fuel is located in the main tank with a capacity of three hundred liters and two spare tanks of one hundred liters each. The fuel reserve is enough for five hundred and seventy kilometers. The maximum speed on the highway is sixty-five kilometers per hour.
The launcher's pointing angles in the vertical plane range from plus five to fifty-five degrees. In the horizontal plane, the guides can be adjusted thirty degrees in both directions.
For loading, a special vehicle is designed, which carries sixteen missiles and has devices for loading the URAGAN MLRS. It is made on the same chassis as the launcher.

The rockets have funny basins on their noses. This is what it is special device to reduce the firing range. It’s just that the URAGAN MLRS physically cannot shoot close. Therefore, devices are put on the rocket to increase its resistance in flight and reduce its firing range. In my opinion, you can forget about accuracy of fire in this case.

If you enlarge the photo, you can see the basin on the nose of the flying rocket.

URAGAN MLRS missiles

The rockets are the most ordinary, compared to even a little primitive. But it was these missiles that were the first to receive cluster warheads.

Rocket 9M27F

The simplest one has a high-explosive warhead. The maximum firing range is thirty-five kilometers. The minimum firing range is ten kilometers. If you put a basin on the nose of the rocket, the minimum firing range will decrease to eight kilometers.

1. rocket length - 4833 millimeters
2. rocket weight - 280 kilograms
3. warhead weight - 99 kilograms
4. explosive weight - 49 kilograms

URAGAN 9M27K MLRS missile

This is the first missile with a cluster warhead. It contained thirty fragmentation combat elements. They were located in five sections of six around the central pipe.

The combat fragmentation element weighs 1.85 kilograms, contains three hundred grams of explosive and has three hundred and fifty ready-made submunitions. The striking elements are cylinders made of solid steel pressed into a polyethylene sleeve. Thickness of a steel sheet penetrated by a ready-made destructive element:
1. at a distance of 10 meters - 6 millimeters
2. at a distance of 50 meters - 3.5 millimeters
3. at a distance of 100 meters - 2 millimeters

URAGAN MLRS missiles for mining areas.

There are three types of such missiles. Two are intended for laying tank mines and one carries anti-personnel mines.
The warhead of the 9M27K2 missile contains twenty-four PTM-1 anti-tank mines. This is a very ancient mine, all it can do is kill the caterpillar of a tank.

It’s not very clear from the photo, so I’ll have to explain it with my fingers. The mine has the shape of a prism with three sides. The mines are located around the central tube of the warhead, eight in three rows. The disadvantage of a mine is that to detonate it you have to run over it. It does not damage the tank hull. That is, it disables the tank but does not destroy it.

To avoid repetition every time, I’ll tell you, using the example of this warhead, how a cluster warhead works with any mines. Before the salvo, the warhead deployment time is set. After the specified flight time of the rocket, the powder charge is ignited. Due to the increase in pressure, the fuses of the combat elements are cocked and at the same time the deceleration systems are activated. A further increase in pressure ruptures the rocket body and the mines are dispersed into a certain area. The deceleration system blocks the fuse for a while so that it does not go off when the mine falls. After a certain period of time, the mine fuse blocking system is switched off and the mine becomes in firing position.

The warhead of the 9M59 missile contains only nine PTM-3 mines.

True, this mine is much more effective than the previous one. It is made in the form of a prism with four planes. All planes of the mine and one of its ends have cumulative notches. The fuse reacts to changes in the magnetic field and is triggered anywhere in the tank. If you run over a mine with a caterpillar, the tank will only suffer damage to the chassis. But if a mine explodes under the bottom of the tank, the tank will certainly be destroyed. The mine also explodes when you try to move.
The warhead of the 9M27K3 missile contains three hundred and twelve PFM-1S anti-personnel mines.

The mine contains only forty grams of explosive and has a plastic casing. It practically does not produce fragments, it simply tears off the foot of anyone who steps on it. Due to the fact that the mine has a small wing, which increases the dispersion area of the mines, it is called a petal or butterfly.

A little exotic for

The 9M51 missile has a volumetric detonating warhead and short range flight - from five to thirteen kilometers.
1. rocket mass - 256 kilograms
2. warhead weight - 143 kilograms
3. mass of explosive - 30 kilograms
Everyone also talks about a missile with an incendiary warhead for the URAGAN MLRS, but no one knows what’s inside it.

Use of URAGAN MLRS in Novorossiya

The Ukrainian army is actively using the URAGAN MLRS in Lugansk and Donetsk. Evidence of this is the numerous skeletons remaining after the cluster warheads were detonated and fragmentation warheads that did not explode.

From a photograph of the skeleton of the warhead, it is difficult to understand who fired it from the URAGAN or Smerch MLRS - you have to approach it and measure the diameter.
True, illiterate television presenters say that Ukraine is bombing Lugansk and Donetsk with cluster bombs.

MLRS (multiple launch rocket system) "Hurricane" is intended to destroy manpower, armored and lightly armored vehicles of enemy tank and motorized infantry units on the march and in concentration areas, destruction of command posts, military infrastructure facilities and communication centers, remote installation of anti-personnel and anti-tank minefields in combat zones at a distance of 10 - 35 thousand m.

Taking into account the adoption of the M-21 Field Rocket System in 1963, the Tula State Research Institute of Precision Mechanical Engineering in 1963-1964 proactively carried out search work in order to study the possibility of creating a longer-range and more powerful system in terms of the number of explosives in a salvo, with the help of which it would be possible to quickly solve combat missions at ranges from 10 to 40 thousand meters.

In June 1964, the Ministry of Mechanical Engineering submitted for consideration the “Project of a field multiple launch rocket system “Uragan”, which has a projectile range of 35 thousand m. The project proposed a system with high maneuverability, a travel speed of up to 70 km/h, high cross-country ability and the ability opening salvo fire in a short period of time. This system can be used to destroy openly located or hidden in field structures manpower, fire weapons, tanks, nuclear and chemical and other enemy targets and objects at ranges of up to 40 thousand m.

Based on the order of the Ministry of Defense Industry (MOP), dated December 28, 1966, in 1967 they began scientifically research"Creation of a high-precision multiple launch rocket system "Uragan" (NV-121-66). The work was completed in December 1967 with confirmation of the possibility of obtaining the specified characteristics, carrying out theoretical studies, bench tests of engines, separation mechanisms, delayed deployment of the stabilizer, aerodynamic blowing and fire with model shells. The system was recommended for R&D (development work).

The results of the work carried out were approved by subsection No. 1 of section 1 of the Scientific and Technical Council of the Ministry of Defense Industry and the topic was recommended for development work after eliminating the identified deficiencies.

Based on the order of the Ministry of Mechanical Engineering and the Ministry of General Engineering No. 18/94 in 1968, a preliminary design of the Uragan multiple launch rocket system was developed. In September of the same year, the work was recommended for development work (from a TULGOSNIITOCHMASH (Tula) document from the early 1970s).

In 1969 - early 1970, work was carried out to compile and adjust the technical specifications for development work: “Army MLRS” “Grad-3” (at the beginning of 1970 it was changed to “Hurricane”). Apparently, these are the tactical and technical requirements No. 0010 of military unit 64176. The system should have included a combat vehicle, a command vehicle, a transport vehicle and arsenal equipment. It was proposed to use the following types of projectile warheads: cluster fragmentation, high-explosive (has a predetermined fragmentation of the body), cassette, intended for remote mining. The decision to develop other types of warheads (incendiary, cumulative, agitation, with special filling) should have been made by the Ministry of Defense and the Ministry of Mechanical Engineering in the second quarter of 1970 based on the results of the preliminary design. In the design of the projectiles it was supposed to use a single solid-fuel jet engine for all warheads with an unregulated nozzle over the entire operating temperature range. There were no replacement nozzles. It was proposed to use the ZIL-135LM chassis as a base for the MLRS. During the preliminary design, options for a combat vehicle and a transport vehicle on the tracked chassis of the MT-S transporter-tractor were to be worked out (option Tactical and technical requirements for the Grad-3 (Hurricane) multiple launch rocket system and technical specifications for finalizing the command vehicle ). The number of guides should have been 20 pieces. when using a chassis from ZIL-135LM and 24 pcs. on the MT-S chassis. But exact amount the guides should have been clarified after reviewing the preliminary design. For the transport vehicle, the Kraz-253 wheeled chassis was also considered as a base.

From a letter from Ganichev A.N. (TULGOSNIITOCHMASH) Elagin (GRAU) in military unit 64176 learned that the following contractors for the Grad-3 multiple launch rocket system were approved by the Ministry of Mechanical Engineering and the Ministry of Defense Industry:

Ministry of Mechanical Engineering:
Scientific Research Institute of Chemical Technology (PO Box A-7210, Moscow Region, Lyubertsy) for testing the powder charge and ignition system;
The Krasnoarmeyets plant and the State Instrument Engineering Design Bureau (PO Box B-8475, Leningrad) for testing ignition means;
Kazan Research Institute of Chemical Industry (PO Box B-2281, Kazan) for an expelling charge for a cassette warhead;
Maslennikov Plant (PO Box R-6833, Kuibyshev) to create a contact fuse for a high-explosive warhead, a mechanical-type remote tube for a cassette warhead;
Institute "Geodesy" (PO Box R-6766, Moscow Region, Krasnoarmeysk) tests and evaluation of the effectiveness of the warhead;
Research Institute "Poisk" (PO Box B-8921, Leningrad) to test a contact fuse for the combat element of a cluster warhead;
Krasnoarmeysk Research Institute of Mechanization (PO Box A-7690, Moscow Region, Krasnoarmeysk) to test the equipment of a high-explosive warhead, an explosive charge for the combat element of a cluster warhead;
Orsk Mechanical Plant (PO Box R-6286, Orenburg Region, Orsk) for the manufacture of housings for combat units and engines.

Ministry of Defense Industry:
Perm Machine-Building Plant named after V.I. Lenin (PO Box R-6760, Perm) for transport and combat vehicles;
All-Union Scientific Research Institute "Signal" (PO Box A-1658, Vladimir Region, Kovrov) for the modification of the command vehicle.

Work on the creation of the Uragan MLRS was carried out on the basis of Resolution of the Council of Ministers of the USSR No. 71-26 of 01/21/1970 (order of the Ministry of Mechanical Engineering No. 33 of 01/28/1970).

In order to check the activities associated with work to increase the firing range, 30 firings were planned for January-February 1971. with Uragan MLRS shells from a ballistic launcher placed on the ML-20 carriage. Shells were to be supplied with three types of fins:
- knife type, feather thickness 7 millimeters, feathers opening to the longitudinal axis of the projectile at an angle of 90°;
- according to the Grad shell scheme;
- combined (combining the tail of a knife-type projectile and a “Grad”).

During the testing at the Central Aerohydrodynamic Institute of projectile variants with three types of fins, positive results were obtained. At the same time, the stability margin was about 12 percent.

In 1972, the Tula State Research Institute of Precision Engineering carried out work on the topic NV2-154-72 “Single-channel angular stabilization system for Grad and Uragan projectiles” (1st quarter of 1972 - start of work, 2nd quarter of 1973 - completion) .

In 1972, the research for a single-channel angular stabilization system was carried out in two directions:
- based on an angular velocity sensor using gas-dynamic actuators;
- based on a contact angle sensor using powder pulse actuators.

According to the report of the Tula State Research Institute of Precision Engineering on work in 1972, this year they carried out theoretical calculations, modeling on analog electronic machines, experimental laboratory studies of a single-channel angular stabilization system, as well as its elements for unguided rocket projectiles of the Uragan and Grad types ". We determined the basic requirements for the system and system elements.

The stabilization system included an electronic converter unit, an angular displacement sensor, and actuators of the gas-dynamic type or pulse type.

It was determined that the use of a single-channel stabilization system in the Uragan and Grad projectiles improves their fire accuracy characteristics by 1.5-2 times.

Drawings were developed for the elements of the angular stabilization system, prototypes were made and tested in laboratory conditions. At the time the report was compiled or submitted, a batch of blocks of a single-channel angular stabilization system was being produced for flight testing.

In 1972, on the basis of the order of the head of the Second Main Directorate of the Ministry of Mechanical Engineering No. 17 dated December 20, 1970, TulgosNIItochmash carried out research work on the topic “Research on ways to create long-range projectiles for the Uragan and Grad systems” (NV2-110-71g ).

In accordance with the target task, theoretical and experimental work was carried out, demonstrating the possibility of increasing the firing range of projectiles of the Uragan and Grad systems through the use of high-impulse fuel and durable materials for the manufacture of the body.

In 1972, factory testing was completed, and the system was presented for field testing consisting of:
- unguided rockets with cluster fragmentation (weight 80-85 kg) and high-explosive (weight 100-105 kg) warheads;
- BM 9P140 installed on the chassis of a ZIL-135LM vehicle;
- transport-loading machine 9T452 installed on the chassis of a ZIL-135LM vehicle;
- arsenal equipment.

During factory testing, we obtained system characteristics that satisfied the basic tactical and technical requirements:
- the greatest firing range of shells with a high-explosive warhead - 34 thousand m., cluster warhead - 35 thousand m.;
- accuracy of fire:
a projectile with a high-explosive warhead: in the direction Vb/X = 1/174, in the range Vd/X = 1/197;
a projectile with a cluster warhead: in the direction Vb/X = 1/152, in the range Vd/X = 1/261;
- reduced area of damage by a projectile with a cluster warhead when the combat element approaches the target at 85-90 degrees:
manpower located openly - 22090 m2 (Eud. = 10 kgm/cm2);
military equipment - 19270 m2 (Eud. = 135 kgm/cm2);
- reduced area affected by a projectile with a high-explosive warhead:
military equipment - 1804 m2 (Eud = 240 kgm/cm2);
- funnel size:
depth 4.8 m;
diameter 8 m.

The combat vehicle has 18 guides; salvo time - 9 seconds, ammunition carried on the transport-loading vehicle - 1 set.

The combat vehicle was developed under the leadership of chief designer Yuri Nikolaevich Kalachnikov.

The system is constantly being modernized - for example, today there are a number of modifications of rockets, as well as warheads for these projectiles.

Currently, the 9K57 Uragan MLRS is in service in the Russian, Kazakh, Belarusian, Ukrainian, Yemeni armies, and also, probably, in the Syrian army.

The Uragan multiple launch rocket system was widely used in combat operations in Afghanistan. In the early 1980s, it was deployed and used by the Syrian military during the initial stages of the war with Israel. The system was used by federal troops in the Chechen Republic. According to open data last time the system was applied Russian troops in 2008 during the Georgian-South Ossetian conflict.

In Ukraine, work was carried out to install an artillery unit on the KrAZ-6322 chassis modified for its installation. The time for the work has not been established.

The Uragan multiple launch rocket system includes:
Combat vehicle 9P140;
Transport-loading machine 9T452;
Missiles
KAUO (automated fire control complex) 1V126 "Kapustnik-B";
Educational and training facilities;
Topographic survey vehicle 1T12-2M;
Radio direction-finding meteorological complex 1B44;
Set of arsenal special equipment and tools 9F381

The 9P140 combat vehicle was built on a four-axle chassis of the ZIL-135LMP vehicle with high cross-country capability and an 8x8 wheel arrangement. The artillery unit consists of a package in which sixteen tubular guides are assembled, a rotating base with sighting devices and guidance mechanisms, a balancing mechanism, as well as hydraulic and electrical equipment. Guidance mechanisms equipped with power drives make it possible to direct a package of guides in the vertical plane from 5 to +55 degrees. The horizontal guidance angle is ±30 degrees from the longitudinal axis of the combat vehicle. To increase the stability of the launcher during a shot, there are two supports in the rear part of the chassis, which are equipped with manually driven jacks. Missiles can be carried directly in the guides. The combat vehicle is equipped with a night vision device and communications equipment (radio station R-123M).

Tubular guides are smooth-walled pipes with a U-shaped screw groove along which the rocket pin slides during a shot. Thus, its initial spin is ensured to give the projectile the stability necessary in flight. The projectile, when moving along the trajectory of rotation, is supported by the blades of the drop-down stabilizer, which are installed to the longitudinal axis of the projectile at a certain angle. A salvo of one combat vehicle covers an area of more than 42 hectares. The main method of shooting is fire from a closed position. It is possible to fire from the cockpit. Crew of the 9P140 combat vehicle - 6 people (4 people in peacetime): commander of the combat vehicle, driver, gunner (senior gunner), crew numbers (3 people).

The package of guides is installed on the cradle - a rectangular welded platform. The cradle is connected to the upper machine using two semi-axes, around which it swings (rotates) when aimed at elevation angles. The combination of the cradle, the guide package, a number of components and parts of the locking mechanism, the sight bracket, the ignition system and others makes up the swinging part. Using the rotating part of the combat vehicle, the package of guides is given the desired azimuthal angle. The rotating part consists of a swinging part, an upper machine, a balancing, lifting and turning mechanism, a shoulder strap, a gunner's platform, a manual guidance drive, a locking mechanism for the swinging part, a hydraulic lock for the swinging part, and a locking mechanism for the rotating part. The balancing mechanism partially compensates for the moment of weight of the swinging part. It consists of fastening parts and a pair of torsion bars. The rotating and lifting mechanisms are used to guide the package of guides in the horizontal plane and along the elevation angle. The main method of guidance is an electric drive. During repairs and in case of failure, a manual drive is used. Locking mechanisms secure the moving parts of the installation during movement. The hydraulic lock of the swinging part unloads the lifting mechanism during firing and prevents the aiming from being confused at elevation angles.

The combat vehicle has a D726-45 panoramic mechanical sight. The standard PG-1M gun panorama is used as a goniometric and sighting device in the sight.

The launch system of the 9P140 combat vehicle provides:
- safe operation of the crew that serves the combat vehicle when firing;
- conducting salvo and single fire while in the crew cabin;
- conducting salvo and single fire when the crew is in a shelter at a distance of up to 60 meters from the combat vehicle;
- firing in the event of failure of power sources and main units of firing circuits.

The launch system provides the possibility of salvo fire at a constant rate (16 missiles are launched at a rate of 0.5 seconds) and the so-called “ragged” rate of fire (the first 8 missiles are launched at an interval of 0.5 seconds, the remaining missiles at an interval of 2 seconds). Thanks to the use of a “ragged” rate of fire, it can significantly reduce the frequency and amplitude of vibrations of a combat vehicle, and, consequently, improve the accuracy of fire.

To load the launcher, the 9T452 transport-loading vehicle is used, developed on the same chassis as the combat vehicle. Each 9T452 loading vehicle can transport 16 rockets. The machine provides loading (discharging) without special equipment. preparing a position, including from any transport vehicle, from another transport-loading vehicle or from the ground. The reloading process is mechanized, charging time is 15 minutes. Load capacity 300 kg.

The equipment of the transport-loading machine consists of a frame, a crane, a tray with a rammer, cargo trolleys, a load-handling device, an operator platform, a docking device, a rod, a crane rotation gearbox, electrical equipment, an alignment mechanism, and spare parts. The rammer tray is a folding beam along which the pusher with the rocket moves. The alignment mechanism aligns the axis of the rocket, which is located in the tray, and the axis of the guide pipe. The left and right carts are designed to accommodate missiles. The transport-loading machine has three electric drives, which carry out: lifting/lowering missiles, turning the crane, sending missiles into the guides.

The combat vehicle is loaded in the following order from the top tier: lift the rocket, place it in the tray, unhook the load-handling device, and send the rocket into the guide.

A special feature of the four-axle wheeled chassis ZIL-135LMP was the location of the power plant behind the four-seat crew cabin. This power plant consisted of two eight-cylinder V-shaped carburetor engines ZIL-375. At 3200 rpm, each engine produces up to 180 hp. The transmission has an on-board design: the wheels of each side are rotated by an independent engine through a separate gearbox, final drives and transfer cases. The wheels of the first and fourth axles are steerable, with independent torsion bar suspension with shock absorbers. The wheels of the middle axles are close together, do not have elastic suspension and are rigidly attached to the frame. The machine is equipped with a centralized tire pressure regulation system. The vehicle has very high maneuverability and speed characteristics. When driving with a full load on the highway maximum speed is 65 kilometers per hour, without preliminary preparation it can overcome fords up to 1.2 meters deep. The fuel range is 500 km.

The ammunition of the Uragan multiple launch rocket system consists of the following rockets:
- 9M27F having a high-explosive fragmentation warhead;
- 9M27K having a cassette warhead with fragmentation combat elements;
- 9M27S with an incendiary warhead;
- 9M59, 9M27K2, 9M27K3 having a cassette warhead with anti-tank mines;
- 9M51 with a warhead with a volumetric detonating effect (during the war in Afghanistan it showed high efficiency).

The maximum firing range is 35 thousand m; for destruction at shorter distances, rings are put on the missile that slow it down in flight. The flight range of a cluster projectile with a small ring is 11-22 km, and that of an unguided 9M27F rocket is 8-21 km. In the case of using a large braking range, the flight range of a cluster projectile is 9 - 15 km, and the 9M27F projectile is 8 - 16 km.

The complex can be operated in conditions where the enemy uses nuclear, bacteriological, chemical weapons at different times of the year and day, at an air temperature of -40... +50°C. in different climatic conditions.

The Uragan multiple launch rocket system can be transported by water, rail or air.

Tactical and technical characteristics of the 9P140 MLRS “Uragan”:
The mass of the combat vehicle in combat position is 20 tons;
The mass of the combat vehicle without crew and shells is 15.1 tons;
Dimensions in stowed position:
Length – 9.630 m;
Width – 2.8 m;
Height – 3.225 m;
Wheel formula - 8x8
Number of guides – 16 pcs;
Rotation of guides – 240 degrees;
Recharge time – 15 minutes;
Cruising range on the highway – 500 km;
The time for transferring a combat vehicle from traveling to combat position is no more than 3 minutes;
The time to leave the firing position after firing a salvo is less than 1.5 minutes;
Temperature range for combat use – from -40 to +50 °C;
Surface wind – up to 20 m/s;
Relative air humidity at 20..25 °C – up to 98%;
Dust content of ground air – up to 2 g/m3;
Application altitude above sea level – up to 3000 m;
General characteristics of rockets:
Caliber – 220 mm
Weight of solid propellant powder charge – 104.1 kg
Maximum firing range – 35 km;
Minimum firing range – 8 km;
Temperature range for combat use – from -50 to +50 °C;
The temperature range for short-term (up to 6 hours) stay of the RS is from -60 to +60 °C.

MLRS (multiple launch rocket system) "Hurricane" intended to destroy manpower, armored and lightly armored vehicles of enemy tank and motorized infantry units on the march and in concentration areas, destruction of command posts, military infrastructure facilities and communication centers, remote installation of anti-personnel and anti-tank minefields in combat zones at a distance of 10–35 km .

In June 1964, the Ministry of Mechanical Engineering submitted for consideration the Project of a field multiple launch rocket system "Hurricane", having a firing range of 35 km. The project proposed a system with high maneuverability, a travel speed of up to 70 km/h, high cross-country ability and the ability to open salvo fire in a short period of time. This system can be used to destroy openly located or hidden in field structures manpower, fire weapons, tanks, nuclear and chemical weapons and other enemy targets and objects at ranges of up to 40 km.

Based on the order of the Ministry of Defense Industry, in 1967 they began the research work “Creation of a high-precision multiple launch rocket system “Uragan”. The work was completed in December 1967 with confirmation of the possibility of obtaining the specified characteristics, carrying out theoretical studies, bench tests of engines, separation mechanisms, delayed deployment of the stabilizer, aerodynamic purges and fire with model projectiles. The system was recommended for R&D (development work).

Based on the order of the Ministry of Mechanical Engineering No. 18/94 in 1968, a preliminary design of the Uragan multiple launch rocket system was developed. In September of the same year, the work was recommended for development work.

The Uragan system was supposed to include: combat vehicle, command vehicle, transport vehicle and arsenal equipment. It was proposed to use the following types of projectile warheads: cluster fragmentation, high-explosive (has a specified fragmentation of the body), cassette, intended for remote mining. The decision to develop other types of warheads (incendiary, cumulative, agitation, with special filling) should have been made by the Ministry of Defense and the Ministry of Mechanical Engineering in the second quarter of 1970 based on the results of the preliminary design.

In the design of the projectiles it was supposed to use a single solid-fuel jet engine for all warheads with an unregulated nozzle over the entire operating temperature range. There were no replacement nozzles. It was proposed to use the ZIL-135LM chassis as a base for the MLRS. During the preliminary design, options for a combat vehicle and a transport vehicle on the tracked chassis of the MT-S transporter-tractor were to be worked out.

The number of guides should have been 20 pieces. when using a chassis from ZIL-135LM and 24 pcs. on the MT-S chassis. But the exact number of guides had to be clarified after reviewing the preliminary design. For the transport vehicle, the Kraz-253 wheeled chassis was also considered as a base.

In order to check the activities associated with work to increase the firing range, 30 firings were planned for January-February 1971. with Uragan MLRS shells from a ballistic launcher placed on the ML-20 carriage. Shells were to be supplied with three types of fins:
— knife type, feather thickness 7 mm, opening of the feathers to the longitudinal axis of the projectile at an angle of 90°;
- according to the Grad shell scheme;
— combined (combining the tail of a knife-type projectile and a “Grad”).

In 1972, factory testing was completed, and the system was presented for field testing consisting of:
— unguided rockets with cluster fragmentation (weight 80-85 kg) and high-explosive (weight 100-105 kg) warheads;
- 9P140 combat vehicle mounted on the chassis of a ZIL-135LM vehicle;
— transport-loading vehicle 9T452, installed on the chassis of a ZIL-135LM vehicle;
- arsenal equipment.

During factory testing, we obtained system characteristics that satisfied the basic stated tactical and technical requirements. Currently, the Uragan MLRS is in service in the Russian, Kazakh, Belarusian, Ukrainian, Yemeni armies, and also, probably, in the Syrian army.

The Hurricane multiple launch rocket system was widely used in combat operations in Afghanistan. In the early 1980s, it was deployed and used by the Syrian military during the initial stages of the war with Israel. The system was used by federal troops in the Chechen Republic. According to open data, the system was last used by Russian troops in 2008 during the Georgian-South Ossetian conflict.

The Uragan multiple launch rocket system includes:
— combat vehicle 9P140;
— transport-loading machine 9T452;
— rockets;
— KAUO (automated fire control complex) 1V126 “Kapustnik-B”;
— educational and training facilities;
— topographic survey vehicle 1T12-2M;
— direction-finding meteorological complex 1B44;
— a set of arsenal special equipment and tools 9F381.

The 9P140 combat vehicle was carried on a four-axle chassis of the ZIL-135LMP vehicle with high cross-country ability and an 8x8 wheel arrangement. The artillery unit consists of a package containing 16 tubular guides, a rotating base with sighting devices and guidance mechanisms, a balancing mechanism, as well as hydraulic and electrical equipment.

Guidance mechanisms equipped with power drives make it possible to direct a package of guides in the vertical plane from 5 to +55 degrees. The horizontal guidance angle is ±30 degrees from the longitudinal axis of the combat vehicle. To increase the stability of the launcher during a shot, there are two supports in the rear part of the chassis, which are equipped with manually driven jacks. Missiles can be carried directly in the guides. The combat vehicle is equipped with a night vision device and communications equipment (radio station R-123M).

Tubular guides - smooth-walled pipes with a U-shaped screw groove, along which the pin of the rocket slides during the shot. Thus, its initial spin is ensured to give the projectile the stability necessary in flight. The projectile, when moving along the trajectory of rotation, is supported by the blades of the drop-down stabilizer, which are installed to the longitudinal axis of the projectile at a certain angle.

A salvo of one combat vehicle covers an area of more than 42 hectares . The main method of shooting is fire from a closed position. It is possible to fire from the cockpit. Crew of the 9P140 combat vehicle - 6 people (4 people in peacetime): commander of the combat vehicle, driver, gunner (senior gunner), crew numbers (3 people).

The combat vehicle has a D726-45 panoramic mechanical sight. The standard PG-1M gun panorama is used as a goniometric and sighting device in the sight.

The launch system for the 9P140 combat vehicle is provided:
— safe operation of the crew that serves the combat vehicle when firing;
— conducting salvo and single fire while in the crew cabin;
— conducting salvo and single fire while in the crew’s shelter at a distance of up to 60 m from the combat vehicle;
— firing in the event of failure of power sources and main units of firing circuits.

To load the launcher, the 9T452 transport-loading vehicle is used, developed on the same chassis as the combat vehicle. Each loading vehicle can transport 16 rockets. The machine provides loading (discharging) without special equipment. preparing a position, including from any transport vehicle, from another transport-loading vehicle or from the ground. The reloading process is mechanized, charging time 15 minutes. Load capacity 300 kg.

The wheels of the first and fourth axles are steerable, with independent torsion bar suspension with shock absorbers. The wheels of the middle axles are close together, do not have elastic suspension and are rigidly attached to the frame. The machine is equipped with a centralized tire pressure regulation system. The vehicle has very high maneuverability and speed characteristics. When driving with a full load on the highway, the maximum speed is 65 km/h, without preliminary preparation it can overcome fords up to 1.2 m deep. The fuel range is 500 km.

The Uragan MLRS ammunition consists of the following missiles:

- 9M27F having a high-explosive fragmentation warhead;
— 9M27K having a cassette warhead with fragmentation combat elements;
- 9M27S with an incendiary warhead;
- 9M59, 9M27K2, 9M27K3 having a cassette warhead with anti-tank mines;
- 9M51 with a warhead with a volumetric detonating effect (during the war in Afghanistan it showed high efficiency).

The maximum firing range is 35 km; for destruction at shorter distances, rings are put on the missile that slow it down in flight. The flight range of a cluster projectile with a small ring is 11-22 km, and that of an unguided 9M27F rocket is 8-21 km. If a large brake ring is used, the flight range of a cluster projectile is 9–15 km, and that of a 9M27F projectile is 8–16 km.

The complex can be operated in conditions where the enemy uses nuclear, bacteriological, and chemical weapons at different times of the year and day, at air temperatures of -40... +50°C. in different climatic conditions. The Uragan MLRS can be transported by water, rail or air.

Tactical and technical characteristics of the Uragan MLRS :
The mass of the combat vehicle in combat position is 20 tons;
The mass of the combat vehicle without crew and shells is 15.1 tons;
Dimensions in stowed position:
Length – 9.63 m;
Width – 2.8 m;
Height – 3.225 m;
Wheel formula - 8×8
Number of guides – 16 pcs;
Rotation of guides – 240 degrees;
Recharge time – 15 minutes;
Cruising range on the highway – 500 km;
The time for transferring a combat vehicle from traveling to combat position is no more than 3 minutes;
The time to leave the firing position after firing a salvo is less than 1.5 minutes;
Temperature range for combat use – from -40 to +50 °C;
Surface wind – up to 20 m/s;
Application altitude above sea level – up to 3000 m;
General characteristics of rockets:
Caliber – 220 mm
Weight of solid propellant powder charge – 104.1 kg
Maximum firing range – 35 km;
Minimum firing range – 8 km;
The temperature range for combat use is from -50 to +50 °C.

The 9K57 Uragan multiple launch rocket system has a caliber of 220 mm. It is designed to destroy any group targets, the vulnerable elements of which are open and covered manpower, unarmored, lightly armored and armored vehicles of motorized infantry and tank companies, artillery units, tactical missiles, anti-aircraft systems and helicopters in parking lots; command posts, communications centers and military-industrial structures. Entered service in 1976.

The combat vehicle has sixteen guides for unguided rockets. The ammunition includes 9M27F rockets with a monoblock high-explosive warhead, 9M27K with 30 high-explosive fragmentation elements, 9M27K2 with 24 anti-tank mines, 9M27KZ with 312 anti-personnel mines and 9M59 with 9 anti-tank mines.

The complex includes: a 9P140 combat vehicle, a 9T452 transport-loading vehicle, a set of special arsenal equipment and tools 9F381, training equipment, an automated fire control complex (KAUO) 1V126 “Kapustnik-B”, a topographic survey vehicle 1T12-2M and radio direction finding meteorological complex 1B44.

MLRS Hurricane has high performance characteristics. Critical temperature (from -50 to +50 °C), high air humidity (98% at a temperature of 20-25 °C), dust content of ground air (up to 2g/m3) - normal conditions operation of the complex. Such indicators allow the Hurricane to be used in any climatic conditions. The complex allows firing at altitudes up to 3000 meters above sea level and ground winds up to 20 m/s.

Performance characteristics

Caliber, mm 220

Firing range, km:

Maximum 35

Minimum 10

Number of combat vehicle (BM) guides, pcs. 16

Projectile mass, kg 270..280

Volley time, s 20

BM calculation, people 4

Calculation of the transport-charging machine, persons 3

BM loading time, min 20

BM deployment time no more than, min 3

Coagulation time of the complex no more than 1.5 min

Composition of the MLRS

The Uragan MLRS includes the following combat weapons:

BM 9P140 combat vehicle (see diagram)

Transport-loading machine 9T452 (see diagram)

Missiles

Automated fire control complex (AFC) 1V126 “Kapustnik-B”

Educational and training facilities

Vehicle for topographic survey 1T12-2M

Radio direction-finding meteorological complex 1B44

Set of special arsenal equipment and tools 9F381

The 9P140 combat vehicle is built on the chassis of a four-axle all-terrain vehicle ZIL-135LMP (8x8 wheel arrangement). The artillery unit includes a package of sixteen tubular guides, a rotating base with guidance mechanisms and sighting devices, a balancing mechanism, as well as electrical and hydraulic equipment. Guidance mechanisms equipped with power drives make it possible to direct the package of guides in the vertical plane from 5° to a maximum elevation angle of +55°. Horizontal guidance angle ±30° from the longitudinal axis of the machine. To increase the stability of the launcher when firing, two supports are mounted in the rear of the chassis, equipped with manually operated jacks. Missiles can be transported directly in the guides. The BM is equipped with communications equipment (radio station R-123M) and a night vision device.

MLRS Hurricane. Rear installation view.

Tubular guides are smooth-walled pipes with a screw U-shaped groove along which the pin of the rocket slides when fired. This ensures the initial spin of the projectile to give it the necessary stability in flight. When moving along the trajectory, the rotation of the projectile is supported by the blades of the drop-down stabilizer, installed at a certain angle to the longitudinal axis of the projectile. A salvo of one combat vehicle covers an area of more than 42 hectares. The main method of shooting is from a closed position. It is possible to fire from the cockpit. BM 9P140 crew - 6 people (in peacetime - 4): BM commander, gunner (senior gunner), driver, crew number (3 people).

The combat vehicle is equipped with a D726-45 mechanical panoramic sight. The standard PG-1M gun panorama is used as a sighting and goniometric device in the sight.

The BM 9P140 launch system provides:

safe operation of the crew servicing the BM during firing,

conducting single and salvo fire when the crew is in the cockpit,

conducting single and salvo fire when the crew is in cover at a distance of up to 60m from the combat vehicle,

firing when the main units of firing circuits and power sources fail.

MLRS "Hurricane" Loading machine

A special feature of the four-axle wheeled chassis of the ZIL-135LMP vehicle is the location of the power plant behind the four-seat crew cabin. This power plant consists of two V-shaped eight-cylinder ZIL-375 carburetor engines. Each of these engines at 3200 rpm develops a maximum power of 180 hp. With. The transmission is made according to the on-board scheme: the wheels of each side are driven by an independent engine through a separate gearbox, transfer cases and final drives. The wheels of the first and fourth axles are steerable and have an independent torsion bar suspension with shock absorbers. The wheels of the middle axles are close together, do not have elastic suspension and are rigidly attached to the frame. The machine is equipped with a centralized tire pressure regulation system. The vehicle has very high maneuverability and good speed characteristics. When driving on a highway with a full load, it reaches speeds of up to 65 km/h, and can overcome fords 1.2 m deep without preliminary preparation. The fuel range is 500 km.

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Compound

Performance characteristics

Testing and operation

Performance characteristics

Composition of the MLRS