1. Project concept.

Our cities are populated by a huge number of people. Every day, garbage is thrown out of every apartment. Garbage – garbage layout – trash container- The car takes the garbage to the landfill. It should be! But this doesn't always happen.

One day we were walking around our site and found garbage among the bushes (packets of chips, crackers, dirty pieces of paper). The children began to ask questions: “How did the garbage get to our site? Who left it here? Why do people throw garbage on the ground? Why is there so much garbage around? What needs to be done to reduce it? Is it possible to give garbage a “second life”?” This is how we came up with the idea of ​​creating our study “The Waste Problem”.

2. How we looked for answers to emerging questions:

1. We conducted a targeted walk and noted that our yards and the adjacent territory to the kindergarten were heavily littered (there were cans, plastic bags and paper).
2. With the help of slides prepared by teachers, we became acquainted with the types of household waste.
3. In practice, we tracked what kind of garbage accumulates the most in children’s homes and kindergartens.
4. We learned about methods of waste disposal and the concept of “garbage sorting.”
5. Garbage can also have a “second life”.

Research methods:

1. Studying literature on the topic of the project (“Encyclopedia Pochemuchki”, “Garbage Fantasy” by V. A. Usachev).
2. Visual research method.
3. Filling out the table “Garbage accumulation at home/in a group during the week.”

Start of research:

After the children found garbage on their playground, they suggested that teenagers had scattered the garbage. To the question: “Why?” the answer was given: "They are uncultured and too lazy to clean up after themselves." The next morning we left the territory kindergarten and saw a large amount of garbage around (plastic bags, tin cans, glass and plastic bottles, a lot of paper). What can we do to reduce litter on playgrounds? You need to collect the garbage and throw it in the trash container!

It turned out that the problem of garbage is very important for our city! We decided to study it. Educators prepared slides so that children could understand what kind of garbage there is and how long it can lie in the ground before it completely decomposes: a plastic bottle for more than 100 years, a tin and tin can for more than 10 years, a glass bottle for more than 1000 years , paper - 1 year, food waste - 1 month.

During the week, we made sure that the garbage needed to be sorted (in order to be easier to recycle). We drew conclusions: paper, plastic and food waste accumulate the most.

Yulia Sh.’s family is also engaged in separate waste collection.

We decided to playfully try to sort the garbage (glass, plastic, paper) correctly. We made it!

After the garbage is sorted, it is sent for recycling and it turns out that you can give old things a “new life”!

New albums and notebooks are made from old paper and newspapers at the factory.

Plastic bottles are used to decorate children's playgrounds and make beautiful souvenirs.

From iron cans - airplane parts and new kitchen utensils.

Practical part:

Over time, some things become unnecessary, the only way get rid of them - throw them away. But we learn that we can give a “second life”: make gifts, toys, home decoration.

A creative workshop has opened in our group - “The Miraculous Transformation of Garbage.” Our crafts:

1. Beautiful asters made of wire and plastic cups.

1. From plastic egg packaging: funny caterpillars and a spring bouquet.

1. Using plasticine, we made an entire barnyard out of Kinder egg packaging.
2. Plastic spoons + plasticine and gouache = wonderful ladybugs.

Conclusion. If we want to live in a clean city, we must not litter! Pick up trash after yourself! And we have the power to give things a “second life”!

Planned meals and thoughtful purchases have a significant impact on volume reduction. food waste. In addition, there are a number of known ways to keep food fresh for a long time. What about the peels, peelings, stems and packaging: why do we throw them away without thinking? After all, they can also be given a second life!

1. Coffee grounds

• To give your hair a natural shine and silkiness, mix the rest of the drink with your conditioner and use this mixture once a week.
• When cleaning the fireplace, sprinkle a dampened solution over the ashes. coffee grounds, so that dust does not swirl in the air.
• For elimination unpleasant odors In the refrigerator, place a container filled with grounds diluted with water to a paste-like state.
• Mix the remaining coffee with coconut oil- this product will become the best natural scrub for your face.

2. Lettuce or celery trimmings

Both of these delicious product grow from their own roots. Just add water!

3. Sprouted potatoes

To grow young vegetables, you need to plant tubers with sprouts in soil or water.

4. Egg cartons

Containers of such an original shape can be used for many purposes. You can store fragile Christmas tree decorations in them, store golf balls, plant seedlings, use small cells as a paint palette...

5. Citrus peel

• For extra fiber and nutrients Add fresh crusts to your favorite smoothie.
• Insects do not tolerate citrus fruits. After chopping the peel, scatter it around your home - this will serve as a barrier to annoying pests.
• To neutralize bad smell from spoiled waste, place citrus fruit trimmings at the bottom of the trash can.
• If you need to keep the skin soft, place it in a bag of brown sugar and keep it in the refrigerator.
• Making lemon vinaigrette is easy! It is necessary to dry the zest, chop it and mix with salt or pepper.

6. Milk or juice carton

• These boxes are coated with wax, making them difficult to recycle. Why not make a birdhouse?
• To make a base for a container for planting plants, use the bottom part of the bag.
• You can turn drink packaging into a piggy bank with a hole.
• Kids can build castles and cities using boxes tightly sealed with adhesive tape.

7. Onion and garlic peels

Did you know that onion and garlic skins contain much more nutrients than the fruit itself? When you decide to make soup, use the peelings as a natural flavoring.

8. Watermelon rinds

1. You can make delicious jam from them or prepare various pickles.
2. Rubbing the remaining pulp into the skin helps get rid of acne.

9. Celery leaves

They can be eaten, just like the stems! Add top part in soup, stew or smoothie. They can also be used as an edible garnish for your dishes.

10. Banana peel

• Can be used as fertilizer for tomato seedlings.
• To get rid of pests, it needs to be crushed and fertilized with the resulting mass in the garden.
• Rub a piece of banana peel on your skin to get rid of itching, rashes, psoriatic plaques and insect bites.
• When frying boneless meat, add the skin to the pan to prevent it from drying out.
• Naterev inside banana peel shoes or silver, you will achieve a natural shine.

11. Broccoli stems and leaves

Eat them! Freshly chopped leaves make a great addition to a salad. Plus, they can be cooked and eaten like regular cabbage.

12. Roots of leeks (green onions)

Onions are easy to grow at home. To ensure that the bulb continuously receives nourishment, cut off the shoots and place it in a jar of water!

13. Butter wrappers

The small amount of oil remaining on the packaging can be used to grease baking pans! The wrapping paper should be folded and stored in the refrigerator until needed.

14. Wine corks

• Use them as miniature containers for planting succulent plants.
• You can make a bathroom mat from corks cut into disks.
• The plugs connected by the side surfaces easily turn into a hot stand.
• To get a nice keychain that won’t sink in water, you need to insert a carabiner into one of the flat parts of the cork.

15. Cabbage stems

• Marinate them.
• For extra nutrients and fiber, add them to a smoothie or juice.
• Want to make a unique seasoning? Dry the stems and then chop them and mix with salt.

16. Apple peelings

Pre-dried peels can be used to make delicious autumn tea.
Using malic acid you can get rid of stains on aluminum pots and pans.
To get rid of dark circles under the eyes, place the peel under the lower eyelid for 5-10 minutes.

17. Almond paste

If you've ever made your own almond milk, you've probably wondered what to do with the pulp? Just lay it out in a thin layer on a sheet of thick paper and let it dry. Then grind it into a powder you can use for baking!

18. Pineapple tops

This is true! With a little patience, you can actually grow a pineapple from the crown that everyone usually throws away. You don't even have to live in the tropics to do this.

19. Fruit or vegetable pulp

In the process of preparing homemade juices from fresh vegetables and fruits, a lot of pulp remains. Don't throw it away!

• You can add it to cocktails to give them a richer taste.
• Use the mixture to bake delicious bread.
• The pulp makes excellent and completely harmless fruit chips.
• Pancakes prepared with the addition of fruit pulp will turn out incredibly tasty.

20. Coffee filters

• To make your shoes shine, wipe them with damp coffee filter paper.
• Once pre-cut, use filters to make wonderful muffins.
• You can wipe off dust with washed and dried filters.
• This is an excellent replacement for expensive fabric face masks, which are used to moisturize and nourish the skin.

21. Eggshell

• To calcinate the soil, add crushed shells to it.
• Place it on the bottom flower pot as drainage.
• Egg shells, crushed and added to pet food, will become a source of calcium for your pet.
• To make cheap coffee less bitter, add powdered shells to it.

22. Meat bones

Leave them in the slow cooker overnight along with a not too rich homemade broth, and by morning it will become aromatic and nutritious.

23. Brine

When all the pickles in the jar have been eaten, add fresh cucumbers into the remaining brine. This is how you can do it salted cucumbers quick cooking!

24. Packaging nets for vegetables and fruits

A few simple movements, and such a mesh will turn into a homemade grater for cleaning the bottoms of pots and pans.

25. Paper towel cylinders

There is always a use for such rollers in the home. The cord lock is one of the best options their use!

26. Container of grated Parmesan cheese

Wash it and dry it, after which you can store anything in it. This could be seasonings or any other product (for example, salt or baking soda), which needs to be sprinkled.

27. Packing nets for onions or potatoes

They can be used to create a unique gift packaging, as well as a bag for children's toys or laundry.

28. Apple cores

To make a delicious fruit vinegar, use not only these but also other fruit scraps.

29. Carrot tops

• Add to soup or stew.
• When making your own pesto sauce, as an option, add carrot stems to it.
• In addition, tops can be grown from the trimmed tops of carrots!

Having met these wonderful and, of course, useful tips on the recycling of household waste, you involuntarily think about more global issues. Behind Lately the population began to throw away an increasing amount of packaging, household appliances, etc.

Today the problem of the need to reuse things seems especially acute! If you understand it properly, you can understand that, by acquiring a second life, seemingly unnecessary waste helps to save energy and natural resources.

Miroshnichenko Victoria Viktorovna

Levkina Natalya Nikolaevna

Teachers school 1538

Moscow

Project

Subject:

“The second life of garbage: making crafts from waste material»

Project participants: children middle group No. 2, parents, educators

Project type: cognitive-ecological

Implementation period: long term

Teachers: Miroshnichenko V.V.

Levkina N.N.

Problem:

Every day people throw away a lot of garbage: plastic bottles, various packaging, Kinder Surprise capsules, polystyrene foam, plastic lids, candy wrappers, etc. Much of this garbage can get a second life, becoming one original craft. And if you throw out less garbage, then the environment will be more environmentally friendly.

The guys and I were very interested in this issue, and we became interested in designing from waste material. We had a lot of fun making crafts. But we were even more happy when we saw that our crafts were being used in educational activities and in the lives of children in kindergarten. Children will learn how to create something new and interesting from already used things. And they even try to do something with their own hands.

Relevance:

Fostering a creative attitude to work (the ability to see beauty in everyday things, experience a sense of joy from the work process, the desire to learn the secrets and laws of the universe, the ability to find a way out of complex life situations) - one of the most complex and interesting tasks modern pedagogy. And although people say: “Live forever, learn forever,” it is important not to miss that period in a child’s life when basic skills and abilities are formed, among which the central place is given to imagination, fantasy, and interest in new things. If these qualities are not developed in the preschool period, then subsequently there is a rapid decrease in the activity of this function, which means that the personality is impoverished, the possibilities of creative thinking are reduced, and interest in art and creative activity fades.

Making crafts from waste materials contributes to the development creativity in preschoolers.

During such creative activity, the child creates useful and aesthetically significant objects and products to decorate everyday life (games, work, gifts for loved ones, recreation). In the process of making crafts from waste material, preschoolers, along with technical skills, develop the ability to analyze objects of the surrounding reality, form generalized ideas about the objects being created, develop independent thinking, creativity, artistic taste, and develop valuable qualities personality (accuracy, determination, persistence in achieving goals, etc.).

Objective of the project::

Form an emotional positive attitude towards the surrounding world and nature.

Bringing children to understand that waste material (garbage) can be used to create crafts, things (objects), useful to people; promoting and strengthening the connection between preschool educational institutions and families.

Tasks:

To promote knowledge of the properties of the material, the desire to experiment with them;

Develop the ability to create artistic images;

Develop eye, dexterity of hand and finger movements, ability to use tools and materials.

"Cognitive Development"

Let children understand that nature is our common home, expand knowledge

children about nature, continue to form an idea of ​​the role of nature in human life.

Develop mental processes: visual and auditory perception, memory, attention.

"Social and communicative development"

Coordinate your actions with the actions of your peers.

Teach children to listen carefully to the task and carry it out diligently.

Bring joy to children and arouse interest.

"Speech development"

Enrich and activate vocabulary on the topic.

Practice your ability to give answers.

"Artistic and aesthetic development"

Development of perception of works of art (musical)

"Physical development"

Develop coordination of movements.

Integration of types of children's activities: communicative, cognitive,

motor, musical and artistic activities.

Form of activity: joint activities of adults and children.

Expected result for children:

children will have a desire to experiment with waste materials;

the ability to use tools and materials will develop;

organization of creative exhibitions.

Expected result for parents:

increasing the interest of parents in making crafts (objects) from waste material on the theme “Don’t throw it away - it will come in handy!”

Preliminary stage of project implementation:

, "Morning circle of friends."

Target: the children's mood to participate in the project

Municipal budget educational institution

average comprehensive school № 11

urban district of Vyksa, Nizhny Novgorod region

"Garbage and its second life"

Branch primary school

I've done the work:

Student of 3rd grade "A"

Malyshev Matvey

Scientific adviser:

teacher primary classes

MBOU secondary school No. 11

Komkova Maria Gennadievna.

2015

Abstract………………………………………………………………………………3

Introduction………………………………………………………………………………………...4

Main part

Information and research stage…………………………….…….6

Analysis of schoolchildren’s survey………………..………….……………...…9

Recycling waste………………………………………………………...10

Creative - practical stage

Practical advice……………………………………………………………...……….14

Conclusion…………………………………………………………………………………..…...16

References……………………………………………………………17

Appendix 1……………………………………………………………………………….18

Appendix 2……………………………………………………………………………….20

Appendix 3……………………………………………………………………………….21

annotation

My work is devoted to the topic of garbage and its second life. I was very interested this topic. After all, the problem of garbage disposal always bothers many, and so I decided to find out how to deal with it and find out what can be made from garbage.

Target my job is to learn everything about waste disposal methods, learn through practical work find useful application household waste, thereby making our contribution to partial recycling and reduction of landfills.

Having set this goal, I outlined the main tasks of your work:

how you can reuse waste;

manufacture useful products from household waste.

Introduction

In the course of life, it is common for a person to leave behind all kinds of garbage and various wastes. Every home generates a huge amount of various household waste, which is ultimately thrown into landfills and burned.

Garbage problem last years advanced among others environmental problems to first place. According to experts, currently every inhabitant of the planet produces on average about one ton of garbage per year. The increase in the amount of household waste is due to the following reasons:

Increased production of disposable consumer goods;

Increasing the amount of packaging;

Increasing the standard of living, allowing usable things to be replaced with new ones.

Most household waste does not biodegrade natural conditions or has a very long decomposition period. For example, paper takes 2 years to decompose, a tin can takes 90 years, an aluminum cola can takes 500 years, and glass takes more than 1000 years to decompose.

Our family throws out a lot of garbage every day: plastic bottles, food packaging, plastic bags, glass containers from various products, boxes, candy wrappers, etc. It’s impossible to list everything. Previously, I had not thought about the fact that much of this garbage could have new uses, becoming the basis for original crafts. And if you throw out less garbage, then the environment will be more environmentally friendly.

In Vyksa in this moment There is one option for waste disposal - removal to city ​​dump. But does this solve the problem? household waste disposal in an environmental sense? No and no again.

Household waste in the form of packaging material pollutes the environment. Most of them do not decompose under natural conditions or have a very long decomposition period. To create a cleaner environment, we need to reduce the amount of packaging we throw away, and to do this we need to give it a new life.

And then I decided to conduct research on the topic: “Garbage and its “second life.”

Objective of the project:

Learn all about waste disposal methods.

Learn through practical work to find useful uses for household waste, thereby making your contribution to partial recycling and reduction of landfills.

Tasks:

identify which household waste is most abundant in the classroom and at home;

find out which waste decomposes faster;

get acquainted with ways to “fight” household waste, namely with the safest method of disposal;

How can you reuse waste?

master new technologies for working with various waste materials;

make useful products from household waste;

Deadlines:

October 2014 – January 2015

My teacher helped me in my work: Komkova M.G. and my mother Malysheva A.Yu..

So, the work consists of several stages:

selection and study of literature;

carrying out creative work on making crafts from recycled waste.

survey of 3rd grade students of MBOU Secondary School No. 11;

performance at class hour in Z "A" class with practical advice.

Based on the results of the research and based on the experiment and survey, we can give practical recommendations on the use of materials from this study.

Main part.

Information and research stage.

Exploring this problem From magazines, encyclopedias, textbooks on ecology, and the Internet, I learned that, it turns out, the problem of household waste is relevant for all countries of the world.

It turned out that:

200 thousand years BC e. - the first garbage heaps found by archaeologists.

400 BC BC - the first ever municipal landfill was founded in Athens.

200 - a city garbage collection service was established in Rome.

1315 - after a long break, garbage collection resumed in Paris.

1388 - The English Parliament banned throwing garbage on the streets.

1775 - The first rubbish bins appeared in London.

1800 - The City Council of New York ordered pigs to be driven out onto the streets of the city to eat garbage.

1874 - Organized burning of city rubbish began in Nottingham.

1897 - The first waste sorting and recycling center was opened in New York.

1932 - garbage compacting machines were invented in the USA.

1942 - Mass collection of garbage for recycling for military purposes begins in the USSR and the USA.

1948 - Fresh Kills landfill opened in New York, still remaining the largest in the world.

1965 - The US Congress passes the Solid Waste Disposal Act.

2000 - EU countries set a target to achieve recycling and reuse of 50% of waste.

On average, every inhabitant of the Earth accumulates about a ton of waste per year, which is more than 5 billion tons. Every country has its own garbage problems, but wherever there is garbage, there are landfills. There are “wild” and specially equipped landfills. We are all familiar with “wild” landfills. In wastelands, abandoned construction sites, on the edges of forests, along roads and railways, a wide variety of garbage is dumped, despite the prohibitions.

Of all this garbage, solid household waste poses a serious threat to environmental pollution. Garbage dumps significantly affect all components of the environment and are a powerful pollutant of air, soil, and groundwater. These landfills are also breeding grounds for mice, rats, insects and can become sources of infectious diseases. Plastics and synthetic materials occupy a special place among household waste, since they are not subject to biological degradation processes and can long time be in the environment. So, for example, a plastic bag left by us will lie in the ground for several centuries. There are no bacteria on Earth that can destroy it. And shards of glass, cans, and bottles can, like mines, “work” even after 1000 years: in sunny weather, a shard of glass can act as a lens and cause a fire. And how many people are injured due to broken glass, which can easily even cut through shoes?

I found out that it takes many years for household waste to decompose.

Glass bottles- 1000 years;

Plastic products - 100 years;

Cans – 50 - 80 years

Rubber soles of boots – 50 - 40 years;

Leather - 50 years;

Nylon products – 30 - 40 years;

Plastic bag – 10 - 20 years;

Batteries - 10 years;

Cigarette butts - 1 – 5 years;

Wool sock - 1 – 5 years;

Paper - 2 years;

Orange or banana peel - 2 - 5 weeks.

Over the course of a week, we monitored the accumulation of trash in the classroom and at home.

Paper

Plastic

Glass

Food waste

Textile

Leather, etc. .

Day of the week

House

School

House

School

House

School

House

School

House

School

Monday

Tuesday

Wednesday

Thursday

Friday

Saturday

Resurrection

+ :was

- :was not

Conclusion: At home, household waste (paper, plastic, food waste) accumulates the most.

At school, paper mostly accumulates.

The amount of household waste is growing every day at a rapid pace. And only 5% of household waste is processed industrially.

World practice offers the following methods that make it possible to get rid of household waste:

method of burial (in the ground, in reservoirs);

combustion method;

disposal.

The first two methods are not harmless to our environment. They pose a serious environmental hazard. The recycling method is the most effective for solving the problem of getting rid of garbage, but To do this, it is necessary to build processing plants and change the habitual behavior of people, everyone must learn to sort household waste, as is done, for example, in Germany. There, the batteries of garbage barrels near houses are painted in 3 colors: gray, yellow, green.

in a gray barrel carry newspapers, magazines and cardboard boxes;

in a yellow barrel throw away cans, bottles, plastic, paper, and metal packaging;

the green barrel is intended for biodegradable food waste that will later be processed into compost.

In general, the problem of eliminating waste, namely household waste, is modern world is particularly acute. This applies to a greater extent to our country. For example, the first waste incineration plant in Russia was built only 102 years after the opening of a similar one in England. And now the number of waste processing plants can be counted on one hand.

So much garbage has accumulated everywhere that... If you can’t recycle it, it will cover the entire planet.

Analysis of schoolchildren's questionnaires.

I conducted a survey among 3rd grade students of MBOU Secondary School No. 11.

The students were asked a questionnaire (see Appendix 2) about their understanding of the problem of environmental pollution. 49 people took part in the survey. To the first question of the questionnaire about whether they throw garbage into a trash bin outside the house, 40 people answered that they do, yes, they do, and 9 people answered that they do not. When asked whether children separate garbage, 11 people answered that they do, the rest do not. When asked whether they throw away unnecessary things in good condition, the majority answered that they do not. As it turns out, many guys don’t know how waste is disposed of.

Only 15 people know that there are places for collecting recyclable waste in the city.

Based on the results of the study, we can say that not all children know how to dispose of garbage and what can be made from it. Therefore, the rate of new landfills appearing and increasing in size is growing every day.

Recycling waste.

Glass.

Used glass products are very easy to reuse. Undamaged cans and bottles do not need to be recycled; after processing, they can be used again for their intended purpose. Broken glass can be melted down.

Glass is a durable and wear-resistant material. In itself it does not harm the environment, but broken glass dangerous for people and animals. In nature, glass waste breaks down over several hundred years, cracking and crumbling due to temperature changes. The final product of glass container decomposition is glass chips, similar in appearance to sand.

The bulk of glass waste is not recycled and is instead disposed of in landfills.

Scrap metal.

Most often, scrap metal contains items made of iron or cast iron. Iron compounds can cause significant harm to the environment - they are toxic to many organisms. In addition, pieces of discarded metal are dangerous for people and animals.

Scrap metal decomposes when exposed to oxygen, eventually forming iron oxide. The rate of decomposition of metal products is in 10-20 years per millimeter in depth (in fresh water - in 3-5 years, in salt water - in a year or two).

Scrap metal is the most suitable material for recycling. Recycling scrap metal is of great economic and environmental importance. It allows you to unload already depleted ore deposits, reduce fuel costs for smelting essential metals, as well as a significant reduction in associated costs (for example, transportation).

Foil products and aluminum cans can also be recycled. In nature, foil can lie on the ground for up to 20-30 years (and aluminum cans - up to several hundred!), forming generally harmless aluminum oxide and salts under the influence of oxygen. Most safe way disposal of aluminum-based products (not counting remelting) - burial.

Leather.

Even small, useless scraps of leather can bring a lot of benefit.

From an old belt you can make easy-to-make, reliable and non-creaking hinges for the lid of a box, easel, or casket.

It is easy to make beautiful spines for book bindings from scraps of belts.

A strip of soft thin leather glued to the inside of a metal watch bracelet will make it more comfortable.

If you are tired of metal and plastic bracelets, then, having mastered the techniques of decorative finishing of leather, you can make a comfortable and soft leather watch strap to your taste.

Using the same techniques, it is not difficult to make a convenient and durable bookmark from leather.

A strip of thin leather, folded in half or three times lengthwise and glued, can be sewn as a hanger to a coat or jacket. It is much stronger and more durable than fabric hangers and is not as rough as metal chain hangers.

Another example is to use completely worthless skin waste as protein fertilizer for growing vegetables. The skin scraps are crushed, filled with water, boiled and dried. The result is a gray powder that contains 9-14% nitrogen and many valuable microelements. Free fertilizer turned out to be highly effective: potato yield increases by 30%, and tomato yield by 35%.

Feed flour is also made from tannery waste.

Paper.

Waste paper accounts for 40% of all solid waste and is usually end-of-life printed matter consisting of paper (sometimes processed protective substances), cardboard and paint. Despite the fact that paper decomposes in 2-3 years, it does not cause any harm to nature. However, paints and protective coatings can release substances that are toxic to humans during the decomposition process.

Waste paper has great recycling potential. It is used to produce paper for various purposes, packaging and construction materials. 1 ton of waste paper replaces about 4 cubic meters of wood, so the collection and rational disposal of paper waste will help to significantly reduce deforestation. Old papers are soaked, cleaned and shredded to produce fibers called cellulose. The further process is identical to the process of producing paper from forest products.

When burning paper waste, harmful dioxides are formed - products of burning paint and printing ink. This method is not rational when disposing of this type of waste.

Plastic.

In the modern world, not a single enterprise can do without the use of polymer materials. Therefore, recycling plastic waste has great potential - polymer raw materials used in the production of products can be obtained from recycled plastic. Products, depending on quality standards, can be made entirely from recycled plastic raw materials, or from a certain proportion of virgin and recycled plastic.

Discarded plastic products interfere with gas exchange in soil and water bodies and pose a threat to animals. There are many examples when a swallowed package led to the death of an animal - even cases of death of whales were recorded. Plastic containers are resistant to aggressive environments and are not digested by the animal’s body.

In addition, plastic releases toxic substances when burned and decomposed, which can take more than 100 years.

Food waste.

When food waste is burned, substances harmful to human health are released - dioxides. This once again confirms the need to sort waste before recycling it.

The safest method of disposing of organic waste is composting. During this process, the content of substances easily digestible by plants - phosphorus, nitrogen, potassium, and others - increases in the organic mass and unfavorable flora and microorganisms are neutralized.

Thus, with proper and timely disposal of organic waste, this type of waste not only does not harm nature, but can also be used as a natural fertilizer.

More than half of this waste can be recycled and used again. Let's start with ourselves and try not to pollute our planet so much. To do this, we will use at least basic methods to reduce the volume of garbage.

In Vyksa there is a separate collection of plastic bottles, cardboard and mercury-containing lamps. The closest such site to us is in the Central district. (see Appendix 3).

The city has an organization for recycling waste.

In total, there are 68 container sites for separate waste collection on the territory of Vyksa. 11 mesh containers were installed for collecting waste paper and PET bottles at the following addresses:

M-on Gogol, 19; on the street Art. Razina, 9 A; on the street Krasnye Zori, 25A, 33,38 and 45; in Tsentralny district, 6A; Red Square, 16; st. Vavilina, 11 A; m-on Zhukovsky; Anniversary; st. Pushkin.

Ecoboxes for mercury-containing lamps are also located in the city at container sites at the following addresses:

st. Art. Razina, 9 A; M-on Zhukovsky (for school No. 9); Gogol m-on (mag. “Okeanchik”); m-on Yubileiny, 10 (near the kindergarten). There are plans to install it on the street. Belyakova, 28; st. Pushkin in the area of ​​Mag. “Warrant”, as well as on the territory of the district in the r.p. Doschatoe, village Novodmitrievka and Druzhba village.

Even VSW OJSC is implementing a project for the separate collection of waste classified as secondary materials.

Creative - practical stage.

Practical advice.

So, after studying the literature on the use and disposal of waste, I found out different kinds waste recycling and spoke to children in grade 3 with practical advice.

Glass can be recycled an unlimited number of times. Typically, it is sorted by color, cleaned, melted down and reused into new bottles, decorative items and even flooring.

Take bottles and cans to glass collection points. If you throw them away, put them in a separate bag and place them next to trash can so that others can hand them over.

Canning aluminum banks beverage cans can be melted down into new cans. Steel cans are used in the production of various parts.

In Russia, unfortunately, aluminum and steel are processed only in industry, and collection points for cans exist in few places. Therefore, simply do not leave drink cans anywhere, but throw them in trash bins.

Plastic bottles can be recycled and used again. In some countries, furniture and accessories are made from melted bottles. The best way out is to sort the garbage. Containers for selective waste are already appearing for this purpose. The yellow tank is for plastic bottles. In some areas there are collection points for plastic bottles.

Cardboard packaging Juice containers are the most difficult to recycle because they usually consist of a layer of aluminum foil or polyethylene in addition to the cardboard to keep the liquid out. If you are vacationing outside the city, do not throw such packaging into the local landfill, but burn it at the stake.

Plastic bags buyers take them at supermarket checkouts. Every year, tens of billions of bags are used that cannot be recycled. Try not to take extra bags at the supermarket. Even better: go back to Soviet-era tradition and bring your own bag to the store.

Paper And cardboard make up approximately 1/3 of the household waste we throw away. They are the easiest to recycle and use again. IN Soviet times waste paper was accepted in each district. Currently in Russia, organizations that deal with this mainly accept large parties. But you can donate the accumulated paper and cardboard free of charge by bringing it yourself to the collection point.

Fabric products that we throw away every year are mostly good clothes that, according to objective characteristics, can still be worn. Out-of-fashion clothes, curtains, tablecloths can be donated to homeless shelters or churches, where these items will go to those who need them. New items can be returned to Orphanage or boarding school.

And just try not to buy unnecessary and useless goods, calculate the amount of material required for your needs.

In addition, I proposed my way of reusing used objects and things.

There are no unnecessary things, but only a little imagination!

Routing making decorative items.

Stage number

Sequence of work.

Tools and accessories

waste material

Discs CD ; banks; balls of used deodorant; plastic wine glasses, jar lids; email light bulbs; wallpaper trimmings.

Creating a Sketch

Simple pencil and eraser

Additional material

Satin ribbons; plasticine; acrylic, stained glass paints; nail polish; PVA glue; napkins; lace trimmings; leftovers from gift wrapping, stickers.

Gluing waste material, cutting a hole

Glue, scissors, tape, utility knife.

Painting of products

Acrylic paints, stained glass paints, nail polish

An example of my work can be seen in Appendix 1.

Here you will see items that can serve you for some time. Can be used as a souvenir, as a vase, decanter, or as a decorative decoration for the interior.

Another important result of my research work is that I learned a lot of new and interesting things about household waste, and also learned to work with different materials(plastic, cellophane, glass and others) and shared his discoveries with his classmates.

Conclusion

While working on the project, I seriously thought about the problem of environmental pollution from household waste and realized that every family can partially solve this problem. And for this you need to use your imagination a little and make wonderful items from used packaging that can be useful, decorate your home interior, become a good gift for friends and family

As a result of research conducted on the use of solid waste in households, extending the life of plastic bottles, tetrapacks, cans and other packaging materials, I made the following conclusions:

economic (save family budget creating with your own hands unusual crafts, which can please family and friends);

aesthetic (we enjoy creating various products with our own hands);

environmental (by extending the life of plastic bottles and other packaging materials, we Let's not pollute the environment!)

At the end of my research, I spoke to the 3rd grade children, where I talked about the use of recycled waste and making various crafts from it.

Bibliography.

1. Gomarovich E.S. "What the city breathes." M.: "Chemistry", 1990

2. Zakhlebny A.N. "Book for reading on nature conservation." M.: Education, 1986

3. Konopleva N.P. "The second life of things." "Enlightenment", Moscow, 1993

4. Protasov V.F. “Ecology, health and environmental protection in Russia”, M.: “Finance and Statistics”, 2001

5. Rodionov S.K. etc. “What is garbage.” M.: "Chemistry", 1991

6. Hoefling G. “Anxiety in 2000.” M.: “Thought”, 1990

7. Khotuntsev Yu. L. “Man, technology, environment.” M.: “Sustainable World”, 2001

Internet resources

Istoknn .ru /ustanovka -kontejnerov -v -vykse

Vyksa.RF

Annex 1

Materials for making crafts.

My finished crafts

Appendix 2

Questionnaire for 3rd grade students of MBOU Secondary School No. 11

Questions

Yes

No

1

Do you throw trash in a trash bin outside your home?

2

Do you separate your garbage before throwing it away?

3

Do you throw away unnecessary things: equipment, clothes, shoes, toys, in good condition?

4

Do you know how waste is disposed of?

5

Do you know how you can reuse waste?

6

Do you know what can be made from household waste?

7

Do you often buy things that soon become unnecessary?

8

Do you know where in our city there are places for collecting recyclable waste (plastic bottles, cardboard, paper, mercury-containing lamps)?

Appendix 3

I'm looking for bins for separating household waste in the city of Vyksa

By September 26, all constituent entities of the Russian Federation had to submit waste disposal schemes. Interfax found out how Russia now deals with waste and what they plan to do.

Moscow. September 27. website - Until September 26, each subject of the Russian Federation had to develop and approve a territorial waste disposal scheme with Rosprirodnadzor, which will begin to operate in 2017. The diagram should include all waste disposal facilities in the region and show where the contents of each tank from each yard will go.

The corresponding amendments to the 89th Federal Law “On Production and Consumption Waste” were adopted back in 2014. However, the government decree obliging the creation of such schemes appeared only in April of this year - thus, the regions had six months to develop programs.

As Greenpeace reported, as of Monday evening, territorial schemes had been adopted only in five of the 85 constituent entities of Russia: Moscow, Voronezh, Rostov and Tyumen regions, as well as Stavropol region. Most regions, although they did not complete the task on time, began work on it. The programs are at varying degrees of readiness: in some regions they will be ready in the fall, other regions of the Russian Federation have not even found a contractor yet.

Environmentalists believe that the government’s order gives hope for changing the approach to waste disposal in Russia: instead of approving existing methods waste management, primarily its disposal in landfills, waste recycling can be introduced in the regions. Previously, Greenpeace even compiled a rating of regions based on how governors deal with the garbage issue.

Interfax decided to figure out how Russia now deals with household waste and what prospects exist for its disposal.

Waste disposal methods

Each Russian, according to Greenpeace, throws out an average of 400 kilograms of garbage per year. From the waste that all residents of Russia produce during this period of time, it would be possible to build a tower one meter wide by one meter to the Moon, an environmental organization has calculated.

The best way to deal with waste is not even recycling it, but reuse- so, a conventional radio receiver, when its owners are tired of it, is not sent to non-ferrous metals, but is disassembled and then assembled into a new receiver. This method of waste management is named a priority in the state policy enshrined in Russia, but, as Greenpeace notes, there are no conditions for its implementation.

Currently, almost all garbage in Russia—94%, according to an environmental organization—is sent to landfills for disposal. Every year, the landfill area in the country increases by an area equal to Moscow and St. Petersburg combined, Greenpeace reports. Landfills in Russia already cover an area twice the size of Switzerland. This method of waste management not only requires more and more space, but also poisons the air and wastewater.

Another way to dispose of waste is incineration plants (in Russia, according to Greenpeace, 2% of waste is sent to them). However, even in countries where there is separate collection garbage, when burned it releases toxins, including dioxins, which cause cancer and mutations. In Russia, due to lack of recycling, such factories will also end up with batteries, accumulators, medicines, lamps with mercury and other items, the combustion of which produces hazardous substances.

The economic justification for the construction of waste incineration plants is their energy production. However, Alexey Kiselev, an expert on the toxic program of Greenpeace Russia, criticizes this argument.

“After construction, the management of the plant asks the authorities for permission to sell the energy generated by it, the price of which is 5-7 times higher than the market price, at a favorable tariff, asks for subsidies, which as a result results in an increase in tariffs for the population. But the main thing: why build an expensive dirty generating capacity in a country where there is a 20% surplus of energy production? We already have more capacity now than we consume,” says Kiselev.

They are going to solve the waste problem by building waste incineration plants in Tatarstan. The territorial map provided by Moscow also mentions all three waste incineration plants in the city, two of which were previously closed as unprofitable.

The third way to dispose of waste is to recycle it.

In Russia, only 4% of garbage is currently recycled. For comparison, in Europe the average level of recycling exceeds 40%, and in some countries it reaches 65%, Greenpeace said.

Waste that is collected separately and then recycled takes on a second life. Thus, old tires are used to make coverings for playgrounds, waste paper is used to make boxes, magazines, packaging, plastic bottles are made into new plastic bottles, as well as sports jackets, basins, and helmets. By collecting 23 thousand aluminum cans, you can build a sports plane.

Garbage is business

But where will the sorted goods go? Wouldn't the waste carefully collected by a resident of a conventional Kostroma and sorted into multi-colored boxes go to one common landfill?

The social myth that in Russia there are no conditions for recycling waste and that separately collected waste is then dumped together is commented on at the Plarus plant. An enterprise for processing plastics, namely PET (most often found by consumers in the form of plastic bottles), has been operating in Solnechnogorsk near Moscow since 2009. Here the bottles are first sorted by color, then washed and cut into flakes, after which they are melted into granules, from which they can be made into bottles (as well as helmets, basins, film, twine, tiles, etc.). The technology called “bottle to bottle” is available only at this plant, the only one in Russia, although there are dozens of plastic processing enterprises in the country.

At Plarus they say that its main problem is the lack of raw materials. Currently, processing volumes at the plant amount to 1,800 tons per month with a maximum capacity of 2,500 tons. The company is forced to purchase raw materials, plastic bottles, from several regions. They are also brought here by private traders, including those who purchase them from janitors who secretly sort through the garbage, thus making their own small business(for one kilogram of bottles delivered, the factory pays 30 rubles).

A significant proportion of the raw materials entering the plant are brought from landfills, where bottles are selected by special sorting machines.

However, both plant employees and environmentalists advocate the separate collection of waste by consumers, rather than sorting by machines at the landfill. Thus, at Plarus they complain that no matter how advanced the technology, the sorting stage requires manual human labor, which would be required significantly less if the bottles did not come into contact with the ground.

Although Plarus' products (primarily the so-called preforms, from which bottles are then made) are in demand, the plant is unprofitable.

“If separate waste collection were introduced in Russia, and we had enough raw materials, we could immediately open several factories around the country, we have accumulated sufficient experience, we master the processing technology,” says the commercial director of the enterprise, Svetlana Yakovleva. “We are ready.” share this experience with the authorities, tell them about recycling.”

In total, Russia produces 550 thousand tons of PET per year. Of these, 100 thousand tons are currently being processed, although the total maximum capacity would already be enough for 170 thousand tons. Other PET products, primarily bottles, go to landfills, where they will decompose for hundreds of years.

Recycle it

When they talk about recycling, we're talking about not just about one type of plastic or just plastic. Thus, according to calculations by companies involved in waste transportation, recycling half of the garbage is profitable - and there are many who want to earn “dirty money”.

“There are a lot of producers around the country, it’s profitable, such enterprises bring in a certain penny. I know an entrepreneur who puts containers at his own expense, services them himself, and receives income,” says Kiselev.

But separate collection brings profit not only to the businessmen who process it, but also to those who produce it - ordinary residents. Thus, fees for waste disposal will be lower for them, since they are partially paid for by the materials recycled, and over time, separate waste collection can also bring profit.

Recycling programs, often organized by local businessmen or environmentalists, are already operating throughout Russia. For example, one of the enterprises in the city of Aramil, Sverdlovsk region, buys mixed polymers found in waste different types and make benches out of them. Separate collection is organized by entrepreneurs, for example, in Vladimir and Vologda.

There are more initiatives in Moscow: some sports clubs cups are being handed over for recycling, containers for separate waste collection are appearing in courtyards, at the entrances to supermarkets (for example, at Azbuka Vkusa) - now, according to Greenpeace representatives, the process is “very actively underway.” Environmentalists previously published a detailed, although not always accurate, map of separate waste collection points in the capital on their website.

In Solnechnogorsk, and more recently in Moscow, Plarus, together with Coca-Cola, launched the “Give a Bottle a Second Life” project - within its framework, there are nets throughout the city into which you can throw bottles.

"The problem is that the containers are owned by no one. No one is responsible for them, including local authorities, and we cannot keep track of them. Because of this, sometimes it happens like this: there was a container, and then suddenly disappeared. Maybe someone "I decided to take it to my dacha, in case it might come in handy there. But we continue this program and believe that it will give results, that if the residents find it useful, they themselves may not allow someone to take away the container," says Yakovleva .

But this problem, like many others, for example, Russians lack information about separate waste (not everyone knows that Tetra Pak packaging must be returned separately, disposable coffee cups, capsules for coffee machines and bottles of auto chemicals are not recycled, and plastic bottles must be flattened before disposal) – second order.

400 kilograms per year, multiplied by 140 million inhabitants, gives frightening figures, and something needs to be done with all this garbage. To begin with, Greenpeace suggests, for example, writing a petition to the governor of your region asking to introduce separate waste collection.

Katya Zagvozdkina